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1.

ABSTRACT
The aim of this experiment is to determine the properties of

measurement/PVT. The equipment that had been used is called Perfect Gas
Expansion and by using this kind of equipment, all 4 experiments were conducted
successfully. For the first experiment, the experiment is conducted to show the
Boyles Law and to determine the relationship between pressure and volume of an
ideal gas. In this experiment, there are three conditions which are gas from
pressurize chamber to atmospheric chamber, pressurized chamber to vacuum
chamber, from atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber. The next experiment is to
determine the Gay-Lussac Law and is repeated three times to get the average value
of the temperature at pressurize and depressurize vessels. The graph of pressure
versus temperature is plotted after getting the total average value. From the graph,
the pressure is proportional to the temperature where it follows the Gay-Lussac Law.
In the third experiment which is to determine the isentropic expansion process, it is
conducted to demonstrate the isentropic expansion of gases, where pressure and
temperature of pressurized chamber is taken before and after expansion. After that,
the last experiment is to determine the ratio of heat capacity. The initial, intermediate
and the final reading of pressure and the temperature are recorded. Only the
pressurized chamber and compressive pump are used during this experiment. All of
these experiments have been successfully conducted and all the readings are
recorded into a data .The objectives for each experiment were achieved. Boyles law
and Gay-Lussac law were proven in this experiment where the ideal gas behaved
accordingly.

1.2

INTRODUCTION
The perfect Gas Expansion is related to First Law of Thermodynamics,

Second Law of Thermodynamics and relationship between P-V-T. Due to expansion


and compression of gasses is one of the most important and very useful in our daily
day. This is because due to related to combustion of engines, refrigerators, heat
pumps , hot air balloons, gas storage, fire extinguisher and a host of other practical
applications .
Besides that, it is also problems that related to the macroscopic reasoning of
thermodynamics to microscopic picture of the kinetic molecular theory. In this
experiment of measurement properties or PVT deals with ideal gas. An ideal gas is a
gas that obeys the relationship PV = nRT. In this definition, P and T are the absolute
pressure and absolute temperature respectively and R is the particular gas constant
which is R=8.3145J/mol. K and n is the number of moles of the gas filling the
container. The molecular weight of the gas influences the particular gas constant.
In this experiment, The equipment that used is perfect gas expansion
apparatus, TH11. The Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus (Model: TH 11) is a selfsufficient bench top unit designed to enable students to familiarize with some
fundamental thermodynamic processes. Comprehensive understanding of First Law
of Thermodynamics, Second Law of Thermodynamics and the P-V-T relationship is
fundamentally important in the applications of thermodynamics in the industry.
The apparatus comes with one pressure vessel and one vacuum vessel and
both are made of glass tubes. The vessels are linked to one another with aset of
piping and valves. A large diameter pipe provides gradual or instant change. Air
pump is included to enable us to pressurize or evacuate air inside the large vessels
provided the valves configures appropriately during the experiment. The pressure
and temperature sensors are used to monitor and manipulate the pressure and
temperature inside the vessels and the digital indicator will display the pressure and
temperature on the control panel.

This experiment dealt a lot with the properties of an ideal gas and its
relationship with the various environmental factors. An ideal gas is said to be a gas
which obeys the P-V-T relationship. A PVT relationship is one of the forms of the
equations of state, which relates the pressure, molar volume V and the temperature
T of physically homogeneous media in thermodynamic equilibrium (Reid, Prausnitz &
Sherwood, 1977).Other than that, ideal gas is also a gas that exhibits simple linear
relationships among volume, pressure, temperature and amount (Silberberg, 2007).
Gas particles in a box collide with its walls and transfer momentum to them
during each collision. The gas pressure is equal to the momentum delivered to a unit
area of a wall, during a unit time. However, ideal gas particles do not collide with
each other but only with the walls. A single particle moves arbitrarily along some
direction until it strikes a wall. It then bounces back, changes direction and speed
and moves towards another wall. The gas expansion equations are derived directly
from the law of conservation of linear momentum and the law of conservation of
energy (Sears & Salinger, 1975).

1.3

AIMS

1) To determine the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal gas and to
compare the experimental results with theoretical results.
2) To determine the ratio of volume and compares it to the theoretical value.
3) To determine the relationship between pressure and the temperature of an ideal
gas.
4) To determine the ratio heat capacity.
5) To demonstrate the isentropic expansion process.
6) To study the response of the pressurized vessel following stepwise
depressurization.
7) To study the response of the pressurized vessel following a brief depressurization.

1.4

THEORY
Theories of perfect gas can be divided into three which is Charless law,

Boyles law and Gay-Lussacs law. Perfect gas is same with ideal gas where there is
none attractive forces exist in the ideal gas. Since perfect gas is an ideal gas, they
collide between atoms or molecules elastically with no intermolecular attractive
forces. Some assumption has been respect to kinetic theory of ideal gas which is the
gasses are made up of molecules that always move in a constant straight line. An
equation had been introduced in 1662 where it has been named as ideal gas
equation of state which is :
P=R

T
)
V

The subscript R refer to gas constant where different gas would have different value
of R. Any gas that obeys this law is called an ideal gas. The equation also can be
written as:
PV = nRT
where P is absolute pressure
V is volume
n is the number of moles of the gas filling the container
R is the particular gas constant which is R=8.3145J/mol
T is absolute temperature
The properties of ideal gas at two different state is related to each other as long as
they has one constant property throughout the experiment where:
P1 V 1 P 2 V 2
=
T1
T2
Boyles Law Experiment
Boyle's Law states that the product of the pressure and volume for a gas is a
constant for a fixed amount of gas at a fixed temperature. Written in mathematical
terms, this law is :

PV = constant
A common use for this law is to predict on how a change in pressure will alter the
volume of gas or vice versa. Therefore, for initial values of p1and V1, which change
to final values of P2 and V2, the following equation applies :
P1 V1= P2V2 (for fixed amount of gas at constant temperature)
The graph shows how the pressure and volume vary according to Boyles Law at two
difference temperatures. Then it can be conclude that, the pressure and volume gas
is indirectly related which is if the pressure of the chamber is increase then the
volume of the gas inside the chamber also decrease. Besides, it also involves the
kinetic energy. If we decrease the volume of a gas, thus means that the same
number of gas particles are now going to come in contact with each other and with
the sides of the container much more often. The pressure is also measure the
frequency of collision of gas particle with each other and with the side of the
container they are in. Thus if the volume decrease, the pressure will naturally
increase. The opposite is true if the volume of the gas is increased, the gas particles
collide less frequently and the pressure will decrease.

Figure 1 : Boyles Law


At lower temperatures the volume and pressure values are lower. Any volume or
pressure units can be used as long as both P's and both V's have the same units.
The particle theory and simple arithmetical values is used to explain Boyles Law.

When the volume of gas is compress into half, the collision of the gas will
increase and thus the pressure will increase double compare to the origin

value.
But if the volume of the gas is doubled or increase in the factor of two, the
collision drop and decrease thus the pressure will decrease into half compare
to the origin.

Gay-Lussac Law Theory


Gay-Lussac law is also commonly known as Charless law.The law explains
about the relationship between pressure and temperature of gases. The law was
established in the early19th century by Jacques Charles and Joseph Louis GayLussac who did a study on the effect of temperature on the volume of a sample of
gas subjected to constant. The volume is kept constant in change for pressure
instead as the objective of the experiment is to determine the relationship between
pressure and temperature of ideal gas. The expression is as shown:
P = constant x T (at constant volume)
Thus it can be seen that gas pressure and the temperature are directly proportional
to one another. When the pressure increases, the temperature also increases, and
vice versa.
PT
P = constant T
P/T = constant
P1/T1 = P2T2
P1T2 = P2T1

The equations above apply in the gas of dealing with the relationship between
pressure and temperature of a gas.

Graph 1 : Obey Gay-Lussac Law


The graph shows how the pressure and temperature vary according to Gay-Lussac
Law. Based on Gay-Lussac it stated that the pressure exerted on a containers sides
by an ideal is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas. This follows from
the kinetic theory which stated that by increasing the temperature of the gas, the
molecules speed increase meaning an increased amount of collisions with the
container walls.
Isentropic Expansion Process
Isentropic basically means no change in entropy. Entropy has a variety of physical
interpretations, including the statistical disorder of the system, but often perceived to
be just another property of the system, like enthalpy or temperature. The Second
Law of thermodynamics can be expressed in terms of the entropy, S, as another
state of function:
The entropy of an isolated system increases in the course of a spontaneous change:
Stot > 0
Where Stot is the total energy of the system and its surroundings. Thermodynamically
irreversible processes (like cooling to the temperature of surroundings and the free
expansion of gases) are spontaneous processes, and hence must be accompanied

by an increase in total entropy. However, for a reversible and an adiabatic process,


the value of entropy, S, remains the same from the initial to the state of completion.
S=0
S1= S2
Stepwise Depressurization Experiment
The stepwise depressurization is conducted by depressurizing the
pressurized chamber or tank gradually by releasing the gas expansion at every
instance the valves are opened and closed to see the gradual changes in pressure
within the container. Pressure decreases with the expansion.
Brief Depressurization Experiment
Similar procedures as previous lab practical, but the time interval of valves
opening increased to a few seconds. This is so that the effects or response of brief
depressurization of the gas could be observed. With the increased time interval, the
gas should expand faster.
Determination of Ratio of Heat Capacity
The heat capacity is a constant that tells how much heat is added per unit
temperature rise. The heat capacity can be represented as Cp, which indicates the
heat capacity of a gas in a system with constant pressure. Also, the heat capacity
can be represented as Cv, for heat capacity of a gas in a system with constant
volume (Materials and Enegery Balance). These are derived for an equation of
relating to the isobaric and isochoric processes, which finally led to a simple equation
for the heat capacity of ideal gas:
Cp Cv = R
For the ideal gas state, the heat capacity may be expressed through statistical
mechanics in terms of the contributions to the translational and internal energies of
the molecules. In turn, some of the internal contribution arising from rotational,
vibrational and electronic modes of motion can often then be determined from
spectroscopic measurement of the frequencies of the normal mode of motion of the
molecule.

For many molecules, this process provides a more accurate means of


determining the ideal-gas heat capacity of the material than direct measurement. As
the density is increased from the ideal gas state, the energy of the ensemble of
molecules acquires a component arising from the interactions between molecules
(the configurational part) and this cannot be evaluated theoretically for any but the
simplest molecules so that the only source of information on the heat capacity is then
from direct or indirect measurement. When there are no measurements available it is
necessary to have recourse to estimation methods.

1.5

APPARATUS

Valve 1

Valve 2

Pressure chamber

Valve 3

Vacuum chamber

Vacuum pump

1.6

PROCEDURE

General Start-up Procedures


1. The equipment was connected to single phase power supply and the unit was
switched on.
2. All valves were fully opened and the pressure reading on the panel was checked.
This is to make sure that the chambers are under atmospheric pressure.
3. Then, all valves were closed.
4. The pipe from compressive port was connected to pressurized chamber or the
pipe from vacuum port of the pump to vacuum chamber.
5. The unit was ready to use.

General Shut-down Procedure


1. The pump was switched off and both pipes were removed from the chambers.
2. The valves was fully open to release the air inside the chambers.
3. The main switch and power supply was switched off.

Experiment 1 : Boyles Law Experiment & Determination of ratio volume


1. The general start up procedures were performed. All valves were ensured to fully
closed.
2. The compressive pump was switched on and the pressure inside chamber was
allowed to increase up to about 150-160 kPa. Then, the pump was switched off and
the hose was removed from the chamber.
3. The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until it stabilized.
4. The pressure reading for both chambers were recorded before expansion.

5. V02 was fully opened and the pressurized air was allowed to flow into the
atmospheric chamber.
6. The pressure reading for both chambers were recorded after expansion.
7. The experimental procedures were repeated for the following conditions :
a) From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber
b) From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber
7.1) For vacuum chamber procedure, ON pump to release pressure until 5060kPa
7.2) Fully open V 02 and allow the pressurized air flows into the atmospheric
chamber
7.3) The pressure reading for both chambers were recorded after expansion.
8. The PV value was calculate and the Boyles Law was proved.
9. The ratio of volume was calculated and compared to theoretical value.

Experiment 2 : Gay-Lussac Law Experiment


1) The general start up procedures were performed. All valves were ensured to fully
closed.
2) The hose from compressive pump was connected to pressurized chamber.
3) The compressive pump was switched on and the temperature was recorded for
every increment of 10kPa in the chamber. The pump was stopped when the
pressure PT1 reached about 160kPa.
4) Valve V01 was slightly opened and the pressurized air was allowed to flow out.
The temperature was recorded for every decrement of 10kPa.
5) The experiment was stopped when the pressure reached atmospheric pressure.
6) The experiment was repeated three times to get the average value.
7) Graph of pressure versus temperature was plotted.

Experiment 3 : Determination of ratio heat capacity


1) The general start up procedures were performed. All valves were ensured to fully
closed.
2) The hose from the compressive pump was connected to pressurized chamber.
3) The compressive pump was switched on and the pressure inside chamber was
allowed to increase until 160kPa. Then, the pump was switched off and the hose was
removed from the chamber.
4) The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until it stabilized. The
reading of pressure PT1 and temperature TT1 were recorded.
5) Valve V01 was fully opened and brought back to the closed position after a few
seconds. The pressure reading PT1 and TT1 were recorded until it becomes stable.
6) The ratio of heat capacity was determined and compared with the theoretical
value.
Experiment 4 : Isentropic Expansion Process
1) The general start up procedures were performed. All valves were ensured to fully
closed.
2) The hose from the compressive pump was connected to pressurized chamber.
3) The compressive pump was switched on and the pressure inside chamber was
allowed to increase until 160kPa. Then, the pump was switched off and the hose was
removed from the chamber.
4) The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until it stabilized. The
reading of pressure PT1 and temperature TT1 were recorded.
5) Valve V 01 was slightly opened and the air was allowed to flow out slowly until it
reaches atmospheric pressure.
6) The pressure reading and temperature reading were recorded after the expansion
process.
7) The isentropic expansion process was discussed.

1.7

RESULTS

Experiment 1 : Boyles Law Experiment


a) From pressurized chamber to atmospheric chamber

PT 1 (kPa abs)
PT 2 (kPa abs)

Before Expansion
152.0
134.9

After Expansion
145.9
145.2

b) From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber

PT 1 (kPa abs)
PT 2 (kPa abs)

Before Expansion
108.0
58.8

After Expansion
91.2
90.8

c) From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber

PT 1 (kPa abs)
PT 2 (kPa abs)

Before Expansion
153.5
58.8

After Expansion
121.4
121.6

Experiment 2 : Gay-Lussac Law Experiment


Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3

Pressure
(kPa abs)

110
120
130
140
150
160

Temperature (oC)

Temperature (oC)

Temperature (oC)

Pressurise

Depressurize

Pressurise

Depressurize

Pressurize

Depressurize

vessel
22.6
22.9
23.5
24.5
25.4
27.9

vessel
22.3
22.8
23.6
24.8
26.6
27.9

vessel
22.1
22.3
22.8
23.9
24.8
25.9

vessel
22.6
23.3
24.5
25.7
26.8
27.3

vessel
22.2
22.4
23.0
23.8
24.8
25.6

vessel
23.1
24.1
25.3
26.6
26.9
27.0

In every decrement of 10kPa ( Pressurized vessel )


Pressure (kPa)
110
120
130
140
150
160

Average Temperature
22.30
22.53
23.10
24.07
25.00
25.93

Pressure versus Temperature


180
160
140
120
100

Pressure (kPa)

80
60
40
20
0
22.3

22.53

23.1

24.07

25

25.93

Temperature (C)

Graph 1 : Pressure versus temperature (Pressurized vessel)

In every decrement of 10kPa ( Depressurized vessel )


Pressure (kPa)
110
120
130
140
150
160

Average Temperature
22.67
23.40
24.47
25.70
26.77
27.40

Pressure versus Temperature


180
160
140
120
100

Pressure (kPa)

80
60
40
20
0
22.67

23.4

24.47

25.7

26.77

27.4

Temperature (C)

Graph 2 : Pressure versus temperature (Depressurized vessel)

Experiment 3 : Determination of Ratio of Heat Capacity

PT 1 (kPa abs)
TT1 (oC)

Initial
160.0
26.7

Intermediates
138.2
26.2

Final
141.16
24.4

Experiment 4 : Isentropic Expansion Process


Before expansion
163.0
25.2

PT 1 (kPa abs)
TT1 (oC)

1.8

After expansion
103.5
21.7

CALCULATIONS

Experiment 1 : Boyles Law


P1V1 (initial) =P2V2 (final)
a) From pressurized to atmospheric
(152.0)(0.025) + (134.9)(0.0123) = (145.9)(0.025) + (145.2)(0.0123)
5.45927 = 5.43346
The difference before and after expansion is 0.02581 (small difference), hence the
Boyles Law is verified.

b) From atmospheric to vacuum


(108.0)(0.025) + (58.8)(0.0123) = (91.2)(0.025) + (90.8)(0.0123)
3.42324 = 3.39684
The difference before and after expansion is 0.0264 (small difference), hence the
Boyles Law is verified.

c) From pressurized to vacuum


(153.5)(0.025) + (58.8)(0.0123) = (121.4)(0.025) + (121.6)(0.0123)
4.56074 = 4.53068
The difference before and after expansion is 0.03006 (small difference), hence the
Boyles Law is verified.

Experiment 3 : Determination of ratio of heat capacity


Cv T 2
V
ln =ln 2
R T1
V1
Where :
V 2 P1 T 1
=
V 1 P2 T 2
Cv
-1

8.314 kPa K mol

-1

ln

160.0 kPa ( 299.7 K )


297.4 K
=-ln[
]
299.7 K
141.6 kPa ( 297.4 K )

Cv

= 140.19 L kPa

CP

= Cv + R

K -1 mol-1

= 140.19 L kPa K-1mol-1 + 8.314 kPa K-1mol-1


= 148.50 L kPa K-1 mol-1
The ratio of heat capacity :

CP 148.50
=
C V 140.19
= 1.0593
Percentage error :
1.4 - 1.0593
X 100% = 24.34%
1.4
Experiment 4 : Isentropic Expansion Process
(

k - 1

T 2 P2 k
=
T 1 P1

ln

k-1
)
k

21.7 103.5
=
15.2 163.0

21.7 k - 1
103.5
=
ln
15.2 k
163.0

( )

k = 0.05606
1.9

DISCUSSIONS
Boyle's Law states that the product of the pressure and volume for a gas is a

constant for a fixed amount of gas at a fixed temperature. Written in mathematical


terms, this law is :
PV = constant
In the first experiment which is Boyles Law, by using the formula P 1V1=P2V2, it is
shown that the P1V1 value is closed to the value of P2V2. The difference value for gas
from pressurized chamber to atmospheric is 0.02581, from atmospheric to vacuum is
0.0264 and from pressurized chamber to vacuum is 0.03006. Hence Boyles Law is
verified because the difference is small and the value of PV initial is not exactly equal
to the value of PV final because there might some errors occur when conducting the
experiment.
In Experiment 2, which is Gay-Lussac Law experiment, it is conducted to
determine the relationship between pressure and temperature of an ideal gas.

According to Gay-Lussac law, the pressure is proportional to the temperature.


Therefore, graph of pressure against temperature was plotted. From the plotted
graph, the pressure is proportional to the temperature where it follows the GayLussac Law. From the graph also, it can be clearly seen that when the pressure
increase, the temperature also increases in a constant volume.
In the third experiment which is the determination of ratio of heat capacity, the
formula is used :

The ratio of heat capacity :


CP
CV
The heat capacity is a constant that tells how much heat is added per unit
temperature rise. The heat capacity can be represented as Cp, which indicates the
heat capacity of a gas in a system with constant pressure. Also, the heat capacity
can be represented as Cv, for heat capacity of a gas in a system with constant
volume. For this experiment the ratio of heat capacity is 1.0593 and the theoretical
value is 1.4. The percentage error is calculated by using the formula :
Percentage error :
Theoretical value Experimental value
X 100 %
Theoretical value
The value of percentage error is 24.34% and there might be due to some errors
occur when conduct this experiment.
The fourth experiment is isentropic experiment, where the isentropic
expansion process went both reversible and adiabatic, which means that there will
be no heat transferred within the system, and no energy transformation occurs.
Given that:

T 2 P2
=
T 1 P1

k - 1
)
k

Where, k is constant. Given the value of temperature and pressure before and after
expansion, we can find the value of k. Thus, the calculated value of k in this
experiment is 0.5606. In this experiment the pressure is dropped from 163.0 kPa to
103.5 kPa and the temperature also decrease from 25.2 C to 21.7C.This is
because due to the volume is kept constant thus the temperature and pressure is
increase. In fact, during this experiment no heat flow occurs in the system and no
energy transformation change .Therefore, the change of the gas in entropy also
zero. It can be concluded that, when isentropic expansion process occur, the work
done by the gas is equal to the decrease in the internal energy of the gas.

1.10

CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the experiment is conducted successfully to determine the

properties measurement/PVT according to Boyles Law, Gay-Lussac Law, heat


capacity equation and isentropic expansion process. In Experiment of Boyles Law,
the value of PV initial is very closed to the value of PV final and the difference is very
small. Hence, it can be concluded that the Boyles Law is verified. The value of PV
initial is not exactly equal to the value of PV final because there might some errors
occur when conducting this experiment. In experiment 2, which is Gay-Lussac Law
experiment, it is proven that the pressure is proportional to the temperature based on
the graph plotted and it follows Gay-Lussac Law. In Experiment to determine the
ratio of heat capacity, the value that is obtained from this experiment is 1.0593 which
is quite far from the theoretical value (1.4). In the last experiment which is the
isentropic expansion process, the value of k is 0.5606.

1.11

RECOMMENDATIONS
During conduct this experiment , there are a few precautions that should be

taken so that accurate result will be obtained. Firstly, before start the new
experiment, each experiment should do the start-up and shut-down experiment first
in order to make sure there are no gas left in the chamber. Thus, all the valve must
be opened to remove all gasses in the chamber.
Besides that, to avoid the parallax error during taking the reading of pressure
and temperature, repeat the experiment three times and calculate the average value
so that more accurate result will be obtained.
Apart from that, read the procedures carefully and follow the instruction
accordingly. Open and close the valve carefully according to the procedure given so
that the experiment will run smoothly and no mistakes occur during this experiment.

Next, the pump pressure must not be above 2bar as excessive pressure may
results in glass breaking. Make sure that extra precaution is taken when the valve is
open because high pressure is released so as to avoid unwanted accidents to occur.
Lastly, the experiment should be conducted at the stable and unshaken place
and all the data must be collected and recorded into a table.

1.12

REFERENCES

1) Reid, R., Prausnitz, J.M., and Sherwood, T.K. (1977) The Properties of Gases and
Liquids, 3rd Edition, New York : McGraw-Hill.
2) Sears, F.W and Salinger, G.L. (1975) Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and
Statistical Thermodynamics, 3rd Ed, Addison-Wesley, pp (254-266) and (354-360).
3) https://www.scribd.com/doc/217642669/PROPERTIES-MEASUREMENT-PVT
retrieved on 19.04.2015
4) Silberberg, M. (2007) Principles of General Chemistry, 1 st Edition, McGraw-Hill.
5) http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/kt/idealgases.html retrieved on 20.04.2015
6) http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/
Phases_of_Matter/Gases/Gas_Laws/The_Ideal_Gas_Law retrieved on 23.04.2015

7) https://www.scribd.com/doc/131470670/perfect-gas-expansion retrieved on
23.04.2015

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