Distribution Protection Coordination1000700700500500400400300300200200100100707050504040303020201010775544332211.7.7.5.5.4.4.3.3

DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION OVERVIEW
Kevin Damron & Dana Hildebrand

Avista Utilities
Presented
March 16th, 2015
At the 32nd Annual
Hands-On Relay School
Washington State University
Pullman, Washington
1
Table of Contents
System Overview .... 3
Distribution (3-30MVA ) Transformer Protection ...... 12
Relay Overcurrent Curves
... 19
Symmetrical Components .... 23

Distribution Fuse Protection ..
38
Conductors ..... 28
Coordinating Time Intervals .
43
Transformer Relay Settings using Electromechanical Relays . 48

IEEE Device Designations ... 51
Electromechanical Relays used on Distribution Feeders.. 53
Transformer & Feeder Protection using Microprocessor Relays . 57
Transformer Differential Protection . 68
Moscow 13.8kV Feeder Coordination Example . 71

2
System Overview - Distribution Protection

Objective:
Protect people (company personnel and the public) and equipment by the proper
application of overcurrent protective devices.
Devices include:
Relays operating to trip (open) circuit breakers or circuit switchers, and/or fuses blowing
for the occurrence of electrical faults on the distribution system.
Design tools used:
1 Transformer and conductor damage curves,
2 - Time-current coordination curves (TCCs), fuse curves, and relay overcurrent
elements based on symmetrical components of fault current.
Documentation:
1 - One-line diagrams and Schematics with standardized device designations as defined
by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) keeps everyone on the
same page in understanding how the system works.
2 - TCCs
System Overview Inside the

Substation Fence
115 kV SYSTEM
MOSCOW
A-172
XFMR
12/16/20 MVA
115/13.8kV
HIGH LEAD LOW

DELTA/WYE
13.8 kV BUS
500A, 13.8 kV
FDR #515
Feeder relay
Transformer
relays
#4 ACSR
556 ACSR
PT-2A
PT-1
PT-2B
PT-3B
500 A FDR
#2 ACSR
556 ACSR 3 = 3699

SLG = 3060
#2 ACSR
1 PHASE
#4 ACSR
PT-3A
2/0 ACSR
PT-3C
PT-4
3 = 1210
SLG = 877
3 = 3453
SLG = 2762
LINE RECLOSER P584
PT-5
#4 ACSR
1 PHASE
#4 ACSR
13.8 kV FDR
#512
3 = 5158
SLG = 5346
3 = 558
SLG = 463
3 = 1907
SLG = 1492
PT-6A
FUSE
3-250 KVA
WYE/WYE
PT-6B
#4 ACSR
PT-6C
#4 ACSR
PT-8
65T
3 = 322
SLG = 271
4
PT-7
System Overview Outside the

Substation Fence
115 kV SYSTEM
MOSCOW
A-172
XFMR
12/16/20 MVA
115/13.8kV
Midline
recloser
relay
HIGH LEAD LOW

DELTA/WYE
13.8 kV BUS
500A, 13.8 kV
FDR #515
#4 ACSR
556 ACSR
PT-2A
PT-1
PT-2B
PT-3B
500 A FDR
#2 ACSR
556 ACSR 3 = 3699

SLG = 3060
#2 ACSR
1 PHASE
#4 ACSR
PT-3A
2/0 ACSR
PT-3C
PT-4
3 = 1210
SLG = 877
3 = 3453
SLG = 2762
LINE RECLOSER P584
PT-5
#4 ACSR
1 PHASE
#4 ACSR
13.8 kV FDR
#512
3 = 5158
SLG = 5346
3 = 558
SLG = 463
3 = 1907
SLG = 1492
PT-6A
FUSE
3-250 KVA
WYE/WYE
PT-6B
#4 ACSR
PT-6C
#4 ACSR
PT-8
65T
3 = 322
SLG = 271
PT-7
System Overview
115 kV SYSTEM
MOSCOW
A-172
XFMR
12/16/20 MVA
115/13.8kV
Each device has at least one curve plotted with current and time values
on the Time Coordination Curve.
HIGH LEAD LOW

DELTA/WYE
13.8 kV BUS
1000
10
100
2
5
700
1000
10000
700
500
500
400
400
6
300
200
300
A. Conductor damage curve. k=0.06710 A=556000.0 cmils
Conductor AAC
200
FEEDER 252 SMALLEST CONDUCTOR TO PROTECT
100
B. Transf. damage curve. 12.00 MVA. Category 3

Base I=502.00 A. Z= 8.2 percent.
IDAHO RD 12/16/20 MVA XFMR
100
70
70
50
50
40
40
30
30
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
HI-SIDE CT'S
20
1. IDR A-777 51P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200
CTR=600/5 Pickup=2.A No inst. TP@5=0.3096s
Ia= 679.8A (5.7 sec A) T= 0.78s H=8.33
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
500A, 13.8 kV
FDR #515
1000
#4 ACSR
556 ACSR
PT-2A
#2 ACSR
PT-3B
STATION VCB 252 PROTECTION
PT-3C
PT-4
3 = 1210
SLG = 877
3 = 3453
SLG = 2762
LINE RECLOSER P584
PT-5
FUSE
3
3. IDR 252 50G 351S INST TD=1.000
3Io= 0.0A (0.0 sec A) T=9999s
5f
#4 ACSR
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE

4. 252 140T FUSE stn S&C Link140T
Total clear.
Ia= 5665.9A T= 0.09s
MIDLINE OCR
1
.7
.5
FAULT DESCRIPTION:
Bus Fault on:
0 IDR 252
13.8 kV 3LG
.7
.5
5. Phase unit of recloser MID LINE OCR

Fast: ME-341-B Mult=0.2
Slow: ME-305-A Add=1000.
Ia= 5665.9A T(Fast)= 0.03s
.4
.3
.2
1 PHASE
#4 ACSR
2/0 ACSR
2. IDR 252 51P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500

Ia= 5665.9A (35.4 sec A) T= 0.30s
500 A FDR
#2 ACSR
PT-3A
10
PT-2B
13.8 kV FDR
#512
3 = 5158
SLG = 5346
556 ACSR 3 = 3699

SLG = 3060
20
10
PT-1
1 PHASE
#4 ACSR
PT-6A
#4 ACSR
PT-6C
.3
.2
6. T FUSE S&C Link 50T

Minimum melt.
Ia= 5665.9A T= 0.01s
.1
.1 A
.07
.07
.05
.05
.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.02
3-250 KVA
WYE/WYE
PT-6B
.4
MAXIMUM MIDLINE FUSE
3 = 558
SLG = 463
3 = 1907
SLG = 1492
#4 ACSR
PT-8
65T
3 = 322
SLG = 271
PT-7
Fault I=5665.9 A
.01
10
HORS 2010
For
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES
Idaho Rd Feeder 252 in Idaho Rd PHASE 1 2007base.olr
Comment At Sub: 3LG=5667A, SLG=5863A, L-L=4909A
@ Voltage 13.8 kV
10000
3
By
JDH
No.
Date 11-25-2008
.01
System Overview
1000
10
100
2
5
700
1000
10000
500
400
400
6
300
200
300
Conductor AAC
200
100

100
70
70
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
HI-SIDE CT'S
1. IDR A-777 51P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200
Ia= 679.8A (5.7 sec A) T= 0.78s H=8.33
20
10
10
Protective Curves:
- relay
- fuse
5
4
3
3. IDR 252 50G 351S INST TD=1.000
3Io= 0.0A (0.0 sec A) T=9999s
Damage Curves:
- transformer
- conductor
2. IDR 252 51P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500

Ia= 5665.9A (35.4 sec A) T= 0.30s
What are the types of curves?
700
500
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
1000
5f
So, what curve goes where?
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE

Total clear.
Ia= 5665.9A T= 0.09s
MIDLINE OCR
1
.7
.5
13.8 kV 3LG
.7
.5

Ia= 5665.9A T(Fast)= 0.03s
.4
.3
.2
FAULT DESCRIPTION:
Bus Fault on:
0 IDR 252
.4
Damage curves are at the top and to

the right of the TCC.
.3
.2

Minimum melt.
Ia= 5665.9A T= 0.01s
.1
.1 A
.07
.07
.05
.05
.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.02
Protective curves lowest and to the

left on the TCC correspond to those
devices farther from the substation
where the fault current is less.
Fault I=5665.9 A
.01
10
HORS 2010
For
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES
@ Voltage 13.8 kV
10000
3
By
JDH
No.
Date 11-25-2008
.01
Transformer Protection - Damage Curve ANSI/IEEE C57.109-1985

Avista has Category III size (5-30MVA) Distribution Transformers in service per the above standard.
The main damage curve line shows only the thermal effect
from transformer through-fault currents. It is graphed
from data entered below (MVA, Base Amps, %Z ):
1000
10
100
1000
10000
1000
700
700
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
A. T ransf. damage c urve. 12.00 MVA. Category 3
100
The dog leg on the curve is added to allow for additional

thermal and mechanical damage from (typically more
than 5) through-faults over the life of a transformer
serving overhead feeders.
Time at 50% of the maximum per-unit
through fault current = 8 seconds.
100
70
70
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
S 10
E
C
O 7
N
5
D
S
4
10
7
5
4
3
A
.7
.7
.5
.5
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.07
.07
.05
Dog leg curve - 10 times base current at 2 seconds.
.05
.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
10
Main curve - 25 times base current at 2 seconds.
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
T IME-CURRENT CURVES
2
@ Voltage
10000
No.
Comment
Date
.01
1. M15 P584 GND I

CT R=100 Pickup=3
By
For
Conductor Damage Curves

Copper Conductor Damage Curves
(2/0 damage at 1500A @ 100sec.)
10
3 4 5
100
3 4 5
1000
3 4 5
10000
ACSR Conductor Damage Curves

(2/0 damage at 900A @ 100sec.)
3 4 5
10
3 4 5
100
3 4 5
1000
3 4 5
10000
3 4 5
1000
1000
700
700
500
400
300
500
400
300
200
200
200
200
100
100
100
100
70
70
70
70
50
40
30
50
40
30
50
40
30
50
40
30
20
20
20
20
S 10
E
C 7
O 5
N 4
D
S 3
10
7
S 10
E
C 7
5
4
3
O 5
N 4
D
S 3
1000
1. M15-515 Phase INST INST TD=1.000

CTR=160 Pickup=7.A No inst. TP@5=0.048s
700
500
400
300

Conductor Copper (bare) AWG Size 2/0
2/0 Copper
B. Conductor damage curve. k=0.14040 A=83690.0 cmils
Conductor Copper (bare) AWG Size 1/0
1/0 Copper
.5
.4
.3
.7
.5
.4
.3
D. Conductor damage curve. k=0.14040 A=33100.0 cmils

Conductor Copper (bare) AWG Size 4
#4 Copper
.2
.07
C. Conductor damage curve. k=0.14040 A=52630.0 cmils

#2 Copper
.7
.1
.2
E. Conductor damage curve. k=0.14040 A=20820.0 cmils

#6 Copper
.05
.04
.03
.1
B A
.07
.05
.04
.03
.02
.02
10
3 4 5
100
3 4 5 7 1000
CURRENT (A)
3 4 5
10000
3 4 5
.01
10
7
5
4
3
2

Conductor ACSR AWG Size 2/0
2/0 ACSR
1
.7

1/0 ACSR
.5
.4
.3
.5
.4
.3
E. Conductor damage curve. k=0.08620 A=52630.0 cmils

Conductor ACSR AWG Size 2
#2 ACSR
.2
.2
F. Conductor damage curve. k=0.08620 A=33100.0 cmils

#4 ACSR
.1
.07
.05
.04
.03
Comment
Copper Conductor Damage Curves
By
DLH
No.
Date 12/13/05
D C
A.1
.07
.05
.04
.03
.02
.02
10
3 4 5
100
3 4 5 7 1000
CURRENT (A)
3 4 5
TIME-CURRENT CURVES @ Voltage 13.8 kV

For
500
400
300

4/0 ACSR
.7
1000
700

Conductor ACSR
336.4 ACSR
.01
.01
1. M15-515 Phase INST INST TD=1.000

For
Comment
ACSR Conductor Damage Curves
10000
3 4 5
By
.01
DLH
No.
Date 12/13/05
Conductor Ampacities
Conductor at 25C ambient taken from the Westinghouse Transmission & Distribution book.
Copper
Ampacity Ratings
ACSR
Ampacity Ratings
Conductor
556
336.4
4/0
2/0
1/0
#2
#4
Rating
730
530
340
270
230
180
140
Conductor
Rating
2/0
1/0
#2
#4
#6
360
310
230
170
120
10
Conductor Protection Graph

1000
10
100
700
1000
10000
700
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
1. Moscow 515 Kear 140T Kearney 140T

Total clear.
70
70
50
50
40
30
20
20
10
10
.7
.7
.5
.5
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.07
.07
.05
.05
.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
10
100
#4 ACSR & 140T

For
Comment
Aspen File: HORS M15 EXP.olr
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES
@ Voltage 13.8 kV
10000
Comparing a 140T fuse versus a

#4 ACSR Damage curve.
The 140T wont protect the
conductor below about
550 amps where the curves cross.
40

30
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
1000
3
By
Protection
No.
Date 3/06
.01
11
Transformer Protection using

115 kV Fuses
12
1000
Transformer Protection using

115 kV Fuses
10
100
700
1000
10000
700
500
500
400
400
300
300
6
A. Transf. damage curve. 7.50 MVA. Category 3
Rockford
13.8kV - ROCKFORD115 115.kV 1 T
200
Used at smaller substations up to 7.5 MVA

transformer due to low cost of protection.
Other advantages are:
- Low maintenance
- Panel house & station battery not required
100
70
70
50
40
40
30
30
STATION TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
20
There are also several disadvantages to

using fuses however which are:
Low interrupting rating from 1,200A (for
some older models) up to 10,000A at 115 kV.
By contrast a circuit switcher can have a rating
of 25KAIC and our breakers have normally
40KAIC.
The fuses we generally use are rated to blow
within 5 minutes at twice their nameplate
rating. Thus, a 65 amp fuse will blow at 130
amps. This compromises the amount of
overload we can carry in an emergency and
still provide good sensitivity for faults.
200
100
50
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
1000
4
20
2. SMD-2B 65E VERY SLOW 176-19-065

Minimum melt.
H=8.33
FEEDER VCR PROTECTION
10
10
4. LAT RP4211 51P CO-11 CO-11 TD=2.000

7
5
7
5
5. LAT RP4211 51N CO-11 CO-11 TD=4.000

4
3
3. LAT RP4211 50P CO-11 INST TD=1.000

CTR=500/5 Pickup=3.5A No inst. TP@5=0.048s
1. LAT RP4211 50N CO-11 INST TD=1.000

4
3
A
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE

1
6. LAT RP4211 FUSE S&C Link 65T

Total clear.
.7
.7
.5
.5
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.07
.07
.05
.05
.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
10
ROK 451R2
For
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES
ROK FDR 451, BUS FAULTS: 3LG=3580A, SLG=3782A, L-L=3100A
Comment ASPEN FILE: ROK NEW XFMR (2005 BASE).OLR
@ Voltage 13.8 KV
10000
3
By
JDH
No.
Date 2-13-07
13
.01
Transformer Protection using 115 kV Fuses - continued

The fuse time current characteristic (TCC) is fixed (although you can buy a standard, slow
or very slow speed ratio which are different inverse curves).
The sensitivity to detect lo-side SLG faults isnt as good as using a relay on a circuit
switcher or breaker. This is because we use DELTA/WYE connected transformers so the
phase current on the 115 kV is reduced by the 3 as opposed to a three phase fault.
Some fuses can be damaged and then blow later at some high load point.
When only one 115 kV fuse blows, it subjects the customer to low distribution voltages.
For example the phase to neutral distribution voltages on two phases on the 13.8 kV become
50% of normal.
A
a
1.0 PU
0.5 PU
0.5 PU
No indication of faulted zone (transformer, bus or feeder).
14
Transformer Protection using a Circuit Switcher

Showing Avistas present standard using Microprocessor relays.
13.8kV
115kV
15

Showing Avistas old standard using Electromechanical relays.
16

1000
Some advantages to this over fuses are:
Higher interrupting.
Relays can be set to operate faster

and with better sensitivity than
fuses.
Three phase operation.
Provide better coordination with

downstream devices.
10
100
700
1000
10000
500
500
400
400
300
200
300
200
100

100
70
70
50
50
40
30
20
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
1000
700
11
10
7
5
4
40
HI-SIDE CT'S
1. IDR A-777 51P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200
H=8.33
2. IDR A-777 51G 351 SEL-VI TD=1.000
H=8.33
4. IDR A-777 51Q 351 SEL-EI TD=4.200
H=8.33
LO-SIDE CT'S
3. IDR A-777 51N 351 SEL-EI TD=5.700
30
3
5
4
20
10
10
7
7
5
4
1
2
Some disadvantages would be:
Higher cost.
Higher maintenance.
Requires a substation battery, panel

house and relaying.
Transformer requires CTs.
5. IDR A-777 51Q 587 W2 SEL-EI TD=4.300


1
7. IDR 251 51P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500

.7
.7
6. IDR 251 50P 351S INST TD=1.000

.5
.5
.4
.4
9. IDR 251 51G 351S SEL-EI TD=3.900
.3
.2
.3
.2
8. IDR 251 50G 351S INST TD=1.000

10. IDR 251 51Q 351S SEL-EI TD=3.500
.1
.1
.07
.05
.04
.07
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
MINIMUM FAULT TO DETECT:
3LG=2460A, SLG=1833A, L-L=2130A
.05
.04

Total clear.
.03
.03
.02
.01
.02
10
IDR FEEDER 251

For
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES
@ Voltage 13.8 kV
10000
3
By
.01
JDH
No.
Date 11-25-2008
17
Transformer Protection using a Breaker

This is very similar to using a circuit switcher with a couple of advantages such as:
Higher interrupting 40kAIC for the one shown below.
Somewhat faster tripping than a circuit switcher (3 cycles vs. 6 8 cycles).
Possibly less maintenance than a circuit switcher.
The CTs would be located on the breaker so it would interrupt faults on the bus section up to
the transformer plus the transformer high side bushings.
18
Relay Overcurrent Curves

1000
10
100
1000
10000
700
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
1
70
50
70
50
1. EXTREMELY INVERSE SEL-EI TD=15.000

40
40
30
20
5
5. VERY INVERSE SEL-VI TD=6.000
2
10
10
2. INVERSE SEL-I TD=2.000

The five curves shown here have the same

pickup settings , but different time dial
settings.
2
3
3. MODERATELY INVERSE SEL-2xx-MI TD=1.000
.7
These are basically the same as various E-M

relays.
.7
.5
.5
4
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
4. SHORT TIME INVERSE SEL-STI TD=1.000

.1
.1
.07
.07
.05
.05
.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
SEL Various Relay Overcurrent Curves.

Extremely Inverse steepest
Very Inverse
Inverse
Moderately Inverse
Short Time Inverse least steep
30
20
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
1000
700
10
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES
@ Voltage
10000
Avista uses mostly extremely inverse on

feeders to match the fuse curves.
.01
By
For
No.
Comment
Date
19
Relay Overcurrent Curves - Pickups & Time Dials

Pickup
- the current at which the relay will operate to trip the breaker.
- also known as tap from the electromechanical relay days
-expressed in terms of the ratio of the current transformer (CTR) that the relay is connected to,
- e.g., a relay with a CTR of 120 and a pickup (or tap) of 4 will operate to trip the breaker at 480
amps
1000
10
100
700
Time dial
- at what time delay will the relay operate to
trip the breaker
- the larger time dial means more time delay
- also known as lever from the
electromechanical relay days
- Instantaneous elements have a time dial
of 1 and operate at 0.05 seconds.
- Instantaneous curves are shown as a flat
horizontal line starting at the left at the
pickup value and plotted at 0.05 seconds.
1000
10000
500
500
400
400
300
200
300
200
100

100
70
70
50
50
40
30
20
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
1000
700
11
10
7
5
4
40
HI-SIDE CT'S
1. IDR A-777 51P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200
H=8.33
2. IDR A-777 51G 351 SEL-VI TD=1.000
H=8.33
4. IDR A-777 51Q 351 SEL-EI TD=4.200
H=8.33
LO-SIDE CT'S
3. IDR A-777 51N 351 SEL-EI TD=5.700
30
3
5
4
20
10
10
7
7
5
4
1
2
5. IDR A-777 51Q 587 W2 SEL-EI TD=4.300


1
7. IDR 251 51P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500

.7
.7
6. IDR 251 50P 351S INST TD=1.000

.5
.5
.4
.4
9. IDR 251 51G 351S SEL-EI TD=3.900
.3
.2
.3
.2
8. IDR 251 50G 351S INST TD=1.000

10. IDR 251 51Q 351S SEL-EI TD=3.500
.1
.1
.07
.05
.04
.07
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
3LG=2460A, SLG=1833A, L-L=2130A
.05
.04

Total clear.
.03
.03
.02
.01
.02
10
IDR FEEDER 251

For
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES
@ Voltage 13.8 kV
10000
3
By
.01
JDH
No.
Date 11-25-2008
20
Relay Overcurrent Curves - Example of Different Pickup & Time Dial Settings
Same Time Dial = 9
Right curve picks up at 960 Amps
Left curve picks up at 320Amps
1000
10
100
1000
10000
Same Pickup = 960 Amps

Top curve Time Dial = 15
Bottom curve Time Dial = 2
3
10
100
1000
10000
1000
700
700
700
500
500
500
500
400
400
400
400
300
300
300
300
200
200
200
200
100
100
70
70
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
1. EXT INV 1 SEL-EI TD=9.000

100
70
2. ~EXT INV 1 SEL-EI TD=9.000

50
40
30
2 1

20
1. EXT INV 1 SEL-EI TD=15.000

10
7

70

50
40
30

20
10
7
1000
100
1

S
E
C
O
N
D
S
1000
700
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
10
10

.7
.7
.7
.7
.5
.5
.5
.5
.4
.4
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.07
.07
.07
.07
.05
.05
.05
.05
.04
.04
.04
.04
.03
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
10
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES
@ Voltage
10000
10
By
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES
@ Voltage
10000
.01
By
For
No.
For
No.
Comment
Date
Comment
Date
21
1000
10
100
1000
10000
700
1000
700

INDIAN TRAIL 12/16/20 MVA XFMR
500
400
500
400
300
300
Conductor AAC
556 kCMil AAC
200
200
100
100
70
70
50
50
40
40
1
1. INT A-742 51P 351 SEL-VI TD=10.000

H=8.33
30
30
20
20
5
5. INT A-742 51G 351 SEL-VI TD=5.000

H=8.33
S 10
E
C
7
O
N
D 5
S
4
10
6. INT A-742 51Q 351 SEL-VI TD=3.000

H=8.33
Transformer relay curves

51P phase time overcurrent
51N or 51G ground time overcurrent
5
4
3
2
Microprocessor relays have different

types of curves based on the type of
fault current being measured:
3
STATION VCB 12F1 PROTECTION
2. INT 12F1 51P 351S SEL-VI TD=1.800
51Q negative sequence time overcurrent
.7
.7
3. INT 12F1 51G 351S SEL-VI TD=0.900

.5
.5
.4
.4
.3
.3
4. INT 12F1 51Q 351S SEL-VI TD=0.500
.2
Feeder relay curves

51P phase time overcurrent
.2
51N or 51G ground time overcurrent

.1
.1 B
.07
.07
.05
.05
.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
10
INT 12F1
For
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES
Indian Trail feeder 12F1 in INT 2007base.olr
Comment AT SUB: 3LG= 5719A, LL=4951A, SLG= 5880A
@ Voltage 13.8 kV
10000
3
By
51Q negative sequence time overcurrent
This brings us to a brief discussion of:
.01
JDH
No.
Date 1-29-08
22
Symmetrical Components
Symmetrical Components for Power Systems Engineering,

J. Lewis Blackburn,
There are three sets of independent components in a three-phase

system: positive, negative and zero for both current and voltage.
Positive sequence voltages (Figure 1) are supplied by generators
within the system and are always present. A second set of balanced
phasors are also equal in magnitude and displaced 120 degrees
apart, but display a counter-clockwise rotation sequence of A-C-B
(Figure 2), which represents a negative sequence. The final set of
balanced phasors is equal in magnitude and in phase with each
other, however since there is no rotation sequence (Figure 3) this is
known as a zero sequence.
23
Symmetrical Components
Examples of three 13.8kV faults showing the current distribution through a
Delta-Wye high-lead-low transformer bank :
Three phase (3LG) fault - Positive sequence currents for setting phase elements in relays.
Phase -Phase (L-L) fault - Negative sequence currents for setting negative sequence elements in relays.
Single phase (1LG or SLG) fault - Zero sequence currents for setting ground elements in relays.
Symmetrical Components Notation:

Positive Sequence current = I + = I1
Negative Sequence current = I - = I2
Zero Sequence current = I 0 = I0
Phase Current notation:
IA High side Amps
Ia Low side Amps
Phasor diagram from Fault-study Software.
8.33= 115/13.8 = transformer Voltage (turns)

ratio
24
Symmetrical Components Positive Sequence, 3LG 13.8 kV Fault

You have only positive sequence voltage and current since the system is balanced.
a
R
IA = 619 -88
Ia = 5158 -118
IB = 619 152
Ib = 5158 122
IC = 619 32
Ic = 5158 2
Phase current = Sequence current
That is; Ia = I+.
Phase currents and voltages for the 115kV side.
IA = Ia / 8.33 = 5158A / 8.33

IA = 619A
25
Symmetrical Components Negative Sequence, L-L 13.8 kV Fault

A
a
R
IA = 309 -28
IB = 619 152
IC = 309 -28
Ia = 0 0
Ib = 4467 152
Ic = 4467 -28
115kV side sequence currents and voltages
3LG 13.8kV fault = 5158A,

Ib=Ic=4467 A, 4467/5158 = 86.6%=3/2
IB3LG = IBLL = 619A
IA & IC = IB or Ia & Ic = Ib
I2 = the phase current/3 = 4467/3 = 2579
Digital relays 50Q/51Q elements set using 3I2.
3I2 = Ib x 3 = 4467 x 1.732 = 7737,
13.8kV side sequence currents and voltages
26
Symmetrical Components Zero Sequence, 1LG 13.8 kV Fault

A
a
R
C
c
IA = 370 -118
Ia=3I0=5346 -118
IB = 0 0
Ib = 0 0
IC = 370 62
Ic = 0 0
Ia = 3Va/(Z1 + Z2 + Z0)
115kV side sequence currents and voltages
3I0 is the sum of the 3 phase currents and since Ib & Ic

= 0, then 3I0 = Ia. This means the phase and ground
overcurrent relays on the feeder breaker see the same
amount of current.
5346/(8.33*3) = 370 amps. So the high side phase
current is the 3 less as compared to the 3 fault.
Digital relays ground elements set using 3I0.
13.8kV side sequence currents and voltages

27
Symmetrical Components - Summary of 13.8 kV Faults

If you have a Delta-Wye transformer bank, and you know the voltage ratio and secondary phase
current values for 13.8kV 3LG (5158) and SLG (5346) faults, you can find the rest:
3LG positive sequence current

IA = 619 Ia = 5158
IB = 619 Ib = 5158
IC = 619 Ic = 5158
5158 / 8.33 = 619
L-L negative sequence current

IA = 309 Ia = 0
5158 x 3/2 = 4467
IB = 619 Ib = 4467 4467/(8.33x 3) = 309
309 x 2 = 619
IC = 309 Ic = 4467
Ia = 5158 = I1
Ib x 3 = 7737 = 3I2
SLG zero sequence current

IA = 370 Ia=5346
IB = 0 Ib = 0
IC = 370 Ic = 0
5346/(8.33x3) = 370
Ia = 5346 = 3I0
28
Symmetrical Components - Summary of 13.8 kV Faults

Youve heard of a Line-to-Line fault, how about an Antler-to-Antler fault?
29
Electromechanical Relays
used on Distribution Feeders
Avistas standard distribution relay

package (until the mid-1990s) included
the following:
3 phase 50/51 CO-11 relays,
1 reclosing relay
1 ground 50/51 CO-11 relay
.
30
1000
10
100
700
1000
10000
700
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
Objectives:
- Protect the feeder conductor
- Detect as low a fault current as
possible (PU = 50% EOL fault amps)
- Other than 51P, set pickup and time
dial as low as possible and still have
minimum Coordinating Time Interval
(CTI) to next device. CTI is minimum
time between operation of adjacent
devices.
- Carry normal maximum load (phase
overcurrent only).
- Pickup the feeder in a cold load
condition ( 2 times maximum normal
load) or pickup of the next feeder
load
200
100
100
Latah Jct
13.8kV - LATAHJCT115 115.kV T
70
70
50
50
40
40
30
30
5
20
20
1. SMD-2B 65E VERY SLOW 176-19-065

Minimum melt.
H=8.33
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
1000
10
3
10
FEEDER VCB PROTECTION

3. LAT421 51P CO-9 CO-9 TD=1.900
7
5
7
5
5. LAT421 51N CO-9 CO-9 TD=3.000

4
3
4
3
2. LAT421 50P CO-9 INST TD=1.000

4. LAT421 50N CO-9 INST TD=1.000

1
1
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
.7
.7
6. LAT421 FUSE S&C Link100T

Total clear.
.5
.5
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.07
.07
.05
.05
.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
10
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES
@ Voltage 13.8 KV
10000
By
For
No.
Comment
Date
31
.01
Pickup setting criteria of 2/1 ratio of end of line fault duty / pickup
- ensures that the relay will see the fault and operate when needed.
FEEDER SETTINGS
51P = 2000 / 2 = 1000 A
51N = 1000 / 2 = 500 A
13 kV BUS
MIN FAULT
3LG = 2000 A
1LG = 1000 A
32
FEEDER SETTINGS
51P = 2000 / 2 = 1000 A
51N = 1000 / 2 = 500 A
MIDLINE SETTINGS
51P = 1000 / 2 = 500 A
51N = 500 / 2 = 250 A
13 kV BUS
FAULT at MIDLINE
3LG = 2000 A
1LG = 1000 A
MIN FAULT at END OF LINE

3LG = 1000 A
1LG = 500 A
33
500A FEEDER SETTINGS

51P = 960 A
51N = 480 A
13 kV BUS
SECTION
LOAD = 500 A
34
500A FEEDER SETTINGS

51P = 960 A
51N = 480 A
N.O.
13 kV BUS
SECTION
LOAD = 500 A
SECTION
LOAD = 250 A
SECTION
LOAD = 250 A
35
Reclosing
Most overhead feeders also use reclosing capability to automatically re-energize the feeder
for temporary faults. Most distribution reclosing relays have the capability of providing up to three
or four recloses.
-- Avista uses either one fast or one fast and one time delayed reclose to lockout.
The reclosing relay also provides a reset time generally adjustable from about 10 seconds to
three minutes. This means if we run through the reclosing sequence and trip again within the reset
time, the reclosing relay will lockout and the breaker will have to be closed by manual means. The
time to reset from the lockout position is 3 to 6 seconds for EM reclosing relays.
-- Avista uses reset times ranging from 90 to 180 seconds.
Lockout only for faults within the protected zone. That is; wont lockout for faults beyond
fuses, line reclosers etc.
Most distribution reclosing relays also have the capability of blocking instantaneous tripping.
-- Avista normally blocks the INST tripping after the first trip to provide for a Fuse Protecting
Scheme.
36
Reclosing Sequence shown for a permanent fault
13 kV BUS
RECLOSING SEQUENCE
Closed
Open
0.5"
12"
LOCKOUT
RESET = 120"
(INST Blocked during Reset Time)
37
Distribution Fusing Fuse Protection/Saving Scheme

1000
10
100
700
Fault on fused lateral on an overhead feeder:

- Station or midline 51 element back up fuse.
- Station or midline 50 element protects fuse.
During fault:
Trip and clear the fault at the station (or line
recloser) by the instantaneous trip before the fuse
is damaged for a lateral fault.
Reclose the breaker. That way if the fault were
temporary the feeder is completely re-energized
and back to normal.
During the reclose the reclosing relay has to
block the instantaneous trip from tripping again.
That way, if the fault still exists you force the
time delay trip and the fuse will blow before you
trip the feeder again thus isolating the fault and
re-energizing most of the customers.
Of course if the fault were on the main trunk
the breaker will trip to lockout.
1000
10000
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
70
70
50
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
1000
700
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
STATION FEEDER RELAYING
1. M15 515 GND TIME CO-11 TD=4.000

.7
.7
3. M15 50N CO-11 INST TD=1.000

.5
.5
.4
.4
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
.3
.3
2. Moscow 515 Kear 140T Kearney 140T

Total clear.
.2
.2
.1
.1
.07
.07
.05
.05
.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
10
100
M15 515 51N to 140T

For
Comment
Aspen File: HORS M15 EXP.olr
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES
@ Voltage 13.8 kV
10000
3
By
Protection
No.
Date 3/06
38
.01
Distribution Fusing Fuse Protection for Temporary Faults

1000
10
100
700
1000
10000
700
500
500
400
400
2
300
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
1000
300
200
200
100
100
70
70
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
1. BR1 S&C 140T S&C Link140T

Minimum melt.
10
10
5
3. M15 515 S&C 80T S&C Link 80T
Minimum melt.
2
2. ENDTAP S&C 40T S&C Link 40T
Minimum melt.
.7
.7
.5
.5
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.07
.07
.05
.05
.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
10
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES
@ Voltage
10000
Shows the maximum fault current for which

S&C type T fuses can still be protected by a
recloser/breaker instantaneous trip for
temporary faults (minimum melt curve at 0.1
seconds):
6T 120 amps
8T 160 amps
10T 225 amps
12T 300 amps
15T 390 amps
20T 500 amps
25T 640 amps
30T 800 amps
40T 1040 amps
50T 1300 amps
65T 1650 amps
80T 2050 amps
100T 2650 amps
140T 3500 amps
200T 5500 amps
.01
By
For
No.
Comment
Date
39
Distribution Fusing Fuse to Fuse Coordination

NOTE: These values were taken from the S&C data bulletin 350-170 of March 28, 1988 based on no
preloading and then preloading of the source side fuse link. Preloading is defined as the source side
fuse carrying load amps equal to its rating prior to the fault. This means there was prior heating of
that fuse so it doesnt take as long to blow for a given fault.
1000
10
100
700
1000
10000
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
1. T FUSE S&C Link100T

Minimum melt.
70
70

Total clear.
50
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
1000
700
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
.7
.7
.5
.5
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.07
.07
.05
.05
.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
10
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES
@ Voltage
10000
.01
By
For
No.
Comment
Date
40
Distribution Fusing S&C T-Fuse Current Ratings

Typical continuous and 8 hour emergency rating of the S&C T rated silver fuse links plus the 140T
and 200T.
1000
10
100
700
1000
10000
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
70
70
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
1. BR1 S&C 140T S&C Link140T

Minimum melt.
S 10
E
C
O 7
N
5
D
S
4
General Rule: Fuse Blows at 2X Rating in 5 Minutes
1000
700
10
7
5
4
.7
.7
.5
.5
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.07
.07
.05
.05
.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
10
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
T IME-CURRENT CURVES
2
@ Voltage
10000
By
For
No.
Comment
Date
41
.01
1000
Coordinating Time Intervals
10
100
2
5
700
1000
10000
700
500
500
400
400
6
300
200
300
Conductor AAC
200
100

100
70
70
50
50
40
40
30
20
Typical Coordinating Time Intervals (CTI)

that Avista generally uses between protective
devices.
Other utilities may use different times.
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
1000
30
HI-SIDE CT'S
1. IDR A-777 51P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200
Ia= 679.8A (5.7 sec A) T= 0.78s H=8.33
20
10
10
7
5
2. IDR 252 51P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500

Ia= 5665.9A (35.4 sec A) T= 0.30s
3
3. IDR 252 50G 351S INST TD=1.000
3Io= 0.0A (0.0 sec A) T=9999s
5f
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE

Total clear.
Ia= 5665.9A T= 0.09s
MIDLINE OCR
DEVICES:
CTI
(Sec.)
Relay Fuse Total Clear
0.2
Relay Series Trip Recloser
0.4
Relay Relayed Line Recloser
0.3
Lo Side Xfmr Relay Feeder Relay 0.4
Hi Side Xfmr Relay Feeder Relay 0.4
Xfmr Fuse Min Melt Feeder Relay 0.4
.7
.5
13.8 kV 3LG
.7
.5

Ia= 5665.9A T(Fast)= 0.03s
.4
.3
.2
FAULT DESCRIPTION:
Bus Fault on:
0 IDR 252
.4
.3
.2

Minimum melt.
Ia= 5665.9A T= 0.01s
.1
.1 A
.07
.07
.05
.05
.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.02
Fault I=5665.9 A
.01
10
HORS 2010
For
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES
@ Voltage 13.8 kV
10000
3
By
JDH
No.
Date 11-25-2008
42
.01
1000
10
100
2
5
700
1000
10000
700
500
500
400
400
6
300
200
300
Conductor AAC
200
100

100
70
70
50
50
40
40
30
20

devices.
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
1000
30
HI-SIDE CT'S
1. IDR A-777 51P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200
Ia= 679.8A (5.7 sec A) T= 0.78s H=8.33
20
10
10
7
5
2. IDR 252 51P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500

Ia= 5665.9A (35.4 sec A) T= 0.30s
3
3. IDR 252 50G 351S INST TD=1.000
3Io= 0.0A (0.0 sec A) T=9999s
5f
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE

Total clear.
Ia= 5665.9A T= 0.09s
MIDLINE OCR
DEVICES:
CTI
(Sec.)
0.2
0.4
0.3
.7
.5
13.8 kV 3LG
.7
.5

Ia= 5665.9A T(Fast)= 0.03s
.4
.3
.2
FAULT DESCRIPTION:
Bus Fault on:
0 IDR 252
.4
.3
.2

Minimum melt.
Ia= 5665.9A T= 0.01s
.1
.1 A
.07
.07
.05
.05
.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.02
Fault I=5665.9 A
.01
10
HORS 2010
For
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES
@ Voltage 13.8 kV
10000
3
By
JDH
No.
Date 11-25-2008
43
.01
1000
10
100
700
1000
10000
500
400 RATHDRUM FDR 231 PROTECTION
19. RAT 231 51P CO-11 CO-11 TD=1.800
300
CTR=800/5 Pickup=6.A No inst. TP@5=0.4533s17
500
400

Conductor AAC
MIDLINE C390 FED FROM HUE 142 - MINIMUM CONDUCTOR TO PROTECT
18
300
16. RAT 231 50P CO-11 INST TD=1.000

200
200
15. RAT 231 51N CO-11 CO-11 TD=5.000

100
100
13
14. RAT 231 50N CO-11 INST TD=1.000

70
1000
700

MIDLINE C390 FED FROM RAT 231 - MINIMUM CONDUCTOR TO PROTECT
70
15
50
50
40 HUETTER FDR 142 PROTECTION

RECLOSE IS 1SEC, 12 SEC, LO, 180 SEC RESET
20

devices.
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
1
4
10
8
19
11
20
10. HUE 142 51N 251 SEL-EI TD=4.000

10
10
6
9. HUE 142 50N 251 INST TD=1.000

5
11. HUE 142 51Q 251 SEL-EI TD=4.000
CTR=160 Pickup=5.2A No inst. TP@5=1.0858s
HUE 142 MID C270R PROTECTION

CALLED "HUE 142 LINE" IN POWERBASE
2
RECLOSE IS 1SEC, 12SEC, LO, 120 SEC RESET
8. HUE ML C270R 51P CO-11 TD=1.500

7. HUE ML C270R 50P INST TD=1.000
CTI
(Sec.)
0.2
0.4
0.3
30
5. HUE 142 50P 251 INST TD=1.000

.7
DEVICES:
40
6. HUE 142 51P 251 SEL-EI TD=1.500

30
1
.7
13. HUE ML C270R 51N CO-11 TD=7.000

.5
.4
.5
.4
12. HUE ML C270R 50N INST TD=1.000

.3
.3
MIDLINE 390R PROTECTION

1. C390R MID 51P CO-9 CO-9 TD=2.500
.2
.2
2. C390R MID 50P CO-9 INST TD=1.000

.1
.1 B
4. C390R MID 51N CO-9 CO-9 TD=2.500

.07
.05
.07
12 3 2
3. C390R MID 50N CO-9 INST TD=1.000

.04
9
14
.05
5
16
.04
.03
.03
LARGEST DOWNSTREAM FUSE FROM 390R MIDLINE

17. HUE 142 FUSE S&C Link 65T
.02
Total clear.
.02
18. RAT 231 FUSE S&C Link100T

Total clear.
.01
10
RAT 231 MID C390R

For
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
Huetter feeder 142 (2008) Rat feeder 231 (2009+) Midline Recloser C390R
Comment Saved in: HUE142-RAT231 MID C390R 2007base.olr
10000
3
By
JDH
No.
Date 2-25-08
44
.01
1000
10
100
700
1000
10000
700
11
500
400
300
200
300
200
100

100
70
70
50
50
40
40
30
20

devices.
500
400
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
10
7
5
4
HI-SIDE CT'S
1. IDR A-777 51P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200
H=8.33
2. IDR A-777 51G 351 SEL-VI TD=1.000
H=8.33
4. IDR A-777 51Q 351 SEL-EI TD=4.200
H=8.33
LO-SIDE CT'S
3. IDR A-777 51N 351 SEL-EI TD=5.700
CTI
(Sec.)
0.2
0.4
0.3
30
3
5
4
20
10
10
7
7
5
4
1
2
5. IDR A-777 51Q 587 W2 SEL-EI TD=4.300


1
7. IDR 251 51P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500

.7
DEVICES:
1000
.7
6. IDR 251 50P 351S INST TD=1.000

.5
.5
.4
.4
9. IDR 251 51G 351S SEL-EI TD=3.900
.3
.2
.3
.2
8. IDR 251 50G 351S INST TD=1.000

10. IDR 251 51Q 351S SEL-EI TD=3.500
.1
.1
.07
.05
.04
.07
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
3LG=2460A, SLG=1833A, L-L=2130A
.05
.04

Total clear.
.03
.03
.02
.01
.02
10
IDR FEEDER 251

For
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES
@ Voltage 13.8 kV
10000
3
By
JDH
No.
Date 11-25-2008
45
.01
1000
10
100
700
1000
10000
700
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
Latah Jct
13.8kV - LATAHJCT115 115.kV T
70
50
40
40
30
5
20
20
1. SMD-2B 65E VERY SLOW 176-19-065

Minimum melt.
H=8.33

devices.
70
50
30
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
10
3
10
FEEDER VCB PROTECTION

3. LAT421 51P CO-9 CO-9 TD=1.900
7
5
7
5
5. LAT421 51N CO-9 CO-9 TD=3.000

4
3
4
3
2. LAT421 50P CO-9 INST TD=1.000

4. LAT421 50N CO-9 INST TD=1.000

1
DEVICES:
CTI
(Sec.)
0.2
0.4
0.3
1000
1
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
.7
.7
6. LAT421 FUSE S&C Link100T

Total clear.
.5
.5
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.07
.07
.05
.05
.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.02
.01
10
100
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES
@ Voltage 13.8 KV
10000
By
For
No.
Comment
Date
46
.01
1000
10
3 4 5
100
1
3 4 5
1000
3 4 5
10000
3 4 5
700
700
500
400
300
1. Moscow515 Kear 140T Kearney140T

Minimummelt.
I= 5158.1A T= 0.10s
500
400
300
200
2. M15-515 Phase Time CO-11 TD=1.500

I= 5158.1A (32.2 sec A) T= 0.33s
200
3. M15 A-172 Phase CO- 9 TD=1.500

CTR=120 Pickup=2.A Inst=1200A TP@5=0.3605s
I= 619.0A (5.2 sec A) T= 1.03s H=8.33
70
100
70
3LG Fault Coordination

Example:
Top Ckt Swr w/ Phase E-M relay
----- 0.4 sec. -----Middle - E-M Phase relay for a 500
Amp Feeder
----- 0.2 sec. -----Bottom 140T Feeder Fuse (Total
Clear)
1000
50
40
30
100
50
40
30
20
20
2
S 10
E
C 7
10
O 5
N 4
D
S 3
5
4
3
.7
.7
.5
.4
.3
.5
.4
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.07
.07
.05
.04
.03 FAULT DESCRIPTION:
Close-In Fault on: 0 MoscowCity#2 13.8kV - 0 BUS1 TAP 13.8kV 1L 3LG
.02
.05
.04
.03
.01
10
3 4 5
100
3 4 5 7 1000
CURRENT (A)
.02
3 4 5

For
M15 A-172 CS with fdr 515 with Kearney 140T Fuse
Comment Three Phase Fault
10000
3 4 5
By
DLH
No.
Date 12/12/05
47
.01
1000
10
3 4 5
100
1
3 4 5
1000
3 4 5
10000
3 4 5
700
700
Minimummelt.
I= 5346.4A T= 0.09s
500
400
300
500
400
300
2. M15 515 GND TIME CO-11 TD=4.000

I= 5346.5A (33.4 sec A) T= 0.29s
3. M15-515 Phase Time CO-11 TD=1.500
I= 5346.4A (33.4 sec A) T= 0.31s
200
100
200
100
70
SLG Fault Coordination

Example:
Top Ckt Swr w/ E-M Phase relay
----- 0.4 sec. -----Middle - E-M relays (Phase &
Ground) for a 500 Amp Feeder
Clear)
1000
70
50
40
30
50
40
30
4. M15 A-172 GND TIME CO-11 TD=4.000

I= 5346.5A (22.3 sec A) T= 0.83s
20
20
3
S 10
E
C 7
10
O 5
N 4
D
S 3
5
4
3
.7
.7
.5
.4
.3
.5
.4
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.07
.07
.05
.04
.03
.05
.04
.03
.02 FAULT DESCRIPTION:

Close-In Fault on: 0 MoscowCity#2 13.8kV - 0 BUS1 TAP 13.8kV 1L 1LG Type=A
.02
.01
10
3 4 5
100
3 4 5 7 1000
CURRENT (A)
3 4 5

For
MoscowCS with fdr 515 with 140T fuses
Comment Single Line to Ground Fault
10000
3 4 5
By
DLH
No.
Date 12/12/05
48
.01
1000
10
3 4 5
100
1
3 4 5
700
1000
3 4 5
10000
3 4 5
500
400
300
2. M15-515 Phase Time CO-11 TD=1.500

I= 4467.0A (27.9 sec A) T= 0.43s
200
3. M15 A-172 Phase CO- 9 TD=1.500

CTR=120 Pickup=2.A Inst=1200A TP@5=0.3605s
I= 619.0A (5.2 sec A) T= 1.03s H=8.33
100
70
1000
700

Minimummelt.
I= 4467.0A T= 0.12s
500
400
300
200
L-L Fault Coordination

Example:
100
70
50
40
30
50
40
30
20
20
2
Top Ckt Swr w/ E-M relay

----- 0.4 sec. -----Middle - E-M (Phase) relay for a 500
Amp Feeder
Clear)
S 10
E
C 7
10
O 5
N 4
D
S 3
5
4
3
.7
.7
.5
.4
.3
.5
.4
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.07
.07
.05
.04
.03
.05
.04
.03
FAULT DESCRIPTION:
.02 Close-In Fault on: 0 MoscowCity#2 13.8kV - 0 BUS1 TAP 13.8kV 1L LL Type=B-C
.02
.01
10
3 4 5
100
3 4 5 7 1000
CURRENT (A)
3 4 5

For
MoscowCS A-172 with fdr 515 with 140T Fuse
Comment Line to Line Fault
10000
3 4 5
By
DLH
No.
Date
49
.01
The Final Product
1000
10
100
700
17
1000
An example of a completed 13.8kV

Feeder Coordination Study with 20
Time-Current Curves representing:
1. INT A-742 51P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200

H=8.33
200
2. INT A-742 51G 351 SEL-VI TD=1.000

H=8.33
Two Fuses
40
500

NORTH BRANCH SMALLEST TRUNK CONDUCTOR
300
400

WEST BRANCH SMALLEST TRUNK CONDUCTOR
100
70
50
40
30
6. INT 12F2 50P 351S INST TD=1.000

20
15 9&
9
15
9. INT 12F2 51G 351S SEL-EI TD=3.900

11
11
4 &4
16
10
20
13
10
8. INT 12F2 50G 351S INST TD=1.000
10
7
10. INT 12F2 51Q 351S SEL-EI TD=3.500

1
2
12F2 MIDLINE 466R PROTECTION
13. F2 MID 466R 51P 351R SEL-EI TD=2.300

A
12. F2 MID 466R 50P 351R INST TD=1.000

15. F2 MID 466R 51G 351R SEL-EI TD=4.200

.7
14. F2 MID 466R 50G 351R INST TD=1.000

.7
.5
.5
16. F2 MID 466R 51Q 351R SEL-EI TD=3.800

.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
EAST BRANCH - FEEDER MAXIMUM FUSE

FAULT DUTY AT 150E; 3LG=2318, LL=2008, SLG=1684
5. INT F2 150E FUSE SMU-20_150E
Total clear.
.1
.1
.07
Three Conductor Damage Curves
1000
200
7. INT 12F2 51P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500

.4
Transformer Damage Curve
STATION VCB 12F2 PROTECTION
30
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
11. INT A-742 51Q 587 W2 SEL-EI TD=4.300

50
Instantaneous & Time-Delay Curves

for the:
- Transformer high side protection,
- Transformer low side protection,
- Station feeder breaker protection,
- Midline feeder breaker protection.

INDIAN TRAIL 12/16/20 MVA XFMR
3. INT A-742 51N 351 SEL-EI TD=5.600

70
10000

Cable XLPE 90C/250C
EAST BRANCH SMALLEST TRUNK CONDUCTOR - 350 CN15
4. INT A-742 51Q 351 SEL-EI TD=4.200

H=8.33
100
700
300
500
400
.07
WEST OR NORTH BRANCH - FEEDER MAXIMUM FUSE
FAULT DUTY AT 140T - WHEN FED FROM WEST MID 466R
3LG=2093, LL=1813, SLG=1520
.05
.04
148
12
.05
FAULT DUTY AT 140T - WHEN FED FROM NORTH (N.O. PT)

3LG=1932, LL=1673, SLG=1388
.03
.04
.03
17. INT F2 140T FUSE stn S&C Link140T

Total clear.
.02
.01
.02
10
100
INT 12F2 & MID 466R

For
5
7
1000
CURRENT (A)
Indian Trail feeder 12F2 and 12F2 Midline 466R in INT 2007base.olr
Comment AT SUB: 3LG= 5719A, LL=4951A, SLG= 5880A
10000
3
By
JDH
No.
Date 1-29-08
50
.01
IEEE Device Designations commonly used in Distribution Protection

Avista sometimes adds letters to these such as F for feeders, T for transformers, B for bus and BF for
breaker failure.
2 Time delay relay.
27 Undervoltage relay.
43 Manual transfer or selective device.
We use these for cutting in and out
instantaneous overcurrent relays,
reclosing relays etc.
50 (or 50P) Instantaneous overcurrent
phase relay.
50N (or 50G) Instantaneous overcurrent
ground (or neutral) relay.
50Q Instantaneous Negative Sequence
overcurrent relay.
51 (or 51P) Time delay overcurrent phase
relay.
51N (or 51G) Time delay overcurrent
ground (or neutral) relay.
51Q Time delay Negative Sequence
overcurrent relay.
52 AC circuit breaker.
52/a Circuit breaker auxiliary switch closed

when the breaker is closed.
52/b Circuit breaker auxiliary switch closed
when the breaker is open.
59 Overvoltage relay.
62 Time Delay relay
63 Sudden pressure relay.
79 AC Reclosing relay.
81 Frequency relay.
86 Lock out relay which has several contacts.
Avista uses 86T for a transformer lockout,
86B for a bus lockout etc.
87 Differential relay.
94 Auxiliary tripping relay.
51
Danas Turn
52
Distribution Transformer
Criteria (for outdoor bus arrangement, not switchgear)
Protect the Transformer from thermal damage

- Refer to Damage Curves
Backup feeder protection (as much as possible)
- Sensitivity is limited because load is higher
Coordinate with downstream devices (feeder relays)
Carry normal maximum load (phase only)
Pick up Cold Load after outages
53
Electromechanical Relays - Setting Criteria
Relays:
3 High Side Phase Overcurrent (with time and instantaneous elements)
1 Low Side Ground Overcurrent (with time and instantaneous elements)
Sudden Pressure Relay
54
Phase Overcurrent Settings Current measured on 115kV side
51P Pickup (time overcurrent)
Dont trip for load or cold load pickup (use 2.4 * highest MVA rating)
Ends up being higher than the feeder phase element pickup
Example: 12/16/20 MVA unit would use 2.4*20*5 = 240 amps (1940A low side)
51P Time Lever (time dial)

Coordinate with feeder relays for maximum fault (close in feeder fault)
CTI is 0.4 seconds
Worst coordination case: - on low side (discrepancy due to delta/wye conn.)
Multiple feeder load can make the transformer relay operate faster
50P Pickup (instantaneous overcurrent)
Must not trip for feeder faults set at 170% of low side bus fault
Accounts for DC offset
55
Ground Overcurrent Settings Current measured on 13.8 kV side
51N Pickup (time overcurrent)
Set to same sensitivity as feeder phase relay (in case the feeder ground relay is failed)
This setting is higher than the feeder ground, so we lose some sensitivity for backup
51N Time Lever (time dial)
Coordinate with feeder relays for ground faults

CTI is 0.4 seconds
50N Pickup (instantaneous overcurrent)
DO NOT USE!!!!
56
Distribution Transformer & Feeder Protection

with Microprocessor Relays
Advantages:
More precise TAP settings
More Relay Elements
Programmable Logic / Buttons
Lower burden to CT
Event Reports!!!!!!!!!
Communications
Coordinate with like elements

(faster)
More Settings
Microprocessor Relay
57

Elements We Set:
51P
50P
50P2 (FTB)
51G
50G (115kV)
51N (13.8kV)
50N1 (FTB)
FTB = Fast Trip Block (feeder relays must be Microprocessor)
58

Transformer Phase Overcurrent Settings - Current measured on 115kV Side
51P - Phase Time Overcurrent Pickup
Set to 240% of nameplate (same as EM relay)
51P Time Dial
Set to coordinate with feeders fastest element for each fault
CTI is still 0.4 seconds
50P1 Phase instantaneous #1 Pickup
Direct Trip
Set to 130% of max 13.8 kV fault (vs. 170% with EM relay)
50P2 Phase instantaneous pickup for Fast Trip Block scheme
Set above transformer inrush
4 Cycle time delay
Blocked if any feeder overcurrent elements are picked up
59

Transformer Ground Overcurrent Settings - Current calculated from 115kV CTs
51G - Ground Time Overcurrent Pickup
51GTime Dial
Set very low (will not see low side ground faults due to transformer
connection). Usually 120 Amps.
Set very low
50G1 Ground Instantaneous #1 Pickup
Set very low. Usually 120 Amps.
Symmetrical
Components!
60

Transformer Neutral Overcurrent Settings - Current measured by neutral CT or
calculated from 13.8kV CTs.
51N - Ground Time Overcurrent Pickup
Set slightly higher than feeder ground pickup (about 1.3 times)
51NTime Dial
Set to coordinate with feeder ground
CTI is 0.4 seconds
50N1 Ground Instantaneous for Fast Trip Block
Set slightly above the feeder ground instantaneous pickup
Time Delay by 4 cycles
Blocked if Feeder overcurrent elements are picked up
61

Inrush The current seen when

energizing a transformer.
Need to account for inrush when using
instantaneous elements (regular or FTB).
Inrush can be approximately 8 times the
nameplate of a transformer.
Note that the microprocessor relay only responds to the 60 HZ fundamental and that this
fundamental portion of inrush current is 60% of the total. So to calculate a setting, we could use
the 8 times rule of thumb along with the 60% value. For a 12/16/20 MVA transformer, the
expected inrush would be 8*12*5*0.6 = 288 amps. We set a little above this number (360 Amps).
62

Transformer inrush UNFILTERED

current. The peak current is about 1800
amps.
Transformer inrush FILTERED current

(filtered by digital filters to show
basically only 60 HZ). Peak is about
700 amps.
63

Microprocessor Feeder Relay

Overcurrent
Reclosing
Fast Trip Block Output
Breaker Failure Output
Elements We Set:
51P
50P
51G
50G
51Q
64

Feeder Phase Overcurrent Settings
51P - Phase Time Overcurrent Pickup
Set above load and cold load (960 Amps for 500 Amp feeder)
Same as EM pickup
51P Time Dial
Same as EM relay (coordinate with downstream protection with CTI)
Select a curve
50P Phase instantaneous Pickup
Set the same as the 51P pickup (960 Amps)
65

Feeder Ground Overcurrent Settings
51G - Phase Time Overcurrent Pickup
Same as EM pickup which is 480 Amps
51G Time Dial
Same as EM relay (coordinate with downstream protection)
Select a curve
50G Phase instantaneous Pickup
Set the same as the 51G pickup
66

Feeder Negative Sequence Overcurrent Settings
51Q - Negative Sequence Time Overcurrent Pickup
Set with equivalent sensitivity as the ground element (not affected by load)
Coordinate with downstream protection
51Q Time Dial
Same as EM relay (coordinate with downstream protection)
Select a curve
50Q Negative Sequence instantaneous Pickup
DONT USE!!!!!
Contributions from motors during external faults could trip this
67
Transformer Differential Protection External Fault

PRI I
SEC I
CURRENT FLOW THROUGH AN E/M 87 DIFFERENTIAL

RELAY FOR AN INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FAULT
CT POLARITY MARK
BCT'S
87
R1
EXTERNAL FAULT
THE SECONDARY CURRENTS FLOW THROUGH BOTH
RESTRAINT COILS IN THE SAME DIRECTION AND THEN
CIRCULATE BACK THROUGH THE CT'S. THEY DO NOT
FLOW THROUGH THE OPERATE COIL
87
OP
87
R2
BCT'S
PRI I
SEC I
68
Transformer Differential Protection Internal Fault

PRI I
SEC I
CT POLARITY MARK
87
R1
BCT'S
87
OP
87
R2
INTERNAL FAULT
THE SECONDARY CURRENTS FLOW THROUGH BOTH
RESTRAINT COILS IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS, ADD
AND THEN FLOW THROUGH THE OPERATE COIL AND
BACK TO THE RESPECTIVE CT'S
BCT'S
SEC I
PRI I
69
Transformer Differential Protection
The differential relay is connected to both the high and low side transformer BCTs.
EM Differential Relay
Since the distribution transformer is connected delta wye the transformer CTs
have to be set wye delta to compensate for the phase shift.
70
GRAB YOUR HANDOUT!

MOSCOW FEEDER 515 PROTECTION EXAMPLE
71
The Scenario
A hydraulic midline recloser on a 13.8kV feeder in Moscow, ID is
being replaced by a newer relayed recloser. The recloser is P584
on feeder 515.
The field engineer would like to replace the recloser in the existing
location.
Protection engineer must review the feeder protection and report
back to the field engineer.
NOTE: Avista designs for a fuse saving scheme with one
instantaneous trip. The field engineers decide if they want to
enable or disable the instantaneous tripping.
72
MOSCOW FEEDER 515 PROTECTION EXAMPLE
Where do we start the protection design?

1) Gather Information:
Feeder Rating (expected load)

Protective devices (Breakers, line reclosers, fuses)
Fault Duty (at each protective device)
Conductors to be protected
Project deadline (tomorrow?)
73
How do we proceed?
At each coordination point

Loading
Coordination
What will coordinate with the downstream device
Are we above the fuse rating
Conductor Protection
minimum conductor that can be protected by the feeder settings or
fuse
Fault Detection
Can we detect the fault by our 2:1 margin
Fuse Saving for Temporary faults

What can a fuse be protected up to?
74
Begin at the END

POINT 8: This is a customers load and we are using 3-250 KVA
transformers to serve the load. The full load of this size of bank is 31.4
amps. The Avista transformer fusing standard says to use a 65T on this
transformer so thats what well choose.
75
FUSE - POINT 6B:

What we know:
3 lateral feeding to a 65T at the end
#4 ACSR conductor
Fuse Selection:
Loading Assume the load is all downstream of point 8, so a 65T or higher will
still suffice.
Conductor Protection - From Table 7 we see that #4 ACSR can be protected by a
100T or smaller fuse
Fault Detection - Under the Relay Setting Criteria we want to detect the minimum
line end fault with a 2:1 margin. The SLG is 463 so we calculate the max fuse as
follows:
463/2 (2:1 margin) = 231 amps. T fuses blow at twice their rating so divide
by 2 again, with a result of 115. Fuse must be 100T or less.
Coordination From Table 2, we see that we need an 80T or larger to coordinate
with the downstream 65T fuse (at fault duties < 1400A w/preload)
Fuse Saving - From Table 1 we see that an 80T fuse can be protected up to 2,050
amps for temporary faults and the 3 fault is 1,907 amps so we could choose an
80T or higher from that standpoint
76
Point 6B - So what fuse size should we use?
77
POINT 5 Midline Recloser
What we know:
Conductor to protect: #4 ACSR (can carry 140A load)
Max fuse to coordinate with = 100T (FUTURE per distribution engineer)
Maximum load (per engineer) = 84A
Settings Considerations:
Loading: Cold load would be 84*2 = 168 A, but the conductor can carry 140A max. Size for some
load growth by setting at 2*conductor rating. 300 Amp phase pickup setting. NOTE: we dont design
settings to protect for overload.
Conductor Protection: From the table, Avistas 300A feeder settings can protect down to #2 ACSR, so
300A pickup is still acceptable. Review curves to confirm.
Fault Detection: detect the minimum fault with a 2:1 margin. Here the min fault is at point 6
1.
The - fault at point 6 is 0.866*1907 = 1,651 so our margin to detect that fault would be 1651/300
= 5.5:1 so no problem with the 300 amps PU from that standpoint (used - because its the
minimum multi phase fault)
2.
The SLG at point 6 is 1,492 so we could set the ground up to 1492/2 = 745 amps and still detect the
fault. However, our criteria says to set as low as possible and still coordinate with the largest
downstream device and from above were trying to use a 100T. Based on curves, this is 300 amps
(same as phase, which is unusual).
Coordination: Based on fault study, set the time dial to coordinate with a 100T fuse with 0.2 second
CTI.
Fuse Saving: The fault duty at the recloser is 3453 3PH and 2762 1LG. An instantaneous trip will
protect the 80T fuse if the fault duty is less than 2050 Amps. Some fuse protection is compromised but
there is nothing we can do about it.
78
TRUNK FUSE - POINT 3C:

What we know:
#4 ACSR 3 trunk
Load is 84 Amps
Downstream protection is the midline recloser
Fuse Selection:
Loading Assume the load is the same as at the midline recloser. We set that at
300A, and a 200T can carry 295 A continuous.
Conductor Protection - From Table 7 we see that #4 ACSR can be protected by a
100T or smaller fuse.
Fault Detection - Under the Relay Setting Criteria we want to detect the minimum
line end fault with a 2:1 margin.
SLG at midline is 2762 so even a 200T would provide enough sensitivity.
Coordination PROBLEM!
We have coordinated the midline with

a 100T, so the upstream fuse must coordinate with that.
Fuse Saving: As before, some fuse saving is compromised due to higher fault duty.
79
TRUNK FUSE Point 3C - Solutions?
80
TRUNK FUSE Point 3C - Solutions?

Move Recloser
Re-conductor
81
FEEDER BREAKER - POINT 1:

What we know:
This is a 500 amp feeder design. The load is 325 amps and cold load 650 per field engineer.
Downstream protection is either the midline recloser or a 140T fuse.
Settings Considerations:
Loading: A standard 500 amp feeder phase pickup setting of 960 A will carry all normal
load and pick up cold load. The ground pickup does not consider load and will be set at
480A.
Conductor Protection : The main trunk is 556 ACSR and from Table 7 a 500 amp feeder
setting of 960 A can protect 1/0 ACSR or higher. Laterals with smaller conductor must be
fused.
Fault Detection:
The - fault at point 5 is 0.866*3453 = 2990 so our margin to detect that fault would
be 2990/960 = 3.1:1
The SLG at point 5 is 2,762 so our margin to detect that fault is: 2762/480 = 5.7:1
Coordination: Use fault study to calculate settings to achieve 0.2 second CTI to fuses and
0.3 second CTI to the recloser.
Fuse Saving We have decided that a 140T fuse is the maximum fuse we will use on the
feeder even though it cant be saved by an instantaneous trip at the maximum fault duties.
82
Questions?
83

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DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION OVERVIEW

Kevin Damron & Dana Hildebrand

Symmetrical Components .... 23

Transformer Relay Settings using Electromechanical Relays . 48

Moscow 13.8kV Feeder Coordination Example . 71

System Overview - Distribution Protection

System Overview Inside the

HIGH LEAD LOW

556 ACSR 3 = 3699

System Overview Outside the

HIGH LEAD LOW

556 ACSR 3 = 3699

HIGH LEAD LOW

B. Transf. damage curve. 12.00 MVA. Category 3

STATION VCB 252 PROTECTION

MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE

5. Phase unit of recloser MID LINE OCR

2. IDR 252 51P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500

556 ACSR 3 = 3699

6. T FUSE S&C Link 50T

MAXIMUM MIDLINE FUSE

Idaho Rd Feeder 252 in Idaho Rd PHASE 1 2007base.olr

Comment At Sub: 3LG=5667A, SLG=5863A, L-L=4909A

B. Transf. damage curve. 12.00 MVA. Category 3

STATION VCB 252 PROTECTION

2. IDR 252 51P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500

What are the types of curves?

So, what curve goes where?

MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE

5. Phase unit of recloser MID LINE OCR

Damage curves are at the top and to

MAXIMUM MIDLINE FUSE

6. T FUSE S&C Link 50T

Protective curves lowest and to the

Idaho Rd Feeder 252 in Idaho Rd PHASE 1 2007base.olr

Comment At Sub: 3LG=5667A, SLG=5863A, L-L=4909A

Transformer Protection - Damage Curve ANSI/IEEE C57.109-1985

The dog leg on the curve is added to allow for additional

Dog leg curve - 10 times base current at 2 seconds.

Main curve - 25 times base current at 2 seconds.

1. M15 P584 GND I

Conductor Damage Curves

ACSR Conductor Damage Curves

1. M15-515 Phase INST INST TD=1.000

A. Conductor damage curve. k=0.14040 A=105500.0 cmils

D. Conductor damage curve. k=0.14040 A=33100.0 cmils

C. Conductor damage curve. k=0.14040 A=52630.0 cmils

E. Conductor damage curve. k=0.14040 A=20820.0 cmils

C. Conductor damage curve. k=0.08620 A=105500.0 cmils

D. Conductor damage curve. k=0.08620 A=83690.0 cmils

E. Conductor damage curve. k=0.08620 A=52630.0 cmils

F. Conductor damage curve. k=0.08620 A=33100.0 cmils

Copper Conductor Damage Curves

TIME-CURRENT CURVES @ Voltage 13.8 kV

TIME-CURRENT CURVES @ Voltage 13.8 kV

B. Conductor damage curve. k=0.08620 A=167800.0 cmils

A. Conductor damage curve. k=0.08620 A=355107.0 cmils

1. M15-515 Phase INST INST TD=1.000

ACSR Conductor Damage Curves

Conductor Protection Graph

1. Moscow 515 Kear 140T Kearney 140T

#4 ACSR & 140T

Aspen File: HORS M15 EXP.olr