Chapter 18

1. State the substances that blood transports.

Ans: pg. 664 - oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, hormones
2. Which processes does blood help regulate?
Ans: pg. 664 homeostasis, pH, body temperature, water content of cells
3. How does the volume of blood in your body compare to the volume of fluid in a
two-liter bottle of soda?
Ans: pg. 664 in the average-sized adult male the blood volume is 5-6 liters and
4-5 liters in the adult female
4. Which formed elements of blood are most numerous?
Ans: pg.664 - red blood cells
5. What is the buffy coat?
Ans: pg. 664 white blood cells and platelets
6. List the functions of plasma proteins.
Ans: pg. 664 a) albumins: help maintain proper blood osmotic pressure, b)
globulin: involved in immunity, c) fibrinogen: formation of blood clots
7. Which formed elements of the blood are cell fragments?
Ans: pg. 666 platelets
8. What is the significance of a lower-than-normal hematocrit? A higher-than-normal
hematocrit?
Ans: pg. 667 a) indicates anemia, b) indicates poycythemia
9. What is the primary site for the development of formed elements after birth?
Ans: pg. 668 red bone marrow
10. From which connective tissue cells do pluripotent stem cells develop?
Ans: pg. 669 mesenchymal cells
11. Compare the development of lymphocytes with the development of the other
formed elements.
Ans: pg. 669 B lymphocytes develop in red bone marrow, T lymphocytes
develop in red bone marrow and mature in the thymus; the other formed elements
develop in red bone marrow
12. How are red blood cells able to squeeze through capillaries that are smaller in
diameter than they are?
Ans: pg. 669 the cell membrane is strong and flexible, so can deform without
rupturing the cell

13. Which characteristics of red blood cells facilitate oxygen transport?

Ans: pg. 669 no nucleus, thus more room; generate ATP anaerobically, so do
not use oxygen; shape is biconcave disc for more surface area
14. How many molecules of O2 can one hemoglobin molecule transport?
Ans: pg. 669 four
15. Which part of the hemoglobin molecule carries oxygen? Which part carries carbon
dioxide?
Ans: pg. 669 a) the iron ion at the center of the heme ring; b) amino acids in the
globin part of hemoglobin
16. Why do red blood cells live for only about 120 days?
Ans: pg. 671 because of the wear and tear their plasma membranes undergo as
they squeeze through blood capillaries
17. As red blood cells die, how are the components of hemoglobin recycled or
excreted?
Ans: pg. 671 1) globin is broken down into amino acids for reuse by the body,
2) iron is removed from the heme portion and attached to transferrin, then carried
to red bone marrow to be used in hemoglobin synthesis, 3) the non-iron portion is
converted to buliverdin, then to bilirubin, which is transported to the liver, then
secreted by hepatocytes into bile which eventually enters the large intestine,
converted into urobilinogen, some of which is absorbed back into the blood and
eventually excreted in urine, most is eliminated in feces
18. What is erythropoiesis? Which factors speed up and slow down erythropoiesis?
Ans: pg. 672 a) the production of RBCs; b) Erythropoiesis is speeded up when
oxygen delivery to the kidneys falls and slows down when there is sufficient
oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
19. Which forms of red blood cells are found in circulating blood?
Ans: pg. 672 erythrocytes (mature RBC without nuclei)
20. A hematocrit indicates the percentage of the blood volume occupied by red blood
cells. How might your hematocrit change if you moved from a town at sea level to
a high mountain village where the air contains less oxygen than at sea level?
Ans: pg. 672 It might increase because more red cells would be needed due to
the reduced oxygen content of air at high altitudes.
21. Which ABO antigens are found in type AB blood? In type O blood?
Ans: pg. 674 a) type AB blood has A and B antigens; b) type O blood has
neither A nor B antigens
22. Where in blood are antibodies to the A or B antigens found?
Ans: pg, 674 in the blood plasma

23. Which antibodies are found in type A blood? In type AB blood: In type O blood?
Ans: pg. 675 a) type A blood has anti-B antibodies; b) type AB blood has
neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies; c) type O blood has both anti-A and anti-B
antibodies
24. Which blood type can be given to people with type AB blood?
Ans: pg. 675 A, B, AB or O
25. What is hemolysis and how can it occur after a mismatched Rh blood transfusion?
Ans: pg. 675 hemolysis is the rupture of red blood cells; it occurs if an Rhperson receives Rh+ blood and begins to make anti-Rh antibodies, and then
receives a second transfusion of Rh+ blood.
26. What would happen if a person with type B blood was given a transfusion of type O
blood?
Ans: pg. 675 nothing
27. During an anatomy and physiology exam you are asked to view white blood cells in
prepared slides of standard human blood smears. Based on the observations below,
what is the name and function of each WBC?
a. WBC has a round nucleus surrounded by a blue halo of cytoplasm with no
visible granules.
b. WBC contains dense blue-purple granules that hide the nucleus.
c. WBC has a U-shaped nucleus and a bluish, foamy cytoplasm with no
visible granules.
d. WBC contains small, pale lilac granules and a four-lobed nucleus.
e. WBC contains red-orange granules and a two-lobed nucleus.
Ans: pg. 677-678
a) lymphocyte major combatant in immune responses
b) basophil intensifies the inflammatory reaction, is involved in
hypersensitivity reactions
c) monocyte phagocytosis and cell debris cleanup
d) neutrophil active in phagocytosis
e) eosinphil releases enzymes that combat the effects of histamine and
other mediators of inflammation in allergic reactions, phagocytize antigenantibody complexes, are effective against certain parasitic worms
28. Which WBCs are called agranular leukocytes? Why?
Ans: pg. 677 a) lymphocytes and monocytes; b) because their granules are not
visible under a light microscope
29. In which way is the traffic pattern of lymphocytes in the body different from
those of other WBCs?
Ans: pg, 677 only 2% of lymphocytes are circulating in blood at any given
time, the rest are in lymphatic fluid and organs such as skin, lungs, lymph nodes,
and spleen

30. What is the importance of emigration, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis in fighting

bacterial invaders?
Ans: pg. 677 1) emigration: process of WBCs leaving the bloodstream by
crossing capillary walls, 2) chemotaxis: attraction of phagocytes to chemicals
released by pathogens and inflamed tissue, 3) phagocytosis: the ingesting of
bacteria and disposal of dead matter
31. How do neutrophils utilize chemicals to kill ingested pathogens?
Ans: pg. 678 poke holes in microbe membranes, causing loss of cellular contents
32. What is a differential white blood cell count?
Ans: pg. 678 a count of each of the five types of WBCs
33. Why are platelets not called blood cells?
Ans: pg. 680 they are cell fragments with many vesicles but no nucleus
34. What functions are served by platelets?
Ans: pg. 680 help stop blood loss by promoting blood clotting
35. Describe how vascular spasm and platelet plug formation occur.
Ans: pg. 682, 683 vascular spasm: occurs when a blood vessel is damaged and the
smooth muscle in its wall contracts immediately; platelet plug formation: platelets
adhere to the damaged blood vessel (platelet adhesion), become activated and begin
to release chemicals (platelet release reaction) making other platelets sticky,
gathering of platelets (platelet aggregation) forming the platelet plug
36. What is serum?
Ans: pg.683 plasma minus the clotting proteins
37. What is the outcome of the first stage of clotting?
Ans: pg. 684 formation of prothrombinase
38. What is the function of prothrombinase and thrombin in clotting?
Ans: pg. 684 prothrombinase: converts prothrombin into the enzyme thrombin;
thrombin; converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
39. Explain how the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of blood clotting differ.
Ans: pg. 684 The extrinsic pathway occurs very rapidly with a tissue protein
leaking into the blood from damaged tissues outside the blood vessels; the intrinsic
pathway is more complex, occurs more slowly, and its activators are either in direct
contact with blood or contained within the blood
40. Why is the clotting mechanism described as a positive feedback cycle?
Ans: pg. 684 - Thrombin activates more platelets, increasing their release of
platelet phospholipids and directly accelerates the formation of prothrombinase

which accelerates the production of more thrombin. This cycle continues causing
the fibrin clot to grow.
41. Why is adequate dietary calcium important to hemostasis?
Ans: pg. 684 it is required for the sequence of reactions by tissue factor
42. How does clot retraction assist in blood vessel repair?
Ans: pg. 685 As the clot retracts, it pulls the edges of the damaged blood vessel
closer together.
43. How is hemostasis controlled?
Ans: pg. 685 by fibrinolysis and anticoagulants
44. What is a thrombus: An embolus?
Ans: pg. 685 a) thrombus: a clot in an unbroken blood vessel; embolus: blood
clot, bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or a piece of debris transported by the
bloodstream