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Introduction
A pump converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. The
VxI
Electric
Motor
Tx
Hydraulic
Pump
PxQ
Hydraulic
Motor
Tx
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Dynamic Pumps
In dynamic pumps, kinetic energy is added to the
Centrifugal pump
1 square cm
cylinder
Suction
Atmospheric Pressure
TANK
High Pressure
Outlet
Suction
Atmospheric pressure
TANK
Compression
Atmospheric Pressure
TANK
Dynamic Pumps
The two most common types
of dynamic pumps are the
centrifugal and the axial
(propeller) pumps
continuous non-pulsating
flow, but their flow output is
reduced dramatically as
circuit resistance is increased.
The pump will produce no
flow at high pressure head.
Centrifugal pump
Dynamic Pumps
They are not suitable for
Centrifugal pump
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the flow resistance becomes very large. A pressure relief valve is used to
protect the pump against overpressure by diverting pump flow back into
the hydraulic oil tank.
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QT = VD N
m
min
rev
rev
min
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VD = Do2 Di2 L
4
Do = outer diamter of the gear teeth (m)
Di = inner diamter of the gear teeth (m)
L = width of the gear teeth (m)
VD = volumetric displacement (m3 )
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QT = VD N
Internal
Loss
P
Actual Flow
Curve
Theoretical
Flow Curve
Q
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Internal Loss
Actual Flow
Curve
Theoretical
Flow Curve
QA
v =
QT
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Internal Loss
Actual Flow
Curve
Theoretical
Flow Curve
QA
v =
QT
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22
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Gerotor Pump
This pump operates very much like
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Screw Pump
In a screw pump, three
precision ground
screws meshing within
a close fitting housing
deliver non pulsating
flow quietly and
efficiently.
Screw Pump
The idler rotors are in
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Lobe Pump
This pump operates in a fashion
Vane Pump
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Vane Pump
The rotor contains radial slots
2 D2 L
VD max = DC
R
4
e : eccentricity (m)
VD = (DC + DR )eL
2
the cam ring via a hydraulic piston on the right side as shown. This forces
the cam ring against the compensator spring-loaded piston on the left
side of the cam ring.
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spring force, and shifts the cam ring to the left, reducing the eccentricity. If
the discharge pressure continues to increase, zero eccentricity is finally
achieved, and the pump flow becomes zero. Such a pump has its built-in
protection against pressure buildup.
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Pdeadhead
Pcutoff
Q
e=0
e = emax
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P
Pdeadhead
Pcutoff
e=0
Q
e = emax
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unbalance. This undesirable side load is also present in gear pumps. These
pumps are hydraulically unbalanced.
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This produces
complete hydraulic
balance and
minimum side load is
exerted on the
bearings. This permits
the pump to operate
at a higher pressure.
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One disadvantage of a
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Suction
Compression
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to work with a time shift between them. The axial piston pump, and
the radial piston pump.
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The piston block shaft is connected to the drive shaft by a universal joint.
The drive shaft, thrust plate, piston block shaft, and piston block all revolve.
The connecting rods are attached to the thrust plate and revolve with it.
The outlet ports are semi-circular holes in the Valve Plate, shown on the far
right of the animation on edge and in a head-on view below, right.
As the pump revolves, half the pistons suck in fluid as they pass over the
intake port. The other pistons discharge their fluid through the outlet port.
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between 0 to a maximum of
about 30. Fixed
displacement units are
usually provided with 23 or
30 offset angle.
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tan ( ) = S D
S = D tan ( )
VD = YAS = YAD tan ( )
QT = VD N = DANY tan ( )
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S=E
VD = YAS = YAE
QT = VD N = YAEN
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Pump Performance
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Pump Performance
Pump performance
is primarily a
function of the
precision of its
manufacture.
Suction
Compression
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Volumetric Efficiency
v =
Pump Type
v (%)
Gear Pump
80 90
Vane Pump
82 92
Piston Pump
90 98
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Mechanical Efficiency
m =
m =
PQT T TT TT
=
=
ATA ATA TA
m =
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Overall Efficiency
actual power produced by pump
actual power delivered to the pump
PQA
o =
ATA
o =
o =
PQA PQT
PQT ATA
QA PQT
o =
QT ATA
o = v m
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Overall Efficiency
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the form of graphs. The figure shows typical performance curves for
a variable displacement piston pump operating at full displacement.
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curves of pump
input horsepower
(hp) and pump
output flow (gpm)
as a function of
pump speed for
the same two
pressure levels
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Pump Type
Pressure Rating
(PSI)
External Gear
2000 3000
1200 2500
80 90
Internal Gear
500 2000
1200 2500
Vane
1000 2000
Axial Piston
Radial Piston
Capacity
(GPM)
Cost
($ per HP)
1 150
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70 85
1 200
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1200 1800
80 95
1 80
6 30
2000 12,000
1200 3000
90 98
1 200
6 50
3000 12,000
1200 1800
85 95
1 200
5 35
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Pump Noise
Prolonged exposure to loud noise can result in
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described by its intensity. Intensity is defined as the rate at which sound energy is
transmitted through a unit area. As such, intensity is typically represented in units
of W/m2. However, it is general practice to express this energy-transfer rate in
units of decibels.
Decibels give the relative magnitudes of two intensities by comparing the one
I
I (dB ) = 10 log
Io
I = the intensity of sound under consideration W/m 2
Significance
Weakest intensity that an average human ear can hear = 10-12 W/m2
(Reference sound intensity level)
The smallest change in intensity that can be detected by most people
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Whisper
Also a 10 folds increase in intensity, (10 log 10 = 10)
Moderate sound
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90
100
>120
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Pump Type
External Gear
80 100
Internal Gear
80 100
Vane
65 85
Piston
60 80
Screw
50 70
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Pump Cavitation
Cavitation is the formation of
Pump Cavitation
Cavitation occurs when the
PL =
v 2
L
+ gh
f + kfittings
D
2
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PL =
v 2
L
+ gh
f + kfittings
D
2
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Pump Selection
Select the actuator (hydraulic cylinder or motor) that is appropriate to the
load encountered.
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Pump Selection
Determine the flow rate requirements. This involves calculating the flow rate
necessary to drive the actuator to move the load through a specified distance
within a given time limit.
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Pump Selection
Select the system pressure. This ties in with the actuator size and the
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Pump Selection
Determine the pump speed and select the prime mover. This together with
the flow rate calculation, determines the pump size (volumetric displacement)
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Pump Selection
Select the pump type based on the application (gear, vane or piston pump,
and fixed or variable displacement)
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Pump Selection
Select the reservoir and the associated plumbing, including piping, valving,
filters and strainers, and other miscellaneous components.
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Pump Selection
Consider factors such as pump noise levels, power loss, need for a heat
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Pump Selection
Calculate the overall cost of the system.
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