The Selfish Gene

Richard Dawkins


99.5%

R.A. FisherW.D. HamiltonG.C. Williams

J. Maynard SmithRichard Dawkins

Robert L. Trivers
1976 7

Niko Tinbergen

R.L. Trivers

John Krebs
Desmond Morris
-Tim Clutton-Brock
Jean DawkinsStephen
Potter

Marian Dawkins

Glenys
ThomsonWalter Bodmer

Maxwell
Stamp

Michael Rodgers

Richard Dawkins

Charles Darwin

G.G. Simpson
1859

emperor penguins

-Wynne-Edwards

Konrad Lorenz

[Richard Ryder

Thomson's gazelles

G.C. WilliamsAdaptation and Natural

Selection
A. Weismann
continuity
of the germ-plasm

survival of the stable

Matterhorn
class

574

building block

DNA

replicator

DNA

DNA

A B
A A

X Y X
Y
Y X

Jacques MonodHerbert Spencer

DNA

DNA
DNA

DNA
DNA

-A.G. Cairns-Smith
,
DNA

DNA
DNA DNA

ATC G

G G

DNA
10^15
DNA
DNA A
TCG

 46

DNA
DNA
DNA
10^15

481632
DNA

DNA DNA

DNA

DNA

gene complex

combination

46
46 23
23
1a 1b 2a 2b 23a 23b

1a 2a 3a 1b 2b 3b

46 23 23

13a
13b

13

13

46

23 46 46

46 23

23 46
23
23 13
17
1b 2b 3b 23b


1
1a 1b
22
23 46

crossover

33

cistron

46

50% 1%
1%
1%

8a

8a

8b
8

8a 1%

99%
99%


8a

point mutation

mimicry

A B

 A B

A B

Gregor Mendel

DNA
DNA
DNA

antecedent causes

antecedent differences

mutual compatibility

Peter Medawar

cues

S
S


S S

S
S
S S

y
y y
y
S y

bud off

W.F. Bodmer

DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA DNA

DNA

colony

communal nature

X Y

Fred HoyleJohn Elliot

Andromeda A

Roger Payne)

Jodrell Bank)

Young

foul brood

W.C. Rothenbunler

communication

BeatriceAlan Gardner

bee orchid

Photuris
Photinus
Photinus
Photuris Photinus

SirenLorelei)Cornwall

Cain

B
C B
B C B
B C C
B B C

B elephant seal
harem


G.R. PriceG.A. Parker
Game Theory

evolutionarily stable strategy ESS

W.D.
HamiltonR.H. MacArthur

ESS

ESS
ESS

+50 0 -100
-10

ESS
ESS ESS

ESS

+50 -10
+40 -10
+40 -10 +15

+50
+15

-100
+50
+50 -100 -25

0
-25

5/12:7/12

7/12

5050 7
5

ESS

7/12 5/12
25/4 25/4

+15

ESS
1/6 5/6
+50/3

15
ESS
7/12

ESS

ESS

ESS

polymorphism
ESS
ESS

7/12

7 5

Retaliator

Bully

Prober-retaliator

ESS

ESS ESS

symmetric

ESS

ESS

resident
intruder

ESS

ESS

ESS ESS


ESS

ESS

ESS

Niko Tinbergen

A A
B B

ESS

ESSzone of
attraction

ESS
[
Burgess Oecobius
civitas

1976 3 109

R.D. Alexander

dominance hierarchy

ESS

ESS

ESS

ESS

ESS

ESS

ESS

ESS


DNA
DNA

albino

A A
A
A

J.B.S. Haldane

1964

1970

G
G

G
G
G G

H
H
J

relatedness
1/2

1/2

A B

A B

A B

B A
A
A B generation
distance
A B
B A B
A B 3,
A B A
B 12=3
A B A B
1/2,
1/2 3
1/2*1/2*1/2 1/2^3 9
1/2^9
A B

A B


4
2*1/2)^4=1/8 A B 3,
1 B 1*( 1/2)^3=1/8
[ 2*1/2
^3=1/4][ 1*1/2^2=1/4]
[2*[1/2^8=1/128]
A

1/32
1/81/2
1

1/4

nine-banded armadillos

1/2

kin selection

E.O. Wilson

1/16

statistical risks

1/4

1955

weighted

1 100%

=-+1/2 -1/2
1/2 -1/2 +1/8
-1/8 +1/2 -1/2 +

+6

 B 1/2 C
1/8 D
0+6
18
+12

1*12+1/2*12+1/8*12+0*12=19.5
+18

A B
1/4 1/2
3/8
1/10
90% 10% 1/10*1/2+9/10*1/4
=0.275
90%

brood-parasites

herring gulls

B. Bertram

0.22 015

-Population
regu1ation

-
-

Lemmings

territorialitydominance hierarchies

herring gulls
-

peck order

epideictic behaviour-

David Lack

--

stress

epideictic displays
-

J. R. Krebs
Beau Geste Effect

1972 parental investment

[
Sir Ronald
Fisher 1930 parental expenditure
]
P.I

x y,x

altruism

investment A B
A B A

1/2

54

1974
Parent-Offspring Conflict

1/2

1/2

A. Zahavi

foster

brood-parasitic

honeyguides

F.
Alvarez..L. Arias de ReynaH. Segura

R.D. Alexander


50%

50%

1
2
gametes


isogamy

isogametes

AB C, A B C B A C
A B C B C
B C

50%

47

1001


4% 88%

5050

X Y

ESS

sex-1imited gene
effects

Bruce
Effect

the domestic-bliss strategy

the he-man strategy

coyfastfaithful
philanderer

+15

-20
-3

+15
-20 -10
-3
:+15-10-3=+2

+15-10=+ 5
3

+15

-20

+15-20=-5+15

-5

+2

5/6 5/8

5/8
5/6 1/6
ESS

ESS

Hellespont

T.R. Carlisle

A. Zahavi

handicap principle

counter-selection

sexual fusion

A A

P.R. Marler

Cave

E.L. Charnov

Cave theory

N. Smythe

honey-pot ants

germ line

1/2 1

A
1/2

1/2
1/2 3/4

1/4

11 31

3 1

31 1:1

31

11

31

31

11 3:1

3/4
1/4

parasol ants)

DNA

DNA
DNA
DNA

associations

1966

1971

B A A
A B B B
B

ESS
ESS
ESS

ESS ESS

cleaner fish

 Memes

Geoffrey Chaucer

P.F. Jenkins

CC

song pool

cultural mutations

Sir Karl Popper

-L. L. Cavalli-SforzaF.T. Cloak

J.M. Cullen

Colin TunlbullIk of Uganda

Margaret MeadArapesh

100

DNA

mimeme
gene
mimemememe
meme memory
Meme
cream
Meme
meme
meme

N.K. Humphrey

Meme
meme
meme meme

meme

meme

meme meme
penetration
meme meme

meme

meme

DNA

meme meme

meme
meme meme meme

meme

meme

meme

meme
meme meme

meme

meme
particulate
meme

meme meme
meme
meme meme
meme

gene complex

meme

meme
meme
meme
A B
B A AB
meme
A B
meme meme
meme

meme
meme


meme

Meme

meme

meme meme
meme

Meme

meme
meme meme

meme
meme meme
meme

meme

meme

meme
meme
meme

meme


meme

meme

Meme

meme meme meme

meme
meme meme

meme

meme
meme

meme
meme

meme
meme
memememe
meme
meme
meme


meme
meme

meme

meme

meme
meme meme

meme

ESS

meme

meme

meme