James Yu

EE362
Homework 1

Viewing Geometry

(a)

function space = dpi2space(dpi,d)

dist = 1 / dpi; % compute distance between dots
r = atan(dist / (2*d)); % radians of view
space = 2*r*(360/(2*pi)) * 3600; % convert to seconds

function dpi = space2dpi(s,d)

r = (s/3600)*(2*pi/360); % convert from seconds to radians
dist = 2*d*tan(r/2);
dpi = 1 / dist;

(b) Using my space2dpi function, I obtain 2864 dpi for 12 inches, and 954 dpi for 36
inches.

(c) (a) When the pupil changes size, it acts like a pin hole camera. The height of the
image stays constant, but the blurriness of the image is changed. This is evident in the
following diagram:

Retina
image

(b) angle = atan(200/400) = 26.5 degrees

(c) Using the lens equation, we obtain the image plane distance as 111mm behind
the lens. The image will be .55 mm tall, and inverted. The following diagram
illustrates:

Image =
.55 mm

(d) I already calculated the image to be .55 mm tall in part c.

(e) Using my matlab script, I obtain that 600 dpi is a dot spacing of about 28.64
arc seconds. This corresponds to about 125.66 dots per degree of visual
angle.

(f) 0.4 m is about 15.7 inches, and 0.2 m is about 7.87 inches. Using this, we
calculate that there are 1000 / 7.87 = 127 dpi. Now, I use my matlab script to
convert dpi to visual angle spacing: 127 dpi = 103.4 arc seconds spacing
between dots. Therefore, the number of pixels per degree of visual angle =
3600 / 103.4 = 34.8.
Point Spread calculations
Original Image
(c) In the difference image, I basically see a lot of high frequency details in the vertical
direction (since the asymmetric pointspread function I chose had a wider dropoff in the
vertical direction). This makes sense, since the person who had this function would have
worse resolution in the vertical direction.

(d) We could instead convolve with the difference between the two pointspread functions.
This utilizes the fact that the difference between the two convolutions is the same as
convolving with the differences of the pointspread functions.

Chromatic Aberration – Simulation

(a) Looking at the chart, I estimate the peak wavelength sensitivity of the cones to be:
S = 440nm, L = 580nm, M = 540nm. Referencing to the MTF, I estimate that the
peak frequency detected by each cone type is: S = 3cpd, L = 25cpd, and M =
15cpd.

(b) The cone sampling will need to be at least twice the highest frequency possible
that will appear at the input of each cone type. Therefore, S = 6 per degree, L = 50 per
degree, and M = 30 per degree. These approximately correlate with the mosaic densities
of each cone type.

(c) We note that the S-cones sample at about 3cpd. Thus, we will see aliasing for the
8cpd sinusoid.

Here are my original sinusoids:

 2 cpd sinusoid
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Degree

8 cpd sinusoid
0

10

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30

40

50

60

70

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90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Degree

And, my sampled ones, with and without chromatic aberration (which scales it down):
 2 cpd sinusoid, sampled by S­cones, with Chromatic Aberration
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Degree

2 cpd sinusoid, sampled by S­cones, without Chromatic Aberration
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Degree
 8 cpd sinusoid, sampled by S­cones, with Chromatic Aberration
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Degree

8 cpd sinusoid, sampled by S­cones, without Chromatic Aberration
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Degree

Using the color matching functions

(a) For the 550nm, the monitor linear intensities need to be : {-0.0030, 0.0151,
-0.0015}

For the 430nm, the monitor linear intensities need to be: {0.0041, -0.0026,
0.0118}

(b)
scaled phosphor functions needed to reproduce nm550
0.02
phosphor1
phosphor2
0.015 phosphor3

0.01

0.005

­0.005

­0.01
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
 ­3
x 10 scaled phosphor functions needed to reproduce nm430
20
phosphor1
phosphor2
phosphor3
15

10

­5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

These are not physically realizable since we need negative coefficients on the
phosphors. We cannot create negative light.

(c) We could do a color matching experiment. On the stimulus side, we have the
monochromatic lights (550 nm and 430 nm). On the test side, the user will need to
turn the knobs on the 3 phosphor lights (with the SPDs of the phosphors) until they
match the monochromatic lights. The resulting phosphor coefficients should match
what we got in part (a). We also note that we must allow the person to add the
phosphor lights on the stimulus side, since we need negative lights.

(d) We would simply left multiply any xyz vector with:

0.0540 -0.0265 -0.0079

-0.0114 0.0201 0.0003
0.0006 -0.0018 0.0084

This will obtain the linear intensities for this particular monitor.

Dichromacy
(a) I think that dichromats will still see a color when presented with a stimulus for
which they have a deficiency in cones for. For example, when a blue stimulus is
presented to people who are missing S-cones, their M and L cones will still
respond in the same linear way. But, as we know, they don’t respond very much.
So therefore, they will perceive the blue to be much darker than we do, and won’t
probably get the same “blue” sensation that we do (rather, a mix of red and
green). Of course, this sensation of “blueness” is rather subjective, and, in all
senses, could be blue to them.

The same goes for the people who don’t have enough L cones, they will perceive
red to be rather green, and a little bit bluish. But in their case, green will
dominate when they see red, since green and red’s functions are close.

(b) Basically, these people also believe pretty much what I talked about in part (a).
Even though people who have red/green deficiency have trouble telling the
difference between these two colors, they are still able to see colors.

(c) If someone is missing two cones, they basically see things in monochrome. Since
they only have one cone, they have only one degree of freedom in their color
viewing. They would only be able to “see” one type of color, and only shades of
that color.

A good experiment would be the color matching experiment. Dichromats should

be able to match any color with just two knobs, and monochromats should be able
to with only one knob. After a few trials, we would be able to judge with a
reasonable amount of certainty that a person has some sort of cone deficiency.

To get an idea of what colors look like to a cone deficient person, we would
basically give them two (or one) knobs that control correlate to the cone types
they have, and let them match colors. The colors they match with will most likely
be how they perceive the stimulus.