PHYS 310: Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics

Final Exam Formula Sheet

Physical Constants
Boltzmanns constant
Avogadros number
Universal gas constant
Gas constant for air
Gas constant for H2 O
Gravity
Plancks constant
Speed of light
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
Solar constant
Electron mass
Proton mass
Bohr magneton
Latent heat of fusion for water
Latent heat of vaporization for water
Specific heat of water
saturation vapour pressure of H2 O at 0 C
molar mass ratio of water to air

k
NA
R
Ra
Rv
g
h
h
c

Fs
me
mp
B
Lf
Lv
cp
e0
w

1.381 1023 J/K

6.022 1023
8.315 J/(mol K)
287 J/(kg K)
462 J/(kg K)
9.80 m/s2
6.626 1034 J s
1.055 1034 J s
2.998 108 m/s
5.67 108 W/(m2 K4
1370 W/m2
9.109 1031 kg
1.673 1027 kg
9.274 1024 J/T
3.33 105 J/(kg)
2.26 106 J/(kg)
4.186 J/(kg K)
611 Pa
0.622

Unit Conversions
1 atm
0 C
1 eV

=
=
=

1.013 bar = 1.013 105 Pa

273.15 K
1.602 1019 J

Thermodynamics Properties of Some Gases

Substance
CO (g)
CO2 (g)
N2 (g)
H2 (g)
H2 O (l)
H2 O (g)
NH3 (g)
O2 (g)

H [kJ]
-110.53
-393.51
0
0
-285.83
-241.82
-46.11
0

G [kJ]
-137.17
-394.36
0
0
-237.13
-228.57
-16.45
0

S [J/K]
197.67
213.74
191.61
130.68
69.91
188.83
192.45
205.14

Cv [J/K]
29.14
37.11
29.12
28.82
75.29
33.58
35.06
29.38

Table listing some thermodynamics properties of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2 ), nitrogen (N2 ), hydrogen (H2 ),
water liquid (H2 O (l)), water vapour (H2 O (g)), ammonia (NH3 ) and oxygen (O2 ). The table lists the enthalpy (H), Gibbs
free energy (G), entropy (S) and heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp ) with the units indicated. Values are given for one
mole of substance at 298 K and 1 bar. H and G represent changes in H and G upon forming one mole of the material starting
with elements in their most stable pure states.

N!
S

dU
dH
dF
dG

=
=
=
=

Handy Definitions and Formulae

2N N N eN , for N 1
k ln
Q P dV + dN = T dS P dV + dN
d(H + P V ) = T dS + V dP + dN
d(U T S) = S dT P dV + dN
d(H T S) = S dT + V dP + dN


S

1
T

Cv

Nf

1
V

U V,N


S
V U,N


S
T N
V,U

Q
T

V,N

1
2 kT

U
V S,N

U
T ,

Cp

N kT = Ra T

dp/dz

U
B (N N ) =
 B

N B B tanh

dP/dT

L m/(ThV )

H
T

(for ideal gas)

(for two-state paramagnet)

(Clausius-Clapeyron
equation, L is latent heat of vaporization or fusion)
i
P0 exp
(vapour pressure equation, T0 is boiling temperature at pressure P0 )

mv /ma
(mixing ratio: mass of water vapour per mass dry air)
Vp ww p
(partial pressure: V is volume mixing ratio)
h 
i
Lv
1
1
e0 exp R

(partial vapour pressure equation, es is saturation vapour pressure)

T0
T
v
e/es
(relative humidity)
es (Td )
(implicit definition for dew point, Td , for given vapour pressure e)
Lv
Rv

1
T

1
T0

(van der Waals equation)

eE(s) , 1/kT
2
1 Z , E2 = 1 Z2 ,

E
F

=
=

D(v)

vmax

u()

U
V

3
8
(hc)3 e/kT 1
8 5
4
15(hc)3 (kT )
4

(for two-state paramagnet)

B B
kT

(P + aN 2 /V 2 )(V bN ) = N kT
Z

P,N

(hydrostatic balance)

es (T )
R.H.
e

V , = 1 + 2/f
(for adiabatic gas; f = 3 monatomic, f = 5 diatomic)
T (P/P0 ) , = 2/(2 + f )
h 

 5i
V
4mU 3/2
N k ln N
+2
(for monatomic gas)
3N h2

Q
T

P (T )
w
e

(for N molecules with f degrees of freedom)

1
V

nRT =

kT ln Z

3/2
m
2kT

(E(s) is energy of state s)

2
= E2 (E)

(Helmholtz free energy in terms of Z)

4v 2 emv

2kT /m,

ET

2
E

vrms =

/2kT

(Maxwell distribution)
p
3kT /m, v = 8kT /m

(photon gas energy spectrum, = h)

= 4c T 4

(photon gas energy density, is Stefan-Boltzmann constant)

(power emitted by body with emissivity E; E = 1 for blackbody)