Abnormal Results - Btrd-Blood Test

About The Author
Dr. Vieira has a Ph.D. in Biomedical Sciences from the

University Of Florida College Of Medicine. She has
worked in hospitals and clinics conducting clinical
research with patients, as well as in biotechnology
laboratories, researching the biochemistry and molecular
biology of the body at a cellular level. Later, she worked
in the food industry with the largest food company in
America. There she conducted nutrition research
focused on discovering and confirming the health
benefits of vitamins, minerals, fruits, vegetables, herbs,
amino acids, plant extracts and other natural
compounds. Her projects there included discovering
novel ingredients for improving bone strength, preventing/treating diabetes and
more. She has extensively studied natural medicines and therapies, leading to
her discoveries of existing research on dietary and lifestyle changes that prevent,
cure or improve most health conditions.
Website:
Facebook:
Twitter:
http://KarenVieira.com
http://facebook.com/DrKarenVieira
http://twitter.com/DrKarenV
Dr. Karen Vieira 2011
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Table of Contents
(Click to go directly to a section)
About The Author .................................................................................................. 2
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 5
Basic Blood Panel ................................................................................................. 5
White Blood Cell Count ..................................................................................... 5
High WBC (leukocytosis) ............................................................................... 5
Low WBC (leukopenia) .................................................................................. 9
Red Blood Cell Count, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin ............................................. 11
High (erythrocytosis/polycythaemia) ............................................................ 11
Low (anemia) ............................................................................................... 12
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) .... 15
High ............................................................................................................. 15
Low .............................................................................................................. 16
Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW) ....................................................... 17
High ............................................................................................................. 17
Low .............................................................................................................. 18
Platelets .......................................................................................................... 18
High ............................................................................................................. 18
Low .............................................................................................................. 19
Neutrophils (also see White Blood Cell Count) ............................................... 20
High (neutrophilia) ....................................................................................... 20
Low .............................................................................................................. 21
Lymphocytes (also see White Blood Cell Count) ............................................ 21
High ............................................................................................................. 21
Low .............................................................................................................. 23
Monocytes (also see White Blood Cell Count) ................................................ 24
High ............................................................................................................. 24
Low .............................................................................................................. 24
Eosinophils (also see White Blood Cell Count) ............................................... 25
High ............................................................................................................. 25
Low .............................................................................................................. 25
Basophils (also see White Blood Cell Count) .................................................. 26
High ............................................................................................................. 26
Low .............................................................................................................. 27
Immature Granulocytes (also see White Blood Cell Count) ............................ 27
Liver Panel .......................................................................................................... 28
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) ....... 28
Total and Direct Bilirubin ................................................................................. 28
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)............................................................................ 28
Heart Panel ......................................................................................................... 31
Kidney Panel ....................................................................................................... 35
Thyroid Panel ...................................................................................................... 38
Hyperthyroidism ........................................................................................... 38
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Hypothyroidism ............................................................................................ 39
Hormone Panel ................................................................................................... 41
Cortisol and DHEA-sulfate .............................................................................. 41
Sex Hormones ................................................................................................ 43
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA, Men Only) .................................................... 44
Glucose Panel..................................................................................................... 46
High Glucose (hyperglycemia) ..................................................................... 46
Low Glucose (hypoglycemia) ....................................................................... 52
Nutrient Panel ..................................................................................................... 54
Other Tests ......................................................................................................... 56
Prothrombin Time ............................................................................................ 56
Amylase .......................................................................................................... 56
Creatine Kinase and Lactate Dehydrogenase ................................................. 56
Uric Acid .......................................................................................................... 57
This e-book is copyrighted with all rights reserved. The author does not assume liability for the
misuse of any information contained within. The information contained within this e-book is
offered to provide you with beneficial concepts regarding your health and well-being. The author
is a Ph.D. medical researcher, not a physician. Please consult your primary care physician before
beginning any new program of nutrition, dietary supplementation, exercise or lifestyle changes.
By consulting your primary care physician, you will have a better opportunity to understand and
address your particular symptoms and situation in the most effective ways possible.
While every attempt has been made to provide information that is both accurate and proven
effective, the author and, by extension, the e-book, makes no guarantees that the information
presented herein will help everyone in every situation. As the symptoms and conditions for each
person are unique to individual histories, genetics and environment, successes will vary.
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Introduction
Many times when your blood tests come back abnormal, your doctor will be able
to provide a specific diagnosis and clear treatment plan. However, finding a
diagnosis not always that easy, and some doctors do not communicate very
clearly.
Obviously if your results put you in the "disease zone," you are unhealthy and
there are things that your doctor or healthcare professional can recommend. But
what happens if your results are within the normal range but fall outside the
optimal range? Are you healthy because you don't have a diagnosable illness?
Many doctors might say yes, because conventional Western medicine defines
health as the absence of disease. But to prevent future disease, you want to get
your results within these tighter ranges. In most cases the best way to do this is
by starting a proactive program targeted at improving your specific results.
This section outlines the improvements you can make to your diet, lifestyle and
supplementation regime in order to correct your abnormal results, helping you
prevent future disease and putting you on the path toward optimal health.
Basic Blood Panel

Complete Blood Count
White Blood Cell Count

High WBC (leukocytosis)
Numbers in the upper end of normal let the doctor know that your immune
system is producing enough white blood cells, which circulate in the blood to fight
infection. If WBC levels are too high, a condition called leukocytosis, this most
likely indicates an infection. The infection could be bacterial or viral. WBC
elevation can also be caused by inflammation from conditions such as
rheumatoid arthritis. In extreme cases, a high WBC count could be a sign of
leukemia.
What Your Doctor May Do
Medications
There are a number of different types of medications your doctor can prescribe to
help lower your white blood cell count. What you are prescribed will depend on
the underlying cause of your leukocytosis.
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Antibiotics If your WBC is raised due to a bacterial infection, your doctor

may prescribe a course of antibiotics like penicillin or amoxicillin,
depending on the type of bacteria. It is important to completely finish these
antibiotics as prescribed by your doctor, even if you start to feel better.
Otherwise the infection could come back. Some people opt to use
probiotics and other natural ways of getting rid of a bacterial infection.
Steroids This type of medication will help reduce inflammation. Often
calming the inflammatory pathways will help decrease your WBC. Some
people avoid steroids due to the many side effects and instead opt for
natural ways of reducing inflammation.
Antacids Many treatments for leukocytosis increase the amount of acid
in your urine. To combat this, your doctor may tell you to take an antacid
like Tums, Rolaids, Maalox, etc. or may write you a prescription for a
stronger antacid.
Anti-uric acid medicine This type of medication will help lower the
amount of the waste called uric acid in your blood. This may help prevent
further damage to your cells.
Chemotherapy If your elevated WBC is due to leukemia, you will
probably be recommended chemotherapy or "chemo" to kill the cancer
cells. Your oncologist (cancer doctor) will decide what kind of
chemotherapy you need and how long you should have it. Some people
opt for gentler and more effective cancer treatments.
Procedures
Leukapheresis This is to lower your white blood cell levels. During this
procedure some of your blood is removed through a tube inserted in one
of your arms. This tube connects to a machine called a centrifuge, which
spins your blood at very high speeds until it begins to separate into all of
its many components (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, etc.).
The white blood cells are removed and then the rest of the blood plasma
is put back into your body through a tube inserted in your other arm.
Bone Marrow Treatment Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside your
bones that makes all of your blood cells. When the bone marrow is
diseased it stops producing the right kinds and amounts of blood cells. As
a result, in serious situations, your doctor might suggest a bone marrow
transplant. If you have leukemia, you will probably be given very high
doses of chemotherapy or radiation before the procedure to kill off any
cancerous cells and to make room for the healthy bone marrow. This
healthy bone marrow usually comes from someone else (a donor), but
may be your own if your cancer is in remission.
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What You Can Do

Diet
Drink more water. Extra fluid in your blood vessels may help decrease
your WBC. While many people with a very high WBC need to get these
fluids through an IV (a tube in their arm), if your levels are a little high you
may be able to avoid this by drinking more water.
Reduce the amount of unhealthy fats and sugars in your diet. Fats and
carbohydrates suppress your immune system, making you more
vulnerable to infection, and infections cause a high WBC.
Garlic has been used as a natural antibiotic for thousands of years. In
more recent history it was used during World War I to treat typhus and
dysentery and during World War II to prevent blood poisoning.
Onions are closely related to garlic and also potent antibiotics. It is most
often suggested for people suffering from a cold, the flu or a persistent
cough. Onions are also thought to decrease inflammation, which may also
contribute to a high WBC.
Fermented foods like yogurt may also help combat infections by boosting
the body's levels of healthy, friendly bacteria.
Eat more foods rich in omega-3 essential fatty acids, like oily fish
(mackerel, sardines, salmon, herring, lake trout and albacore tuna),
walnuts, flax seeds, canola oil and pumpkin seeds. These will help reduce
inflammation.
Uncooked olive oil, such as on your salads, will also help reduce
inflammation.
Increase your fiber intake. Whole grains, vegetables and fruit are a great
source of dietary fiber and these will help reduce inflammation.
Blueberries, strawberries and other types of brightly colored fruits are
packed full of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals and antioxidants. For
example, there is a chemical called quercetin in apple skins that is a
potent anti-inflammatory.
Supplements
Probiotics are good bacteria that can be taken in capsule form on an

empty stomach. They get rid of harmful bacteria and viruses in the
digestive tract.
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Echinacea is thought to attack viruses within the body and encourage the
immune system to fight harder to protect itself against infection.
Cat's claw boosts the immune system and reduces the risk of infections.
Many people take cat's claw to fight off colds, flu, sinusitis, tonsillitis and
laryngitis.
Grapefruit seed extract can be used as a natural antibiotic, antiviral and
antifungal. It is particularly effective against diarrhea, ear infections and
sore throats.
Elderberry extract stops invading viruses from multiplying. It also has been
found to improve flu symptoms within two days and spur a complete
recovery within three.
Goldenseal can kill a wide variety of disease-causing microorganisms and
is considered by many to be one of the best treatments for bacterial,
fungal, yeast and parasitic infections. Goldenseal also stimulates the
immune system and has been shown in clinical research to keep
streptococci bacteria (the organisms that cause strep throat) from growing
in the body.
Tee tree oil is effective against fungal, viral and bacterial infections.
However, always remember that you should NEVER take it internally. You
can mix it in water to clean wounds or gargle, or you can add it to water
that has just boiled in order to inhale the steam.
Eucalyptus naturally kills specific types of fungus, bacteria and viruses. It
is usually taken as a herbal tea.
Astragalus root helps stimulate the immune system and protects against
invading organisms, especially viruses.
Other herbs that have been found to have antibiotic properties include
cumin, cinnamon, oregano, rosemary, dill, basil, nutmeg, pepper, anise,
fennel, mint sage, mustard and cilantro.
As your immune system tries to fight off an infection it produces lots of
chemicals that produce damaging oxygen free radicals. These free
radicals can lead to chronic inflammation. Antioxidant supplements
neutralize free radicals and can help control inflammation. Antioxidant
supplements to consider include vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium.
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Fish oil supplements contain omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown
to decrease the amount of inflammation-promoting chemicals the body
produces.
Bromelain, a protein-dissolving enzyme found in pineapple, also helps
reduce inflammation by changing the way white blood cells are activated
and move through the body.
Resveratrol, a compound found in the skins of red grapes (and also in red
wine), is another potent anti-inflammatory. Like fish oil, resveratrol also
decreases the amount of inflammation-promoting chemicals the body
produces. Additionally, resveratrol appears to regulate many immune
system cells, especially those involved in autoimmune diseases (T cells)
and inflammatory lung conditions (granulocytes).
Certain compounds found in ginger, known as gingerols, are potent antiinflammatories. They work to keep the body from producing chemicals that
promote inflammation.
Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) has both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
properties. It also has the power to restore other antioxidants like vitamin
C, vitamin E and glutathione.
Zinc helps reduce inflammation by decreasing oxidative stress.
Researchers at Wayne State University in Detroit found that taking 25 mg
of zinc three times a day for three months decreased levels of TNF-alpha,
a chemical that intensifies inflammation.
Low WBC (leukopenia)

If the WBC levels are too low, called leukopenia, it could be due to an immune
deficiency or a liver or spleen disorder.
Medication
There are several different medications your doctor can prescribe to help
increase your white blood cell count. The exact medication you are given will
depend on the underlying cause of your leukopenia; however, drugs are most
commonly prescribed when low WBC is a side effect of chemotherapy.
Meloid growth factors These medications stimulate your bone marrow to
produce more white blood cells. The two most common growth factors are
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filgrastim and pegfilgrastim, which are also known by their brand names:
Neupogen and Neulasta.
Antibiotics, antivirals and antifungals Because a low WBC means your
immune system is suppressed your doctor might also prescribe
medications to keep you from getting an infection.
What You Can Do
Diet
Eat more red, yellow, orange and dark-green leafy vegetables (like carrots
and spinach). They contain lots of beta-carotene, which strengthens your
body's production of white blood cells.
Eat more kale and other foods rich in vitamin A. Vitamin A is an important
antioxidant that is essential for the creation of new white blood cells.
People who eat more garlic have high levels of natural killer white blood
cells.
Supplements
Oleander extract In a clinical trial, a herbal supplement containing

oleander was shown to be 100% effective at raising white blood cell
counts in HIV/AIDS patients with extremely compromised immune
systems.
Selenium, a trace mineral, is essential for the development and movement
of white blood cells.
Siberian ginseng and Asian ginseng help support the immune system,
which can help it to produce more WBC if necessary.
Echinacea
helps
increase
the
production
of
white
blood
cells.
Green Tea also stimulates production of white blood cells.

Other effective boosters for the immune system include pau d'arco, suma
root, beta glucans, aloe vera and probiotic bacteria.
Lifestyle Changes
If you are overweight, it is important to try to lose a few pounds. Being

overweight weakens your immune system and leaves you vulnerable to
infection.
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Exercise more. Physical activity is a proven immune system booster.

Reduce the amount of stress in your life and try to relax. The hormones
your body releases in response to stress (both physical and emotional)
weaken the immune system. Try deep breathing exercises, meditation or
yoga. Spending more time outdoors is another great way to reduce stress.
Red Blood Cell Count, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin

High (erythrocytosis/polycythaemia)
Abnormally high levels of RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit can indicate
dehydration, a congenital heart disease, kidney tumor, pulmonary fibrosis or can
be the result of smoking cigarettes.
Medication
Usually your doctor will focus on treating the underlying cause of your
polycythemia. However, if the underlying cause is undetermined or incurable,
there are specific treatments that can reduce your RBC.
Cancer drugs like hydroxyurea (Hydrea) and chlorambucil (Leukeran)
cause red blood cell levels to drop. Therefore they can be used to treat
polycythemia.
Aspirin is often used to lower the risk of clots forming, usually in
combination with phlebotomy (see Procedures section).
Procedures / Other Interventions
The most common treatment for polycythemia is phlebotomy or

bloodletting. Blood is removed from the body at various intervals (usually
every 2 or 3 days) until the desired level of hematocrit (blood thickness) is
reached. If you have heart disease or are prone to fainting, fluid is given at
the same time so the circulating blood volume stays relatively consistent.
After that, some maintenance bloodletting may be needed to maintain
those levels, but much less frequently.
If the high RBC is caused by hypoxia (inadequate oxygen) due to heart or
lung disease, supplemental oxygen may be given as well as treatment for
the underlying condition.
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What You Can Do

Diet
Drink more water. Being well hydrated helps keep the blood from getting
even more concentrated.
Supplements
Stay away from iron supplements, as they will boost the production of red
blood cells, making the problem even worse.
Lifestyle Changes
If your high RBC levels are due to hypoxia, there are some changes you
can make to ensure that your body is able to take in as much oxygen as
possible. Refrain from smoking or being in the presence of people that
are smoking keep your lung capacity from decreasing. Also, dont go to
the mountains or any other high altitude locations where the oxygen levels
are low.
Low (anemia)
Low RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels can be an indicator of anemia. The
exact combination of which levels are low can also provide information about the
type of anemia. Certain types of anemia are due to vitamin and mineral
deficiencies including iron, B12, B6 or folate. Anemia can also be caused by
excessive bleeding, such as bleeding from menstruation or bleeding ulcers.
Other causes of anemia include:
Pregnancy Excessive water weight gain can dilute the blood causing
low levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin.
Poor nutrition Not eating sufficient fruits and vegetables or getting the
enough nutrients such as iron can cause anemia.
Kidney disease Your kidneys release a hormone that helps bone

marrow produce red blood cells. When the kidneys are not functioning
properly, the hormone levels drop and red blood cell production is
decreased.
Excess alcohol consumption Consistent drinking of alcohol can affect

the levels of red blood cells in the body.
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Medications Some medications can interfere with red blood cell

production and cause anemia, including chemotherapy.
The treatment of the anemia can vary greatly. First, the underlying cause of the
anemia should be identified and corrected. For example, anemia as a result of
blood loss from a stomach ulcer should begin with medications to heal the ulcer.
Likewise, surgery is often necessary to remove a colon cancer that is causing
chronic blood loss and anemia.
Medication
There are medications called cell growth factors (also called colony
stimulating factors) that can be given along with chemo or radiation to
prevent red blood counts from dropping. The growth factor that boosts
production of red blood cells is epoetin or darbepoetin (brand names
Procrit, Epogen, Aranesp). Growth factors can take between two and eight
weeks to work, so they're not a solution for dramatic red blood cell loss.
There's also a risk of side effects, so a patient's doctor will decide whether
to prescribe cell growth factors based on her assessment of the patient's
risk of developing a low red blood count.
In certain patients with bone marrow disease (or bone marrow damage
from chemotherapy) or patients with kidney failure, epoetin alfa (Procrit,
Epogen) may be used to stimulate red blood cell production in bone
marrow.
If blood loss is causing iron-deficiency anemia, treatment will depend on
the cause of the bleeding. For example, if you have a bleeding ulcer, your
doctor may prescribe antibiotics and other medicines to treat the ulcer.
If blood loss is due to heavy menstrual flow, your doctor may prescribe
oral contraceptives to help reduce your monthly blood flow. In some
cases, surgery may be advised.
Procedures
If your iron-deficiency anemia is severe, you may get a transfusion of red

blood cells. A blood transfusion is a safe, common procedure in which
blood is given to you through an IV line into one of your blood vessels.
Transfusions require careful matching of donated blood with the recipient's
blood. A transfusion of red blood cells will treat your anemia right away.
The red blood cells also give a source of iron that your body can reuse.
However, transfusions are only a short-term treatment.
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In severe cases, a bone marrow transplant might be required.

If your blood loss is due to a polyp or a cancerous tumor in your intestine,
you may need surgery to remove the growth.
What You Can Do
Diet
Food has two forms of iron: heme and nonheme. You absorb up to 30
percent of heme iron, found only in animal tissues (meat, poultry, and
fish). You absorb 2-10 percent of non-heme iron, found in plant foods as
well as meat. Eating meat generally boosts body iron far more than eating
nonheme iron. Foods that boost iron absorption most are meat, iron
supplements, and foods high in vitamin C.
Iron-rich foods:
Red meat
Egg yolks
Dark leafy greens (spinach, collards)
Dried fruit (prunes, raisons)
Iron-enriched cereals and grains
Mollusks (oysters, clams, scallops)
Turkey or chicken giblets
Beans, lentils, chick peas and soybeans
Liver
Artichokes
If you eat iron-rich foods along with foods that provide plenty of vitamin C,
your body can better absorb the iron. Good sources of vitamin C are fruits
and vegetables, especially guava, red sweet pepper, kiwi, oranges and
orange juice, green pepper, and grapefruit juice. Other fruits rich in vitamin
C are strawberries, cantaloupe, papaya, pineapple, and mango.
Vegetables high in vitamin C include vegetable and tomato juices,
Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, broccoli, sweet potato, cauliflower, and kale.
Fresh and frozen fruits, vegetables, and juices usually have more vitamin
C than canned ones.
Supplements
You may need iron supplements to build up your iron levels as quickly as
possible. Iron supplements can correct low iron levels within months.
Supplements come in pill form or in drops for children. Large amounts of
iron can be harmful. Thus, you should take iron supplements only as your
doctor prescribes. Keep iron supplements out of reach from children. This
will prevent them from taking an overdose of iron.
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Vitamin B12 injections will be necessary for patients suffering from

pernicious anemia or other causes of B12 deficiency.
Herbs for anemia:
Dong quai - This herb is rich in vitamins and minerals.
Chive - This vegetable is rich in vitamin C and iron - eat fresh chives.
Quinoa - This is a grain rich in all eight essential amino acids that form a
complete protein.
Gentian - The bitter herb gentian is popular in England for the treatment of
anemia. Gentian can be brewed into a tea or you can take a commercially
available extract.
Dandelion - Believed to help people with anemia. It is very rich in vitamins
and minerals.
Other herbs that can help those with anemia include alfalfa, bilberry,
burdock root, cherry, goldenseal, grape skins, hawthorn berry, horsetail,
mullein, parsley, nettle, Oregon grape root, pau d'arco, red raspberry,
shepherd's purse, watercress, and yellow dock root.
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)

High
High MCV and MCH levels usually are a result of macrocytic anemia. This type
of anemia is most likely due to vitamin deficiencies. Higher than normal levels
can also be the result of liver disease, hypothyroidism, myelofibrosis, or
reticulocytosis.
Medication
If the disease is advanced, macrocytic anemia may be treated with a

blood transfusion. But it can usually be treated with diet and lifestyle
changes.
Treatments for myelofibrosis and reticulocytosis can include drug
treatment. There are a few drugs currently undergoing clinical trials for
the treatment of myelofibrosis, and the results have been positive. In
extreme cases, a bone marrow transplant might be helpful in slowing the
progression of the disease.
Page 15
What You Can Do

Diet
Macrocytic anemia is most often a result of Vitamin B12 and/or folic acid
deficiencies. Increasing the amount of foods high in these vitamins is
important. This includes foods like eggs, red meat, liver, green leafy
vegetables and mushrooms.
Supplements
Vitamin B12 and folic acid supplements should be taken daily. Because it
is almost impossible to discern which vitamin a person is deficient in,
these two should always be taken in conjunction with each other.
Lifestyle Changes
Another cause of macrocytic anemia is excessive alcohol consumption. If

this is the case, the amount of alcohol consumed should be decreased or
even cut out all together.
Low
Low MCV or MCH levels can be due to lead poisoning, microcytic anemia or
hemoglobinopathy. Microcytic anemia is usually caused by an iron deficiency.
Hemoglobinopathies are genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia that result
in abnormally shaped hemoglobin, which makes it unable to carry oxygen
through the blood efficiently.
Medication
Lead poisoning may be treated with chelation therapy in which the patient
takes a medication that binds with the lead allowing it to be excreted in the
urine and removed from the body. If that does not work, a drug called
EDTA can also be used.
Extreme iron deficiency can be treated with hemodialysis or with an IV

drip.
With hemoglobinopathy, the treatment can include administering high
levels of oxygen through the inhalation of nitrous oxide. There are also
drugs that may be given. Hydroxyurea and erythropoietin are two drugs
Page 16
that stimulate the bone marrow to produce more hemoglobin. A bone

marrow transplant may also be considered.
What You Can Do
Supplements
Iron tablets can be taken to increase the amount of iron in the blood to
treat microcytic anemia. Care must be taken not to overdose on iron
because it can be very toxic in high doses.
Lifestyle Changes
Eating foods high in iron such as liver, red meat and leafy green
vegetables can also help treat anemia.
Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW)

High
Pernicious anemia is the most likely root cause when your blood test shows a
higher than normal level of RDW. Pernicious anemia is a condition where the
body produces very large cells that circulate in the blood but are unable to
perform any of the functions of red blood cells.
Medication
You doctor may give you a Vitamin B12 shot. This is usually given in the
thigh muscle every day for one week. Alternatively, they could give you a
prescription oral supplement to take.
What You Can Do

Diet
A diet high in Vitamin B12 will help replenish your system of the amount
needed to remain healthy. Eggs, red meat and leafy greens are all foods
that can give you the required Vitamin B12
Supplements
Over-the-counter Vitamin B12 supplements can be taken. They come in

pill, sublingual (under the tongue) and nasal spray form.
Page 17
Lifestyle Changes
Lifelong treatment of pernicious anemia is required. The dietary and

supplemental changes needed to stay healthy may necessitate a person
to make lifestyle changes to accommodate the need for extra vitamins.
Low
Low RBW levels are an indication that your red blood cells are very close in size,
with hardly any variation. This could mean that they are all too large, which can
be an indication of macrocytic anemia. It could also mean that the red blood
cells are very small, which is a condition called microcytic anemia. Either way,
the red blood cells are not the proper size and will not be able to carry the proper
amount of oxygen.
Medication
To combat anemia, your doctor may prescribe an iron supplement. If

symptoms are severe, they may also prescribe the recombinant
erythropoietin, epoetin alfa, which stimulates red blood cell production.
What You Can Do

Diet
As with other types of anemia, eating food rich in iron and vitamin B12 can
be very helpful.
Supplements
Vitamin B12 and iron supplements may be prescribed by your doctor.

Since iron can be difficult to absorb, it is best to take the supplement with
a glass of orange juice. The vitamin C aids in the absorption of iron.
Platelets
High
An elevated platelet count is a sign of a condition called thrombocytosis. Mild
elevation in the platelet count can be a sign of chronic infection. More extreme
Page 18
elevated levels can indicate a condition called myeloproliferative disorder, which

is an abnormal growth of blood cell elements within the bone marrow.
Medication
Anagrelide (Agrylin/Xagrid) is a platelet-reducing agent, and is designed

specifically for myeloproliferative disorders. Thrombocytosis cannot be
cured, but taking Anagrelide can control your condition.
If drug therapy does not work, your doctor may perform plateletpheresis, a
procedure in which blood is removed from the body, a large amount of
platelets are taken out of the blood, and it is returned to the patient.
What You Can Do

Supplements
A daily low dose of aspirin can be helpful for people suffering from
thrombocytosis.
Lifestyle Changes
People that have a high platelet count should refrain from smoking.
Low
A low platelet count can be due to a condition called thrombocytopenia. It can
also be a sign of disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic anemia,
hypersplenism, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura or leukemia. Most of these
conditions are the result of the same underlying condition, which is chronic
infection.
Medication
Depending on the underlying cause of the thrombocytopenia, your doctor

will prescribe the appropriate treatment.
Treating the underlying infection can be done with antibiotics.
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura - Drugs that your doctor may
prescribe include Prednisone, intravenous immune globulin, Danazol,
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Eltrombopag, Rituximab, or Romiplostim.

splenectomy may be performed
In more severe cases a
Leukemia - The treatment for leukemia includes chemotherapy and/or a

bone marrow transplant.
What You Can Do
Diet
Some research has shown that making some dietary changes can
improve platelet count. These changes include eating fresh foods, healthy
fats and leafy green vegetables. People with a low platelet count should
also avoid large amounts of red meat, dairy, sugar or alcohol.
Supplements
Taking vitamin K and fish oil supplements have also been shown to be
effective in increasing platelet count.
Lifestyle Changes
The biggest lifestyle change that can help those suffering from
thrombocytopenia is reducing or eliminating alcohol consumption.
Differential
The various types of white blood cells all give information regarding your health.
Abnormal levels of specific cell types can help to identify what specific type of
infection you might be suffering from; it could be viral, bacterial, fungal, or
parasitic. Knowing this information will give your doctor a better idea of how to
treat your illness.
Neutrophils (also see White Blood Cell Count)

High (neutrophilia)
A high level of neutrophils, the white blood cells that are first in line to fight
infection is called neutrophilia and is a result of an acute bacterial infection.
Page 20

Medication
Antibiotics are the usual course of treatment for bacterial infections.
Low
A low level of neutrophils is called neutropenia and is usually caused by viral
infections. Levels can also be low after radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
Medication
Antibacterial or antifungal medications might be prescribed to treat

neutropenia. Your doctor may also recommend white blood cell growth
factors or corticosteriod treatment if the condition warrants.
What You Can Do

Lifestyle Changes
Due to the risk of infections because of the extremely low neutrophil

levels, the patient with neutropenia must take precautions to reduce
exposure to infection. These precautions may include hand washing and
the wearing of gloves or masks.
Lymphocytes (also see White Blood Cell Count)

High
A high lymphocyte level can be an indication of the flu or chicken pox, or it can
mean a more serious condition such as tuberculosis, leukemia, mumps or
rubella.
Medication
If you are diagnosed with chicken pox, your doctor may prescribe
Acyclovir, which is an anti-viral drug that has been shown to reduce the
time that the disease is active. Other medications might be given to
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reduce symptoms. These include acetaminophen for headaches or an

antihistamine to control itching.
A four antibiotic regimen is what your doctor will give as the treatment for
tuberculosis. These antibiotics include Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide
and Ethabutol. It is important to take all antibiotics per doctors orders and
until they are complete.
The treatments for leukemia may include chemotherapy, radiation and in
some cases, a bone marrow transplant. The patient may also be on a
strict regimen of antibiotics to fight any secondary infections that might
occur when the immune system is compromised.
What You Can Do
Diet
When suffering from the flu or chicken pox, there are a few dietary
changes you can make to work through it. The first and most important
thing is to get plenty of fluids. Drinking fruit juices or water can help you
recover. Eating foods that are high in protein yet gentle on the stomach
can also be helpful. Chicken soup or chicken broth is a good choice.
People suffering from tuberculosis should eat a healthy diet. Foods rich in
vitamins and minerals will bolster the immune system and help prevent the
nutritional deficiencies that often occur with this disease. Diets high in
fruits, vegetables and low fat proteins and low in fat can be beneficial.
Supplements
There are many supplements that have been shown to reduce the
symptoms of the flu. Things such as Vitamin C and zinc can be taken to
reduce flu symptoms.
Taking supplements such as resveratrol, probiotics, beta-sitosterol, green
tea, aged garlic, astragalus and rhodiola has been shown to reduce the
symptoms associated with tuberculosis. Before taking any of these, make
sure you consult your doctor to determine if they will have adverse
reactions if combined with the medications you are taking.
Lifestyle Changes
When suffering from tuberculosis, you should limit alcohol intake because,
when mixed with mixed with any medications you are taking can damage
the liver.
Page 22
Low
Lymphocytopenia is a condition whereby the lymphocyte level is abnormally low.
Low levels are usually a result of the body producing lymphocytes in an abnormal
manner. Because of this, the body's ability to recognize and attack invaders is
decreased. Lymphocytopenia can be the result of stress, malnutrition, Hodgkins
disease or an immune disorder such as AIDS.
Medications
The only way to treat lymphocytopenia is to treat the underlying condition

that is causing the low levels of lymphocytes.
This usually includes
antibiotics to treat any infections. If the low levels are due to malnutrition,
the doctor can prescribe supplements or dietary changes. For stress
induced lymphocytopenia, the doctor can advise rest, a change in work
habits or discussions with a therapist.
New research is also being done in blood and bone marrow stem cell
transplants which can increase the number of lymphocytes in the blood.
What You Can Do

Diet
To avoid infections, there are some dietary changes that can be

introduced. Eating foods rich in antioxidants and high in vitamins and
minerals can keep the body healthy. Avoiding foods that are undercooked
can also keep bacteria out of your system reducing the risk for an
infection.
Supplements
Taking a vitamin supplement can increase your chances of remaining

healthy.
Lifestyle Changes
There are many changes that can be made to prevent infection. Keeping
your distance from people that are sick, washing your hands frequently,
brushing and flossing your teeth often and asking your doctor about the
need for a flu vaccine are all steps you can take to keep infections at bay.
Also important is to avoid any activities that could cause injury or illness.
Page 23
Monocytes (also see White Blood Cell Count)

High
An abnormally high level of monocytes (a type of white blood cell) is called
monocytosis. It can be due to a number of different conditions including
inflammation, stress, an autoimmune disease or sepsis.
Medication
As with other conditions that present with an elevated level of white blood
cells, the most important thing your doctor will do is to treat the underlying
condition causing the high monocyte level.
What You Can Do

Diet
A diet rich in antioxidants can decrease your chances of an infection.

There are also foods that have been shown to reduce inflammation.
These include:
broccoli
foods high in omega-3 oils
wild-caught salmon
cherries
onion
spinach
Supplements
Fish oil supplements have been shown to reduce inflammation. Turmeric

has also been shown to decrease inflammation as well as prescription
medications but without any of the dangerous side effects.
Lifestyle Changes
Exercise, additional sleep and weight loss can all help reduce monocyte
levels.
Low
Low monocyte levels are due to a condition called monocytopenia, which
is which is a form of leukopenia.
Page 24
Eosinophils (also see White Blood Cell Count)

High
High eosinophil levels can indicate allergies, eczema, asthma or an autoimmune
disease.
Medication
You doctor may prescribe allergy medications, which can be either

prescription or over-the-counter. If asthma is the cause, an inhaler or
other medicines might be beneficial.
What You Can Do

Diet
There are foods that have been shown to decrease the symptoms of
allergies by opening up respiratory passages and decrease nasal
congestion. Foods such as nuts, apples, oranges and grapes can help
people suffering from allergies. Nuts are high in magnesium which has
been proven to open respiratory passages, making for easier breathing.
Apples, oranges and grapes are high in antioxidants and vitamins which
can reduce the symptoms of allergies.
Restricting foods that frequently cause allergies can also be beneficial.
Foods such as eggs, dairy, soy and wheat can give some relief.
Supplements
The anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin seem to come from its ability to

dampen the production and activity of pro-inflammatory biochemicals such
as leukotrienes and prostaglandins, and to block the release of histamine,
the biochemical that causes allergic symptoms like runny nose and itchy
eyes.
Low
Eosinopenia is a condition resulting from a low level of eosinophils. This
is usually due to a bacterial infection and can also be a sign of Cushing's
disease.
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Medication
Your doctor might prescribe corticosteroids or antibody therapy to fight the

infection.
Basophils (also see White Blood Cell Count)

High
A high basophil level is an indicator of a parasitic infection.
Medication
You doctor will give you the proper prescription to fight the particular
parasite that is causing the problem.
What You Can Do

Diet
There are many foods that can help expel parasites from the body.
Drinking large amount of water and eating foods high in fiber can help
move parasites through your system. Pumpkin seeds, pomegranates and
carrots have all been shown to kill parasites.
Supplements
There are also supplements you can take that have shown to be effecting in
fighting parasites.
Probiotics
Vitamin C
Zinc
Garlic
Barbery
Goldenseal
Anise
Wormwood
Page 26
Low
Basopenia (low basophil levels) is hard to diagnose as basophil levels are
normally at an extremely low level.
Immature Granulocytes (also see White Blood Cell Count)

Granulocytes are a class of white blood cells that include monocytes, eosinophils
and basophils. Abnormal levels of granulocytes indicate the need for additional
testing to determine which type of white blood cell is outside the normal range.
Page 27
Liver Panel
Abnormal liver panel results are indicative of liver damage. The best way to keep
these levels normal is prevention of the various diseases that might cause liver
damage such as a blocked bile duct, hepatitis, cirrhosis or liver cancer.
Comparing the relative changes across all results in the liver panel can be helpful
in finding a specific diagnosis.
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)

Normally levels of both ALT and AST in the blood are low. Both ALT and AST
levels increase with any type of disease or injury that affects the liver. In most
types of disease or injury to the liver, ALT levels increase more than AST levels.
An increase in the ratio of AST/ALT (meaning that AST is increased more
compared to ALT) is seen in complications of alcoholism (alcoholic hepatitis and
cirrhosis).
Very high ALT and AST levels (10 normal levels) can indicate acute hepatitis,
while moderately high levels can indicate chronic hepatitis. ALT and AST can
also be elevated after exposure to drugs or other toxins, or when the liver is
deprived of oxygen (ischemia).
Total and Direct Bilirubin

Increased total bilirubin is can be a sign of hemolytic or pernicious anemia,
hemoglobinopathy (like sickle cell anemia), or a transfusion reaction.
Increased direct bilirubin indicates problems in the liver, including blocked bile
ducts, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and traumatic injury.
Like ALT and AST, low levels of total or direct bilirubin are not considered a
problem.
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

ALP can be elevated by disorders in both the liver and the bone. If other tests in
the liver panel are also elevated, then the increased ALP probably indicates liver
disease. If ALT and AST are normal, but calcium levels are abnormal, increased
ALP likely indicates a bone disease such as some types of bone cancer. If the
other test results make it unclear whether the ALP comes from liver or bone,
additional tests can be performed to clarify this.
In hepatitis, the ALP level is less elevated than ALT and AST levels, but with the
bile ducts are blocked (for example due to cancer or gallstones), ALP level is
more elevated than ALT and AST.
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In patients with bone or liver cancer, decreases in ALP levels can reflect
response to treatment. ALP levels that are below normal may indicate a zinc
deficiency.
Medications
There are vaccines available for Hepatitis A and B, so if you are in a

profession where you might come in contact with these diseases, it is
important to discuss with your doctor the possibility of a vaccine.
Depending on the underlying condition that is causing your liver enzymes
to be elevated, your doctor may use a number of medications to treat the
disease and relieve your symptoms.
Several drugs are available to treat various forms of hepatitis, including
peginterferon and ribavirin for hepatitis C, and antiviral drugs for hepatitis
B. Many new drugs to treat hepatitis are also under development.
Procedures
Liver diseases are serious, and your doctor will identify the best treatment
options for you depending on a wide variety of factors including both the
results of your liver panel and many other factors relating to your general
health (such as age, and previous medical history). In some cases you
may need surgery, as in the case of a blocked bile duct. If the situation is
severe, a liver transplant may be required
What You Can Do

Diet
People with liver damage should limit their intake of protein and sodium.
A diet high in carbohydrates and vitamins and minerals is best.
Supplements
Taking a multivitamin can give you the proper vitamins and minerals if you
are not getting enough from the foods you eat. Some supplements have
also been shown to improve liver function.
Milk thistle contains extremely high levels of flavonoids, powerful
antioxidants that protect the liver from toxins and free radicals. Silymarin is
one of its most potent flavonoids.
Page 29
Artichoke contains a number of compounds (including cynarin,

scolymoside, luteolin, cynardoside, and chlorogenic acid) that promote bile
production and secretion, protect the liver against toxins and free radical
damage, and may also lower serum cholesterol.
Burdock is rich in B vitamins, vitamin E, and sulfur.
Dandelion is also rich in B vitamins and flavonoids, which helps to prevent
damage from free radicals, and promotes the production and flow of bile to
aid in detoxification.
Fringe tree root and bark, like dandelion, is a traditional herbal remedy
used to boost bile production.
Guggul is an Ayurvedic herb used for thousands of years in India for the
treatment of obesity, liver and heart problems, and a range of other
disorders.
Licorice root contains flavonoids, phytoestrogens, and glycyrrhizin. Some
evidence suggests that licorice root may help in the treatment of hepatitis
B and C. Licorice root is also used for the treatment of heartburn, ulcers,
arthritis, autoimmune disorders such as lupus, and other conditions.
Lycopodium is used as a homeopathic treatment for gallstones and to
promote good digestion and liver detoxification.
Lifestyle Changes
Reducing or cutting out alcohol can keep you liver from becoming
damaged.
Page 30
Heart Panel
High cholesterol can have very damaging consequences. The risk of having a
heart attack or stroke is increased in people who have elevated levels of total
cholesterol, LDL (so-called bad cholesterol), and triglycerides, and low levels of
HDL (so-called good cholesterol).
Cholesterol and triglycerides, along with blood pressure measurements, are
widely used to assess overall heart health. Other tests such as C-reactive
protein, homocysteine, and sedimentation rate, along with results from a range of
other tests, may be used to provide more information about additional processes
such as inflammation, cancer or kidney disease that may be contributing to
stress on your heart.
Low total cholesterol and LDL may increase your risk for premature birth and low
birth weight in pregnancy, depression, anxiety, violent behavior and suicide. Low
triglycerides and high HDL are not usually cause for concern.
Medications
Your doctor may prescribe a prescription-only form of vitamin B3 or niacin,

called Niaspan or a statin such as atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin,
pravastatin, rosuvastatin or simvastatin. Statin drugs are effective for
lowering LDL cholesterol levels but must be taken with the supplement
coenzyme Q10 to avoid dangerous side effects.
Procedures
Depending on your risk profile and past history of heart attack or stroke,
your doctor may recommend a procedure such as stent placement of
bypass surgery to correct blockages in your arteries.
What You Can Do

Diet
A modified diet may be one of the best ways to improve cholesterol levels. In
many cases, diet and exercise alone can be as effective as cholesterol-lowering
drugs. Reducing intake of fats, red meat and simple carbohydrates is important.
Eating more fruits, vegetables, lean meats and omega-3 oils will help. Diets high
in soluble fiber are also important in lowering cholesterol. In addition to the above
Page 31
dietary changes, cutting out foods that are high in carbohydrates may also help
lower triglyceride levels.
Oatmeal is rich in a type of soluble fiber called beta glucan, which lowers
LDL or bad cholesterol as well as total cholesterol, and elevates good
HDL cholesterol.
Almonds are a good source of protein, fiber, zinc, selenium, copper,
phosphorus, biotin, riboflavin, niacin, iron, calcium, potassium,
magnesium, vitamin E, folic acid and other antioxidants and
phytochemicals. Vitamin E protects the bodys cells; fighting aging, cancer
and heart disease. Calcium, potassium and magnesium helps to prevent
osteoporosis and the magnesium can regulate blood pressure. Folic acid
in almonds may help to lower levels of homocysteine, an amino acid
thought to contribute to fatty plaque buildup by damaging blood vessels
and potentially increasing cholesterol buildup. The fats contained in
almonds (polyunsaturated fatty acids) are actually some of the most
important to good health: they help keep blood vessels healthy by giving
them their elasticity, but dont affect LDL and HDL.
Apples are the richest pectin containing fruit, with the pectin content
varying among varieties. The soluble fiber, pectin, reduces the amount of
cholesterol the liver releases into the blood. Pectin increases acidity in the
large intestines, regulates blood pressure, and removes toxins from the
body. Guercitin, a flavonoid, and phenols are found in the skin of apples
and protect against free radical damage caused by LDL. Drink cloudy
apple juice instead of clear apple juice to maximize its flavonoid and
phenol content.
Legumes like peas, beans, and lentils have very potent effects in lowering
LDL cholesterol and reducing the risk of heart disease. Beans are very
high in fiber. Darker beans contain higher levels of antioxidants and
polyphenols, with black beans having the highest levels. Black beans also
contain high levels of folate, antioxidants,
Flax seeds and flax seed oil are rich in omega-3 fatty acids like those
found in fish oil (see below). Flax seed also contains lignan, an antioxidant
and phytoestrogen that scavenges free radicals and may be protective
against certain cancers.
Garlic is a potent antioxidant that prevents LDL cholesterol from building
up in the arteries by protecting it from free radical damage.
Phytosterols can reduce cholesterol absorption in the digestive tract,
thereby preventing it from entering the blood. Wheat germ is rich in
Page 32
phytosterols. Plant sterol products include sitosterol, stigmasterol,

campesterol and brassicasterol.
Soy is high in fiber, vitamins, and minerals and is low in saturated fat. Soy
protein lowers both your total cholesterol and your LDL or bad cholesterol
levels. It can be ingested in many forms including soy beverages, soy
meat alternatives, tofu, tempeh and baked goods.
Supplements
Aloe vera is rich in phytosterols that protect against free radical damage.
Coenzyme Q10 is an antioxidant that is critical to maintaining normal cell
function in the process of energy metabolism, and Q10 levels are often
lower in people with heart disease. In addition, statins deplete natural
levels of Q10. Q10 supplementation can reduce the risk of heart attack
and heart failure, by lowering blood pressure and preventing free radical
damage to LDL cholesterol, which makes it stick to blood vessels. If you
are taking a statin, Q10 supplementation can also reduce any potential
side effects of the statin such as muscle pain.
Fenugreek seeds have been shown in clinical studies to reduce total
cholesterol and triglycerides, while increasing HDL cholesterol.
Fish oil contains omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids may help to
lower triglycerides. By preventing platelets from sticking together, omega3 fatty acids may also reduce your risk of a heart attack or stroke.
Flax seed and garlic supplements contain many of the benefits of the
foods (described above), but lack the added fiber.
Grapes have been used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years.
Grape seed extract is very rich in antioxidants and may help protect
against damage caused by free radicals.
Psyllium husk, or Metamucil, has long been used as a traditional medicine
to aid digestive health and relieve constipation. It is very rich in soluble
fiber, which lowers LDL cholesterol.
Vitamin B3, also called niacin, is the most effective known compound for
raising levels of good HDL cholesterol. Niacin also reduces LDL
cholesterol and triglycerides.
Page 33
Lifestyle Changes
Just walking for 30 minutes daily can both decrease bad LDL cholesterol
and increase good HDL cholesterol. By losing weight and becoming
active, triglyceride levels should also drop.
Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease. Quitting smoking will also
be beneficial in lowering all heart panel blood results.
Page 34
Kidney Panel
The kidney panel is used to indicate how effectively the kidneys are able to filter
the blood. An abnormally low eGFR (glomerular filtration rate) or albumin reading
could just be a sign of increasing age. Your doctor will want to monitor these
levels as you age to help prevent any kidney issues that might arise.
Elevated BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine, decreased eGFR, and
abnormal blood protein and bicarbonate levels (high or low) can all indicate
kidney problems. Kidney function can be impaired by many medications and
diseases of other organs (like heart or liver disease, diabetes, and some
cancers), as well as by diseases specific to the kidneys.
Abnormal levels of electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium) can be
indicative of many problems including those directly affecting the kidneys. The
specific pattern of electrolyte changes (for example, high sodium and potassium,
or low magnesium) can be used to make more detailed diagnoses. Similarly, total
protein and the relative levels of albumin and globulin can be used to help
interpret the possible causes of impaired kidney function.
High eGFR indicates that the kidneys are strong. Low BUN or creatinine levels
are also rarely a cause for concern.
Medications
Your doctors first goal will be to identify the underlying cause of the
abnormal results, and medications will be targeted to treating this disease
or disorder. Your doctor may recommend that you stop taking certain
medications that you are currently prescribed to help your kidneys
recover.
Procedures
Hemodialysis is a procedure that removes the blood, cleans it like an

artificial kidney, and then replaces it in the body. Hemodialysis may be
recommended if kidney function is significantly impaired. In cases of
severe kidney failure, kidney transplantation may be necessary.
Page 35
What You Can Do

Diet
Good nutrition and adequate amounts of hydration will help keep your kidneys
functioning properly. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables, complex carbohydrates,
and protein, and low in fat and sugar (as discussed under Heart Panel) will keep
the body running optimally. Antioxidant- and fiber-rich foods are particularly
beneficial.
Supplements
If you are trying to optimize kidney function that is already in the normal range,
kidney health supplements can help. If you have kidney disease, depending on
the specific problem, some supplements may be harmful to your kidneys. Check
with your doctor.
Cornsilk is a diuretic (meaning that is stimulates urination) and antiinflammatory rich in minerals.
Dandelion is a diuretic especially rich in potassium. It also contains high
levels of vitamin A, sodium, phosphorous, and iron. It is used widely to
promote kidney and liver detoxification.
Goldenrod helps the kidneys flush out impurities to prevent kidney stones.
Goldenrod also has anti-inflammatory properties to help reduce urinary
tract pain and inflammation caused by urinary tract infections and kidney
stones.
Horsetail is another herbal diuretic traditionally used to treat a range of
kidney and bladder problems.
Juniper berry stimulates the activity of kidney cells to promote urine flow
and is useful in treating some kidney and bladder conditions, especially
urinary tract infections and kidney stones.
Omega-3 fatty acids, including EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA
(docosahexaenoic acid) have been shown to improve kidney function in
diabetics.
Peppermint relaxes the muscles of the digestive and urinary tracts, which
can ease the symptoms of urinary tract infections. Peppermint also has
antibacterial properties to help prevent infection.
Page 36
Uva ursi is an herb that has long been used as a traditional treatment for
urinary tract infections, gout, and kidney stones. It is rich in minerals and
has antiseptic properties to kill bacteria.
Lifestyle Changes
The effects of dehydration can mimic the effects of kidney disease on your
kidney panel results. Therefore, drink plenty of water and avoid excessive alcohol
and caffeine consumption to keep your kidneys functioning optimally.
Page 37
Thyroid Panel
The thyroid panel measures thyroid activity. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),
triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) are usually measured. Different
chemical forms of T3 and T4 may be measured to provide more information on a
specific diagnosis: total and free (that is, not bound to another molecule) T3 and
T4, as well as T3 uptake and reverse T3 (RT3).
Abnormal thyroid panel results generally indicate overactivity (hyperthyroidism)
or underactivity (hypothyroidism) of the thyroid gland (discussed below), but they
can also change in response to stress, pregnancy, chronic illness, malnutrition,
surgery or trauma, some types of cancer, or problems in the parathyroid gland.
Hyperthyroidism
Decreased TSH with elevated T3 and T4 indicate hyperthyroidism, which causes
the bodys metabolism to speed up excessively. A number of conditions can
cause hyperthyroidism, including Graves disease (an autoimmune disease),
types of goiter, toxic thyroid adenoma (a type of hormone-producing cancer), and
inflammation of the thyroid (called thyroidosis, which in turn can be subdivided
based on different underlying causes). Your doctor will perform additional tests to
uncover the cause of hyperthyroidism before planning treatment.
Medications
Drugs that inhibit the production of thyroid hormones, such as

methimazole and propylthiouracil, may be prescribed. Beta blockers,
which are typically used to lower blood pressure, may be used to treat the
symptoms of hyperthyroidism, such as heart palpitations and anxiety.
Procedures
Radioiodine treatment involves taking a single oral dose of radioactive

iodine, which blocks the function of the hyperactive thyroid gland. People
who undergo this procedure are then treated for hypothyroidism
(abnormally low T3 and T4 levels, elevated TSH). Replacing deficient
thyroid hormone is relatively simple and safe (see below).
Surgery is another (less common) option, especially for people with
substantial enlargement of the thyroid gland and for people who are not
Page 38
eligible for radioiodine therapy (for example due to pregnancy or allergy to

iodine).
What You Can Do
Diet
Hyperactive thyroid is not usually caused by a dietary deficiency, but a balanced

diet rich in vitamins and antioxidants will help offset the stress to your body
caused by hyperthyroidism.
In traditional medicine, radish (especially daikon), broccoli, cabbage, kale,
Brussels sprouts, turnips, spinach, and greens (collard, mustard, etc.) can
all help reduce thyroid activity.
Supplements
A multivitamin can help maintain optimal levels of vitamins and minerals.

Herbs with a soothing, calming influence, such as lemon balm, may be
used to help reduce symptoms.
Hypothyroidism
Elevated TSH and decreased T3 and T4 indicate under-activity of the thyroid.
Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide, but
less common in the US and other Western countries because iodized salt is used
so widely. Other aspects of malnutrition can also cause hypothyroidism; in these
cases, maintaining a healthy diet is the best way to ensure that the T3 and T4
levels return to a normal range. Other factors including pregnancy, genetic
inheritance, and some medications (including lithium and prednisone) can cause
hypothyroidism.
Medications
Synthetic T3 and T4 (called levothyroxine and liothyronine) can be taken in the

form of daily tablets to replace the thyroid hormone deficiency. You doctor may
plan additional treatments based on the underlying cause of the hypothyroidism.
What You Can Do
Diet
In addition to maintaining a healthy, balanced diet, try to avoid:
Page 39
Radish (especially daikon), broccoli, cabbage, kale, brussels sprouts,

turnips, spinach, and greens (collard, mustard, etc.) suppress thyroid
activity
Soy products contain phytoestrogens that can depress thyroid function
because they mimic the estrogen produced in the human body. Although it
has many benefits to health, avoid soy if you have hypothyroidism.
Eat oats, whole wheat, nuts, seeds, eggs, dairy products, and seafood to
ensure that you are getting enough iodine and tyrosine, which are
essential for synthesizing thyroid hormones.
Supplements
Vitamins A, B complex, C, and E are all very important to maintaining

healthy thyroid function, as are minerals including selenium, zinc, iron, and
manganese. A multivitamin can help to ensure that you are getting optimal
levels.
Forskolin is the active ingredient in the Coleus plant, which is used
as an Ayurvedic medicine. It increases levels of an important
chemical that allows cells to detect thyroid hormones in the blood.
Guggul is another Ayurvedic herb that may improve thyroid function
indirectly through its positive effect on liver function.
Taurine is an amino acid involved in the production of thyroid
hormones. Taurine levels in the blood are related to thyroid
function.
Lifestyle Changes
Regular, moderate levels of cardiovascular exercise can help improve the

symptoms of hypothyroidism and protect you against heart disease, rates
of which are higher in people with hypothyroidism. However, talk to your
doctor before beginning a new exercise routine. If you are taking a
medication for hypothyroidism, it is important that you wait until your
optimal medication dose has been determined before beginning.
Tobacco smoke contains chemicals that can harm the thyroid. Quitting
smoking can reduce your risk of developing thyroid disease. Studies have
shown that the longer you smoke, the greater your risk.
Page 40
Hormone Panel
The hormone panel is used to identify a range of disorders related to growth,
stress, and sexual function.
Cortisol and DHEA-sulfate

Cortisol and DHEA-sulfate can be used to indicate adrenal dysfunction. They are
elevated when the adrenal gland is overactive, and decreased when the adrenal
gland is underactive. This could be a result of specific disorders of the adrenal
gland (as in Cushings and Addisons disease) or related to types of cancer,
diabetes, or disorder in other glands.
Medications
Low cortisol can be replaced with hydrocortisone tablets.

Drugs including ketoconazole, aminoglutethimide, or metyrapone can be
used to suppress cortisol secretion in the case of elevated cortisol.
Procedures
In the case of a pituitary or adrenal tumor, surgery may be recommended.

What You Can Do
Diet
Maintaining a balanced, healthy diet can help your body be more robust to stress
and other common causes of mild adrenal impairment. However, more serious
disorders of the adrenal gland cant be resolved through dietary changes and
supplements alone and usually require medical treatment.
Foods rich in B vitamins (like whole grains, soy, bananas, legumes, eggs,
and lean meats) and tyrosine (eggs, whole grains, seeds, nuts) may be
particularly beneficial to strengthening the adrenal gland.
Liver is rich in an array of nutrients that are important to healthy adrenal
gland function. However, be sure to obtain liver only from grass-fed,
hormone-free beef.
Page 41
Supplements
Taking a multivitamin will provide you with nutrients needed for correct adrenal
gland function, particularly zinc, copper, and beta-carotene (vitamin A).
Cordyceps is a Chinese mushroom used traditionally to support the
adrenal gland. Cordyceps is rich in antioxidants and also has effects in
improving sexual health and the function of the liver, heart, and immune
system.
DHEA is a precursor to sex hormones. DHEA supplementation may
rebalance hormone levels
Licorice may help to block the breakdown of cortisol in the liver to increase
levels in the blood. This allows the adrenal gland to rest.
Magnolia bark has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine
to treat a range of ailments including abdominal pain, bloating, indigestion,
menstrual cramps, and asthma. It also has strong anti-stress effects and
helps to balance cortisol levels. Magnolia bark contains the active
ingredients magnolol and honokiol, which are very powerful antioxidants.
Honokiol is known to have anti-anxiety properties stronger than diazepam
(Valium).
Phosphatidylserine is a kind of fat that is important to cell membranes.
Phosphatidylserine is found in high levels in the brain, and studies have
shown that it helps to reduce the cortisol response to stress. It may do this
by regulating the communication between the pituitary and adrenal glands.
Pregnenolone is a precursor to many adrenal and sex hormones. Taking
pregnenolone may help boost natural adrenal function.
Rhodiola rosea was found, in laboratory studies, to reduce stress-induced
weight gain and changes in the estrus cycle.
Siberian ginseng helps the body adapt to stress and support adrenal
glands when they are overworked.
Vitamin B complex, and especially vitamin B6 and B5 (pantothenic acid),
are critical to the pathways involved in adrenal hormone production.
Vitamin C can attenuate the cortisol elevation and blood pressure increase
that are normally observed in response to stress. This effect it thought to
be a result of its anti-inflammatory properties.
Page 42
Lifestyle Changes
The adrenal gland is sensitive to stress. Avoiding stress and getting plenty of
sleep and exercise are important to maintaining a healthy adrenal gland and can
help restore balance if the adrenal gland is not functioning at optimal levels.
Sex Hormones
Normal levels of estradiol (E2), progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone vary widely between men and
women, and also change with aging. In men, elevated E2, LH, FSH, and
testosterone can indicate types of cancer, testicular injury, or pituitary or
hypothalamus disorder. In women, hormone levels change normally over the
course of the menstrual cycle. Abnormalities can be related to ovarian
dysfunction, pituitary or hypothalamus dysfunction, autoimmune disease,
response to medication, or onset of menopause. Infertility is a common result of
abnormal hormone levels.
Medications
Depending on your age, gender, and symptoms, your doctor will tailor a
specific treatment to your needs. Hormonal deficiencies can often be
reversed by taking a synthetic hormone replacement.
Procedures
Surgery, radiotherapy, or other procedures may be recommended

depending on the underlying cause of altered hormone levels.
What You Can Do

Diet
Soy contains phytoestrogens that mimic the estrogen produced in your

body. Eating a diet very high in soy or taking a soy-based supplement can
lower testosterone levels.
Supplements
Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa or Cimicifuga racemosa) is a traditional

Native American remedy for premenstrual and menstrual symptoms such
as cramping and also symptoms related to menopause. It is used to
Page 43
stabilize female hormone levels and may serve as a natural alternative to

hormone replacement therapy.
Chasteberry was used by monks in medieval Europe to suppress the
libido (hence the name). It contains a number of flavonoids and essential
oils and has been found to increase progesterone levels and decrease
estrogen levels at low doses.
Dioscorea is a natural precursor to progesterone and may help restore
progesterone levels as they decline with age.
Rhodiola rosea may stabilize female sex hormone levels when they are
altered in response to stress.
Tongkat ali (Eurycoma longifolia) is native to Southeast Asia. It is best
known as a sexual stimulant, although it also has antimalarial and
antimicrobial properties, among others. It has been shown to increase
sperm count and testosterone production, and may be comparable to
testosterone-replacement therapy in restoring testosterone levels.
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA, Men Only)

The PSA test is used to monitor the prostate for problems including enlargement
and prostate cancer. In prostate cancer patients, a decrease in PSA indicates a
good response to treatment. PSA is also increased naturally with age.
Procedures
If PSA is elevated, your doctor should recommend a prostate examination and

potentially also a prostate biopsy, though biopsies can enhance the spread of
prostate cancer.
What You Can Do
Prostate cancer is very common in older men, and early treatment is critical to
providing the best treatment. Having regular PSA tests and prostate exams is the
best strategy for early detection.
Supplements
Several supplements such as vitamins, minerals, herbs and vegetable extracts

can help shrink or eliminate prostate tumors or prevent any prostate problems
from developing. These include vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin C, zinc, selenium,
Page 44
copper, saw palmetto berries, pygeum bark, pumpkin seed, stinging nettle root,
Swedish flower pollen, diindolylmethane (DIM), lycopene, beta-sitosterol,
boswellia, quercetin, cats claw, raspberry, rosemary. While some of these are
effective alone, increased effectiveness is often seen with supplements that
combine several ingredients together.
Lifestyle Changes
Regular exercise that improves the circulation reduces the chances of you having
prostate problems.
Page 45
Glucose Panel
The glucose panel primarily tests for changes related to diabetes. Blood glucose
changes rapidly in response to eating, exercise, and many other factors. For this
reason, your blood glucose may be measured at various times after eating.
Insulin is normally increased in response to glucose, and removed from the blood
at times of low glucose. The relationship between insulin and glucose levels can
be informative about the cause of the diabetes.
Hemoglobin A1c is a marker of long-term changes in glucose levels (over 2 to 3
months), which is particularly helpful for monitoring the progress of diabetes
patients. Elevated hemoglobin A1c indicates a long-term trend toward high
glucose (hyperglycemia), and low hemoglobin A1c suggests long-term low blood
glucose, or hypoglycemia. These long-term trends are more informative about an
individuals general health status and risks.
High Glucose (hyperglycemia)

Blood glucose levels are naturally increased after a meal or after short bursts of
intense exercise. This is why glucose levels are often measured after a period of
fasting. Insulin is normally produced in response to an increase in blood glucose
(such as occurs after eating).
High glucose can indicate diabetes, kidney failure, Cushing syndrome,
pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Other tests, such as the kidney and hormone
panel, can be used to rule out possible diagnoses. Moderately high glucose may
reflect prediabetes or metabolic syndrome.
In type II diabetes and prediabetes, high glucose is often accompanied by
elevated insulin levels. This reflects insulin resistance, where cells become less
efficient at using available insulin. In contrast, in type I diabetes, glucose is
elevated, but insulin levels are very low. Low insulin may also be the result of
pancreas disease.
If your test results reveal kidney, pancreas, or other type of disease
unrelated to blood sugar metabolism, your doctor will devise a treatment
plan to your specific needs and other general health factors. This could
include surgery and/or drugs.
Page 46
Medications
In the case of type I diabetes (also known as juvenile diabetes, although it

can also be diagnosed in early adulthood), insulin shots are necessary to
lower blood glucose levels, because the body does not have the ability to
produce its own insulin. For prediabetes, type II and gestational diabetes,
no known medication has the long-term effectiveness of diet and lifestyle
changes for lowering glucose levels. Insulin shots will be prescribed if diet
and exercise alone are not enough to lower your glucose levels.
Procedures
Regular self-monitoring of blood glucose levels is necessary for the

management of diabetes. Your doctor will instruct you in the proper way to
measure blood glucose. Following a testing schedule is important for
optimizing your treatment.
Some people with type I diabetes may be candidates for pancreas
transplant or transplantation of the specialized pancreas cells (islet cells)
that produce insulin.
Some studies have suggested that bariatric surgery can reverse type II
diabetes in the obese.
Diabetes increases the risk of complications including eye problems, numbness
of the feet, and infection. In addition to the diabetes and prediabetes
interventions listed above, people with may also require treatment for such
complications, tailored to their specific problems and other general health factors.
What You Can Do
Diet
Diet is one of the most important factors for lowering blood glucose and reducing
the risk of type II diabetes, treating prediabetes, or managing diabetes if it has
already been diagnosed. In many cases of type II diabetes and prediabetes, diet
and exercise alone can be enough to reverse the hyperglycemia.
Beans are an excellent food for people with diabetes, hypoglycemia, or
insulin resistance because of their low glycemic index. Their high fiber
content can help control blood sugar levels. They are rich in complex
carbohydrates, and protein, and contain minerals and phytochemicals that
prevent disease.
Page 47
Garlic is useful in lowering blood sugar levels in healthy individuals and

diabetics. Garlic constituents appear to act by the blocking the inactivation
of insulin in the liver. The result is higher blood insulin levels and lower
blood sugar levels.
Ginger may be effective in treating those with type 2 diabetes. High blood
sugar levels disrupt the stomachs normal function. Diabetics with stomach
problems also appear to respond favorably to medications that normalize
stomach rhythm and correct delayed emptying.
Spices contain a rich assortment of antioxidants that can help prevent the
complications of diabetes by reducing the oxidation of fats. Several spices,
including chillies, can also help fight related conditions, such as obesity,
by increasing the metabolic rate, thereby helping the body "burn off"
excess calories.
Cinnamon is a potent antioxidant that also acts as an insulin substitute in
type 2 diabetes. Even at a dose as low as 1 gram per day, cinnamon can
substantially decrease blood sugar levels. Cinnamon has also been
proven to stimulate glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis to a
comparable level as insulin.
Fenugreek is commonly used in cooking and flavoring, and is also
available as a supplement. Studies show that fenugreek helps regulate
blood glucose via a unique free amino acid, 4-hydroxyisoleucine. This
compound stimulates insulin secretion, thereby limiting the elevation of
blood glucose, stabilizing blood sugar, and reducing body fat production.
Clinical studies show that fenugreek seeds not only reduce blood glucose
but also lower insulin levels, total cholesterol and triglycerides, while
increasing HDL (the good cholesterol).
Additionally, try to eat foods high in the following nutrients:
Magnesium green leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds, and whole grains. High
doses of magnesium can result in diarrhea, nausea, loss of appetite,
muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, irregular heart
rate, and confusion. It can also interact with medications for osteoporosis,
high blood pressure (calcium channel blockers), and certain antibiotics,
muscle relaxants, and diuretics. So magnesium supplements should only
be taken as directed by a health care professional.
Manganese citrus fruits, grains, in the outer covering of nuts, and in the
green leaves of edible plants.
Omega-3 fatty acids flaxseed, fish oil
Page 48
Zinc fresh oysters, ginger root, lamb, pecans, split peas, egg yolk, rye,
beef liver, lima beans, almonds, walnuts, sardines, chicken, and
buckwheat
Supplements
Aloe vera contains active phytosterol compounds that were revealed to

lower blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels
Alpha lipoic acid (ALA, also known as thioctic acid or lipoic acid) is a fatty
acid, which is an especially powerful, innate antioxidant helps the body
overcome insulin resistance, regulates blood sugar levels and in some
cases, can reverse diabetes. ALA supplementation is highly beneficial to
diabetics and anyone over 40, as it cannot be obtained in high enough
amounts from the diet and the bodys innate production. ALA is highly
effective at protecting diabetics from nerve damage, one of the most
debilitating complications of diabetes.
Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa) is a plant native to India, Southeast
Asia and the Philippines, with a number of medicinal uses including as a
treatment for diabetes and as a weight loss aid. The banaba leaf extract
induces glucose transport from the blood into somatic cells (pertaining to
the body), similar to the function of insulin. Corosolic acid is thought to be
one of the active ingredients in banaba that regulate blood sugar.
Bilberry has been used in Europe as a natural remedy for hundreds of
years and is believed to help prevent cataracts and other types of vision
loss caused by diabetes. Bilberries contain compounds that improve
circulation and help keep blood cells from clumping together, as well as
flavonoids that keep tiny blood capillaries strong.
Biotin is a B vitamin required for processing glucose, which may reduce
fasting glucose levels in both type 1 and type 2 diabetics. There is also
some indication that biotin helps provide pain relief from diabetic nerve
damage.
Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is a vegetable often sold in Asian and
Indian groceries, also known as African cucumber, balsam pear, karela,
and bitter gourd. All parts of the plant, including the fruit, taste bitter. Bitter
melon is used as a folk remedy for regulating diabetics blood sugar. Its
other medicinal uses include colitis and dysentery, intestinal worms,
jaundice, and fevers; it also has antibacterial and antiviral properties to
increase the bodys resistance to infection. It can be used in its dried form
or its powdered form. Bitter melon is rich in all the essential vitamins and
minerals, especially vitamins A, B1, B2, C and iron. Charantin, found in
bitter melon, is identified as a principal means of blood-sugar regulation. It
Page 49
displays hypoglycemic and other beneficial qualities for diabetics,

including insulin-like peptides and alkaloids.
Chromium helps the body respond to insulin and normalizes blood sugar
levels. Chromium can actually assist insulin in transporting sugar to the
cells, consequently increasing insulin sensitivity. People with diabetes
expel even more chromium than healthy people, and its loss makes it
more difficult for their bodies to respond to insulin. Research shows that
chromium supplements can help both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetics control
blood sugar levels. However, there is a form of chromium called chromium
picolinate, which is not recommended for diabetics.
Fig leaves are a very useful blood-sugar-lowering treatment. Fig trees can
be grown in warmer climates, but when consuming fig leaves use caution
if you are taking insulin or an oral hypoglycemic drug since the two
together may lower your blood sugar levels too far, causing hypoglycemia.
Gingko biloba is an extremely effective herb used in traditional Chinese
medicine. Studies suggest that ginkgo biloba is beneficial to peripheral
and cerebral circulation and can therefore help prevent the tissue damage
and poor circulation related to diabetes. Ginkgo biloba can also increase
blood flow to the optic fibers of the eyes and therefore help in the
treatment of diabetes-related eye disease.
Ginseng, particularly North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), has
shown promise in studies that investigated the effects ginseng has on
diabetes. Those studies have revealed that North American ginseng may
improve blood sugar control and glycosylated hemoglobin levels.
Goats rue, also called French lilac (Galega officinalis) can help to enlarge
the Islets of Langerhans that produce insulin in the pancreas. It also helps
to reduce blood sugar levels. The effectiveness of this herb is due to a
compound called guanidine, a substance that decreases blood sugar by
decreasing insulin resistance.
Goji berries contain powerful antioxidants that prevent the accumulation
and rid the body of free radicals.
Gymnema sylvestre has been used in India for over 2,000 years for
diabetes treatment, water retention, and constipation. The leaves of
gymnema sylvestre achieve two significant purposes in diabetes
treatment: (1) they suppress the increase of blood glucose, especially
after eating; and (2) they promote insulin secretion. Because gymnema
may lower blood sugar levels, people taking medications for diabetes or
Page 50
using insulin shouldn't take gymnema unless they are closely monitored
by their health care provider.
Huckleberry helps to improve circulation to the small capillaries of the
hands and feet that are susceptible to damage in diabetes.
Jambul seed is an important herb in traditional Indian medicine for treating
diabetes. The seeds contain a glucoside, jamboline, believed to be able to
regulate the pathological conversion of starch into sugar in cases of
increased glucose production. It is a good source of vitamins A and C as
well.
Kino tree has a long history of use in India as a treatment for diabetes. In
addition, a potent flavonoid in this tree has been shown to help regenerate
beta cells in the pancreas.
Neem leaf is a traditional herb for treating diabetes and has been
scientifically proven effective in treating and preventing diabetes. Oral
doses of neem leaf extracts significantly reduced insulin requirements for
insulin dependent diabetics. Traditionally, one tablespoon of neem leaf
juice taken every morning on an empty stomach is used to control
diabetes.
Periwinkle may help to maintain blood glucose homeostasis and stimulate
and rejuvenate pancreatic cells.
Psyllium (Metamucil) or a similar fiber supplement taken before meals can
help stabilize blood sugar levels.
The skin of green bean pods is extremely rich in silica and certain
hormones that are similar to insulin. This skin, made into tea, is an
excellent natural substitute for insulin.
Turmeric is an important herb in most Ayurvedic diabetes treatments
because it lowers blood sugar, increases glucose metabolism, and
potentiates insulin activity more than three-fold.
Vanadium (vanadyl sulfate) is a trace mineral occurring naturally in soil
and many foods, and it is also created during the burning of petroleum.
Vanadium appears to mimic several of the actions insulin performs in the
body, and has been found to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce blood
sugar in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Supervision of a qualified health
care practitioner is recommended for the use of vanadium for diabetes
because the dose necessary to influence blood glucose levels can be
potentially toxic.
Page 51
Vitamin B complex, a mixture of all the B vitamins taken at 50-100

milligrams daily helps regulate carbohydrate metabolism to keep blood
sugar levels normal. For diabetics, B vitamins are critically important. A
derivative of thiamine (B1), may prevent damage to the tiny blood vessels
(capillaries) behind the eye leading to diabetic retinopathy and blindness.
Vitamin B6 has been shown in clinical trials to provide some protection
against the onset of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Vitamin B6 may work
by blocking protein modifications that cause this complication. Vitamin B12
can likewise provide some benefits in certain forms of neuropathy,
especially B12-deficient neuropathy. Vitamin B3 in the form of niacinamide
has been the subject of many recent clinical trials in diabetics and may
have positive effects in terms of long-term lowering of insulin requirements
and improved metabolic control.
Vitamin C supplementation is essential for diabetics, since diabetes
affects the absorption and distribution of this vitamin. Physicians often
prescribe their diabetic patients to take between 1 and 3 grams of vitamin
C each day to help lower sorbitol levels, which can cause damage to
nerves and kidneys when it accumulates. Vitamin C also helps prevent
complications of diabetes such as poor wound healing, capillary fragility,
immune deficiency, and vision problems.
Vitamin E helps to improve insulin action, helps to oxygenate the blood,
and also improves the bodys glucose tolerance. Vitamin E may also help
prevent vision problems in diabetics, like vitamin C. While taking vitamin E
supplements, monitor insulin dosage because vitamin E may reduce
insulin requirements. For unclear reasons, diabetics require larger
amounts of vitamin E. Studies in the medical literature have demonstrated
that consuming anywhere from 500 to 1200 units of vitamin E daily can
even potentially reduce the long term complications of diabetes mellitus. It
may work by reducing oxidative stress and free-radical production.
Lifestyle Changes
In addition to dietary modification, exercise and weight loss are big factors
in restoring normal glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes and
prediabetes.
Low Glucose (hypoglycemia)

Blood glucose levels are naturally decreased by longer periods of moderate
exercise and on an empty stomach. Low glucose levels can indicate adrenal
disease, liver disease, thyroid and pituitary disorders, and abuse of
Page 52
alcohol/drugs. Hypoglycemia can occur as a side effect of severe disease in

almost any organ. Very rarely, hypoglycemia can be the result of insulin overproduction by an insulin-producing tumor. The most common cause of
hypoglycemia is as a complication from the treatment of diabetes. Hypoglycemia
can occur in diabetics due to taking too much insulin, missing a meal, or
strenuous exercise.
Medications
In cases of chronic hypoglycemia caused by severe disease, nutrients can be

provided through an IV.
What You Can Do
Diet
Blood glucose can usually be increased by eating or drinking a food high

in carbohydrates, such as fruit, soda, or a starchy food like bread.
Hypoglycemia related to diabetes can be avoided by eating foods with a
low glycemic index, including many fruits and vegetables, beans, whole
grains, nuts, and seeds.
Supplements
A daily multivitamin can maintain healthy levels of antioxidant vitamins and

minerals important for glucose regulation. Chromium, magnesium, and
vitamin B3 may be particularly helpful in maintaining healthy glucose
levels.
Lifestyle Changes
For diabetes patients taking injectable insulin, careful monitoring of blood

sugar levels is the best way to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia. Frequent
monitoring allows your insulin dose to be calculated more accurately to
prevent the injection of too much. Avoiding alcohol can also help, because
alcohol can cause glucose levels to drop.
Page 53
Nutrient Panel
Depending on any symptoms you are experiencing and the results of other tests,
the nutrient panel may be used to reveal the underlying causes of a disorder. For
example, folate, iron, and vitamin B12 deficiencies can cause types of anemia.
Additionally, the nutrient panel may be used to provide a snapshot of overall
nutrition.
Low nutrient levels are generally an indication of poor nutrition or illness. High
nutrient levels are not usually a cause for concern unless you are also
experiencing symptoms of some kind. Over-supplementation is a common cause
of abnormally high nutrient levels.
Medications
If your nutrient deficiency is not related to a more serious disease, your doctor
may recommend supplementation with a specific vitamin or mineral to bring low
levels back to normal. Depending on your symptoms and other possible
diagnoses, other medications or procedures may also be recommended.
What You Can Do
Diet
Eating a healthy diet is the best way to maintain nutrient levels in the optimal
range.
Supplements
If a nutrient deficit is caused by insufficiency in the diet, a daily multivitamin is

often enough to restore nutrient levels to the normal or optimal range.
Additionally, specific vitamin or mineral supplements are available. However,
keep in mind that over-supplementation with some nutrients, particularly zinc and
iron, can be harmful. Additionally, the absorption of other nutrients, notably
calcium, may be limited by other factors. In this case, supplementation alone will
not necessarily increase the levels in your blood (only the levels in your urine,
since the calcium will pass straight through you).
Lifestyle Changes
Page 54
Sunshine is important for maintaining healthy vitamin D levels. Alcohol-related

damage to the liver can negatively affect the balance of nutrients in the blood, so
limiting alcohol consumption will also help to keep nutrients at optimal levels.
Page 55
Other Tests
Prothrombin Time
An abnormally long partial prothrombin time (PPT) may indicate hemophilia
(inability to stop bleeding), vitamin K deficiency (vitamin K is critical for blood
clotting) or liver cirrhosis.
Your doctor will usually compare PPT results with other tests, particularly the
Blood Panel, to make a more definitive diagnosis. Follow-up treatment will vary
depending on the final diagnosis.
What You Can Do
High alcohol intake is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis. Limit your alcohol intake
to keep your liver functioning optimally.
Amylase
Amylase levels outside of the normal range usually indicate problems in the
pancreas. Amylase is increased in pancreatitis, pancreas or bile duct obstruction,
gall bladder inflammation, obstruction of the intestines, and some types of
cancer. Other forms of pancreatic cancer, pancreas damage, and kidney disease
can cause decreased amylase levels.
Your doctor will run many other tests to determine what is causing the alteration
in amylase.
What You Can Do
Maintaining a healthy diet and regular exercise are important to keeping your
pancreas healthy and keeping your body strong in the face of any medical
treatments or procedures you undergo.
Creatine Kinase and Lactate Dehydrogenase
Page 56
Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are often used to
diagnose heart attack and stroke.
Your doctor will use these tests, as well as the results of other tests, to determine
what medications and/or procedures will be best able to treat your underlying
condition. In some cases, medication may be enough. In others, a procedure
such as stent placement or bypass surgery may be recommended.
What You Can Do
Follow the suggestions for maintaining good heart health (see Heart Panel) to
reduce your risk of heart attack and stroke. If you have already experienced a
heart attack or stroke, improving heart health can substantially reduce your risk
of experiencing a second such event.
Uric Acid
High uric acid levels are a sign of gout, and also an indicator of cardiovascular
disease and insulin resistance.
Medications
If you have gout, you doctor may prescribe an anti-inflammatory drug to

reduce inflammation and pain. You may also be prescribed a drug that
blocks uric acid formation, such as allopurinol (Zyloprim, Aloprim) or
febuxostat (Uloric).
If your elevated uric acid levels are not related to gout, your doctor may
advise medications and lifestyle changes related to glucose and
cardiovascular health (see Glucose and Heart Panels).
What You Can Do

If your uric acid levels are elevated but you do not have gout symptoms, check
your glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. It is likely that you may see
some elevation in one or more of these tests (except HDL, which may be
decreased). The information included under the Glucose and Heart Panels
provides relevant information concerning diet and supplements.
Page 57
Diet
If you have gout, avoid meat, seafood, sugar, and alcohol. Try to consume
only fat-free dairy products. Increase your intake of proteins and complex
carbohydrates from plants and drink lots of water.
Some fruits and vegetables contain high levels of salicylates (compounds
related in structure to aspirin), which may help dissolve gout crystals.
Berries have very high levels. Cherries have received particular attention
as a gout-fighting food. Hot peppers, olives and tomatoes are also good
sources.
Watermelon fruit and especially seeds are a traditional remedy for gout.
Supplements
Take a multivitamin to ensure that you have optimal levels of all major
vitamins and minerals.
Bromelain, which is found in pineapples and can also be purchased as a
supplement, helps to dissolve gout crystals.
Celery seed is a traditional treatment for gout that may help reduce
inflammation during active gout flare-ups and also prevent the
reoccurrence of gout if used regularly.
Cherry extract may be more effective and potent than whole cherries in
fighting gout.
Devils claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) is a traditional herbal remedy
for rheumatoid arthritis and can also help reduce inflammation in gout.
Note that Devils claw should not be used by people with stomach ulcers
or some other gastrointestinal problems.
Rosemary oil has been used traditionally to ease the pain of gout when
rubbed directly on the affected area.
Page 58

Abnormal Results - Btrd-Blood Test

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About The Author

Dr. Vieira has a Ph.D. in Biomedical Sciences from the

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

Basic Blood Panel

White Blood Cell Count

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

Antibiotics If your WBC is raised due to a bacterial infection, your doctor

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

What You Can Do

Probiotics are good bacteria that can be taken in capsule form on an

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

Low WBC (leukopenia)

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

Oleander extract In a clinical trial, a herbal supplement containing

Green Tea also stimulates production of white blood cells.

If you are overweight, it is important to try to lose a few pounds. Being

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

Exercise more. Physical activity is a proven immune system booster.

Red Blood Cell Count, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin

The most common treatment for polycythemia is phlebotomy or

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

What You Can Do

Kidney disease Your kidneys release a hormone that helps bone

Excess alcohol consumption Consistent drinking of alcohol can affect

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

Medications Some medications can interfere with red blood cell

If your iron-deficiency anemia is severe, you may get a transfusion of red

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

In severe cases, a bone marrow transplant might be required.

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

Vitamin B12 injections will be necessary for patients suffering from

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)

If the disease is advanced, macrocytic anemia may be treated with a

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

What You Can Do

Another cause of macrocytic anemia is excessive alcohol consumption. If

Extreme iron deficiency can be treated with hemodialysis or with an IV

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

that stimulate the bone marrow to produce more hemoglobin. A bone

Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW)

What You Can Do

Over-the-counter Vitamin B12 supplements can be taken. They come in

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

Lifelong treatment of pernicious anemia is required. The dietary and

To combat anemia, your doctor may prescribe an iron supplement. If

What You Can Do

Vitamin B12 and iron supplements may be prescribed by your doctor.

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

elevated levels can indicate a condition called myeloproliferative disorder, which

Anagrelide (Agrylin/Xagrid) is a platelet-reducing agent, and is designed

What You Can Do

Depending on the underlying cause of the thrombocytopenia, your doctor

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

Eltrombopag, Rituximab, or Romiplostim.

In more severe cases a

Leukemia - The treatment for leukemia includes chemotherapy and/or a

Neutrophils (also see White Blood Cell Count)

Dr. Karen Vieira 2011

What Your Doctor May Do

Antibiotics are the usual course of treatment for bacterial infections.

Antibacterial or antifungal medications might be prescribed to treat