IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS)

e-ISSN: 2319-2380, p-ISSN: 2319-2372. Volume 8, Issue 5 Ver. I (May. 2015), PP 79-85
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Assessment of Heavy Metals in ClariasgariepinusOrgans (Gills,

Liver and Muscles) at Kiri Reservoir, Adamawa State, Nigeria
ZIRA, J.D1,Abubakar K.A2,Badejo. B.I3 and Kefas M4.
1

Dept. of Fisheries, Adamawa State Ministry of Environment, P.M.B 2170, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria.
2
Dept. of Zoology, ModibboAdama University of Tech., Yola, P.M.B 2076, Adamawa State, Nigeria.
3
Umar Suleiman College of Education, Gashua (School of Preliminary Studies), Yobe, Nigeria.
4
Dept. Of Fisheries, ModibboAdama University of Tech., Yola, P.M.B 2076, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Abstract: A study on assessment of heavy metals was carried out fortnight using standard methods for the
period of six months. Bioaccumulations of heavy metals including Cadmium, Zinc, Iron, Copper, Manganese
and Lead (Cd, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn and Pb) in catfish (Clariasgariepinus) organs (gills, liver and muscle) were
investigated. Zinc, Iron, Copper and Manganese (Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn) at station A, B and C recorded
concentrations (0.531mg/kg, 7.07mg/kg, 0.489mg/kg, & 0.177mg/kg) within the international permissible limits
in fish organs. Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) recorded concentrations (0.099mg/kg &0.917mg/kg) above the
international permissible limit in fish organs. Gills and liver of Clariasgariepinus contained the highest
concentration of most of the detected heavy metals, while muscles appeared to be the last preferred site for the
bioaccumulation of heavy metals. The edible part (Muscle) of Clariasgariepinus showed higher levels of
Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) at the study area. This may be due to bioaccumulation over a period of time in the
muscles of Clariasgariepinus.
Keywords: AAS,Clariasgariepinus, Heavy Metals, Kiri,Pollution.

I.

Introduction

Water is the major constituents of living matter. From 50% to 90% of the weight of living organisms is
water. Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface [1]. It is vital for all known forms of life. The aquatic
environment with its water quality is considered the main factor controlling the state of health and disease in
both cultured and wild fishes. Pollution of the aquatic environment by inorganic and organic chemicals is a
major factor posing serious threat to the survival of aquatic organisms including fish, [2].
Water pollution is a major global problem which requires on-going evaluation and revision of water
resource policy at all levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). Unfortunately, the availability
and quality of water have been impacted upon by both natural and anthropogenic sources leading to poor quality
and productivity of aquatic Environment [3]. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of
deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily[4].Water pollution
occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to addition of large amounts of materials to the water,
making it unfit for intended use. Such water is considered polluted. Two forms of water pollution exist; point
source and nonpoint source. Point sources of pollution occur when harmful substances are emitted directly into a
body of water. This includes effluent sewage treatment works, or of waste from factories [5]. While nonpoint
source delivers pollutants indirectly through environmental changes, for example fertilizer or herbicide
application is carried into streams by rain in form of run-off which in turn affects aquatic life [5]. Technology
exists for point sources of pollution to be monitored and regulated although political factors may complicate
matters. Nonpoint sources are much more difficult to control. Pollution arising from nonpoint sources account
for majority of contaminants in streams and lakes. Pollution of the aquatic environment by inorganic chemicals
has been considered a major threat to the aquatic organisms including fishes. The agricultural drainage water
containing pesticides and fertilizers and effluents of industrial activities and runoffs in addition to sewage
effluents supply the water bodies and fishes with huge quantities of inorganic anions and heavy metals [6]. The
most anthropogenic sources of metals are industrial, petroleum contamination and sewage disposal [7].
Heavy metals are ubiquitous in the environment [8], readily dissolved in and transported by water and
can be taken up by aquatic organism due to bioaccumulation and bio-magnifications in the chain either as such
or their metabolites thus causing concern on the animal at the top of the food chain [9].Some heavy metals such
as Pb, Cd, Hg, which are non-essential for biological system are the most toxic while continuous exposure of
aquatic organism to their low concentration may result in bioaccumulation and subsequent transfer to man
through food web [10,11]. Heavy metal can be incorporated into food chains and concentrated in aquatic
organisms to a level that affects their physiological state. Of the effective pollutants are the heavy metals which
have drastic environmental impact on all organisms. Trace metals such as Zn, Cu and Fe play a biochemical role
in the life processes of all aquatic plants and animals; therefore, they are essential in the aquatic environment in
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Assessment of Heavy Metals in Clariasgariepinus Organs (Gills, Liver and Muscles) at....
trace amounts [12]. Anthropogenic heavy metals following their introduction to water bodies through
atmospheric fallout or through the use of domestic antiseptic soaps and pesticides in our farms are washed into
water and concentrated by aquatic organisms [13].
Fish have been the most popular choice as test organisms because they are presumably best-understood
organisms in the aquatic environment [14] and also due to their importance to man as a protein source (15).
Therefore, this research on a fish species that are of commercial importance in Adamawa state and generally
worldwide, is to determine the levels of contamination and the bioaccumulation of some heavy metals such as;
Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Cadmium and Lead (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd and Pb) in fish organs (gills, liver and
muscles) of commercially important fish species (Clariasgariepinus) in Kiri reservoir, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

II.

Material And Methods

1.1 Study Area

Kiri Reservoir is on coordinates 94047N 120051E and on the southern part of Adamawa State,
Nigeria [16]. It is situated within Shelleng Local Government Area and about 20km from Numan Local
Government. It is a 1.2 km long, 20 m high zoned embankment with an internal clay blanket. Three sampling
station were identified during the studies, these are; Station A (Along BabanDaba), Station B (Kiri) and
Station C (Tallum). The stations were randomly selected after preliminary studies of the Reservoir.
2.2Duration of Sampling
The sample collection lasted for a period of six months (July-December, 2014). Concentrationof Heavy
metals in Clariasgariepinus organs (gills, liver and muscles) were assessedin laboratory for the period of this
studyby taking the sample fortnight.
2.3Sampling Methods
Fishing was done during late night with the help of professional local fishermen. Fish samples were
collected from STATION A Along BabanDaba, STATION B Kiri, Behind the Dam and STATION C
Tallum during the period of this study for measuring heavy metals concentration. The fish samples were kept
refrigerated and transferred cold to the laboratory for analysis.
2.4 Digestion and Determination of Heavy Metals in Fish Samples
Fish species (Clariasgariepinus) were collected fortnight from each station for heavy metals analysis.
The collected fish were washed with deionized water, put in clean plastic bags and store to freeze until analysis
were carryout.Two grams of the tissue sample (wet weight) were subjected to digestionby adding 10ml of
freshly prepared 1:1 concentrated HNO3-HCLO3 in beaker, cover with a watch glass till initial reaction
subsided in about 1 hour. The digests were kept inplastic bottles and heavy metal (Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn),
Manganese (Mn), Cupper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) concentrations were determined using anAtomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS)-VGP210. The concentrations of heavy metals were expressed in mg/kg
wet weight for fish organs [17].

III.

Results And Discussion

3.1 Cadmium (Cd)

The concentration of Cadmium (Cd) in gills ranged between 0.072mg/kg and 0.099mg/kg (Table 1).
The highest concentration of 0.099mg/kg was detected in the month of July at both Stations A, B and C. The
lowest concentration 0.072mg/kg was detected at station C in the month of September. There was no significant
different in the Cadmium (Cd) concentration in the gills at (P>0.05). The concentration of Cadmium (Cd) in
liver ranged between 0.062mg/kg and 0.095mg/kg (Table 1). The lowest concentration of 0.062mg/kg were
detected in the month of September at Station C and the highest concentrationof 0.095mg/kg were detected at
Station A, B and C in the month of July. The concentration of Cadmium (Cd) in the liver indicates that there
was no statistical different between Station A, B and C at (P>0.05). While the concentration of Cadmium (Cd)
in the muscles ranged between 0.070mg/kg and 0.099mg/kg (Table 1). The highest concentration of 0.099mg/kg
was observed at station A in the month July. Lowest concentration of 0.070mg/kg was detected at station B in
the month of September. In July, there were statistical difference in the Cadmium (Cd) concentration at
(P<0.05), but there was no statistical different in Cadmium (Cd) concentration at station A, B and C in the
month of August, September, October November and December at (P>0.05).
The present results revealed that the concentration of Cadmium (Cd) in fish organs has bioaccumulated more with the highest concentration in gills and muscles than that of liver. This is at variance with
the work of [18] who reported high accumulation of heavy metals in liver and gills tissues to the metalothionein
proteins which synthesized in the liver and gills tissues when fish are exposed to heavy metals and detoxify
them.The high concentration of Cadmium in the muscles may be as a result of bioaccumulation over a period of
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time. Concentration of Cadmium (Cd) in the gills, liver and muscles has reach the maximum permissible limit of
0.05mg/kg set by [19],[20],[21].This source of water supply is susceptible to pollutiondue to heavy human
dependency on Kiri reservoir and it may be as a result of runoff from waste dump around the reservoir. Notably
there is indiscriminate dumpingof waste and agricultural practices taking place around the reservoir. Waste
disposal around the reservoir is through open dump for solid waste, pit latrines, septic tank for human wastes.
Liquid wastes are admitted through the major drainage networks and emptied into Kirireservoir.Acute Cadmium
(Cd) intoxication is a potential fatal, but very rare event [22]. Chronic exposure to Cadmium (Cd) presents a
larger threat to human health [23]. It can results in the accumulation of Cadmium complexes in the kidney
(potential bone mineralization) and decreased lung function; its also a known human carcinogen [24]. It has no
known beneficial role in human metabolism. Cadmium (Cd) is found in soil and Ocean water and up to 10% of
the Cadmium (Cd) ingested from dietary source such as food and water is observed by the body. The
implication of Cadmium (Cd) in this work is that, Cadmium (Cd) may pose health hazard to fishesand
consumers, and may results to Cadmium (Cd) related disorder such as complexes in the kidney.
3.2 Zinc (Zn)
The concentration of Zinc (Zn) in gills ranged between 0.251mg/kg and 0.462mg/kg (Table 2). Station
A has the highest concentration of 0.462mg/kg in the month of July and the lowest concentration 0.251mg/kg
was detected at station B in the month of September. In the month of July and December, there were statistical
difference in the concentration of Zinc (Zn) in the gills at the stations at (P<0.05), but there was no statistical
different in Zinc (Zn) concentration in gills at station A, B and C in the month of August, September, October,
and November at (P>0.05).The concentration of Zinc (Zn) in the liver ranged between0.118mg/kg and
0.531mg/kg (Table 2). The highest concentration 0.531mg/kg was observed at station A in the month of July
and lowest 0.118mg/kg was detected in the month of September at station B (Table 2). The concentrations of
Zinc (Zn) in the Liver at station A, B and C were statistically different from each other throughout the period of
the study at (P<0.05). While the concentration of Zinc (Zn) in the muscles ranged between 0.109mg/kg and
0.243mg/kg (Table 2). The highest concentrations of 0.243mg/kg were detected at station A in the month of
July, while station B has the lowest concentration of 0.109mg/kg in the month of September. In the month of
September the concentration in station A, B and C were not statistical different at (P>0.05), but there were
statistical different in the month of July, August, October, November and December at (P<0.05).
The concentration of Zinc (Zn) obtained from this study in gills, liver and muscles were within the
permissible limits of 100mg/kg for food fish set by [19], [20], [21]. This agreed with [18] who reported the
highest accumulation of heavy metals in liver and gills tissues to the metalothionein proteins which synthesized
in the liver and gills tissues when fish are exposed to heavy metals and detoxify them.Zinc (Zn) is an essential
element in animals diet, but it is regarded as potential hazard for both animals and human health [25]. Highest
concentration of Zinc (Zn) may cause some toxic effects. [26]reported that ingesting high level of Zinc for
several months may cause Anaemia, damage the pancreases and decrease the level of High Density Lipoprotein
(HDL) cholesterol. These fears are allayed in this study because of its low concentration.
3.3 Iron (Fe)
The concentration of Iron (Fe) in gills ranged between3.267mg/kg and 4.548mg/kg (Table 3). Station A
has the highest concentration of 4.548mg/kg in the month of July, while the lowest concentration of 3.267mg/kg
was detected at station C in the month of September. The concentration of Iron (Fe) in the gills were statistically
different in Station A, B and C at (P<0.05). The concentration of Iron (Fe) in the Liver of Clariasgariepinus
ranged between 7.073mg/kg and 13.856mg/kg (Table 3). Station A has the highest concentration of
13.856mg/kg in the month of July, and station C recorded lowest concentration of 7.073mg/kg in the month of
September. In the month of August and September, the concentrations of Iron (Fe) were not statistical different
from each other at station A, B and C at (P>0.05), but Iron (Fe) concentration were statistically different in the
month of July, October, November and December at the same stations at (P<0.05).Whilethe concentration of
Iron (Fe) in the Muscles of Clariasgariepinus ranged between 2.101mg/kg and 3.33mg/kg (Table 3). The highest
concentration of 3.338mg/kg was detected at station A in the month of July, and the lowest concentration
2.101mg/kg was detected in the month of September at station B. The concentration of Iron (Fe) were
statistically different in the muscles throughout the period of this study at station A, B and C at (P<0.05).
The results of the concentration of Iron (Fe) in the gills, liver and muscles agreed with the work of [27],
who reported that liver and gills accumulate highest concentration of Iron (Fe), with liver serving as the primary
source of iron storage, which is particularly susceptible to overload and related damage. This shows that the
concentration of Iron (Fe) during the study period was in several fold below the recommended maximum
permissible limit 0f 100mg/kg set by [19],[20],[21].Iron (Fe) was the highest in bioaccumulation among the
heavy metals investigated in this study; this may be due to the unique nature of Iron metabolism.Iron (Fe)
toxicity is the most common metal toxicity worldwide [28]. The classic symptom of Iron overloaded, especially
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in the context of disease hemochromatosis is skin hyperpigmentation (to a bronze or grey colour) due to deposits
of Iron and melanin complexes in the skin. Iron toxicities is also associated with joint disease, Arrthythmia,
heart failure, increase risk in the liver related disorder, cancer and breast [29].
3.4 Copper (Cu)
The concentrationof copper (Cu) in the Liver of Clariasgariepinus, ranged between 0.351mg/kg and
0.489mg/kg (Table 4). Copper were detected at station A only throughout the period of the study. The month of
July has the highest concentration of 0.489mg/kg, and lowest concentration of 0.351mg/kg in the month of
September. The concentration of copper (Cu) in the Liver were statistical different from each other at station A,
B and C throughout the period of this study at (P<0.05). The concentration of Copper (Cu) in the gills and
muscles where not detected throughout the period of this studies.
The results also revealed that copper (Cu) has bio-accumulated only in the liver.This agreed with [18]
who reported the highest accumulation of heavy metals in liver and gills tissues to the metalothionein proteins
which synthesized in the liver and gills tissues when fish are exposed to heavy metals and detoxify them. The
present study revealed that the bio-accumulation of copper (Cd) in the liver is within the maximum permissible
limits of 3.0mg/kg set by [19],[20],[21] and other relevant agencies.Although copper (Cu) plays an important
role in human nutrition, toxicity at elevated exposure has been reported. Excessive copper (Cu) (through
overexposure or from copper metabolism disease like Wilsons disease) can be neurotoxic [30], and acute
unintentional copper toxicities are more frequently reported than those of Arsenic [22].
3.5 Manganese (Mn)
The Concentrations of 0.001mg/kg were detected in gills of Clariasgariepinus in the month of July,
November and December at station A only (Table 5). The manganese (Mn) concentration remains undetected in
the month of August, September and October. The concentration of manganese (Mn)in the gills were not
statistical different from each other at (P>0.05). While the concentration of Manganese (Mn) in the Muscles of
Clariasgariepinus ranged between0.102mg/kg and 0.177mg/kg (Table 5). Station B has the highest
concentration of 0.177mg/kg in the month of July, while the lowest concentration of 0.102mg/kg is experienced
at station B in the month of October. In the month of August, September, October and November, the
concentration of Manganese (Mn) in muscles at station A, B and C were not detected, but there was a statistical
different in the month of July and December at same stations at (P<0.05). The concentration of Manganese r
(Mn) in the liver where not detected throughout the period of this studies.
Manganese (Mn) is an essential micro nutrient, as it functions as a co-factor for many enzymes
activities [31]. High concentration interferes with Central Nervous System of vertebrates by inhibiting dopamine
formation as well as interfere ring with other metabolic pathways, such as Sodium (Na) regulation which
ultimately can cause death. High manganese levels are a matter of concern as the consumption of manganese
contaminated fish could result in the Manganese related disorders in the consumers. In the present study, the
concentration of manganese in the gills and muscles is below the maximum permissible limits of 1.0mg/kg for
food fish set by [19], 20], [21]. Manganese was not detected in the liver throughout the period of the study.
3.6 Lead (Pb)
The concentration of Lead (Pb) in the gills of Clariasgariepinus ranged between 0.610mg/kg and
0.917mg/kg (Table 6). The lowest and highest concentration of 0.610mg/kg and 0.917mg/kg were detected at
station B in the month of September and July respectively. There were no statistical different in the
concentration of Lead (Pb) in the month of July and September at (P>0.05), station A, B and C were statistically
different in the month of August, October, November and December at (P<0.05).The concentration of Lead (Pb)
in the liver of Clariasgariepinus Ranged between0.007mg/kg and 0.463mg/kg (Table 6). The highest
concentration of 0.463mg/kg was detected at station B in the month of July. The lowest concentration of
0.007mg/kg is experienced at station A in the month of December. The concentration of Lead were statistically
different throughout the period of thisstudy at station A, B and C at (P<0.05). While the concentration of Lead
(Pb) in the muscle of Clariasgariepinus ranged between 0.001mg/kg and 0.455mg/kg (Table 6). The highest
concentration of 0.455mg/kg was observed at station B in the month of July. The lowest concentration of
0.001mg/kg is experienced at station C in the month of December. In the month of September, the concentration
of Lead (Pb) were not statistical different at Station A, B and C at (P>0.05), but the concentration were
statistically different in the month of July, August, October, November and December at same stations at
(P<0.05).
In the present study, Lead (Pb) concentration in the gills, liver and muscles, agreed with [18]who
reported the highest accumulation of heavy metals in liver and gills tissues to the metalothionein proteins which
synthesized in the liver and gills tissues when fish are exposed to heavy metals and detoxify them. According to
[19], [20], [21], the maximum accepted limits is 0.2mg/kg for food fish.The present results indicated that the
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concentration levels of Lead (Pb) was higher than the permissible limits set for human consumption by various
regulatory agencies and therefore indicated possible health risks associated with consumption of these fish.This
source of water supply is susceptible to pollutiondue to heavy human dependency on this Kiri reservoir and it
may be as a result of runoff from waste dump around the reservoir. Notably, there is indiscriminate dumpingof
waste and agricultural practices taking place around the reservoir. Waste disposal around the area is through
open dump for solid waste, pit latrines, septic tank for human wastes. Liquid wastes are admitted through the
major drainage networks and emptied into Kirireservoir.Lead (Pb) may enter the aquatic environment through
soil erosion and leaching gasoline combustion, municipal and industrial wastes and runoff [32].Lead (Pb) is
considered as toxic but non-essential metal implying that it has no known function in the biochemical processes
[33]. According to [34] pregnant women exposed to lead were found to have high rates of still births and
miscarriage. [35]Also reported that Lead (Pb) has caused mental retardation among children. Hypertension
caused by Lead exposure has also been reported.

IV.

Conclusion

In conclusion, essential metals such as Iron, Zinc, Copper and Manganese (Fe, Zn, Cu&Mn)
investigated were found to have accumulated in varying degree but within the maximum permissible limits set
by [19], [20], [21]. Non-essential metals Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) was found to have bio-accumulated
beyond the permissible limit.The present results shows that the Fish at Kiri Reservoir is polluted with Lead (Pb)
and Cadmium (Cd) and it can risk getting polluted with other heavy metals and may pose a health challenges to
human and fish species.The present results also shows that, heavy metals concentration in Fish organs (gills,
Liver & Muscles) follows this order Fe>Pb>Zn>Cu>Mn>Cd, with Iron (Fe) significantly more concentrated
than other metals investigated.

Acknowledgement
All materials published and unpublished that were used for the purpose of this research work are duly
acknowledged.

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Lancet. 2: pp1-3.

Appendix:
Table 1: Heavy Metals Concentration in the Gills, Liver and Muscles of Clariasgariepinus in mg/kg
Cadmium
Station AStation BStation C
Gills
July
0.099a
August
0.088a
September
0.074a
October
0.085a
November
0.091a
December
0.095a

Liver
0.095a
0.080a
0.068a
0.078a
0.089a
0.092a

Muscles
0.099a
0.086a
0.071a
0.081a
0.090a
0.095a

Gills
0.099a
0.088a
0.075a
0.085a
0.091a
0.095a

Liver
0.095a
0.081a
0.068a
0.078a
0.089a
0.094a

Muscles
0.095a
0.085a
0.070a
0.080a
0.090a
0.095a

Gills
0.099a
0.088a
0.072a
0.086a
0.091a
0.095 a

Liver
0.095a
0.080a
0.062a
0.071a
0.088a
0.094a

Muscles
0.095a
0.086a
0.072a
0.082a
0.090a
0.093a

Source: Field survey, 2014.

Table 2: Heavy Metals Concentration in the Gills, Liver and Muscles of Clariasgariepinus in mg/kg
Zinc

July
August
September
October
November
December

Gills
0.462a
0.392a
0.337a
0.385a
0.421a
0.433a

Station A
Liver
0.531a
0.451a
0.387a
0.445a
0.495a
0.510a

Station B
Gills
0.347b
0.294a
0.252a
0.289a
0.313a
0.324b

Muscles
0.243a
0.206a
0.177a
0.203a
0.210a
0.221a

Liver
0.163bc
0.138bc
0.118bc
0.125bc
0.135bc
0.142bc

Muscles
0.15bc
0.127bc
0.109a
0.110bc
0.125bc
0.139bc

Station C
Gills
0.358b
0.304a
0.261a
0.300a
0.321a
0.334b

Liver
0.283ac
0.240ac
0.206ac
0.226ac
0.253ac
0.278ac

Muscles
0.219ac
0.186ac
0.159a
0.182ac
0.207ac
0.210ac

Source: Field Survey, 2014

Table 3: Heavy Metals Concentration in the Gills, Liver and Muscles of Clariasgariepinus in mg/kg
Iron
Station AStation BStation C
Gills
Liver
July
4.548a
13.856a
August
3.923a
11.191a
September
3.559a
10.183a
October
4.094a
11.710a
November
4.337a
12.798a
December
4.438a
12.998a

Muscles
3.338a
2.870a
2.611a
3.002a
3.101a
3.220a

Gills
4.92ab
4.231ab
3.858ab
4.427ab
4.512a
4.678ab

Liver
13.670a
11.758a
10.697a
13.101ab
13.312ab
13.412ab

Muscles
2.686bc
2.309a
2.101a
2.389bc
2.416bc
2.589bc

Gills
4.176ac
3.591ac
3.267ac
3.757ac
3.957a
4.023ac

Liver
9.388b
8.346b
7.073b
8.447ac
8.952ac
9.000ac

Muscles
3.152ac
2.710a
2.466a
2.835ac
3.001ac
3.082ac

Source: Field survey, 2014.

Table 4: Heavy Metals Concentration in the Gills, Liver and Muscles of Clariasgariepinus in mg/kg
Copper
Station AStation BStation C
Gills
Liver
July
ND
0.489a
August
ND
0.415a
September
ND
0.351a
October
ND
0.398a
November
ND
0.401a
December
ND
0.428a

Muscles
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Gills
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Liver
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Muscles
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Gills
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Liver
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Muscles
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Source: Field survey, 2014. ND: Not detected

DOI: 10.9790/2380-08517985

www.iosrjournals.org

84 | Page

Assessment of Heavy Metals in Clariasgariepinus Organs (Gills, Liver and Muscles) at....
Table 5: Heavy Metals Concentration in the Gills, Liver and Muscles of Clariasgariepinus in mg/kg
Manganese
Station AStation BStation C
Gills
Liver
July
0.001a
ND
August
ND
ND
September
ND
ND
October
ND
ND
November
0.001a
ND
a
December
0.001
ND

Muscles
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Gills
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Liver
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Muscles
0.177ab
ND
ND
0.102a
ND
0.166ab

Gills
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Liver
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Muscles
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Source: Field survey, 2014. ND: Not detected

Table 6: Heavy Metals Concentration in the Gills, Liver and Muscles of Clariasgariepinus in mg/kg
Lead
Station AStation BStation C
Gills
Liver
July
0.905a
0.246a
August
0.721a
0.196a
September
0.612a
0.135a
October
0.755a
0.087a
November
0.813a
0.082a
December
0.741a
0.007a

Muscles
0.363a
0.292a
0.201a
0.113a
0.189a
0.052a

Gills
0.917a
0.798bc
0.61a
0.812bc
0.872bc
0.892bc

Liver
0.463b
0.313bc
0.272b
0.103b
0.123b
0.141b

Muscles
0.455b
0.379ab
0.201a
0.132a
0.145a
0.153ab

Gills
0.909a
0.723ac
0.632a
0.723ac
0.852ac
0.732ac

Liver
0.387b
0.201ac
0.213b
0.101b
0.113b
0.113b

Muscles
0.453b
0.303ab
0.202a
0.101a
0.073b
0.001ac

Source: Field survey, 2014.

DOI: 10.9790/2380-08517985

www.iosrjournals.org

85 | Page