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Nome:_________________________________________________________________
Data:____/_____/______

Obser.: __________________

Prof.:__________

Enc. Ed.:___________________

Concessive clause
A concessive clause is a clause which begins with "although" or "even though" and which
expresses an idea that suggests the opposite of the main part of the sentence.
The sentence "Although he's quiet, he's not shy" begins with a concessive clause"Although he's quiet " which has an opposite meaning of - "he's not shy" which is the main
part of the sentence.
NOTE: " In spite of" , " despite" have similar meaning to "although" or "even though". BUT
they don't introduce clauses. They have different syntax. They are followed by nouns or
gerunds (verb+ing.) They don't introduce a clause (subject + verb.)
Although, even though:
Study these examples:
"He had enough money."
" He refused to buy a new car."
The above two statements can be combined as follows :

Although
Even though

he had enough
money,

he refused to buy a new

car

OR
He refused to buy a new
car

although
even
though

he had enough money.

Structure:
"Although", and "even though" introduce concessive clauses.
Although /even though

subject

verb

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Examples:
Although it was raining, he walked to the station.
Even though she is very old, she runs fast.
Despite / in spite of:
Despite and in spite of do not introduce a concessive clause. They are rather followed by a
noun or a verb+ing form.
Study this example:
"He had enough money."
"He refused to buy a new car."
The above two statements can be combined as follows :
Despite
In spite of

all his money,

he refused to buy a new car.

having enough money,

OR
He refused to buy a new car

despite
in spite of

all his money.

having enough money.

Structure
Despite / in spite of

+ a noun,
+ verb + ing.

Examples:
Despite /in spite of the rain, he walked to the station.
Despite /in spite of being tired, he walked to the station.
Remember:
1. Although, even though + subject + verb (Concessive clause)
3. In spite of, despite + noun or verb+ing (Not a concessive clause)
2. There are structural similarities between:

"in spite of", "despite" and "although", "even though"

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"because of", "due to", "owing to", "thanks to" and "because", "since ,"as", "for".
(Expressing cause and effect)
In spite of
Despite

+ noun

Because of
Due to
owing to
Thanks to
Although
Even though

+ verb

Because
Since
For
As
More on cause and effect to see the use of "because, since, as, for, because of, due to ... "
EXERCISES

1. _______________________she is beautiful, everybody hates her.

2. The children slept deeply ________________________ the noise.
3. __________________ earning a low salary, Sara helped her parents
4. Jane rarely sees Alan _________________________they are neighbors.
5. Kate did not do well in the exam _______________________ working very hard.
6. ______________________ I was very hungry, I couldn't eat.
7. _________________________ the difficulty, they managed to solve the math problem.
8. Liza never talked to him _____________________ she loved him.
9. _______________________it was cold, Marie didn't put on her coat.
10. Clare did the work ________________________ being ill.
11.________________________ the weather was bad, we had a good time.
12._____________________all our hard work, a lot of things went wrong.

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13._______________________we had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went
wrong.
14.I went to hospital ______________________I was feeling very ill.
15.I went to work the next day ____________________I was still feeling ill.
16.She accepted the job ___________________________the low salary.
17.She refused the job ________________________the low salary.
18.I managed to sleep _________________________the hotel was noisy.
19.I could not get to sleep ________________________the noise.
20.He runs fast __________________________his old age.
Purpose Clauses

Oraes subordinadas adverbiais finais (clauses of purpose) expressam o propsito

ou a finalidade da ao principal. Essas oraes geralmente so introduzidas por to, in
order to, so as to, for,so that, in order that e so. Observe exemplos de oraes finais:

- To + infinitivo = infinitivo de finalidade (infinitive of purpose).

We spent the summer in San Francisco to learn some English. (Passamos o vero em So
Francisco para aprender um pouco de Ingls.)
I went to the minimart to buy some onions and a carton of eggs. (Fui ao mini-mercado para
comprar algumas cebolas e uma caixa de ovos.)

- In order to ou so as to (a fim de) + infinitivo so mais formais que to +

infinitivo.
She moved abroad in order to find a better job. (Ela foi morar no exterior a fim de
encontrar um emprego melhor.)
We went early so as to get good seats. (Fomos cedo a fim de conseguir bons lugares.)

- For.
They bought a machine for slicing bread. (Eles compraram uma mquina para cortar po.)

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Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work? (Voc est aprendenedo Ingls por
prazer ou para o seu trabalho?)
This is a device for opening bottles. (Este um aparelho para abrir garrafas.)

- So that / In order that + sujeito + verbo + complemento(s).

Resumindo:
to + infinitive; David went out to buy a bottle of wine.
in order to/so as to + infinitive (formal); We were asked to say over in order to finish
the project.
so that + can/will used for a present or future reference; Heres my number so that you
can call me if you have a problem.
so that +could/would used for a past reference; We left early so that we would be able
to park close to the stadium.
in case + present tense present or future reference Take your hat in case it gets too
hot.
in case + past tense used for past reference We took an umbrella in case it rained.
for + noun used to express purpose We went out for a pizza.
for + -ing used to express purpose and/or function of something This function on the
air conditioner is for reducing humidity.
Negative
For negative purpose we use:
in order not to/so as not to + infinitive we walked in quietly so as not to wake up the
children.
prevent + noun/pronoun + from + ing I parked the car under a tree to prevent it from
getting too hot.

OBSERVAO: In order that mais formal que so that. Se o verbo da orao principal
estiver no passado, a orao subordinada poder ir para o passado simples ou poder ser
empregue could, should, would + infinitivo sem o to.
The lecturer finished his lecture five minutes early so that / in order that the
students could ask him questions. (O palestrante terminou a palestra mais cedo a fim de
que os alunos pudessem lhe fazer perguntas.)

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The professor adjusted the projector so that / in order that the students would be able
to see the chart more clearly. (O professor arrumou o projetor para que os alunos
conseguissem ver o grfico de maneira mais clara.)

Se o verbo da orao principal estiver no presente, o verbo da orao subordinada

poder ir para opresente simples ou poder ser empregue will / can + infinitivo sem
o to.
I'm going to purchase my son a computer so that / in order
that he practises / can practise at home. (Vou comprar um computador para meu filho
para que ele pratique / possa praticar em casa.)
He's staying on in Australia for ten months more so that / in order that he can
perfect his English. (Ele vai continuar estudando na Austrlia por mais dez meses para que
possa aperfeioar seu Ingls.)

1) He opened the window.He wanted to let fresh air in.(in order to)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2)I took my camera.I wanted to take some photos.(so that)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3)He studied really hard.He wanted to get better marks.(in order to)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4)Jason learns Chinese.His aim is to work in China.( to)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5)Ive collected money.I will buy a new car.(so that)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
6)Many people left Turkey in 1960s.They wanted to find jobs in Germany.( in order to)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7)She attends to a course.She wants to learn chess.(to)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8)Linda turned on the lights.She wanted to see better.(so that)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
9)I will come with you.I want to help you.(in order to)

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_________________________________________________________________________________________
10)We are going to cinema.We will watch a horror film.(to)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
11)You must take your umbrella so that you wont get wet.(in order)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
12)He waited at the counter.He wanted to see her.(in order)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
13)We all put on our coats.We were feeling cold.(so that)
_________________________________________________________________________________________

The relative pronouns are:

Subject

Object

Possessive

who

who(m)

whose

which

which

whose

that

that

We use who and whom for people, and which for things.
Or we can use that for people or things.
We use relative pronouns:
after a noun, to make it clear which person or thing we are talking about:

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the house that Jack built
the woman who discovered radium
an eight-year-old boy who attempted to rob a sweet shop
to tell us more about a person or thing:
My mother, who was born overseas, has always been a great traveller.
Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.
We had fish and chips, which is my favourite meal.
But we do not use that as a subject in this kind of relative clause.
We use whose as the possessive form of who:
This is George, whose brother went to school with me.
We sometimes use whom as the object of a verb or preposition:
This is George, whom you met at our house last year.
This is Georges brother, with whom I went to school.
But nowadays we normally use who:
This is George, who you met at our house last year.
This is Georges brother, who I went to school with.
When whom or which have a preposition the preposition can come at the beginning of
the clause...
I had an uncle in Germany, from who[m] I inherited a bit of money.
We bought a chainsaw, with which we cut up all the wood.
or at the end of the clause:
I had an uncle in Germany who[m] I inherited a bit of money from.
We bought a chainsaw, which we cut all the wood up with.
We can use that at the beginning of the clause:
I had an uncle in Germany that I inherited a bit of money from.
We bought a chainsaw that we cut all the wood up with.
Do you know anyone . could help me fix my computer?
where
which
who
whose

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Q2.

A hammer is a tool ..... is used to knock nails into wood.

that
who
whom
whose

Q3.

The shop ..... we usually buy our bread has closed down.
that
where
who
whose

Q4.

The boy ..... dog was hit by a car has not been to school for 3 days,
that
which
who
whose

Q5.

My friend, ..... doesn't have a cell phone, suddenly knocked on the door last night.
that
which
who
whose

Q6.

Can you please return the calculator ..... you borrowed yesterday?
that
who
whom
whose

Q7.

The horse ..... was hit by the car was only slightly hurt.

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what
which
who
whom

Q8.

An orphanage is a place ..... children who have no parents can live and be looked
after.
that
who
which
where

Q9.

I didn't realize I had forgotten my passport until I reached the airport, ..... was
very annoying.
that
what
which
where

Q10.

The students ..... test grades were low had to come back after school for an extra
lesson.
that
who
which
whose

Q11.

The hotel, ..... is in the centre of the town, is to be knocked down and replaced by
a bank.
that
what
which
where

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Q12.

The person to ..... you sent the letter has moved to a new address?
who
whom
whose
which
which - whose - who - when - where

1. Dallas is the city __________________Kennedy was shot.

2. Bill Clinton was the president _______________wife was called Hillary.
3. Sunday is the day _________________most countries respect a day of rest in the
week.
4. Rotterdam is the port ______________is the busiest in Europe.
5. Yasser Arafat is the person ___________________is the Palestinian leader.
6. Robinson Crusoe is the fictional character _____________________companion was Man
Friday.
7. Smog is the thing ______________________is a combination of fog and smoke, or
pollution.
8. Rum is the strong drink ______________________is associated with the Caribbean.
9. The Euro is the currency_________________ is used in most of Europe.
10.Napoleon is the man __________________wife was called Josephine.
11.A metallurgist is a person ____________________studies metals.
12.Hiroshima is the place _____________________the first atomic bomb was dropped.
13.1914 is the year ____________________the First World War started.
14.Your mother-in-law is the person __________________son or daughter is married to
you.

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15.A stapler is a thing _____________________you use to attach papers together.