DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Mealey BL. Periodontal Disease and Diabetes A Two Way Street. J. American Dental Assoc.
2006;137 ( 10 suplement): 26S-31S
Lamster IB. et all. The Relationship between Oral Health and Diabetes Mellitus. J. American
Dental Association.2008;139
Chandna S. et al. Diabetes Mellitus-A Risk Factor For Periodontal Disease. Internet J of
family practice.2010:9(1)
Sudibyo S.U. 2003. Penyakit Periodontal sebagai Fokus Infeksi dan Faktor Risiko terhadap
Manifestasi Penyakit Sistemik
Bjelland S. Et all. Dentists, Diabetes and Periodontitis. Australian Dental J. 2002;47(3): 202207
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Implants. 2004. Philadelphia: 791-797
Dana T. Graves, Hesham Al-Mashat, Rongkun Liu. Evidence that Diabetes Mellitus
Aggravates Periodontal Disease and Modifies the Response to an Oral Pathogen in Animal
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Diabetes is a systemic condition that can increase the severity

and extent of periodontal disease in an affected patient. Type 2
diabetes, or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM),
is the most prevalent form of diabetes and accounts for 90% of
diabetic patients (164)
Systemic Factors
The rate of progression of plaque-induced chronic periodontitis is
generally considered to be slow. However, when chronic periodontitis
occurs in a patient who also has a systemic disease that influences
the effectiveness of the host response, the rate of periodontal
destruction may be significantly increased.
Diabetes is a systemic condition that can increase the severity
and extent of periodontal disease in an affected patient. Type 2
diabetes, or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM),

is the most prevalent form of diabetes and accounts for 90% of

diabetic patients.1
In addition, type 2 diabetes is most likely to develop in an adult
population at the same time as chronic periodontitis. The synergistic
effect of plaque accumulation and modulation of an effective
host response through the effects of diabetes can lead to severe and
extensive periodontal destruction that may be difficult to manage
with standard clinical techniques without controlling the systemic
condition. An increase in type 2 diabetes in teenagers and young
adults has been observed and may be associated with an increase
in juvenile obesity.
In addition, type 1 diabetes, or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
(IDDM), is observed in children, teenagers, and young adults
and may lead to increased periodontal destruction when it is
uncontrolled. It is likely that chronic periodontitis, aggravated
by the complications of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, will increase in
prevalence in the near future and will provide therapeutic challenges
to the clinician.

Beberapa
diantaranya

faktor
yaitu;

yang
obat

dapat

mempengaruhi

kortison

dan

tiazid

hasil

laboratorium,

dapat

menyebabkan

peningkatan kadar gula darah, trauma dan stres dapat menyebabkan

peningkatan kadar gula darah. Penundaan pemeriksaan serum dapat
menyebabkan penurunan kadar gula darah. Merokok dapat meningkatkan
kadar gula darah serum, Aktifitas yang berat sebelum uji laboratorium
dilakukan dapat menurunkan kadar gula darah.