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North East Interdisciplinary Scientic Research Institute, named after N.A. Shilo, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (NEISRI FEB RAS), 16 Portovaya Ulitsa, Magadan 685000, Russia
Centre for Exploration Targeting (CET), University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 6 April 2013
Received in revised form 29 November 2013
Accepted 29 November 2013
Available online 26 December 2013
Keywords:
Far East Russia
Orogenic
Intrusion related and epithermal gold deposits
Gold metallogeny and tectonics
a b s t r a c t
The Russian Far East or Far East Russia (FER) is host to a huge gold endowment and has produced more than
6500 t of gold, since the 1860s. Much of this gold has come from several mining districts: Aldan, Upper Amur,
Lower Amur, Okhotsk, Allakh-Yun, Yana-Kolyma, Priokhotie, Omolon, and Chukotka. These districts include several gold deposits, mostly of orogenic and epithermal nature, as well as large and very large alluvial placer deposits. The main gold districts are of Late Mesozoic age, but there are also three districts (Aldan, Omolon, and
southern Primorie) with pre-Mesozoic gold ores and three districts (Kamchatka, SakhalinSouth Kurile, and
Lower Amur) with gold ores of Cenozoic age. This review paper attempts to marshal on the regional scale all
available data aiming to provide a framework for generating and testing new ideas on the gold deposits of FER.
The focus is on: (1) gold metallogeny, (2) details of key gold deposits, and (3) relationship between gold ore
forming processes, metamorphic processes and granitoid intrusions in different geodynamic settings. The largest
gold metallogenic belts in FER were formed in the late Mesozoic, namely: in the Late Jurassic (Yana-Kolyma),
Early Cretaceous (eastern ank of MongolOkhotsk, Aldan, OloyChukotka, OkhotskKoryak) and Late Cretaceous (Sikhote-Alin).
The Mesozoic era was also the time when most of the gold-hosting orogens were formed. Paleozoic, Mesozoic
and Cenozoic orogens resulted from the interaction between the Pacic oceanic plates with the Siberian craton
and the North China craton. These orogens are products of diverse geodynamic settings and can be divided
into four types: (1) collisional (e.g., Yana-Kolyma), (2) accretionary or uncompleted collisional (e.g., Okhotsk
Koryak or Kamchatka), (3) combined collisional and transform margin (MongolOkhotsk), and (4) active transform margin (Sikhote-Alin). The rst two types are typical of North East Russia, whereas the third and fourth
types are in the southern part of FER. The Late Cretaceous OkhotskChukotka and East Sikhote-Alin gold provinces are associated with continental margin magmatic arcs and are post-accretionary (post-orogenic).
Comparison of lode gold deposits from different geodynamic settings reveals specic features in metallogeny of
the late Mesozoic orogens at the southern and eastern margins of the Siberian craton (Yana-Kolyma collisional
orogen, OkhotskKoryak accretionary orogen and MongolOkhotsk transform margin orogen). These orogens
possess different metal associations. The Yana-Kolyma belt contains Au, Sn, W, and CuPbZn lode deposits.
The Late Jurassic Transbaikalian sector of the MongolOkhotsk orogen contains Au, Mo, PbZn, Sn, TaNb, W,
HgSb lode deposits, whereas Early Cretaceous Au, CuMo, HgSb lode deposits are present in the Amur sector.
Finally, the OkhotskKoryak orogen hosts Au, CuMo, CuWBi, AgCoBiAs, and BeSnLiW deposits of Early
Cretaceous age.
Epithermal gold deposits occur in two different geodynamic settings: (1) island arcs (Kamchatka, Kurile islands)
and magmatic belts at active continental margins (Omolon, OkhotskChukotka and Eastern Sikhote-Alin), and
(2) rift-related magmatism, linked with orogenic events and strike-slip kinematics, such as transform-like continental margin settings (Aldan and Upper Amur in the MongolOkhotsk orogen). Mineralogicgeochemical and
isotope systematics indicate a metamorphicmagmatic origin of hydrothermalplutonic systems in collisional
settings (Yana-Kolyma, OkhotskKoryak, and OloyChukotka orogens) and active continental margin
(OkhotskChukotka and East Sikhote-Alin) settings, with source contributions from the lower crust and mantle.
The MongolOkhotsk and Sikhote-Alin orogens are of transform fault-related origin and suggest a source of the
ore-forming uids mostly from the mantle.
2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: goryachev@neisri.ru (N.A. Goryachev).
0169-1368/$ see front matter 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.11.010
124
Contents
1.
2.
3.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A brief history of gold mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tectonic framework of Far East Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.
Arctic (OloyChukotka) orogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.
Yana-Kolyma orogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.
OkhotskKoryak orogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.
MongolOkhotsk orogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.
Sikhote-AlinWest Sakhalin orogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.
East SakhalinKamchatkaKurile orogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.
Uda-Murgal continental margin magmatic arc . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.
OkhotskChukotka continent margin arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.
East Sikhote-Alin magmatic arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10. KamchatkaKurile magmatic arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.
Gold ore deposit styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.
Sediment-hosted auriferous suldes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.
Sediment-hosted and intrusion-hosted goldquartz veins and stockworks
4.3.
Intrusion (granitoid)-related Au lode type . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.
AuAg epithermal deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.
AuSbHg lode deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.
Gold metallogeny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.
Gold mineralization of pre-Mesozoic metallogenic epochs . . . . . .
5.2.
Late Mesozoic gold metallogeny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.
Cenozoic gold metallogenic belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.
Orogenic gold deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.1.
Tectonic settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.2.
Fluid inclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.
Epithermal gold deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.
Lead isotope systematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4.
Genetic model for the orogenic gold deposits of Far East Russia . . .
6.4.1.
Geodynamic and metallogenic styles of orogenic belts . . .
7.
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Introduction
Far East Russia (FER) has a huge gold endownment, distributed between several metallogenic provinces, and has produced more than
6500 t of gold since the 1860 s, contributing to Russia's standing as
the 4th largest gold producer in 2012, after China, Australia and the
USA (USGS Mineral Commodity Summary, 2013). Much of this gold
has come from several mining districts: Aldan, Upper Amur, Lower
Amur, Okhotsk, Allakh-Yun, Yana-Kolyma, Priokhotie, Omolon,
Chukotka, South Primorie, Kamchatka and some additional smaller
districts (Fig. 1; Table 1). These districts include numerous lode gold
deposits mostly of orogenic and epithermal nature, as well as large
and very large alluvial placers.
In terms of ore ranking, we distinguish the following units (from
larger to smaller): ore province ore belt (if linear)/area (if isometric)
ore district ore deposit. The main gold provinces are of late Mesozoic age, but the three provinces (Aldan, Omolon, and part of the
Southwestern Primorie) contain pre-Mesozoic gold ores, and three
districts (Kamchatka, SakhalinKurile, and East Sikhote-Alin) have
gold ores of Cenozoic age.
These deposits have been investigated by researchers, explorers, and
miners, and reports have been published in Russian language papers
and books (Amuzinsky, 2005; Amuzinsky et al., 1988; Anert, 1929;
Bilibin, 1937; Buryak, 2003; Eirish, 2002, 2003; Firsov, 1985;
Gamyanin, 2001; Goncharov, 1983; Khanchuk, 2006; Khomich et al.,
1991; Moiseenko and Eirish, 1996; Nekrasov, 1991; Parfenov and
Kuzmin, 2001; Rozhkov et al., 1971; Shilo, 1960, 1976, 2002; Sidorov,
1966, 1978; Struzhkov and Konstantinov, 2005; Volkov et al., 2006;
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Lower Amur districts between 1868 and 1871. The rst auriferous
quartz veins were discovered in the Upper Amur mining district in
1889 (Anert, 1929; Stepanov et al., 2008). The rst discoveries of gold
in Aldan were made in 1899, with a discovery of economically viable
gold ores made by M.P. Tarabukin and V.P. Bertin in 1924 (Khatylaev,
1972). In Allakh-Yun district, this has happened in 1932; and in the
Yana-Kolyma district presence of gold was reported in 1914, although
discovery of commercially viable gold in placers was made by Yu.A.
Bilibin in 1928. Other districts were discovered in 1851 (Kamchatka),
in 1886 (South Primorie), in 1898 (American prospectors in Golden
Range Eastern Chukotka), in 1937 (Omolon), in 1948 (West-Central
Chukotka), and in 1969 (Priokhotie).
The Yana-Kolyma mining district is the largest of the FER primary
producers, with 3000 t of gold, including 90 t gold extracted from the
Natalka mine (Table 1). It is followed by: Upper Amur (950 t, includes
hardrock gold from Pokrovskoye mine (about 70 t) and Tokur (30 t);
Aldan (500 t, includes Kuranakh area with 250 t); Chukotka (more
than 800 t, including about 90 t from Kupol), Allakh-Yun (about 200 t,
including 20 t from Nezhdaninskoye), Lower Amur (about 200 t,
including more than 40 t from Mnogovershinnoye), Kular (170 t),
Omolon (140 t, including 90 t from Kubaka).
125
Table 1
Gold production from major gold districts of the Far East Russia.
District
Estimated total
production, t
Primary gold, t
Placers gold, t
Aldan
Upper Amur
Low Amur
Allakh Yun
Kular
Yana-Kolyma
Chukotka and
AnadyrKoryak
Omolon
Okhotsk
Priokhotie
South Primorie
Kamchatka
SakhalinKurile
Total
540
950
200
200
170
3000
800
280
110
55
30
No data
250
150
260
840
145
170
170
2750
650
140
50
50
25
20
12
6157
100
50
5
10
No data
1040
40
50
No data
20
10
12
5117
References: Anert, 1929; Khatylaev, 1972; Rudakov, 2003; Stepanov et al., 2008;
Benevolsky, 1995; Sukhov et al., 2000 and Goryachev's estimates (unpublished).
Nokleberg et al. (2000, 2005), Khanchuk (2006) and in various publications by Goryachev (1998, 2003, 2005, 2010) and Goryachev et al.
(2011a,b). On the basis of these works, FER comprises the following tectonic units (Fig. 2): Siberian craton and its deformed eastern passive
margin, the Omolon and Okhotsk cratonic terranes attached to the craton in the east; the Arctic orogen; the MesozoicCenozoic collage of
oroclinally-bent island arc terranes of the Kolyma Loop and Indigirka
Kolyma accretionary wedge terranes; the collage of terranes extending
from the Koryak Highlands, to Kamchatka, Okhotsk Sea, Sakhalin Island
and Sikhote-Alin; and the MongolOkhotsk orogenic collage. The age of
the orogenic events is Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (MongolOkhotsk,
Yana-Kolyma and OkhotskKoryak), Early Cretaceous (OloyChukotka
(or Arctic)), Koryak and Sikhote Alin), and Cenozoic (Sakhalin and Kamchatka). All these orogens reveal a different pre-Mesozoic history, with
basements of different ages, ranging from the Archean to the Paleozoic.
Proterozoic rock assemblages form the basement of Yana-Kolyma, part
of MongolOkhotsk, and Arctic orogens. The basement of Koryak,
Sikhote Alin, and KamchatkaKurile orogens is Paleozoic in age.
The boundaries between these major tectonic units, according to
2-DV geophysical transects, are trans-crustal or trans-lithospheric
faults (Goryachev et al., 2007). Following the orogenic events,
these faults evolved from thrust kinematics to strike-slip movements
(Goryachev et al., 2007). Detailed investigations along the Anyui
Oloy suture zone between the Arctic orogen and IndigirkaKolyma
accretionary terrane show that this boundary is a deep crustal thrust,
accompanied by anticlinorium uplift with fan-like folds (Byalobzhesky
et al., 2007; Goryachev et al., 2011a,b). Late Mesozoic fold belts formed
as a result of the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (160135 Ma) and
Cretaceous (130100 Ma) events. These fold belts are of collisional
(Yana-Kolyma belt with S-type granite magmatism), accretionary
collisional (Arctic), and accretionarytransform margin origin
(MongolOkhotsk, Sikhote-Alin, and OkhotskKoryak accretionary
orogens), and the tectono-magmatic processes are currently active
in the KamchatkaKurile magmatic arcs. Broadly speaking, these
Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic orogens can be considered as
products of interaction between the Pacic oceanic plates with the
Siberian craton. They can be explained in terms of two different kinematic regimes: (1) frontal collision (with thrusting) and (2) strike-slip
or transform style movements (Khanchuk, 2006).
A brief description of the main gold-hosting orogens, mostly based
on Khanchuk (2006), is provided below. They host orogenic and
epithermal (pre- or post-orogenic) gold lode deposits. These deposits
are associated in space and time with the late Mesozoic (Arctic, YanaKolyma, MongolOkhotsk, Sikhote-Alin) and Cenozoic (Koryak,
KamchatkaKurile) gold belts. Few gold lodes are located within
126
Fig. 2. Main tectonic units of Far East Russia (Goryachev, 2006); 1 Siberian craton; 2
Verkhoyansk deformed passive continental margin; 3 Omolon (a), and Okhotsk
(b) cratonic terranes; 4 island arc terranes of Kolyma Loop; 57 Central Asian orogenic belt: (5) Argun cratonic terrane, (6) Solonker accretionary terrane, (7) Bureya-Khanka
cratonic terrane; 811 Mesozoic orogens: MongolOkhotsk (8), Yana-Kolyma
(9), OkhotskKoryak (10), Arctic (11) and its Chukotka shelf terrane (11a); 12
14 MesozoicCenozoic orogens: Koryak (12), Sikhote-Alin (13) and KamchatkaKurile island arc terranes (14).
The major orogenic event on the eastern ank of this belt took place
in Early Cretaceous times, with deformation, Barrovian-style metamorphism and granitoid intrusions. The belt was formed in a left-lateral
strike-sleep setting, interpreted as transform continental margin
(Khanchuk, 2000a,b, 2006). The time of granitoid intrusion, according
to UPb SHRIMP and ArAr data, is 144125 Ma (Ponomarchuk et al.,
2008; Sorokin et al., 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011). Gold
mineraliazation is hosted in Precambrian to Paleozoic metamorphic,
granitoid and gabbroic rocks and in Mesozoic volcano-clastic and
terrigeneous sedimentary rocks. The ore deposits in the major terranes
Fig. 3. Gold metallogenic belts of Far East Russia and major gold deposits discussed in this
paper: 1 Natalka, 2 Nezhdaninskoye, 3 Mayskoye, 4 Duet-Yur, 5 AgnieAfanasievskoye, 6 Tokur, 7 Badran, 8 Malomyr, 9 Glukhoye, 10 Degdekan, 11
Utinka, 12 Shkolnoye, 13 Berezitovoye, 14 Kirovskoye, 15 Askold, 16 Kubaka,
17 Kupol, 18 Kuranakh, 19 Kyuchus, 20 Sarylakh, 21 Sentachan. See Fig. 2 for tectonic legend.
127
Fig. 4. (A) Cross section of the Degdekan gold deposit (Manshin and Goryachev, 2009); (B) eld photographs from the Dedgekan deposit, illustrating the complexity of gold mineralization.
The top photo shows sheeted auriferous quartz veins emplaced into carbonaceous siltstone; the photo below shows a hand specimen of carbonaceous siltstone with disseminated suldes
(with invisible gold?) and three generations of cross-cutting sulde veinlets.
128
vein, gold-bearing dike and gold-rare metal vein types. The rst and second types have a spatial relationship with granitoids, although they
show no clear connection with igneous activity, whereas the third
type is genetically related to granitic intrusions. This classication is
commonly accepted by Russian geologists even in modern times. If we
compare the last type, gold-rare metal veins, with established international classications (Cox and Singer, 1986; Extrand, 1984; Goldfarb
et al., 2001, 2005, 2008; Lang et al., 2000; Thomson et al., 1999), we
can conclude that they would t the intrusion-related type.
Mesothermal lode gold deposits are also hosted in dikes and small plutons and can be further subdivided as intrusion (granitoid)-hosted and
intrusion (granitoid)-related subtypes. Gold-bearing dikes or intrusionhosted gold deposits are hosted in small granitoid plutons with porphyritic textures and associated porphyry dikes, but do not have a close
genetic releationship with the host intrusions, because gold deposits
and intrusions may have either the same or different age. For the rst
time, the epithermal goldsilver deposits in North East Russia were
recognized by A.A. Sidorov in the Chukotka area (Sidorov, 1966).
Volarovich described epithermal gold deposits in the Lower Amur
district (Khanchuk, 2006). According to Russian classications, these
deposits were considered as volcanogenic goldsilver formation,
which effectively corresponds to epithermal precious metal systems
(Goryachev, 2006; Khanchuk, 2006; Nokleberg et al., 2005; Sidorov,
1978).
The gold lodes of FER include the following types (Goryachev, 1998,
2003):
Intrusion (granitoid)-related (skarns, greisens and quartz veins);
Dike-hosted and shear zone-controlled goldquartz (early orogenic
and late orogenic veins);
Goldsulde-disseminated zones (early orogenic);
Goldsilver epithermal (pre- and post-accretionary);
AuSb and AuSbHg lodes (post-accretionary).
At present, the notion of orogeny-related gold deposits has become
widespread. This deposit type is now considered as one of the major
recognized mineral systems, in the same way as the Carlin-type gold deposits, epithermal goldsilver, porphyry coppergold, iron oxide coppergold (IOCG) and VMS and SEDEX polymetallic deposit types
(Goldfarb et al., 2001; Kerrich et al., 2000). In compliance with the
existing viewpoints, orogeny-related deposit type typically includes
goldquartz vein deposits and intrusion (granitoid)-related ones, as
well as goldsulde deposits, because they originated from orogenyrelated granitoid magmatic systems (Gamyanin et al., 2003;
Goryachev, 1998, 2003, 2010). All these deposit types were formed during the orogenic stage in the evolution of fold belts.
Goryachev (2006) and Goryachev and Gamyanin (2006) proposed
to classify the orogenic gold deposits on the basis of their geological setting, style, age and relationships with orogenic granitoid assemblages,
such as: (1) disseminated suldes with gold; 2) sediment-hosted and
intrusion-hosted gold quartz veins, stockworks zones, and shear
zones; and 3) intrusion-(granitoid)-related goldbismuth. The deposit
types and their characteristics are discussed below.
4.1. Sediment-hosted auriferous suldes
The examples of deposits of this type in FER include Degdekan,
Maiskoye and Malomyr. They are typically structurally controlled and
are characterized by disseminated mineralization in mylonite zones.
The Degdekan deposit is hosted in Permian clastic sediments of the
Ayan-Yuryakh anticlinorium in the southeastern ank of the
Verkhoyansk passive margin (Fig. 3). The ore bodies occur along a
major NW-trending thrust zone and comprise two main types of ores:
disseminated pyrite and arsenopyrite (up to 35%) in carbonaceous
terrigeneous rocks, with carbonatechlorite and sericite alteration;
and sheeted quartz veins, locally associated with felsic dikes (Degdekan
Lode; Goryachev and Fridovsky, 2013) (Fig. 4A, B). The age of this
129
Fig. 5. Malomyr gold deposit (after Vasiliev at al., 2000). Note association of gold orebodies with altered mylonite zones.
mineralization is 134130 Ma (Voroshin et al., 2004). The overall average grade is about 1.2 g/t Au, with a resource of about 200 t. Besides
gold, the ore also contains minor amounts of unusual or rare PGE minerals (RuIrOs, RuS2, RuOs, IrAs, native Os) (Goryachev et al., 2011a,b;
Khanchuk et al., 2011).
The Mayskoye deposit is hosted in Triassic clastic rocks of the
Chukotka shelf terrane, part of the Arctic orogen (Fig. 2). Triassic sediments are intruded by granite- and granodiorite-porphyries, rhyolites,
and lamprophyres dikes. Fine-grained, acicular disseminated arsenopyrite and pyrite (68%) are the main ore minerals, mostly concentrated in
highly enriched carbon-bearing sub-vertical north-trending shear
zones, up to 1012 m thick, extending to depths ranging from 1500 m
to 1000 m and with about 9 g/t average gold grade (Bortnikov et al.,
2004; Volkov and Sidorov, 2001; Volkov et al., 2006). According to
these authors, arsenopyrite is gold-bearing (up to 1811554 ppm)
and about 90% of the total gold in the deposit is hosted by pyrite and arsenopyrite. Late stibnitequartz veins and veinlets contain no more
than 10% of gold, mostly as native coarse grains with 800920 neness.
The Malomyr deposit is another example of gold mineralization from
the eastern ank of the MongolOkhotsk belt (Fig. 3). This deposit is
localized in Paleozoic greenschist facies metamorphic rocks in the
south-western ank of the Nizhnyaya Stoiba metamorphic dome
(Buryak and Perestoronin, 2000; Buryak et al., 1988) of late Mesozoic
deformational age (Fig. 5). The main Diagonalnaya ore zone dips at
2530 towards the NW, with a thickness of 60 to 100 m and a length
of 4200 m. The average gold grade varies from 1 to 11.8 g/t. Arsenian
pyrite (3050 ppm Au) and acicular arsenopyrite disseminations (up
to 5%) are located in altered (sericite, adularia, carbonate, ankerite,
quartz) metasandstones, metasiltstone, greenschist and also in Paleozoic metamorphosed granite. Small quartz veins and veinlets, with adularia and suldes (pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, marcasite)
and wolframite occur in altered rocks (Buryak and Perestoronin, 2000;
Khanchuk, 2006; Nokleberg et al., 2005). More than 50% of native gold
has a grain size less than 0.02 mm. The neness of gold is 700820.
4.2. Sediment-hosted and intrusion-hosted goldquartz veins and stockworks
These gold deposits are usually characterized by quartz veins and
stockworks in shear zones (Kerrich et al., 2000; Goldfarb et al., 2001,
2005). Examples of this type are Natalka, Nezhdaninskoye, Duet,
Tokur, Agnie-Afanasievskoye, Glukhoye, Pavlik, Utinka, Shkolnoye and
Karalveem deposits in different parts of FER (Fig. 3).
The largest gold deposit is the Natalka deposit (Fig. 6A, B), with resources of more than 1700 t of gold grading 1.7 g/t (Eremin et al.,
1994; Mikhalitsyna, 2011). The total past production from hard rock
ores and placers of the Omchak district is about 280 t of gold. The
130
Fig. 6. Rock types of the Natalka deposit: (A) weakly foliated diamictite; (B) hydraulic fracturing with silica inll cutting diamictite; (C) pervasively altered, shallow-dipping felsic dike.
inner quartzsericite or quartzalbite altered rocks. The deposit occurs within a large AuAsW geochemical anomaly (Bortnikov and
Goryachev, 2010; Goncharov et al., 2002).
The Nezhdaninskoye deposit is the second largest orogenic gold deposits in FER (Gamyanin et al., 2000a,b; Goryachev, 1998; Parfenov
and Kuzmin, 2001). It is located in the Lower Permian terrigeneous sediments in the core of a large anticline. This deposit consists of two ore
styles: (1) disseminated suldes (5%) with pyrite (10150 ppm Au)
and arsenopyrite (30500 ppm Au), associated with numerous quartz
veinlets and stockworks in shear zones (grading about 59 g/t Au)
and (2) sub-vertical plate-like quartz veins, up to 2 m thick and 200
400 m long, and grading 10 to 2000 g/t Au (Goryachev, 1998;
Gamyanin et al., 2000a,b; Parfenov and Kuzmin, 2001). The host rocks
are pervasively altered (sericite, chlorite, quartz, Fedolomite), forming
50 to 200 m wide alteration haloes. The main ore zone (No.1) is located
in a sub-vertical shear zone (Fig. 7); it is 140 m thick, 7 km long, and
1600 m deep. The reserves are 475 t of gold grading 89 g/t Au and
10200 g/t Ag. Based on geological observations, the Nezhdaninskoye
deposit was formed in three stages: (1) metamorphogenic low Au
Fig. 7. Vertical cross section of the main ore body No.1 of the Nezhdaninskoye deposit
(adapted from Goryachev, 1998, 1999).
grade (less than 2 g/t), (2) main goldquartz hydrothermal and (3)
silver-base metals (Gamyanin et al., 1985, 2000a,2000b; Goryachev,
1998). The age of mineralization is 122119 Ma (Chugaev et al., 2010;
Gamyanin, 2001; Gamyanin et al., 2003).
The Duet, Yur and Nekur deposits are stratabound gold-bearing
quartz veins in a sequence of interlayered Upper Carboniferous to
Lower Permian sandstone and shale (Fig. 8) in the southern part of
the Allakh-Yun gold belt (Fridovsky, 2002; Konstantinov et al., 2002;
Parfenov and Kuzmin, 2001; Sukhov et al., 2000). Five levels of saddleshaped goldquartz veins are hosted in Upper Carboniferous (4 levels)
and Lower Permian (1 level) sandstone sequences (Fridovsky, 2002;
Parfenov and Kuzmin, 2001). The length of veins is up to 5 km, with
thicknesses ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 m, rarely up to 10 m. Native gold
is associated with arsenopyrite, pyrite and galena. The sulde amount
in the veins is generally no more than 3%. The same deposit types are
known along the northern ank of Kular district (Emelyanovskoye,
Kyllakh, Emis) (Fridovsky, 2002; Nokleberg et al., 2005; Parfenov and
Kuzmin, 2001). Similar deposits from the Yana-Kolyma belt
(Zhdannoye, Svetloye) are represented by veins (Zhdannoye) at low
angle to bedding or parallel to the strike of the sedimentary rocks
(Svetloye) (Goryachev, 1995, 1998; Nokleberg et al., 2005; Parfenov
and Kuzmin, 2001).
The Agnie-Afanasievskoye goldquartz vein deposit is in the northern
ank of the Sikhote-Alin fold belt, from which more than 11 t of gold
from low-sulde quartz veins have been recovered.
Many discordant goldquartz veins are also known in different gold
districts. These veins (for example, the Igumenovskoye deposit in
131
132
Fig. 8. Geology of Yur gold deposit (Goryachev, 1995, 1998) with concordant goldquartz veins (A) and regional position of goldquartz veins in Carboniferous sediments in longitudinal
projection (B).
Fig. 9. Geological map of the Tokur gold deposits (after Vasiliev et al., 2000).
133
Fig. 10. Thrust-controlled Badran orogenic gold deposit (Parfenov and Kuzmin, 2001).
Fig. 11. Glukhoye gold deposit (modied after Khanchuk and Ivanov, 1999).
134
granitoids, (2) the native gold constantly associates with a variety of bismuth minerals (native bismuth, bismuthinite, maldonite, Bi-tellurides
and sulfotellurides, and Bi-sulfosalts) (Gamyanin et al., 2000a,b;
Goryachev and Gamyanin, 2006; Nokleberg et al., 2005). An internationally well-known example of this deposit type is Fort Knox (Alaska,
USA) (Bakke, 1995; McCoy et al., 1997; Nokleberg et al., 2005).
The Berezitovoye deposit is hosted in granodiorite of the Khaikta
Orogzhan pluton. The average gold grade in the ores is 3.3 g/t, and
gold metal reserve is estimated at 42.3 t. Other interesting features of
these ores are the presence of Zn (0.97%), Pb (0.92%), and Ag
(14.83 g/t) (Sukhov et al., 2000), and at least two mineralization stages.
This pluton is located in the apical portion of the large late Mesozoic
Khaikta granite batholith (Fig. 13), with KAr and ArAr ages of 134
132 Ma (Ponomarchuk et al., 2012; Sorokin et al., 2008; Stepanov
et al., 2008). The Berezitovoye ore eld also includes the orogenic
Khaikta and Trubny gold quartz veins and the Orogzhan intrusionrelated occurrences. The main ore body of the Berezitovoye mine is
lens-like (Fig. 13). The rst stage formed disseminated low-grade gold
with pyrite + galena + sphalerite and massive ores, accompanied by
quartzsericite alteration in explosive breccias in the host rocks
(Stepanov et al., 2008; Vakh et al., 2008). The second stage is represented
135
Fig. 13. Berezitovoye gold deposit: regional position (A) and local geology (B) (modied from Avchenko et al., 2010).
Carboniferous and late Mesozoic age. Isochron RbSr ages of the ores
range from 340 to 334 Ma. Besides adularia and quartz, the ores contain
calcite, uorite, barite and 0.5% ore minerals (with dominant electrum,
native gold, acanthite, hessite, pyrite and lesser quantities of arsenopyrite, galena, and sphalerite). The AuAg ratio is 1:1.
The Kupol epithermal deposit is in the Chukotka district (Fig. 3).
This deposit is located in the southern ank of a large volcanic structure, in the northern part of the late Cretaceous OkhotskChukotka
volcanic belt (Fig. 3). Its tectonic setting has been compared to that
of the San Juan deposit in Colorado (Belyi et al., 2007). The main
ore body is north-south-trending and is characterized by a vein of
quartzchalcedony with calcite and adularia, with a thickness ranging
from 1.5 to 20 m and lengths of up to 2.4 km. It dips east at 7590,
down to 350 m. The average grade is 20 g/t Au with a AgAu ratio
12:1 (Golden and Thompson, 2011). The past production was 90 t of
gold, with current estimated resources of about 100 t of gold. Host
136
Fig. 14. Kirovskoye intrusion-related gold deposit (modied after Vasiliev at al., 2000).
rocks are Late Cretaceous (84 Ma) ash and lapilli tuffs and andesitic lava
ows. Post-ore rhyolite dikes (81 Ma) cut through the andesite
sequence. Hydrothermal alteration consists of quartzillitepyrite,
quartzillite, illite, chloritecalciteepidote (distal) (Golden and
Thompson, 2011). The ore minerals are native gold, electrum, gold selenides, Agsulphosalts (pyrargyrite, stephanite, freibergite, tetrahedrite),
and acanthite in association with pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite
and chalcopyrite. The amount of ore minerals is less than 4%.
Fig. 15. Position of Kubaka deposit in Devonian volcanic rocks (adapted from Stepanov et al., 1989).
137
Fig. 16. Kuranakh epithermal gold deposit (adapted from Maksimov et al., 2010).
have ribbon-like shapes (Fig. 17). The adulariaquartz ne-grained mineralization (7590%) includes up to 510 to 60% pyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite (12%), galena, chalcopyrite, native gold and gold-tellurides.
This is the primary mineralization, which occurs as fragments of different
size in strongly oxidized secondary ores. The sub-horizontal ore bodies
are 25 km long, 50800 m wide, and 1020 m thick (Moiseenko and
Eirish, 1996). The main gold mineralization event is of supergene origin,
associated with Fe-hydroxides. The average size of the gold grains is
0.0006 mm with a neness of 900923. The primary gold has a neness
Fig. 17. Cross section of a typical ore body of the Kuranakh deposit (adapted after
Maksimov et al., 2010).
138
Table 2
Age data of gold deposits in Far East Russia.
Deposit
Mineral
Data, Ma
Method
Belt
Type
References
Kubaka
Olcha
Svetloye
Ryzhyi
Chepak
Malysh-Dubach
Netchen Khaya
Chistoye
Transportnoye
Daryal-2
Surmyanaya
Yugler
Shturmovskoye
Dorozhnoye
Natalka
Shkolnoye
Degdekan
Nagornoye
Malo-arynskoye
Pavlik
Goltsovoye
Nadezhda
Vetrenskoye
Sarylakh
Kyuchus
Myakit
Teutedzhak
Nezhdaninskoye (Au)
Nezhdaninskoye (Ag)
Julietta
Talanakh
Pilnen
Levo-Dybin
Zaderzhnoye
Tuguchak
Mayskoye
Karalveem
Kirovskoye
Berezitovoye
Bamskoye
Kuranakh
Malomyr
Pokrovskoye
Tokur
Nyavlenga
Arylakh
Porozhistoye
Irbychan
Evenskoye
Kegali
Karamken
Oira
Khalali
Teply
Valunistoye
Dalnegorsk
Krinichnoye
Askold
Mnogovershinnoye
Milogradovskoye
Hydromica
Adularia
Sericite
Muscovite
Muscovite
Muscovite
Muscovite
Muscovite + quartz
Muscovite
Muscovite
Sericite
Sericite
Muscovite
Muscovite
Sericite
Muscovite
Sericite
Sericite
Sericite
Sericite
Sericite
Sricite
Sericite
Hydromica
Altered rocks
Muscovite
Muscovite + tourmaline
Sericite
335330
255265
130 reset 150 max
148
146
147
146
140
140
140
139.5
138
134.4139.2
136
135.2
135.2
133137
135
130
N110
128.2
126.5
125
124115
122
141
103
119118.4
98.295.2
136
126
126
124.8
123.5
124.2
110113
104123
131126
131.2 and 125.3
129
136.2
132
129
122
93.7
86
83
82.5
80.4
79.9
78.9
76.1
73
72
71.8
115
88
79
7060
70.4
RbSr
KAr
ArAr
ArAr
ArAr
ArAr
ArAr
KAr
ArAr
ArAr
ArAr
ArAr
ArAr
ArAr
KAr
KAr
ArAr
KAr
ArAr
OM
OM
YaK
YaK
YaK
YaK
YaK
YaK
YaK
YaK
Yak
YaK
YaK
YaK
YaK
YaK
Yak
YaK
YaK
Yak
YaK
Yak
YaK
YaK
Yak
OKR
OKR
OKR
EP
EP
OSH
IR
IR
IR
IR
IR
OIH
OIH
OIH
OIH
OIH
OIH
OSH
OIH
OIH
OSH
OSH
OSH
OSH
OIH
OSH
AuSb
AuSb
IR
IR
OSH
RbSr
Ar
Ar
ArAr
ArAr
ArAr
KAr
KAr
RbSr
ArAr
RbSr
ArAr
ArAr
RbSr
ArAr
ArAr
RbSr
ArAr
ArAr
AAr
ArAr
ArAr
ArAr
RbSr
RbSr
ArAr
RbSr
KAr
ArAr
KAr
UPb SHRIMP
OKR
OKR
OKR
OKR
OKR
OCH
OCH
OCH
MO
MO
MO
MO
MO
MO
MO
OCVB
OCVB
OCVB
OCVB
OCVB
OCVB
OCVB
OCVB
OCVB
OCVB
OCVB
SA
SA
SA
ESA
ESA
EP
IR
IR
IR
OSH
IR
OSH
OIH
IR
IR
OSH
EP
OSH
EP
OSH
EP
EP
IR
EP
EP
EP
EP
EP
IR
EP
EP
OSH
IR
IR
EP
EP
Adularia
Sericite
Sericite
Muscovite
Sericite
Muscovite
Altered rocks
Muscovite
Sericite
Sericite
Altered rocks
Adularia
Adularia
Hydromica
sericite
Adularia
Adularia
Adularia
Adularia
Adularia
Altered rock
Hydromica
Adularia
Carbon rich shear zones
Muscovite
Sericite
Adularia
Altered rock
ArAr
ArAr
ArAr
ArAr
ArAr
KAr
KAr
5. Gold metallogeny
As noted above, the major gold belts and districts in FER do cluster in
three age groups (Table 2): (1) Paleozoic: Omolon district of early
Paleozoic mesothermal and middle Paleozoic epithermal deposits, and
late Paleozoic LaoelinGrodekov belt in South Primorie; (2) Late
Mesozoic belts: Yana-Kolyma, Arctic, OkhotskKoryak, Okhotsk
Chukotka, MongolOkhotsk, West Sikhote-Alin, and East Sikhote-Alin;
and (3) Cenozoic: Sakhalin, KamchatkaKurile (Fig. 3). All these gold
districts and gold belts are described in many publications (Buryak,
2003; Goldfarb et al., 1998; Khanchuk, 2006; Moiseenko and Eirish,
1996; Nokleberg et al., 2005; Parfenov and Kuzmin, 2001; Sukhov
et al., 2000). Some are described in more detail (Petrenko, 1999;
Goryachev, 1998; Eirish, 2002, 2003; Buryak et al., 2002; Struzhkov
and Konstantinov, 2005; Volkov et al., 2006). Many publications have
been devoted to gold metallogeny (Buryak et al., 2001; Goncharov,
1983; Konstantinov et al., 1992; Vasiliev et al., 2000). Data from these
publications, integrated with the rst author's eld observations on several deposits in the Yana-Kolyma, OloyChukotka, OkhotskKoryak,
MongolOkhotsk, West Sikhote-Alin, and Kamchatka, were used to distinguish some general characteristics of the gold metallogeny in these
belts.
5.1. Gold mineralization of pre-Mesozoic metallogenic epochs
We do not have reliable information about Precambrian gold deposits within the belts being considered in this review. The early Proterozoic Pinegin gold deposit is the only one known in the Aldan shield to
the west of the Aldan gold district (Smelov and Timofeev, 2005). The Archean rocks of the Omolon and Okhotsk terranes host small gold occurrences of uncertain age, suggested by some authors as Precambrian
(Shevchenko, 2006). Other investigators have proposed an early Paleozoic age, based on the relationships between early Paleozoic granitoids
and small early Paleozoic mesothermal goldquartz veins of the Noddy
prospect in the Omolon district (Goryachev and Egorov, 2001;
Nokleberg et al., 2005). A middle to late Paleozoic age has been dened
for Kubaka (330340 Ma) and Olcha (older than 255 Ma) epithermal
deposits (Pokazaniev, 1976; Savva and Shakhtyrov, 2011; Stepanov
and Shishakova, 1994). These are all low-suldation deposits, formed
139
140
Shkolnoye, Darial, and Nagornoye (Table 2), synchronous with strikeslip movements along earlier large thrusts. We propose that the Au
Sb deposits (including Sarylakh and Sentachan) were formed during
this stage too, because they are controlled by strike-slip faults
reactivated in this time, and the ores have KAr ages ranging from 128
to 116 Ma (Table 2) (Goldfarb et al., 2014). But deformation, metamorphic and igneous events of this stage also occurred in the Allakh-Yun
district. The ArAr ages of orogenic deformation, I-type granitoid
magmatism of ilmenite series and local metamorphism in the axial
part of the Allakh-Yun fold belt are the same as the 125119 Ma KAr
ages (Borisenko et al., 2012; Goryachev, 1998, 2003; Goryachev and
Goncharov, 1995; Layer et al., 2001; Prokopiev et al., 2006). The largest
Fig. 20. Kular gold area on the western ank of the OloyChukotka orogenic belt (Goryachev, 1998).
141
Fig. 21. Distribution of orogenic gold deposits in the MongolOkhotsk orogen (tectonic base modied after Zonenshain et al., 1990).
142
6. Discussion
The review of gold deposit types, related geodynamic settings and
relationships with magmatic and metamorphic processes, integrated
with published isotopic and uid inclusion data, constitute the basis
for this discussion about the origin of the gold in orogenic belts and
continental magmatic arcs.
Fig. 22. Age data histograms for orogenic granitoids and gold ores of Yana-Kolyma (YKGB)
and OkhotskKoryak (OKGB) gold belts (compiled after Akinin et al., 2009; Goryachev,
1998; Newberry et al., 2000; Voroshin et al., 2004). Gold deposit types: SH sedimenthosted, IH intrusion-hosted, IR intrusion-related.
AuAsSbPb (BiWAg)
sulfosalts with
up to 57% Bi
AuBiTeAsW (Cu, Mo, Sb)
Bi minerals with
up to 57% Sb or Pb
Up 1 to 10%.
Average 5%
Gold position
OIHD
From 1 to 60.
Average not more 10%
AuAsSbPb (W)
Geochemical composition
Amount of sulde minerals
Less than 3%
Galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite,
boulangerite, stibnite, gersdorfte
Typical minerals
Major minerals
Types
OSHD
Table 3
Mineralogical and geochemical data of orogenic Au lodes.
143
tectonics and metamorphic uid activity; and (3) short-lived late orogenic extension and magmatic uid activity (Golub et al., 2008;
Goryachev et al., 2008). The last two stages include the proposed direct
supply of ore components from an underplated layered magma chamber and mobilization of these components due to processes of dehydration and decarbonation of host rocks during regional metamorphism
(Goryachev et al., 2008).
The commonly observed auriferous sheeted quartz veins, located in
the deformed Verkhoyansk passive margin (Allakh-Yun and Kular
areas), are interpreted as early orogenic in a collisional geodynamic
setting. These veins were formed during folding, possibly pre-thrust,
and concurrent with regional metamorphic processes. Another
structural-morphological type of veins was formed in relation to thrust
and strike-slip movements during late orogenic stages, which are postmetamorphic. This model is supported by dating of these veins. The
rst group of veins yielded ages of 170150 Ma (RbSr mineral isochron on carbonates; Nenashev, 1979), pre-dating the collisional Sgranites in the Yana-Kolyma belt (Akinin et al., 2009), which are
older than Early Cretaceous accretion-related metamorphism and
granitoid intrusions of the OkhotskKoryak orogenic event (Borisenko
et al., 2012). The second group of veins was formed after the intrusion
of collisional granites (Fig. 22) and as such they marked a time of
cooling of all orogenic structures. The age difference is more than
15 m.y. In other instances, the formation of orogenic gold deposits
took place in orogenic belts, controlled by strike-slip movements (MongolOkhotsk and Sikhote-Alin). The age difference is less than 10 m.y.
(Fig. 22).
Worthy of note is the connection between orogenic gold deposits
and granite-metamorphic domes (metamorphic core complexes) in
the Arctic and MongolOkhotsk orogens. The structural position of
these domes is not fully understood, because deformed greenschist
and amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks in the Arctic orogen cut undeformed granitic intrusions and are therefore slightly younger (Katkov
et al., 2007). This is in contradiction with the previously proposed extensional geodynamic setting (Miller et al., 2009), because these
domes do not show typical detachment structures (Katkov, 2010). We
believe that these domes are the result of orogenic events, formed during a change from collision to strike-slip movements.
The common spatial and temporal association of intrusion (granitoid)-related gold deposits with orogenic granitoid plutons or in the
thermally metamorphosed rocks (hornfels) above the cupolas (apical
part of a pluton). The ore deposits of this type in FER were formed as a
result of tectono-thermal events and must be distinguished as an orogenic sub-type. Similarly, the ore composition of intrusion-related deposits (Khalali, Kukhtui) at active continental margin magmatic arc
differs from this sub-type in the absence of W-bearing minerals and
tourmaline, which are typical in FER.
The comparison between orogenic sediment-hosted, intrusionhosted and intrusion-related deposits shows many differences along
with some similarities in terms of mineralogical and geochemical features (Table 3). Sediment-hosted and intrusion-hosted orogenic gold
deposits are characterized by close correlation of gold with sulfosalts
and arsenopyrite, and of small and moderate bismuth content with native gold, respectively. The ore body styles include veins, veinlets in
shear zones and disseminations (sediment-hosted) and mineralized
dikes, 1 to 2530 m thick, or mineralized stocks in altered granitoids
(intrusion-hosted). For both ores types, typical alteration (albite,
sericite, paragonite, suldes, quartz) occurs around the ore bodies.
Many intrusion-related deposits exhibit wall rock alteration haloes, including skarn (Kandidat deposit in the Oloy-Chukotka belt)), greisen
and sericite (Myakit, Teutedzhak, Levo-Dybin in OkhotskKoryak belt;
Ergelyak, Chistoe in the Yana-Kolyma orogen, Kirovskoye, Berezitovoye
in the MongolOkhotsk orogen; Verkhne-Oemku, Krinichnoye in the
Sikhote-Alin belt); quartz, chlorite, tourmaline, epidote and feldspar
(e.g. Teutedzhak). The alteration haloes also include disseminated
pyrite, arsenopyrite and lollingite. The altered rocks reveal gold grades
144
ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 g/t. Spatial links between intrusion-related and
intrusion-hosted gold lodes are in the localization of the mineralization
in the apical portion of I- and S-type granitoid plutons, dikes, and stocks.
It is interesting that uid inclusions in quartz of gold-bearing granites
from the Yana-Kolyma and OkhotskKoryak belts have high contents
of CO2 and H2O, and also NaCl with CH4 and N2 admixtures; the salinity
of secondary inclusions is more than 12% NaCl equivalent (Goryachev
and Berdnikov, 2006). These data correspond to the uid composition
and concentration in gold-bearing quartz (Gamyanin et al., 2003,
2011; Goryachev, 2003; Struzhkov et al., 2008) and support links
between sediment-hosted, intrusion-hosted and intrusion-related
deposit types.
6.1.2. Fluid inclusions
Fluid inclusion studies (Bortnikov et al., 2010; Gamyanin et al., 2011;
Goryachev et al., 2008; Struzhkov et al., 2008) carried out on orogenic
and intrusion-related gold deposits show that uid concentrations in
the intrusion-related gold deposits are higher than uid concentrations
of orogenic quartz veins (Table 4). Orogenic gold ores formed at
250350 C and 1.12.4 kb (interval of gold deposition) as a result of
phase separation under conditions of decreasing P and T, according to
the REE patterns of altered rocks and gold-bearing quartz veins and
uid inclusions of orogenic sediment-hosted, intrusion-hosted and
intrusion-related deposits (Bortnikov et al., 2010; Struzhkov et al.,
2008; Volkov et al., 2011; Goryachev et al., 2008; Bortnikov and
Goryachev, 2010). The parental uids of the early and late mineral assemblages were probably derived from a homogeneous magmatic
source and were characterized by 18OH2O = + 6.3 to + 8.8 at
350 C and + 3.6 to + 5.9 at 280 C, respectively (Table 5)
(Bortnikov et al., 2004; Goryachev et al., 2008; Struzhkov et al., 2008),
and by very heavy oxygen isotope systematics for sheeted veins, as in
the Duet deposit (Konstantinov et al., 2002). Intrusion (granitoid)-related deposits were formed in a temperature range of 400 to 250 C and
within a wide range of pressures (0.22.5 kb). The uids originated
from magma chambers of the plutons, according to 18OH2O data
(Gamyanin et al., 2000a,b; Struzhkov et al., 2008). The composition of
ore minerals (arsenopyrite, CoNi-arsenides and sulfoarsenides and Bitellurides and sulfotellurides) (Gamyanin, 2001; Goryachev and
Table 4
Fluid inclusion data.
Deposit
type
Belt
Homogenization
temperatures, C
Pressure,
Kbar
Concentration,
NaCl eq.%
Deposits
References
OSHD
YKB
380165
0.41.6
311
OIHD
OSHD
YKB
OCB
450150
430119
1.32.5
0.21.2
3.710.7
0.710.1
OSHD
OIHD
AuSb OSHD
OKB
OKB
YKB
368189
387129
380100
0.32.3
0.41.9
0.88.3
1.29.6
12.5
IRD
YKB
380184
12.5
OCB
OKB
382281
550160
0.010.36
0.22,4
1.210.3
2.245.9
OCVB
OM
540120
300100
0.010.2
26
1.411.2
OKB
AD
MOB
OCVB
380100
250125
140125
430100
0.020.12
About 3
0.45.3
ESAB
KKIB
12090
300100
0.010.1
low
0.29.2
ED
4.746
Malysh-Dubach, Delyuvialnoye,
Chuguluk, Ergelyakh
Tuguchak
Pauk, Teutedjak, Chumysh, Kurum,
Levo-Dybin, Arkachan, Butarnoye
Khalali, Porozhistoye
Birkachan, Kubaka
Julietta
Kuranakh
Pokrovskoye
Karamken, Dalnee, Dukat,
Lunnoye, Arylakh, Teply
Belaya Gora
Asachinskoye
OSHDorogenic sediment-hosted deposits; OIHDorogenic intrusion-hosted deposits; IRDintrusion-related deposits; YKBYana-Kolyma belt; OKBOkhotskKoryak belt; OCB
OkhotskChukotka belt; ADAldan area; MOBMongolOkhotsk belt; OCVBOkhotskChukotka magmatic arc; ESABEast Sikhote-Alin magmatic arc; KKIBKamchatka Kurile Islands arc.
145
Table 5
18O data for uids from gold deposits.
Deposit
Mineral
Thom average
18
18
18
References
Birkachan (ED)
Teply (ED)
Dukat-1 (ED)
Dukat-2 (ED)
Lunny (ED)
Arylakh (ED)
Jullietta (ED)
Kuranakh (ED)
Quartz
Kfspar
Kfspar
Kfspar
Kfspar
Kfspar
Kfspar
Quartz
Kaolinite
Kfspar
Quartz
6.27.7
6.410.0
6.911.1
3.49.3
2.57.8
3.08.4
2.6
6.38.1
11.0
11.5
0.65.8
7.3
12.5
12.4
9.3
11.9
10.4
9.2
2.8
3.2
11.7
8.9
Nezhdaninskoye (OSHD)
Duet, Yur, Nekur (OSHD)
Quartz
Quartz
6.37.7
10.313.9
11.115.3
7.213.1
8.314.6
9.113.8
9.2
2.1..3.7
3.2
10.713.2
6.411.6
6.3 8.8
3.6 5.9
8.01.0
3.84.3
4.75.5
7.19.2
190150
340
350
370
280
290
170
230
150
100
280
350
280
300
320350
150
320350
O Quartz,
5.015.2
9.811.2
6.715.7
14.216.1
O Fluid,
O Fluid average
2.5
8.1
FER orogenic and continental margin magmatic belts, are quite uniform
and plot within a narrow range (Fig. 23). These data provide evidence
for a large input of a lower crustal source into the gold deposits of this
region. In the MongolOkhotsk belt, a signicant contribution of mantle
source is suggested.
6.4. Genetic model for the orogenic gold deposits of Far East Russia
The data on isotopic-geochemical, thermometric, barometric and
mineralogicalgeochemical characteristics of mineral deposits serve as
a basis for researchers to create a model of gold mineralization in the
Fig. 23. Lead isotope data for orogenic gold deposits from main gold belts of the Russian Far East and Alaska (after Avchenko et al., 2013; Dril et al., 2012; Goryachev et al., 2000; Ostapenko
and Moiseenko, 2004; Stepanov et al., 2008). Fields of pictures according to Zartman (1974).
146
Fig. 24. A plutonicmetamorphic ore genesis model for orogenic gold deposits (modied after Goryachev, 2003), showing (A) early stage and (B) late stage (middle stage not shown; see
text for details).
147
2008). Early orogenic gold deposits and late orogenic antimony deposits
are found in the Yana-Kolyma belt. Mesothermal orogenic gold deposits
in the Yana-Kolyma belt are associated with tin-tungsten and molybdenum deposits. The antimony and mercury lode deposits formed later
and are related to the second orogenic or post-orogenic (Hg) stage.
The gold lode deposits of MongolOkhotsk and Yana-Kolyma orogenic
belts have dissimilar bismuth and antimony mineral parageneses for
different deposit types. Collisional orogens are characterized by an
AuSnW metal association. The accretionary orogens generally feature
a AuSnCuMo association (suggesting a dominant crustal source),
whereas transform continental margin orogenic belts typically have a
AuMoSbHg association (suggesting a dominant mantle source).
These metallogenic differences help in constraining the geodynamic
conditions and evolutionary trends of the FER orogens.
7. Conclusions
Fig. 25. (A) Extensive placer workings along the Tuora-Tas River in Yakutia; (B) nuggets
recovered from placer deposits (photo taken in Ust-Nera Geological Museum (Northeastern Yakutia, Russia).
We would like to thank the Editors of Ore Geology Reviews and Tim
Horscroft, for the invitation to prepare this review. Discussions and eld
trips with the rst author's colleagues, Alexandr Vakh and Vitaly
Gvozdev from the Far East Geological Institute and Viktor Okrugin
from the Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, provided useful information about gold deposits in Primorie, Amur region and Kamchatka.
148
We also extend our gratitude to the following colleagues, for their stimulating discussions which have assisted in the preparation of this work:
Richard Goldfarb, Alex Khanchuk, Gennady Gamyanin, Vladimir
Golozubov, and Vladimir Shpikerman. Alexander Yakubchuk handled
this manuscript as Associate Editor and is thanked for his insightful
comments, which resulted in considerable improvement of this contribution. This manuscript is part of IGCP-592 and supported by Far East
Branch of RAS Project 12-II-CO-08-30.
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