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group. A set can be represented using curly brackets so a set containing all even
numbers till 10 is the set {2, 4, 6, 8, and 10}.
Relations: A relation is just a relationship between sets of information. A
well-defined relation is called a function.
Function: A function
in a
set exactly
Function can be easily defined with the help of the concept of mapping.
Let X and Y be any two non-empty sets. "A function from X to Y is a rule or
correspondence that assigns to each element of set X, one and only one element
of set Y". Let the correspondence be 'f' then mathematically we write f:X Y
where y = f(x), x X and y Y. We say that 'y' is the image of 'x' under 'f' (or x is
the pre image of y).
Two things should always be kept in mind:
(i) A mapping f: X Y is said to be a function if each element in the set X has its
image in set Y. It is possible that a few elements in the set Y are present which are
not the images of any element in set X.
(ii) Every element in set X should have one and only one image. That means it is
impossible to have more than one image for a specific element in set X. Functions
can't be multi-valued (A mapping that is multi-valued is called a relation from X to
Y)
set
at
.The range of
is the
and is read
is the set of all
possible values of
as
throughout the domain.
varies
. But if a line
if
. If each
twice, at
and
, then the curve cant represent a function because a
function cant assign two different values to .
Continuity
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x= a if limxa- f(x)= limxa+ f(x)=f(a)
i.e. L.H.L. = R.H.L. = f(a)= value of the function at a i.e. limxa f(x) = f(a)
If f(x) is not continuous at x= a, we say that f(x) is discontinuous at x=a.
For the function to be continuous at any point x=a, the function must be defined at
that point and limiting values of f(x) when x approaches a, is equal to f(a).
Continuity means the function should not have any break or sudden jump at any
point in the given domain.
(i)
Continuous function in [a, b]
(ii)
Discontinuous function at x=c
(iii)
Discontinuous at x=c
So the condition for continuity if function at x=a can be defined as L.H.L.=f(a)=
R.H.L. i.e.
limxa- f(x) = limxa+ f(x) = f(a)
i.e. left hand limit is equal to the value of the function at that point and is equal to
the right hand limit of the function at that point.
f(x)
The graph of an absolute value function is shown in the figure given above. Its
properties are:
(i) An absolute value function is an even function
(ii) It is strictly increasing in [0, ) and strictly decreasing in (-, 0].
Illustration: Draw the graph of the following functions.
(a) y = |x - 1| + |x - 4|
(b) y = |sin x|
(c) y = sin |x|
(a)
Note: x - 1 = 0 => x = 1 and x - 4 = 0 => x = 4 i.e. y changes its definition at x
=1 and x = 4.
y = |x - 1| + |x - 4|
let - < x < 1
y = -(x - 1) - (x - 4) = -2x + 5
Now, let 1 < x < 4
y = (x - 1) - (x - 4) = 3
Again, Let 4 < x
y = (x - 1) + (x - 4) = 2x - 5
(b)
y = |sin x|
y>0xR
(c)
y = sin |x|
x > 0,
x < 0,
y = sin x
y = sin (-x) = -sinx
"One-to-One"
Y. Then f is invertible if there exists a function g with domain Y and range X, with the
property: f(x) = y iff g(y) = x.
If the function f is invertible, the function g is unique. This g is called the inverse of f
and written as g = f
-1
Even Function: Let f(x) be a real valued function of a real variable. Then f is even if
the following equation holds for all x and -x in the domain of f:
f(x) = f(-x)
Geometrically, the graph of an even function is symmetric with respect to the
y-axis.
Odd Function: Again, let f(x) be a real valued function of a real variable. Then f is
odd if the following equation holds for all x and -x in the domain of f:
f (-x) = - f(x) or f(x) + f(-x) =0.
Composite Functions
Another useful combination of two functions f and g is the composition of these
two functions. Let f : X Y and g : Y Z be two functions.
(fog)(x) = f(g(x))
(i) x2 < 1, -1 < x < 2 => -1 < x < 1, -1 < x < 2 => -1 < x < 1
(ii) x2 + 2 < 1, 2 < x < 3 => x < -1, 2 < x < 3 => x =
Let us consider, 1 < g(x) < 2,
(iii) 1 < x2 < 2, -1 < x < 2
=> x [-2, -1) (1,2] , -1 < x < 2 => 1 < x < 2
(iv) 1 < x+2 < 2, 2 < x < 3 => -1 < x < 0, 2 < x < 3, x =
-1 < x+1 < 2, x < 1 => -2 < x < 1, x < 1 => -2 < x < 1
(ii)
-1 < 2x+1 < 2, 1 < x < 2 => -1 , x < , 1 < x < 2 => x=
Rules of Inequality :
a < b => either a < b or a = b