LAYERS INVOLVED IN COMPUTER SYSTEM

Application software(MS Office,DBMS,ERP,JAVA,C,COBOL e,CAD,CAMtc..)

System tools and services(Compilers,loaders,editors,etc…)
Operating System(Windows,UNIX,Mac OS,Linux etc
Physical machine(hardware)

TYPES OF COMPUTER:
Embedded computer:whose internal component of another machine is called embedded computer Eg:factory
automation,chemical processing automatic coffee maker,television sets
Personal Computer(PC):
Desk-top:
Laptop and notebook:are portable PC,C that fit into a briefcase but contain enough computing power and disk storage
to support a business professional’s
Workstation:its powerful single-user computer used for computing-intensive work such as complex data
analysis,graphics design,and engineering
Midrange computers:(mini-computers):centralized computers typically shared by a department
Fro processing transactions,accessing corporate database,and generating reports
Mainframe:Its more powerful computer,its linked to hundreds /thousands of terminal for processing high volume of
online transation and generating reports of large database.
Supercomputer:Its high volume,high speed calculation of complex data
SOFTWARE
Is th coded instruction ,programs,created by programmer/user to tell the computer system what to do
GENARATION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE
First generation:Machine language-1960
It’s the internal language it consists of a numerical operation code and the location of the data item that is being
added, subtracted, or multiplied
As writing this program in this language are more difficult ,as its code are very difficult it cannot be understand by
any other person, even the original programmer find difficult in expand/modify the program
Second generation: Assembly language(it was written for specific hardware-1970
It allow the programmer to write the portionof program using the name of the veriables(such as A,B,C) rather than the
location of the data it make easier to write and maintain

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The solution was to write programs using assembly language and then have the computer to automatically translate
those programs into machine language
Third generation(High-level )- late 1970
Instruction are in the form of statement in English
:popular programming language like COBOL,C,C++,Fortran
Fourth generation language:Graphic user interface-1980(is develop applications with minimum technical assistance
and with enhanced programmer productivity,this used to build for business application this is closely associated with
query languge(this provide immediate online answer to question .
Fifth genenration language-1990:trend was towards development of the application software which were prewritten
and configurated as per the need of the organization,it include enterprises resources planning,supply chain mgmt,CR

Four types of software:

Application software:
What it accomplishes:tells the computer how to perform tasks that structure/automate specific steps in business
process that apply only in specific setting.
Example:billing,sales forecasting,purchase transaction,maintain customer database,vendor

End user software:it serves for the general purpose/business task repetitively
tools such as spreadsheet,word processors for business transaction/processing wrinting the memo,performing the
calculation
It often permits end user to access and analyze data genenrated by large,complex system edveloped by programmer
Application software and end user s/w helps in business ttransaction
System development Software:It helps in process of building and enhancing information system
Its oriented towards technical assistance
Eg:SDS include compiler,database mgmt system,Computern aided Software Engineering System.
What does compiler does ?
It translate programs written in language such as COBOL,C++ into instruction that can be executed by
computers,this help to develop better information system and low cost
System software:its produced by programmers who were expert in a computer system ,internal operation,control the
internal operation of a computer system
Window 2000

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An Operating System bekongs to spcila category of software called system Software
It performs three major functions:
-it acts like a resource managers of the computer(it controls and co-ordinate the various resources like input,storage
devices,output devices)
-it acts as a interpreter between other software and hardware
-it manages all your files &folders and allow to do various tasks
Difference between DOS & Window
DOS it uses critical commands and syntax grammer-how to use th ecommand keyboard
Limitation of DOS:
Non graphical,Text based User Interface
Need for remembering commands and parameters
Mouse operation are not available
Not possible to work on many application simultaneously
Data interchange between package is very difficult
Microsoft Window uses Graphical user interface based operating System
It support only 8letter file name

Features of Windows 2000

-Window 2000 is considered more user friendly than MS DOS
-Web brower(internet Explorer ) comes as part of window
-It provide internet collaboration which helps in working together,sharing information and exchanging files and
documents
-it provide security Zones features(restrict for opening afile/running a programme)
-it provide Outlook Express ,one can send and receive electronic mail messages

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Telecommunicaions:Is the transmission of data between devices in different locations,

Trends in Telecommunication:
Telecommunication is the exchange of information over computer based network,major trends occurring in the field of
telecommunication have a significant impact on mgmt decision.
There two types of trends:
Industry trends:due to deregulation of the government policies telecommunication industry has become fierce
competition by offering product/service to meet customer satisfaction
Technology trends:
Use of internet has become the primary driver in any organization and development in the protecting the unauthorized
connectivity and network security fire wall and intranet/extranet/internet.
Business Apllication Trends:refer to the significant change in the business use of telecommunication towards
operation,customer,supplier,Research & Development
Business value of e-business application of telecommunication networks
Strategic Capabilities e-business Business value
Overcome geographical barrier Capture information about Provide better customer service
business transaction from by educing delay in filling orders
remote locations by the us eof and improve speeding of billing
intranet/extranet to transmit of customer
customer orders into order
processing and inventory control
Overcome time barrier Provide information to remote Credit inquiries can be made and
locations immediately after answered in seconds
request
Overcome cost barrier Reduce cost of traditional Redcue expensive business trips
means of communication like ,allow to collaborate and make
video conferencing,and quality decisions
intranet,extranet,internet
Ovecome structural barriers Support linkage for competitive Fast convenient service
advantage by B2B,transaction
with supplier,customer

Use of Telecommunications applications in value chain activity

 Product development:Share data with various department and to make sure the product meet demand

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  Production:Transmit order to supplier’s for immediate actionReceive orders from customers fro immediate action
 Sales: provide price and production data to customers,Tansmit orders to the factory,Permit customers to enter orders
directly,transmit credit purchase for quick credit approvals
 Delivery:Receiving delivery orders,Track merchandise in the delivery process
 Customer service:Receive request for service from customers,Transmit data to customers to help tehm use the product
 Management:Receive consolidated data from across the organization,Maintain personal communication with people in
organization
 Finance:Transfer funds ro supplier,Receive funds from customers,Complete transaction related to financing of the
organisation
The basic element of a Telecommunication resources is a network-A set of devices that share a information and have direct access
to each other resources
Data that are transmitted over these network may be
Analog(Picture and Sound)
Digital (Number and Text)
Digital data generated by a computer can be transmited over a telephone network by
Using a special device called-Modem
Likewise,its also possible to translate analog voice data into digital data for transmission over computer network using a device
called-Codec
An important element of telecommunication network is the transmission Medium(it’s the matter/substance that carries the
signal from source to destination

Teleconferencing systems:It make it possible to hold sametime,different-place meetings

Types of information that is shared are:
Audio conferencing:single telephone call involving 3/more people participating from at least two location
Audiographic conferencing:It’s extension of audio conferencing with permitted participants to see pictures/grahphical material
at the same time
Video conferencing:An interactive meeting were people can see each other using television screen
Messaging systems:make it possible to transmit specific message to specific individual/group
E-mail:Use of computers to send and retrieve text messages/documents addressed to individual people/location
Voice-mail:It provide a computerized method for storing and forwarding spoken message
Fax:It scans a piece of paper,image,and then transmits this image to another location
Groupware systems:IT helps in messaging and also facilitating access to document and controlling team-related worlflow
Its designed to help a team work together across geographical locations,it coordinate schedules,messages,workflow among group
members and its usefull in collabarativwe decision making situations,such as New product development,R&D,and project mgmt

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There are many different types of transmission media currently nin use such as twisted pair wire,coaxial cable,fibre optic
cable,radio micro wave,wireless satellite
Moving data through transmission media
Two methods:
1)wire :here signal is moved through “wire” such as telephone wire,coaxial cable,fibre optic and
2)wireless signal:Radio,television broadcasting,microwave,radar,satellite transmission
Bandwidth:voice transmission require a bandwidth od around 4 Khz,Television 6MHz
Wire transmission require wire and cable,this can transmit vast amount of data with high quality an dlittle interference from
other signal
Different types of wire media are:

TWISTED PAIR WIRE

Copper telephone wire/twisted pair:It consist of pair of copper wires that are twisted to help minimize the distortion
This are used for voice data transmission ,these are slowest medium fro data transmission but for long distance
The rate of copper are 64Kbps
Disadvantage its heavy and bulkier in use,information can also be sensed by this
-Ordinary Telephone wire
-Consisting of copper wire twisted into pairs
-Most widely used medium for telecommunications
-These lines are used in established communications networks throughout the world for both voice and data
transmission
- Twisted-pair wiring is used extensively in home and office telephone systems and many LAN’s and WAN’s
COAXIAL CABLE: Coaxial Cable:it consist of copper data transmission wire surrounded by insulation
It can be used for LAN covering distance less than 10 miles

- Consists of a sturdy (strong) copper or aluminum wire wrapped with spacers to insulate and protect it.
- The cable’s cover and insulation minimize interference and distortion of the signals the cable carriers
- Groups of coaxial cables may be bundled together in a big cable for ease of installation.
- They allow high speed data transmission and are used for cable TV systems, short-distance connection of
computers and peripheral devices

FIBRE OPTICS: Fibre Optic cable:Contain an ultrapure glass core with plastic covering,it carries data in the form of lIght
Data transfer rate is 100 milion bits per sec
A single strand can carry 8000 telephone conversion in single wire

- It uses cables consisting of one or more hair-thin filaments of glass fiber wrapped in a protective jacket.
- They can conduct pulses of visible light elements generated by lasers at transmission rates as high as 320 bps.
This is about 640 times greater than coaxial cable and 32,000 times better than twisted-pair wire lines.

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 - A half-inch diameter fiber-optic cable can carry over 500,000 channels, compared to about 5,500 channels for a
standard coaxial cable.
- These cables are not affected by and do not generate electromagnetic radiation; therefore, multiple fibers can be
placed in the same cable.
- New Optical technologies such as dense wave division multiplexing (DWDM) can split a strand of glass fiber
into 40 channels, which can enables each strand to carry 5 million calls.
- In the future, DWDM technology is expected to split each fiber into 1000 channels, enabling each strand to
carry up to 122 million calls.

Wireless Transmission :It send signal through Air/space

1)Cordlessphone:It transmit within the radius of 100 feet from the Base unit
2)Cellular telephone;Cellular transmit signal to a grid of cellular station
3)Microwave:Microwave transmission are placed more then 30 miles apart
4)Satellite transmission:It can send signal to earth station upto 11000 miles apart,it carry 40,000 simultaneos telephone
calls/200 television channel

Network:Is a typically used to exchange the information and resources between the devices separated from a few feets to
thousands kilometers
Networking
Is a collection of multiple computers/hardware devices that are connected(physically/Logically) together
with special software and hardware for exchange of information and resources.
Advantage of Networking:

• Connectivity and communication: it connects hardware devices and used to communicate with each other
Person-to-person, Interactive entertainment

• Data Sharing: helps in access the data at the same time.

Disadvantage of Networking:

• Setup Costs: it relatively expensive for setting up hardware and software

• Undesirable Sharing: data sharing create problem in this regards with viruses, which spread over networks

• Data security Concerns: unsecured network are exposed it to potential problems associated with hackers,unauthorised
access
Network Classification:
Networks are typically classified by the amount of geographical coverage
The primary types are:

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: TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS:

• Local area network(LAN) (upto 500 meters(half am mile),an office /floor of a building

• Campus area networl(CAN) upto 1000 metres(mile),a college campus/corporate facilities

• Metropolitan area network(MAN)a city metropolitan area

• Wide area network(WAN)transcontinental /global areas

• Personal Area Network(PAN)

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES:A network topology refers to the physical Layout of connecting different Devices are
interconnected to communicate on the network within a LAN is called TOPOLOGY (or) The physical Layout of connecting
different Devices within a LAN is called “TOPOLOGY”
The network topology is classified into two main categories.

• 1.Physical topology:refers to physical structure of the network connected through the actual cables which transmit the
data

• 2.Logical topology:refers to transmission of data without physical interconnection of the devices

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
- There are three basic topologies used in wide area and local area telecommunications networks.
A STAR network ties end user computers to a central computer where the central computer acts as a server.
A RING network ties local computer processors together in a ring on a more equal basis.
A BUS network is a network in which local processors share the same bus, or communication channel.

BUS TOPOLOGY: is the cheapest, simplest and the most common method of networking system where multiple computers and
networks devices are connected in a single line using a single cable, it communicate by sending the data from a particular system
and transferring the data through the cable in the electronic signal form. The computer whose address matches the address set in
the signal transfer the data.Only one computer at time can send data on a bus network because the multiple computers attached
to the bus affects the performance, the more the systems on the network the slower will be the data transfer, the other factors
which cause the network slow down depends on the types of cable used, distance between the system types application run.

Advantage: Disadvantage
Easy to implement and extend Difficult to administer/troubleshoot
Well suited for temporary networks(quick setup) Limited cable length and number station
Cheapest topology to implement Maintenance costs may be higher in the long run
Failure of one station does not affect others Failure of one cable connection can disable the entire
network
Small networks do no require high speeds. Large networks fail to pass the signal beyond certain
point with low speed
Features:-All workstations connect to the cable segement
-The cable is terminated at each end
-Wiring is done point-to-point
-A faulty cable /workstation will take the entire LAN down
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 -Two wire,generally implemented using coaxial cable
RING TOPOLOGY: All the system are connected to one another forming a large circle on a closed loop,so that each system is
connect directly to other system,one on the either sude of it. The data is sent in the form of packets around the ring unitl it
reaches the final destination.Breakdown of one station disturbs the ring because of the information is not regerenated.It has
advantage over the other topologies by allowing the ring network to span greater distance than other.

Advantage: Disadvantage
Data travels in one direction at high speed of Numerous Connections to the other systems slow
transmission of data down the network activity
When using a coaxial cable to create a ring network If one node fails, the rest of the network could also
the service becomes much faster fails

STAR TOPOLOGY: Is one the most common network setup where each system on a network is connected to a central hub. A
hub does not execute any type of filtering /routing of the data, It a simply a junction that joins all then different nodes together
and controls the communication between the system in network. its individual connection for each system to prevent the
network failure. the data is transmitted from the main system through the hub to all the system on the network, the breakdown
of one station can be easily detected and can be removed without affecting the network, but failure of the hub disable the entire
network

Advantage:
Easy to implement and extend even in large network
Well suited for temporary networks
The failure of a non-central node will not have major
effects on the functionality of the network
Disadvantage
It has limited cable length and number of stations
Maintenance coasts may be higher in the long run
Failure of the central node can disable the entire
network

Security can be implemented in the hub Network failure is due to breakdown of hub

MESH TOPOLOGYIt’s a type of wireless network setup where each of the system and network devices are interconnected with
one another in a network for the data transmission, it proved increased network stability and connectivity, as it is relatively
flexible, it ensure high reliability of the network,the network can be still operate even if one of the connection breakup, it
suitable for large network connections and it allows multiple sites on network to connect each other,
It is fast, high speed exchange of information between source and destination devices
Its costly to implement for small organizations, it also require high maintenance and complex physical layout

Intranet and Extranet:Intranet:It’s a private communication networks that use the type of interface by Web but are accessible
only by authorized employees,contractors,customers
Corporate policies,telephones directories,details of insurance,employee benefits
Extranets:Its private networks that operate similarly to intranet but it directs at customers rather than at employees It provide
customer need,such as detailed descriptions,frequently asked questions about different products,maintenance information

INTERNET
• Next generation of the Internet
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 • High-performance network
• In use at 200 universities, scientific institutions, communications corporations
THE BUSINESS VALUE OF THE INTERNET
What business value do companies derive from their business applications on the Internet?
1. Generate new revenue from online sales
2. Reduce costs through online sales and customer support
3. Attract new customers via Web marketing and advertising and online sales
4. Increase the loyalty of existing customers via improved Web customer service and support
5. Develop new Web-based markets and distribution channels for existing products
6. Develop new information-based products accessible on the web
AN INTRANET
 A network inside an organization
 That uses Internet technologies (such as Web browsers and servers, TCP/IP protocols, HTML, etc.)
 To provide an Internet-like environment within the organization
 For information sharing, communications, collaboration and support of business processes
 Protected by security measures
 Can be accessed by authorized users through the Internet
Most companies have sophisticated and widespread intranets offering:
1. Detailed data retrieval
2. Collaboration tools
3. Personalized customer profiles
4. Links to the Internet
Investing in the Intranet, they feel is as fundamental as
supplying employees with a telephone

INTRANETS can provide an enterprise information portal for applications

Communication and Collaboration – Communicate and collaborate with e-mail, discussion forums, chat, and
conferencing.
Business Operations And Management – Secure, Universal access to view and use corporate and external data
Web Publishing – Author, Publish, and Share hypermedia documents (Company news letters, Product catalogs, etc)
Intranet Portal Management – Centrally administer clients, servers, security, directory, and traffic

EXTRANET
• Network links that use Internet technologies
– To connect the Intranet of a business
– With the Intranets of its customers, suppliers or other business partners
– To improve communication with customers and partners
– Gain many competitive advantages – in product development, cost savings, marketing, distribution,
etc.

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