Title: Find out the existence of Pornography among married couples.

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
This section discusses background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study,
objectives of the study. Further research questions, justification of the study, assumptions of the
study, scope of the study, limitations of the study and definition of terms are discussed.
1.0 Background of the study
Over the past half century the consumption of pornography has increased dramatically as
imaging technology has evolved and attitudes about sexuality have changed (Leonard & Taylor,
1983). Despite this dramatic increase, relatively little is known about the effects of pornography
on the individuals who consume it, and even less is known about its potential impact on third
parties, families, and society.

This lack of knowledge is surprising given the long running debate about its regulation. State and
local regulation of pornography is designed in part to keep pornography away from minors, but
there are frequent reports that pornography affects families and society because it changes the
behavior and attitudes of adults, demeans women, and otherwise harms third parties (Johnson &
Moore, 1993).

The intersection of pornography and marriage is one of the most problematic issues among many
couples today including Christian couples. The pervasive plague of pornography represents one
of the greatest moral challenges faced by the Christian church in the postmodern age (Leonard &
Taylor, 1983). With eroticism woven into the very heart of the culture, celebrated in its
entertainment, and advertised as a commodity, it is virtually impossible to escape the pervasive
influence of pornography in our culture and in our lives (Jaffe, et al., 1974).

The Christian worldview must direct all consideration of sexuality to the institution of marriage.
Marriage is not merely the arena for sexual activity; it is presented in Scripture as the divinelydesigned arena for the display of Gods glory on earth as a man and a wife come together in a
one-flesh relationship within the marriage covenant (Hunter & Schmidt, 1996). Rightly
understood and rightly ordered, marriage is a picture of Gods own covenantal faithfulness.
Marriage is to display Gods glory, reveal Gods good gifts to His creatures, and protect human
beings from the inevitable disaster that follows when sexual passions are divorced from their
rightful place (Harris, Jacobson & Chadwick, 1995).

The marginalization of marriage, and the open antipathy with which many in the culture elite
approach the question of marriage, produces a context in which Christians committed to a
marriage ethic appear hopelessly out of step with the larger culture (Gunther,1995). Whereas
marriage is seen as a privatized contract to be made and unmade at will in the larger society,
Christians must see marriage as an inviolable covenant made before God and man that
establishes both temporal and eternal realities (Ford & Linney, 1995).

Pornography represents one of the most insidious attacks upon the sanctity of marriage and the
goodness of sex within the one-flesh relationship (Gunther, 1995). The celebration of debauchery
rather than purity, the elevation of genital pleasure over all other considerations, and the
corruption of sexual energy through an inversion of the self, corrupts the idea of marriage, leads
to incalculable harm, and subverts marriage and the marital bond (Hunter & Schmidt, 1990).

Pornography hurts adults, children, couples, families, and society. Among adolescents,
pornography hinders the development of a healthy sexuality, and among adults, it distorts sexual
attitudes and social realities. In families, pornography use leads to marital dissatisfaction,
infidelity, separation, and divorce (Ford & Linney, 1995).

Pornography is powerful enough even to overwhelm individuals, couples, and families despite
earlier affectionate relationships whether between the mother and father or between the parents
and the child. But loving family relationships can help mute many of the factors that encourage
the use of pornography long before its addictive power takes root in a users life (Fisher &
Byrne, 1978).

1.2 Statement of the problem

Pornography has been on the rise due to advancement in technology and the advent of internet
has propagated the rampant use of pornography among the teenagers and adults. Pornography
has adverse effects on individuals mind, body soul, self esteem and behaviour. It is very
addictive and once rooted in once life it is hard to overcome it. Many teenagers are turning to
3

pornography to satisfy their sexual urges and in the end they are hooked to addiction that will
affect their future marriages.

Jenks (1985) argued statistics show that 66% of Internet-using 18- to 34-year-old men look at
online pornography at least once a month. Over 40% of women are involved in online
pornographic, cyber behavior. 70% of Internet pornographic traffic occurs during the 9 a.m. to 5
p.m. workday. The largest consumers of Internet pornography are 12 to 17 year-olds (Gray,
1982). 12% of all Internet sites, or more than 26.6 million sites, are dedicated to pornography
and 90% of 8- to 16-year-olds have viewed pornography online.
Therefore in view of the above statistics the study sought to investigate the usage of the
pornography among the married couples in Kikuyu sub-county.

1.3 Purpose of the study

1.4 Objectives of the study
The perception of married people on the effect of pornography on their marriage life in Kikuyu
sub-county

1.4.1 General objective

The general objective is to investigate the existence of the pornography among the married
couples in Kikuyu sub-county.

1.4.2 Specific objectives.

a) To find out the prevalence of pornography among married couples.
b) Relationship between pornography and age of marriage
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c) To determine the effects of pornography on self esteem

d) Whether the practice of pornography affects love life among married couples.
e) To examine the strategies of overcoming the effects of pornography among the married
couples in Kikuyu sub-county.
1.5 Research questions
1. What are the causes of pornography among the married couples in Kikuyu sub-county?
2. How does pornography affect the married couples in Kikuyu sub-county?
3. What are the strategies of overcoming the effects of pornography among the married
couples in Kikuyu sub-county?
1.6 Justification of the study
Since pornography is rampant and propagated by the internet technology, there is need to
examine its perception and ultimate effect on married couples. There have been cases of married
couples separating because one of the couples is addicted to pornography.

Therefore it can be said that pornography has huge impact in marriages today and the impact is
immeasurable. That is why it is prudent to search for the root causes, effect and strategies to
overcome pornography among the married couples in Kikuyu sub-county.
1.7 Significance of the study
1.7.1 Government and policy makers
The findings of the study will be useful to the government in order to come up with pragmatic
policy framework and regulations that may guide the policy implementation on pornography.

Thus through the above, the study will contribute significantly to the strategies that
government and policy makers can use to eradicate the use of pornography by teenagers and
married couples.
1.7.2 Other researchers
The study will equally be useful to researchers since it will provide the literature for the future
research and also add the knowledge in this area. The study will also play a significant role of
engineering further research into other aspects of the topic under consideration or other related
topics. This would provide various solutions to some of the problems of pornography.

1.7.3 Academic institutions

This study will also be significant to the academic institutions and other colleges since it will
enable them to have a better understanding of the causes and effects of pornography on
students.
The findings of the study will help the academic institutions to develop policies on regular
programs for training staff on students on the long term effects of pornography to their well
being.
1.8 Limitations of the Study

1.8.1 Non-respondents

All respondents might not be able to participate in the study because of their work schedules. To
overcome this limitation, the researcher will inform the respondent in advance so that he/she can
make time for answering the questionnaire.
1.8.2 Confidentiality
Some of the respondents might not be able to divulge the information required for the study
because the information can be very confidential and can impact negatively on the security of the
bank. To overcome this limitation, the researcher will inform the respondents on the purpose of
the study to enable them to answer the questionnaire without divulging important information
and but they will have the freedom to either participate or not.
18.3 Unreturned questionnaires
The respondents might not mail back the questionnaires after filling them and this can hamper
the analysis of the data. To overcome this limitation, the researcher will follow up on
questionnaires through phone calls to ensure that they are returned on time by respondents and
also send the questionnaires with self-addressed stamped envelopes.
The researcher will inform in advance the respondents on the purpose of the study to enable the
respondents to answer the questions without divulging important information.
The researcher will follow up on questionnaires through phone calls to ensure that they are
returned on time by the respondents.
1.9 Scope of the Study
The study on investigation of existence of the pornography among the married couples will be
conducted between from March 2014 and August 2014.The study will be conducted in Kikuyu
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sub-county. The sample will consist of respondents from selected youth, men and women from
the sub-county.
1.10 Assumptions of the Study
The study assumes that the theoretical framework/conceptual framework are an accurate
reflection of the phenomena being studied. That the phenomenon being investigated is clearly
defined, measurable and variables have been clearly defined and measurable.
The study assumes that the data collection instruments used is valid and reliable to measure the
variables (independent and dependent variables).
The study assumes that the respondents will answer all questions correctly after thorough pilot
testing of questionnaire.
The study assumes that the methodology and designed employed by the study is appropriate for
the problem being investigated.
The study assumes that the method of analysis used and sample size are sufficient to detect
significant relationships if they exist in the population.
The study assumes that the results of the study can be generalized to the larger population being
studied.

1.11 Operational definitions of terms

Pornography: Printed or visual material containing the explicit description or display of sexual
organs or activity, intended to stimulate erotic or emotional feelings.
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Couples: Are two people who are married, engaged, or otherwise closely associated romantically
or sexually.
Internet: Is a global network connecting millions of computers.
Addiction: Is a condition of being addicted to a particular substance, thing, or activity.

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter reviewed empirical literature on the causes of pornography, its effects on married
couples, strategies to overcome it and theories related to pornography.
2.1 Theoretical framework
This study will be guided by the following moral theories:
2.1.1 Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism states that actions are morally right if and only if they maximize the good (or,
alternatively, minimizes the bad). Classical utilitarians like Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart
Mill (as well as many contemporary utilitarians) take the good to be pleasure or well-being.
Thus, actions are morally right, on this view, if and only if they maximize pleasure or well-being
or minimize suffering.
2.1.2 Virtue Ethics
Virtue ethics takes its philosophical root in the work of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle.
Virtue theories claim that ethics is about agents, not actions or consequences. Living an ethical
or good life, then, consists in the possession of the right character traits (virtues) and having, as a
result, the appropriate moral character. This means that one develops virtuous character traits,
dispositions to act in a certain way and avoiding bad character traits, or vices of character.
These theories can be applied into the study because pornographic addiction automatically cause
harm and it is something many people find pleasurable and part of living a happy life. Therefore,
it is always wrong. Pornography can cause someone harm from addiction, low self esteem,
sexual dissatisfaction and poor marriage relationships.
2.2 Causes of pornography in marriage
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Baron and Bell (1977) cited that there are some unique aspects about pornography that make it
easily addictive. It's so readily available online; sex is a wired in desire for all men and not
one very easily done without; Internet porn sites are designed to get them to want more and
more, which feeds a key ingredient of addictions.
San Francisco marriage and family therapist Julian Redwood, who specializes in treating patients
with pornography addiction, says the biggest problem is that there is a physiologically addictive
nature to porn and all sexually addictive behavior (Baron & Bell, 1977).
People build up a tolerance and need more and more stimulation to achieve the same high. So
someone might start by looking at images of a normal heterosexual couple having sex and then
move on to watching bestiality or sex with children and people push their edge (Boeringer,
(1994).
Online porn is so much about the hunt which is part of why people spend so many hours at it, at
the expense of their jobs, family, social life and sleep. They keep searching for the image or
video that is going to turn them on. It's similar to the drug addict going out to score the drug, or
someone into prostitutes cruising the red-light district (Baron, 1974).
Baron (1990 noted that there are lots of people who would never go to a prostitute who engage
in Internet porn. Over the past several decades, our society has grown in its understanding of
drug, alcohol and food addictions, but only in recent years have we begun to understand sex
addiction. Men and women use sex as a mood-altering substance like drugs or alcohol to cope
with relational pain.

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Sex addiction is characterized by persons using sex to get a high, and then find themselves
needing ever-greater or more powerful doses. Sex addiction affects 3-6% of our population.
Sex addicts engage in obsessive/compulsive sexual behavior that causes severe stress to
themselves and their families (Baron & Straus, 1987).
They make sex the center of their lives, become willing to sacrifice what they value most and
exhibit behaviors such as: compulsive heterosexual and homosexual relationships (Briere,
Henschel & Smiljanich, 1992). Dr. Archibald D. Hart observes in his book, The Sexual Man:
Masculinity without Guilt: "Most young males have their sexual beliefs and attitudes shaped by
pornography. Exposure often begins at age thirteen. This distorts their views of how women feel
about sex and what can reasonably be expected from sex (Briere, Malamuth & Check, 1985).
Dr. Victor Cline, a nationally recognized expert on the effects of pornography and its relationship
to sexual addictions and abuse, says that addiction-pornography provides a very powerful sexual
stimulant or aphrodisiac effect, followed by sexual release, most often through masturbation. The
exciting and powerful imagery can then be recalled and elaborated on in subsequent fantasies
(Davis & Braucht, 1973).

Escalation-Over time, addicts require rougher and more explicit and deviant material to get
"high." They may push their partners into increasingly bizarre sexual activities. And they come
to prefer the imagery of pornography, accompanied by masturbation, to sexual intercourse itself,
diminishing their capacity to express real affection (Demare, Lips & Briere, 1993).

12

Desensitization-material (in books, magazines or films/videos) which was first perceived as

shocking, illegal, repulsive or immoral-though still sexually arousing-is seen as acceptable. The
sexual activity depicted becomes legitimized in the person, s mind, and he/she comes to believe
that everybody does it (Fisher, Cook & Shirkey, 1994).

Acting out Sexually-There is an increasing tendency to act out behaviors viewed in pornography.
Addiction locks persons into these behaviors-no matter what the negative consequences. It
disturbs marital and family bonds, and increases the possibility of a person committing a serious
sex crime (Allen, D'Alessio & Brezgel, 1995).

For the sex addict, each external sexual act is a desperate attempt to be involved in a relationship
without being truly known and having to take the risks involved in developing real intimacy.
Addicts are unable to stop their involvement in behaviors they generally know are destructive,
and usually progress to more and more dangerous behaviors (Baron & Bell, 1977).

Most young males have their sexual beliefs and attitudes shaped by pornography. Exposure often
begins at age thirteen. This distorts their views of how women feel about sex and what can
reasonably be expected from sex (Davis & Braucht, 1973). Among 932 sex addicts studied, 90%
of men and 77% of women said pornography was significant to their addictions. The same study
found that child-hood sexual abuse and frequent use of pornography accompanied by
masturbation are key parts of the formation of sexually addictive behavior (Demare, Briere, Lips,
1988).

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In his book, False Intimacy: Understanding the Struggle of Sexual Addiction, Dr. Harry
Schaumberg states: "For the sex addict, each external sexual act is a desperate attempt to be
involved in a relationship without being truly known and having to take the risks involved in
developing real intimacy." Addicts are unable to stop their involvement in behaviors they
generally know are destructive, and usually progress to more and more dangerous behaviors
(Emerick & Dutton, 1993).

Men and women involved in Sexaholics Anonymous, a recovery program for lust and sex
addiction based on the principles of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) have discovered that lust is the
driving force behind their sexually self-destructive thinking and behavior (Garcia, 1986; Gentry,
1991). Images, the media and/or fantasy can serve as triggers that lead to their taking the first
drink.

2.3 Effects of pornography in marriage

It's not exactly news that marriage is in crisis and marriage rates are dropping, which means the
next generations will be weaker because children won't have the benefit of the love of both
parents. Nations will be poorer, less healthy, and less happy also. Pornography is likely one of
the key ingredients in this evisceration of society (Allen, D'Alessio & Brezgel, 1995).

Sex addicts experience a long list of painful consequences as a result of their destructive
behaviors. Among studies of sex addicts: 40 percent report the loss of their partner or spouse, 70
percent report severe marital or relationship problems, 68 percent report exposure to AIDS and
14

other STDs, 27 percent report loss of career, and 58 percent report legal consequences (Briere,
Henschel & Smiljanich, 1992).
Married men involved in pornography feel less satisfied with their conjugal relations and less
emotionally attached to their wives. Among couples affected by one spouse's addiction, twothirds experience a loss of interest in sexual intercourse (Briere, Malamuth & Check, 1985).
Both spouses perceive pornography viewing as tantamount to infidelity. Pornography is
frequently a major factor in infidelity and divorce. Pornography viewing leads to a loss of
interest in good family relations (Davis & Braucht, 1973).
Briere, Malamuth and Check (1985) noted that pornography is addictive, and neuroscientists are
beginning to map its biological substrate. Users tend to become desensitized to the type of
pornography they use, and then seek more perverse forms of pornographic stimulation. Men who
view pornography regularly have a higher tolerance for abnormal sexuality, including rape,
sexual aggression, and sexual promiscuity.
Prolonged consumption of pornography by men produces stronger notions of women as
commodities or as sex objects. Pornography engenders greater sexual permissiveness, which in
turn leads to a greater risk of out-of-wedlock births and STDs. Child-sex offenders are more
likely to view pornography regularly or to be involved in its distribution (Corne, Briere & Esses,
1992).
Demare, Lips and Briere (1993) argued that most men, including doctors, have not the foggiest
notion that the wives develop deep psychological wounds, commonly reporting feelings of
betrayal, loss, mistrust, devastation, and anger at the discovery of their husbands' use of
15

pornography, especially Internet use. Many wives also begin to feel unattractive or sexually
inadequate, and many become depressed, even severely depressed, so badly that they need
treatment for trauma, not just for depression (Davis & Braucht, 1973).
Many pornography-viewing husbands lose their emotional capacity for marital relations, and
this, in turn, causes both husbands wives to be less interested in the marriage bed (Donnerstein &
Hallam, 1978). (Viagra sales are soaring while Internet viewing of pornography continues to rise
steadily). Not only is there a loss in sexual intercourse, but even distaste for the affection of a
spouse and a cynicism about love can replace the affection that used to be present between them
(Emerick & Dutton, 1993).
It is not surprising then that pornography users increasingly see the institution of marriage as
sexually confining and doubt the importance of faithfulness, question the value of marriage as an
essential social institution, and are skeptical about its future Emerick & Dutton, 1993). When the
use of pornography rises to the level of addiction, as many as 40 percent of these addicts lose
their spouses, and close to 60 percent suffer considerable financial losses and about a third lose
their jobs (Donnerstein & Berkowitz, 1981).
Given all this, it is not surprising that pornography addiction is a major contributor to separation
and divorce (Fisher & Barak, 1991). In the only study to date of the relationship, 68 percent of
divorces reviewed involved one party meeting a new paramour over the Internet, 56 percent
involved "one party having an obsessive interest in pornographic websites," 47 percent involved
"spending excessive time on the computer," and 33 percent involved spending excessive time in
chat rooms (a commonly sexualized forum) (Donnerstein & Barrett, 1978).

16

The effects on children are grievous because finding pornographic material a parent has stored
away, overhearing a parent engaged in "phone sex," experiencing stress and conflict in the home
caused by online sexual activities of the parent, exposure to the treatment of women, as "sex
objects," and living in a home where this has already happened to their mother (Donnerstein,
1980).
Gunther (1995) outline several factors that indicate problematic usage, including compulsive use
(increasing frequency and length of use), continuing to engage in the behavior despite negative
consequences, irritability when trying to reduce Internet sex use, using cyber sexuality as an
escape, searching for increasing intensity or risk in cybersex, lying to others about internet sexual
behaviors, committing illegal acts online, and preoccupation with internet sex (Hui, 1986).

Harris, Jacobson and Chadwick (1995) developed the Internet Sex Screening Test, a useful
screening tool to determine if use is problematic for the individual. Carnes and colleagues outline
a long list of rationalizations used when individuals are in denial about their problem (Hunter &
Schmidt, 1996).) and review the cycle of sexual addiction. Addicts are likely to experience
shame and isolation that makes it more difficult for them to disclose to their partner (Leonard &
Taylor, 1983) which further erodes relational trust.

Complicating the cyber sexual picture are more generally acknowledged differences in the ways
that men and women view sexuality, such that women are more likely to see oral sex and
cybersex as infidelity than men (Johnson & Moore, 1993). Jaffe, et al (1974) found that there are
sex differences in accessing pornographic material on the internet, such that women are more

17

likely to prefer using it to maintain connection with an established sexual partner, whereas men
are more likely to access visual erotica, which is more likely to be addicting and destructive.

In the United States, males are more likely to engage in online sexual activities (84%) than
females (16%; Cooper et al., 2002). For this reason, the language of this section will use the
husband as the partner with sexual addiction. However, it must be acknowledged that there is a
growing minority of women who struggle with cyber sexual problems (Hui, 1986 and Jenks,
1985). In addition to its effects on the individual, various studies have indicated that cyber sexual
involvement has great impact on family members as well.
Most partners do not see occasionally pornography use as negative, but nor do they see it as
positive (Jaffe & Berger, 1977). Between 30 and 40 percent of partners in one study (Jaffe, et al.,
1974) indicated that pornography had negative consequences for the relationship, including
decreased self-esteem and increased feelings of undesirability for the partner of the one using
pornography. Many women see cybersex as just as painful as an affair, including those whose
spouses have had both virtual and real affairs (Hunter and Schmidt, 1990).
This phenomenon is big, nasty, and devastating, and likely robs more children of their fathers
and families than smoking does, to say nothing of the debilitating effects on their mothers.
Among the tools of the culture of death, pornography is likely ranks in third place, after abortion
and contraception (Ford & Linney, 1995).
According to Gray (1982) spouses of sex addicts often experience: emotional problems; social
embarrassment; physical abuse or un-wanted touching in public and private; and sexual pressure

18

to engage in degrading and unsafe sexual behaviors. In addition, some addicts lose sexual
interest in their spouse.

For some individuals, pornography consumption can escalate beyond sexual addiction into
sexual violence. According to former FBI agent Roger Young, there is a direct correlation
between pornography and violent sex crimes. Individuals who commit these crimes receive
reinforcement, motivation, encouragement, and validation of their sexual fantasies from the
pornography they view and read (Fisher, Cook & Shirkey, 1994).

2.4 Strategies to overcome pornography in marriage

For those that are seeking help due to cyber sexual issues, Leonard and Taylor (1983) offer
several suggestions to the individual. They state that they need to start with first order changes,
such as setting specific external boundaries in order to reduce access to pornography, reduce
anonymity associated with online sex, reduce objectification of ones partner and others online,
develop accountability with others, and develop healthy habits online (Jenks, 1985).

Hunter and Schmidt (1990) also suggest second order changes, deeper levels of change required
to solidify change in ones life; particular suggestions include engaging in a 12 step program,
seeing a therapist, using a support group, making new connections socially, preventing relapse,
and getting others involved in recovery.

They outline a series of stages, including the developing stage (when one is developing
awareness of the problematic nature of cyber sexual behavior) (Garcia, 1986). Crisis and
19

decision (when one faces a crisis and commits to changing), shock (when one is emotionally
numb and disoriented, trying to control the damage of others becoming aware of the problem),
grief over the loss of the compulsive behaviors, repair (rebuilding ones life after ending
problematic sexual behavior), and growth (improved relationships with others due to reduction in
addictive behaviors) (Gunther, 1995).

Demare and Briere (1993) outlined a marital intervention to help couples deal with pornography
addiction that included restoring trust, softening wives learning to separate themselves from their
husbands problem), recovery husbands disclosing their problem and feeling accepted by the
partner, and marital enrichment focusing on solving problems and restoring unity.

It is important for the therapist to be aware that this is not an isolated problem; it affects all
members of the household. Baron and Bell (1977) found that partners of those struggling with
cyber sexual addition reported hurt, betrayal, devastation, shame, isolation, jealousy, and anger.
They reported decreased self-esteem and were more likely to dissolve the relationship; one
partner also experienced decreased interest in sexuality with the partner in 68% of cases.

Partners saw themselves as undesirable and unable to compete with online images, and according
to Cantor and Einsiedel (1978) were also likely to see themselves as degraded, stupid, or weak.
Cybersex also causes them to view their partner as sexually perverted, a liar, a poor
husband/father, and selfish. Partners go through phases of denial, shock at the activities, and
problem-solving before they begin to recover (Baron, 1974).

20

According to Baron and Bell (1977) partners often withdraw and become secretive, the couples
sex life and intimacy deteriorates, and they are living a lie. Cybersex is particularly destructive
because it occurs at home and consumes so much time (Donnerstein & Hallam, 1978). The
children of cybersex addicts are often exposed to inappropriate sexual images, become part of
the parents conflict, do not receive proper parental attention, and frequently go through divorce
traced to pornography (Donnerstein & Hallam, 1978).

Demare, Briere and Lips (1988) reports pornography use often leads to discussions of sexuality
prior to the child being ready and increases his or her risky sexual behaviors, such as anal sex or
sex outside of relationships. Thus, cybersex impacts the entire family system. For this reason, it
is important to assess and address internet pornography usage within the hope-focused approach.
For those incorporating addressing this issue with the HOPE approach, the following
recommendations are offered.

It is vital that one realizes that it is not about him/her, but is the partners attempt to make up for
some loss or wrong he suffered as a child (Bergner & Bridges, 2002). A key goal is to diminish
the degradation of the partner (Bergner & Bridges, 2002). This will not help in recovery, but will
prolong it. A careful analysis of what he will and will not accept from his partner and being able
to communicate that to her without coercion or high emotional reactivity, is another key goal
(Bergner & Bridges, 2002).

In order to jointly promote public and private movement for the elimination of pornography in
marriage, the government need to convene a conference consisting of related ministries and
21

agencies, education bodies, medical bodies, business bodies, churches and NGOs to discuss how
to promote the movement and will disseminate the results of the discussions to the relevant
bodies for the action to be implemented (Gray, 1982).

Through publicly soliciting slogans and symbol marks for the elimination of pornography as a
part of public relations and awareness-raising activities, and through holding symposiums, efforts
shall be made to promote people's movement in an effective manner (Bergner & Bridges, 2002).

2.5 Critical review and Research gap

Based on the literature, this research study sought to investigate the existence of pornography
among the married couples in Kikuyu sub-county. Many studies on pornography have been
conducted by researchers over several decades. However, there still exist gaps in the literature on
causes and effects of pornography among the married couples, which need to be examined.
It appears that pornography among the married couples in developing countries, especially in the
transiting economies such Kenya have not been investigated with empirical data. As such, the
lack of empirical evidence from the emerging economies and the absence of examination of
these causes and effects of pornography in marriage, are gaps that this review found from the
literature.
2.6 Conclusion

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Inside the world of pornography, sex is public, no relationship is sacred, and no ones body not
even a childs is innocent. True, not everyone who views porn will become a sexual addict or a
sexual predator. The most pernicious effects of pornography are more subtle, and result from the
powerful influence it exerts over the hearts, minds and souls of individuals, and in the damage it
does to intimate relationships.

Men and women need each other, and society needs men and women to come together to form
strong families based on mutual love, respect, trust and commitment in order to raise the next
generation, who will be tomorrows husbands and wives, and fathers and mothers. By exploiting
the natural sexual attraction between males and females, pornography chips away at these values
and attacks the family in the place where it is the most vulnerable.

There is nothing harmless about pornography in any form, and state and national lawmakers
have a public duty to do all they can to protect families from the destructive effects of an
industry that profits from the sexual exploitation of human beings.

CHAPTER THREE
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METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter will examine research methodology that will be applied in this study and the reason
for employing the research techniques to carry out this study. Mugenda and Mugenda (1999)
define methodology as the procedures that have been followed in conducting a study. It involves
research techniques and methods used in a study. It provides an explanation as to why certain
methods were chosen and not others.

3.1 Research design

According to Mugenda, (1999), a research design is a master plan/framework or blue
print specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed
information. A descriptive research design was employed in this study, the design was
chosen because it provided means to contextually interpret and understand internal control
system on firm risk. According to Cooper and Schindler (2003) a descriptive study
described the existing conditions and attitudes through observation and interpretation
techniques. The study will therefore be able to generalize the findings to all other PCEA
churches in Kenya. As asserted by Mugenda, (1999) a descriptive study tries to discover answers
to who, what, when, where, and sometimes how questions.

3.2 Research strategy

Qualitative methods refer to a broad class of empirical procedures designed to
describe and interpret the experiences of research participants in a context-specific
setting (Denzin & Lincoln,
2000

tive investigations with either exploratory procedures or the addition of openended

questions that shed additional light on and add richness to a study,
qualitative research is the method of choice under a number of circumstances.
The nature of the research question should guide ones choice of research
24

design, be it qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative research is particularly

appropriate to answering questions of How? or What? as opposed to
Why? (Creswell, 1998). It is also the most useful approach to understanding
the meanings people make of their experiences. Because qualitative methods
are so effective at examining processes, they are ideal for understanding
psychotherapy process in depth (Hill, 2005; Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997).

3.3 Target population

Target population is that population to which the researcher wants to generalize the
results of the study. Target population is also defined by Mugenda, (1999) as a
universal set of the study of all members of real or hypothetical set of people,
events or objects to which an investigator wishes to generalize the result. This study
targets all married couples within the 127 PCEA churches in kikuyu county.

3.4 Sampling techniques and sample size

3.4.1 Sampling techniques
3.42 Sample Size

3.5 Sampling Table

3.6 Data Collection techniques
3.7Data analysis
Data will be analyzed by both qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative data will be
analyzed by categorizing and recognizing relationships between units of data. The
statistical package SPSS will be used in the analysis of quantitative data. The data
will be represented in bar graphs, tables and pie charts.

3.8Logistical and ethical considerations

25

Participants will not be identified by name in any report or publication about this
study. All participant information will be stored on a secure computer network, and
this information will be accessible only to the researcher.

After the study is

complete, the answers will be destroyed, to make sure that no one will misuse the
information. Information collected in this study will be for academic purposes only.

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