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IB MUSIC HL REVISION

Baroque

Genres:
Concerto Grosso
composition for several
instrumental soloists and small
orchestra, common in late
baroque music
Ritornello Form
compositional form usually
employed in baroque concerto
grosso, in which the tutti plays a
ritornello (repeated section of
music usually played by full
orchestra), alternating one or
more soloists playing new
material
Fugue polyphonic
composition based on one main
theme or subject; four principal
ways:
Inversion subject move
upwards, inversion move
downwards same distance
Retrograde beginning
with last note of subject
and proceed backward to
first
Augmentation original
time values lengthened
Diminution shorten time
values
Opera drama that is sung to
orchestral accompaniment,
usually large-scale composition
employing vocal soloists, chorus,
orchestra, costumes, and
scenery. Many types of opera:
Aria solo voice with
orchestral
accompaniment
Recitative a vocal line
imitates rhythms and

Musical Features:
Rhythm regular,
consistent, strong
Dynamics terraced
dynamics change
suddenly rather than
gradually
Tone colour basso
continuo
Melody and
harmony diatonic
harmony; melody
often complex and
not easy to remember
Texture
predominantly
polyphonic, imitation,
bass line provides
harmonic foundation
of the music;
ornamentation

Composers:
Johann
Sebastian
Bach
Henry
Purcell
George
Frideric
Handel
Claudio
Monterverd
i
Arcangelo
Corelli

Classic
al

pitch fluctuations of
speech
Ensemble three or more
singers involved
Chorus makes
comments on action
Baroque Suite suites are
dance-inspired movements,
usually in two-part form AABB.
Section A starts in tonic key,
modulates to dominant key;
Section B starts in dominant key,
modulates back to tonic key
Chorale hymn tune sung to a
German religious text, easy to
sing and remember, only one
note to a syllable and move in
steady rhythm
Church Cantata cantata
meant a piece sung, differ from
sonata, which meant a piece
played
Oratorio large scale
composition for chorus, vocal
soloists, and orchestra; set to
narrative text, but no acting,
scenery or costumes. Most are
based on biblical stories

Genres:
Sonata Form the form of a
single movement; three main
sections:
Exposition themes are
presented
Development themes
are treated in new ways
Recapitulation themes
return
Coda concluding
section, often follows
recapitulation
Themes and Variations form
in which a basic musical idea is

Musical Features:
Rhythm numerous
patterns to provide
variety and contrast;
change suddenly or
gradually
Dynamics change
gradually or suddenly
Tone colour wind and
brass instruments
provide contrasts of
timbre
Melody and harmony
melodies are tuneful and
easily remembered,

Composers:
Wolfgang
Amadeus
Mozart
Ludwig van
Beethoven
Joseph
Haydn

Romant
ic

repeated over and over and is


changed each time in melody,
rhythm, harmony, dynamics, or
tone colour
Minuet and Trio compositional
form derived from a dance;
three parts: minuet (A), trio (B),
minuet (A); often used in third
movement of classical
symphony
Rondo compositional form
featuring main theme (A) that
returns several times in
alternation with other themes,
such as ABACA and ABACABA;
often the form of last movement
in classical symphony and
sonata
Classical Symphony an
extended, ambitious
composition lasting between 20
to 45 minutes; sequence is:
(1) vigorous, dramatic fast
movement
(2) lyrical slow movement
(3) dance like movement
(4) brilliant or heroic fast
movement
Classical Concerto threemovement work for instrumental
soloists and orchestra; three
movements: (1) fast, (2) slow,
(3) fast
Chamber Music designed for
intimate setting of a room in a
home or palace, rather than
public concert hall; performed
by small group of two to nine
musicians; most important is
string quartet
Genres:
The Art Song composition for
solo voice and piano; setting of
a poem, translating poems

harmonies base on major


or minor scales
Texture predominantly
homophonic; fluctuations
occur to provide contrast

Musical Features:
Rhythm extremely
diverse, tempo are
flexible and may change

Composers:
Franz
Shubert
Frederic

20th
century

mood and imagery into music


Strophic form repeating
same music for each
stanza of the poem
Through-composed form
writing new music for
each stanza
Song cycle group of art
songs unified by story line
that runs through poems,
or musical ideas linking
the songs
Program music instrumental
music associated with a story,
poem, idea, or scene
Nationalism inclusion of folk
songs, dances, legends, and
other national material to
associate with composers
homeland

Genre:
Impressionism musical
style which stresses tone
colour, atmosphere, and
fluidity, typical of Debussy
Expressionism musical
style stressing intense,
subjective emotion and harsh
dissonance, typical of
German and Austrian music
Neoclassicism musical
style marked by emotional
restraint, balance and clarity,
inspired by forms and
stylistic features of 18th
century music
Serialism composing that
uses ordered group of
musical elements to organize
rhythm, dynamics, tone
colour, as well as pitch,

frequently
Dynamics change
suddenly or gradually,
wide range
Tone colour wide range
of expressive tone
colour; orchestra
increased in size
Melody and harmony
long, complex, highly
expressive; chromatic
harmony; wider range of
keys and frequent
modulations
Texture generally
homophonic; piece may
shift from one texture to
another
Form new forms and
genres were developed;
symphonies are longer
than those of classical
era
Musical features:
Tone colour more
important element of
music; noiselike and
percussive sounds
used more often; less
emphasis on blended
sound
Melody and harmony
no longer tied to
chords, major or
minor keys,
unpredictable;
consonance and
dissonance
abandoned; new
chord structures and
alternatives explored
Rhythm most
striking element,
generate power, drive

Chopin
Peter
Tchaikovsk
Johannes
Brahms
Richard
Wagner
Gustav
Mahler

Composers:
Claude
Debussy
Igor
Stravinsky
Arnold
Schoenber
g
George
Gershwin

developed in mid-20th
century

and excitement;
irregularity and
unpredictability, rapid
changing meters,
polyrhythms, and
ostinatos featured

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