Stimulation(Example: Build Car, Build Aeroplane)

operation of a model, which is a representation of that system. It is amenable to manipulation

can be test and studied the behaviour and performance of an actual or theoritical systemmore
economical
Real system
Economic reasons , Political reasons, Time
Robot:
Stationary robot : It control programs are stored on disc or tape. It can be reprogrammed to do
a different task e.g. used on factory assembly lines.
Mobile Robots: tracks ). Mars robot.
Humanoid Robots:combine mobility and manipulation. They can apply their effectors
further than anchored manipulators. These robots may include prosthetic
devices(arms, legs..).

Swarm
ACO: user test all ability, report quality -> get better solution
Routing in networks : It is capable of finding shortest path in routing services.
ABC: only take the solution that by deterministic selection(employed bee) the
probabilistic selection(onlooker bee)
Positive feedback: As the nectar amount of food sources(quality) increases, the number of onlookers
visiting them increases, too.
Negative feedback: The exploitation process of poor food sources is stopped by bees.
AIS
Negative Selection Algorithms: use negative to respond
Clonal Selection Algorithm:
Initialization: randomly initialize a repertoire of attribute string
Population loop: selection(affinities) , reproduction(copies immune), affinity evalution,Cycle
The higher the affinity, the higher the number of offspring generated.
More effective attribute strings (immune cells) produced.
The higher the affinity, the smaller the mutation. : Reproduction / mutation of immune cell would be
lesser, with better performance and more reliable immune cells.
Anomaly Detection: The normal behavior of a system is often characterized by
a series of observations over time. The problem of detecting novelties, or
anomalies is meanFinding deviations

Machine learning:
Supervised learning : agent observes some example input-output and learns a function that maps from
input-output. For example, the camera system capture an object earned and recognizes the object
Easy
Vs
Hard

classes are predetermined

vs
Interaction

Unsupervised learning : Agent learns patterns in the input even though no explicit feedback is supplied.
Simple example is like
Reinforcement learning(learns patterns from series of reinforcement rewards/ punishment.)
Clustering ( determine the intrinsic grouping in a set of unlabeled data.)
NLP

Lemma: grouping together the different inflected words

Stem process that chops off the ends of words in hope achieve the meaning correctly
4 stage Unconcious Incompetence() ci() cc() uc()

sentence, the top-level structure in this example

noun phrase. The first (leftmost) NP, a single
noun "John", serves as the subject of the
sentence. The second one is the object of the
sentence.
verb phrase, which serves as the predicate
verb. In this case, it's a transitive verb hit.
determiner, in this instance the definite article "the"
N for noun