Unit 5: BANKING; b) AN INTRODUCTION TO THE

LANGUAGE OF MARKETING; c) MANAGEMENT

CONTENTS
5.1 Objectives of Learning Unit 4
5.2 BANKING
5.2.1 Types of banks and banking services
5.2.2 Banking products
5.2.3 EXERCISE (vocabulary)
5.3 GRAMMAR PRACTICE: THE GERUND VS. THE INFINITIVE
5.3.1 EXERCISE (grammar)
5.4 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LANGUAGE OF MARKETING
5.4.1 Market Structure.
5.4.2 Collocations
5.4.3 Market Survey Techniques
5.4.4 Expressing Trends
5.4.5 EXERCISE 1 (trends)
5.4.6 EXERCISE 2 (trends)
5.4.7 EXERCISE 3 (trends)
5.5 The Product Life Cycle
5.6 Promotional Tools
5.7 EXERCISE
5.8 MANAGEMENT
5.8.1 The Managers Role.
5.8.2 EXERCISE
5.8.3 The SWOT Analysis
Self-assessment test

5.1 Objectives
The objectives of Learning Unit 4 are

to introduce students to the basic vocabulary of banking;

to introduce students to the basic vocabulary of marketing;
to introduce students to the basic vocabulary of management;

to develop students study and self-assessment skills

to hone students fluency and accuracy of expression in debates/comments on

topics in the specific areas of economics mentioned above;

5.2 BANKING
5.2.1 TYPES OF BANKS AND BANKING SERVICES

There are several types of banks (central banks, commercial [or retail] banks, merchant
banks, investment banks, etc.), specializing in different lines of business.
A central bank is a countrys primary monetary authority, which is responsible for
issuing currency (bank notes and coins), administering monetary policy, holding member
banks' deposits, and facilitating the nation's banking industry. Thus, a central bank sets
interest rates, controls the money supply, keeps the country supply of gold and foreign
currency, and acts as lender of last resort to commercial banks that are faced with
liquidity problems. Unlike large financial firms, most consumers do not interact with the
central bank at all.

A commercial (or retail) bank can be defined as a business that trades in money and
provides services for businesses, organisations and individuals, or the general public
(holding deposits, lending money, giving investment advice, exchanging foreign
currencies, paying money in accordance with customers instructions, etc.). Such a bank
is also involved in international trading. Its main source of profit is represented by the
so-called margin (i.e. the difference between the interest rates paid to
depositors/lenders and the interest rates that borrowers are charged with).
The difference between a commercial bank and a merchant bank is that the latter deals
with businesses (rather than the general public), providing services needed in the case of
takeovers and mergers, issuing securities, offering stockbroking and portfolio
management services, financing international trade, etc.
An investment bank is similar to a merchant bank, but acting only as an intermediary,
specializing in advisory services; it does not offer loans.

Match the types of bank on list A with some of their corresponding tasks on list B below:
A
1. CENTRAL BANK
2. COMMERCIAL BANK
3. MERCHANT BANK
4. INVESTMENT BANK
B.
1. raise funds for industry on financial markets, offer advice on and provide finance
for investment, takeovers and mergers (merchant)

2. advise companies that have decided to go public by putting their shares up for
sale on the stock market (investment)
3. fix the exchange rate of a national currency (central)
4. issue credit and debit cards, issue chequebooks, give loans to members of the
general public (commercial)
Can you add a few more examples of bank types to the ones mentioned above?
5.2.2 Banking Products
Fill in the blanks with the suitable word in the box; look up the exact meaning of the
words in the dictionary:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.

in cash
deposit accounts
interest
cash card
current account
credit cards
standing order
automatic cash dispensers or teller machines
cheque
withdraw

Many people have their salaries paid into a 1 . This is a low-interest type of
account, whose advantage is that one can easily 2.. money from it at any time from an
3. with a 4..; apart from that, the bank can pay ones regular monthly bills
according to ones instructions, on the basis of a previous agreement called a 5.
Some bills may also be paid by 6, although people in some countries still prefer to
make their payments the traditional way, 7, rather than by using a chequebook. 8.
. are generally used by people for ordering things by post/over the Internet/on the
phone and for travelling. Money that is not destined for current expenses is generally kept
in 9 , which pay 10.
5. 2. 3 Decide which of the words listed below combine with the verb to do, and which
are used with the verb to make, and fill in the blanks accordingly.
1. the accounts
2. an appearance
3. an application
4. an appointment
5. arrangements
6. an attempt
7. business
8. business trip
9. certain/sure
10. changes

11. a choice
12. a complaint
13. a deal
14. ones duty
15. damage/harm
16. a decision
17. an effort
18. an enquiry
19. an exercise
20. an experiment
21. smb. a favour
22. a forecast
23. good
24. homework
25. an improvement
26. a job
27. justice (to)
28. a loss
29. a mistake
30. money
31. a phone call
32. plans
33. a profit
34. progress
35. repairs
36. a request
37. research
38. smth. for a living
39. smth. to/for/with someone
40. a start
41. a suggestion
42. well
43. some work
44. wrong

5.3 Grammar practice.

THE GERUND
Verb1 + Verb2 (-ING form): appreciate, dead, detest, prevent. avoid, risk, admit, contemplate,
deny, postpone, enjoy, fancy, imagine, suggest, keep, mind, consider, miss, involve, resist, face,
mention, escape
Verb1 + Preposition + Verb2 (-ING form): burst out, keep on, go on, give up, take to, think of,
accuse of, insist on, succeed in
Noun + Preposition + Verb(-ING form): objection to, difficulty in, art of, way of, means of, key
to, method of, fear of, danger of
Adjective + Preposition + Verb(-ING form): sorry for, prone to, good at, ashamed of, fond of
Preposition/Conjunction + Verb(-ING form): without, before, after, while, between.
Its no use/its no good/its (not) worth/ cant stand/ cant help/ spend time/ waste time/ it needs/
it requires + Verb(-ING form)

THE INFINITIVE
LONG INFINITIVE
Verbs that can only be followed by a LONG INFINITIVE (not a Gerund):
Verb1 (want, persuade, hope, manage, urge, agree, afford, decide, choose, fail, learn, offer, wish,
refuse, expect, prepare, pan, arrange, promise) + Verb2 (LONG INFINITIVE: to go, to see, to
break)
Nouns (patience, courage, nerve) + LONG INFINITIVE
Adjectives (honoured/surprised/fortunate/easy/difficult/hard/ happy/glad/pleased) + LONG
INFINITIVE
Question words (when, how, where) + LONG INFINITIVE: I dont know what to do.
SHORT INFINITIVE
Verbs that can only be followed by a SHORT INFINITIVE:
- modal verbs (must, may ,might, shall, will, would, should, ought to, can, could)
- make: Se made me cry.
- let: He wont let me go there alone.
- causative have: Ill have my assistant prepare the report.

VERBS and EXPRESSIONS THAT CAN BE USED WITH EITHER THE

INFINITIVE OR THE GERUND WITH NO CHANGE IN MEANING:
start, begin, attempt, love, continue, hate, prefer, permit, allow, recommend, cant bear

VERBS and EXPRESSIONS THAT CAN BE USED WITH EITHER THE

INFINITIVE OR THE GERUND WITH A DIFFERENCE IN MEANING:
- remember:
I always remember to lock the door (do not forget).
I remember locking the door (I remember that I locked the door)
- regret:
I regret to tell you that your application has been turned down.
I regret going to that party. (I regret that I went)
- propose:
I propose to start tomorrow. (I intend)
I propose starting tomorrow. (I suggest)
- mean:
I mean to tell them the whole truth. (I intend)
Ill try it, even if it means wasting my money. ( even if it involves )
- try:
They tried to persuade them to sign the document. (They made a certain effort/did their
best)
We tried changing the strategy. (They just made an experiment.)
- stop:
On his way to the station, he stopped to buy a newspaper. (.he stopped in order to)
From that moment, he stopped buying newsapers. (He never bought any more newspapers.)
- verbs of perception (see, hear, feel, watch):
I watched her cross the street. (completed action)
I watched her crossing the street (non-completed action)

5. 3.1 EXERCISE: Practice the use of the Gerund and the Infinitive by translating the following
sentences into English:
1. John a recunoscut c a fcut o greeal cnd a luat acel mprumut de la banc.
2. Nu m ateptam ca propunerea noastr s fie acceptat att de uor.
3. Suntem obinuii s facem afaceri cu parteneri japonezi.
4. Recentele evenimente m-au fcut s regret c am intrat n acest parteneriat.
5. mi place ca oamenii s i vad de treburile lor.
6. El a fost prins furnd bani de la un bancomat.
7. Ea m-a ndemnat s-mi dechid un cont n banc.
8. Nu pot s nu remarc calitatea deosebit a serviciilor acestei firme.
9. Regret c nu am intervenit in aceast dezbatere mai devreme.
10. El a promis c ne va ine la curent cu problemele firmei .

11. Am nceput s-i explic, dar nu m-a lsat s termin ce aveam de spus.
12. Poi s m suni oricnd simi nevoia s discui cu cineva.

5.4 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LANGUAGE OF MARKETING

5.4.1 Market structure.
The market structure refers to the makeup of a particular market considered in terms of: the

number and relative strength of buyers and sellers, the degree of collusion among them, the level
and forms of competition, the extent of product differentiation, and ease of entry into and exit
from the market.
There are 4 basic types of market structure:
1. Perfect competition: many buyers and sellers of a standardized product, none being able
to influence the level of prices.
2. Monopolistic Competition: many buyers and relatively many sellers of a differentiated
product, with some control over market prices
3. Oligopoly: few sellers of a standardized or a differentiated product who are able to exert
considerable control over market prices.
4. Monopoly: a single seller of a product for which there is no close substitute, who has
complete control over supply and prices.
5. Monospony: a single buyer with considerable control over demand and prices.
5.4.2 Collocations. There are many collocations (either ADJECTIVE+NOUN or NOUN+NOUN)
that include the word market, e.g . labour market, market niche, market share, market research,
free market, black market, market segment, etc.
Look up the word market in the dictionary, and find 10 more collocations with that word.
Match up the collocations in the box with their corresponding definitions on list A-L.:

1.market leader
2.market challenger
3.market follower
4.market segment
5.market share
6.market survey
7.stock market
8.commodity market
9.consumer market
10. producer (industrial)
market

11. bullion market

12. market value

A. a company that does not hold a major position in the market (no. 3 and onward) and
follows the leaders in a market without challenging them
B. a market where companies or organizations purchase goods and services for use in the
production of other goods and services that are sold, rented, or supplied to others.
C. a market for the trading of company shares (stock)
D. a questionnaire-based method used by companies to obtain information about their
customers, and how these customers view a company's products and services versus
competitive products.
E. a market where individuals and households purchase goods and services for personal use
F. the company holding the second position in a market, and competing vigorously with the
market leader for leadership.
G. the company holding the 1 st position in the market for a particular product; a
brand/product/company with the largest market share
H. the total value of all the shares on a stockmarket, or the value of the shares of a particular
company (market value)
I. a companys or a products percentage of sales in a market
J. a market where products (especially agricultural) are bought and sold
K. a group of customers sharing one or more characteristics or needs in an otherwise
homogenous market.
L. a market for the trading of precious metals (gold and silver).

5. 4. 3 Market-survey techniques
Choose the correct title from the box to fill in the blanks (a-e) in the following description of 5
main market-survey techniques used by companies to acquire information on their customers:
Mail-In Surveys
Focus Groups
One-on-One Surveys
Customer-Satisfaction Phone Surveys
Online Surveys

a. .
or sex. The objective is to get a general idea as to how these people shop for certain products,
and which products they like best. The company may then introduce several new concepts, such
as food, and survey peoples likes and dislikes about the product.

b. .
-survey technique used for introducing new products. E.g., a company may observe
a customer operating a new type of software. The interviewer asks the customer how they like the
new software and whether or not they would purchase it.

c. .
-survey conducted over the phone to measure customers satisfaction levels with
regard to the companys products, service, prices, etc. Companies usually conduct hundreds of
such surveys in order to determine where they have significant advantages or problems.

d.
-survey technique conducted my mail and used for determining why some
customers have stopped purchasing their products. A small incentive may be provided to
respondents to fill out the information.

e. .
-survey often appearing on company websites in the form of a pop-up, which can be
activated at any time to start collecting any information for which a company is searching.
5.4.4 Expressing trends
Read the following article, and draw up a list of verbs used to express trends:

Europe hit by economic slowdown

European economies contracted in the fourth quarter of 2008, with some countries
registering the worst figures in decades, official data shows.
The eurozone economy shrank by 1.5% in the previous quarter and 1.2% on the year, Eurostat
said.
Germany's economy shrank by 2.1% compared with the previous quarter, its worst quarterly
performance since 1990.

France shrank by 1.2%, initial data shows, while Italy registered a drop of 1.8%, the steepest drop
since 1980.
The data puts pressure on the European Central Bank to cut interest rates.
In the whole of 2008, the economy in the 15 countries using the euro grew by 0.7% against the
previous year, Eurostat said. Slovakia joined the eurozone on 1 January 2009, making it a 16country club. The Dutch economy shrank 0.9% during the quarter while the Austrian economy
eased by 0.2%, the first drop in nearly eight years. In the same quarter, Portugal's economy
contracted by 2% on the previous quarter and 2.1% on the previous year.
"These are huge contractions in Europe, the largest in living memory in most cases," said Ken
Wattret, economist at BNP Paribas.
Companies have cut investment and exports have dropped as the global recession has taken hold.
European companies hit by the slowdown include Air-France KLM, which reported a thirdquarter operating loss on Friday, and Michelin, whose final-year profits fell as the crisis in the
global car industry took its toll on the tyre maker.
The decline in demand for cars was further highlighted by data released on Friday.
The number of new cars sold in Europe in January was down 27% compared with January 2008,
the European carmakers' association, Acea, said.
German gloom
The slowdown was the most dramatic in Germany, which registered the biggest fall since
German reunification in 1990. The 2.1% contraction was the third consecutive quarterly drop in
Europe's biggest economy, according to the initial data from the Federal Statistics Office, worse
than the 1.8% anticipated by analysts.
Year-on-year, the German economy shrank by 1.6%, after growing by 1.4% in the third quarter.
Many are now gloomy about the prospects for 2009.
"This shows things went downhill sharply at the end of the year," said Juergen Michels, an
economist at Citigroup. "We'll likely head down again the first and second quarter."
"This number makes it plain that we're in a very serious recession - the most serious since World
War Two. It's no surprise that exports and investment have tumbled," said Dirk Schumacher at
Goldman Sachs, adding that the rise in inventories did not bode well for the first quarter.
The situation "can hardly get worse," said Carsten Brzeski at ING Financial Markets.

"The German industrial production has run out of steam with companies working only off their
backlogs. Foreign demand has plummeted over the last months," he added.
Last month, the German government forecast that the economy would shrink by 2.25% this year.
France slowdown
The slowdown in the French economy was slightly worse than analyst expectations of a 1.1%
drop. The French economy expanded slightly in the third quarter, by 0.1%, which means that
France has not officially entered a recession - which is defined as two consecutive quarters of
contraction.
With consumer spending up by 0.5%, some analysts found cause for hope.
"Consumer spending has held up quite well so you can say there is still money out there to be
spent and French households are spending it," Alexander Law, chief economist at Xerfi said.
Companies also reduced their inventories in the fourth quarter, shaving 0.9% off gross domestic
product, a fact that could bode well for industrial production in the first quarter. With warehouses
emptier, companies may increase production.
Many say that tough times lie ahead. "The first quarter will be difficult," Christine Lagarde,
France's economy minister, said. "We will have a difficult year. "
The data increases pressure on the European Central Bank to cut rates. The bank cut the
benchmark rate to 2% in January, the lowest in the bank's 10-year history and kept the rate
unchanged in February. Its next decision is due on 5 March.
Has Romanias industry been hit by the economic downturn in Europe? How?

5.4.5 EXERCISE 1 (trends): Define the type of change expressed by each of the verbs listed
below using the clues on list a-f:
a. rise a lot;
b. rise a little;
c. fall a lot;
d. fall a little;
e.fall and rise;
f. no change

1. FALL
2. CLIMB
3. SINK

4. PLUNGE
5. ESCALATE
6. SLUMP

7. JUMP
8. GAIN
9. LEAP
10. TAKE OFF
11. INCREASE
12. SOAR
13. RISE
14. DECREASE
15. CLIMB
16. CRASH
17. ROCKET
18. DROP
19. PLUMMET
20. GO UP
21. RECOVER
22. HOLD STEADY

23. DRIFT
24. DROP
25. STABILIZE
26. SLIDE
27. FLUCTUATE
28. GO DOWN
29. PICK UP
30. DECLINE
31. REBOUND
32. BE VOLATILE
33. RALLY
34. LEVEL OFF
35. SLIP
36. FLATTEN OUT
37. BOUNCE BACK
38. GAIN

5.4.6 EXERCISE 2 (trends): Fill in the blanks in the following text with the words in the
box (one of the words should be used twice):
decline; stabilize; increase; went down; decrease; held steady; gained
The mobile phone market
1. Nokia's market share continues to slowly erode, though it still holds nearly double the market
share of RIM at 39.3 percentit's not giving up its top spot any time soon. 2. Samsung had a
slight bump to move it into 5th place, moving Fujitsu out of the top five. 3. It's also worth noting
that much of RIM's and Apple's growth is coming at the expense of the "Other" category, which
made a significant drop since the third quarter of last year. 4. The overall mobile phone market
was flat for the third quarter. 5. Nokia dropped a couple of points, while Samsung and LG both
picked up a few. 6. Gartner expects some growth for the mobile market overall in the fourth
quarter, due to numerous new model launches, which may be enough to make growth flat
instead of negative for 2009 overall.
5.4.7 EXERCISE 3 (trends): Replace the verbs in the box by the verbs to rise, to fall, to
increase, to decrease, to go up, to go down, followed by the following modifiers: dramatically,
substantially, sharply, a great deal, a little, slightly, without changing their meaning.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

climb
gain
plummet
escalate
slip
take off

13
7. sink
8. soar
9. slump
10. plunge
11. dip
12. crash
13. slide
14. rocket

5.5 The product life cycle

Any product goes through various stages that make up its life cycle:
1. an initial, development stage
2. introduction or launch (the firm seeks to build product awareness and develop a market
for the product)
3. growth (the firm seeks to build brand preference and increase market share; sales increase
significantly)
4. maturity (the strong growth in sales diminishes, and then stabilizes, and the main
objective at this point is to fight competition and defend market share while maximizing
profit)
5. saturation (tthe market becomes saturated)
6. decline (a downturn in sales; prices and profitability diminish significantly)
7. withdrawal (the product is withdrawn from the market)
No product will sell all by itself, although, according to the marketing concept, manufacturers
produce what they can sell, rather than sell what they make (as in the case of the selling
concept). Thus, starting from the introduction and growth stages of the product life cycle,
produces have to inform their target customers as well as their distributors and retailers about the
products existence, its advantages, characteristics, etc. Throughout the product life cycle,
marketers will continue to take care of the products promotion (as a key component of the
marketing mix, or the four Ps, besides product, place and price) by using various
promotional tools and tactics.

5.6 Promotional tools

Complete the description of the 4 major promotional tools by inserting the following words:
personal selling, advertising, public relations, sales promotions,
The main promotional tools are: 1. (the activity of informing customers about the existence
and advantages/benefits of products and services by means of newspaper ads, posters, radio/TV
commercials, endorsements Internet banners, etc.), 2. .. (also called person-to-person
sales, using salespeople/sales reps), 3. (coupons, free samples, prices reductions in
shops, discounts for buying a large quantity, competitions), and 4. . (communication
activities such as newspaper articles, sponsorship, etc., whose main aim is to improve, maintain
or protect a companys image, or build goodwill).

14
5.7 EXERCISE: Identify which of the series of 4 words in each group is the odd one out
(has no logical connection to the other three):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

product - place - brand awareness - promotion

packets offering 20% extra - free samples sandwich-board men - discounts
banners news stories - cinema ads classifieds
decline brand loyalty - withdrawal introduction
discount word-of-mouth advertising credit terms list price

5.8 MANAGEMENT
5.8.1 The managers role
According to Peter Drucker, the main managerial functions are: planning (setting objectives),
organizing, integrating (communicating goals and decisions and motivating people), measuring
employees performance, and developing the companys employees. Different management
layers (top management, i. e. senior managers such as company chairmen; middle management;
lower-level management) involve, of course, different functions, or a different emphasis laid on
those functions.
5.8.2 EXERCISE: Fill in the blanks with the words below to complete the following
description of the main managerial functions:
1. performance
2. manage
3. deciding
4. communicators;
5. classifying
6. workload
7. themselves
8. motivators;
9. human skill
10. social skills
1.Managers are in charge of setting objectives, and (1).. on the best ways to achieve
them.
2. They organize the activity of their organization by analyzing and (2).. them, splitting
the (3) . into activities and individual tasks, and selecting the right people to (4).
those activities and do the job.
3. Managers are also expected to possess a set of (5)., such as being good (6).
and (7)., which only confirms the theory according to which management is both a
scientific activity, and a (8).
4.The fourth managerial function is that of measuring employees (9).., a task that has
to do more with the scientific component of management.

15

5.Finally, Peter Drucker considers that managers are also responsible for developing their
subordinates, as well as (10).

5.8.3 The SWOT analysis

A top manager is essentially a companys strategist. Before choosing the right strategy on matters
of major importance to the company, the top manager uses a tool (commonly referred to as a
SWOT analysis) that identifies the internal and external factors (strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats) involved in a project or business venture, providing information that is
helpful in matching the companys resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in
which it operates. A SWOT analysis is also a useful tool for understanding and decision-making
for all sorts of situations in business and organizations.
Therefore, a SWOT analysis can be used for various purposes for instance, to assess:
a strategic option, such as entering a new market or launching a new product
a business idea
a potential partnership
a company (in terms of its position in the market, commercial viability, etc)
an investment opportunity
a sales distribution method
a product/brand
a opportunity to make an acquisition
changing a supplier
outsourcing a service, activity or resource

16

STRENGTHS

I
N
T
E
R
N
A
L

WEAKNESSES

A firms resources and capabilities A companys internal weaknesses,

E.g.:
that can be used as a basis for
developing a competitive advantage.
The absence of certain strengths,
E.g.:
such as:
strong brand names
a weak brand name
good reputation among
lack of patent protection
customers
poor reputation
patents
high cost structure
cost advantages from knowlack of access to natural
how
resources
exclusive access to natural
lack of access to distribution
resources
channels
favorable access to
distribution networks

THREATS
OPPORTUNITIES

Changes/events in the external

environmental that may present
External opportunities for profit and
threats to the firm.
E growth.
X
E.g.
T E.g. :
E
new regulations
R
loosening of regulations
increased trade barriers
N
removal of international
shifts in consumer tastes
A
trade barriers
away from the firms
L
unfulfilled customer needs
products
arrival of new technologies
emergence of substitute
products

5.8.4 EXERCISE: Imagine that you are a young entrepreneur on the point of setting up a
company in a business area of your choice. Perform a SWOT analysis to identify your own
assets and liabilities (strengths and weaknesses) as well as the positive and negative external
factors (threats and opportunities) that might support or discourage your business idea.

17
SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST 5
Exercise I
Fill in the blanks with do or make in the right form:
1. We showed him the new, modified version of our plan, and he no objections to it.
2. Judging by the recent test results, students great progress over the past few months.
3. If you agree to talk some sense into him, youll . us a great favour.
4. That picture doesnt .. you justice!
5. Weve always liked to . business with that company.
6. She . her appearance at the end of the party, when we least expected it!
7. If you were to .. a choice between the two candidates, which one would you hire?
8. She promised to . all the necessary arrangement for the meeting.
9. I hear they are already .. plans for the wedding.
10. The article was accepted on condition I .. a few changes here and there.
Exercise II
Choose the correct forms of the sentences below:
1.
a. I remember to see this ad in yesterdays paper.
b. I remember seeing this ad in yesterdays paper.
c. I remember having seen this ad in yesterdays paper
2.
a. I must recall them to cancel the order before its too late.
b. I must remember them to cancel the order before its too late.
c. I must remind them to cancel the order before its too late.
3.
a. We are looking forward to meet our new manager.
b. We are looking forward to meeting our new manager.
c. We look forward to meet our new manager.
4.
a. I dislike to work long hours.
b. I dislike working long hours.
5.
a. I regret saying that it wasnt true.
b. I regret about saying that it wasnt true.
c. I regret that I said it isnt true.
6.
a. They have made that decision with a view to increasing their productivity.
b. They have made that decision with a view to increase their productivity.
c. They have made that decision with the view to increasing their productivity.
7.
a. We cannot afford to waste any more money.
b. We cannot afford wasting any more money.
c. We cannot afford to wasting any more money.

18
8.
a. It isnt worth to make such a long trip.
b. It isnt worth making such a long trip.
9.
a. She is used to working hard.
b. She is used to work hard.
c. She uses to work hard.
10.
a. I was used to read a new book every week
b. I used to read a new book every week.
c. I used to reading a new book every week.
11.
a. Its no use to try to apologize for your mistake.
b. There is no use trying to apologize for your mistake.
c. Its no use trying to apologize for your mistake.
12.
a. The weather conditions prevented me to arrive on time.
b. The weather conditions prevented me from arriving on time.
13.
a. I dont mind people to criticize me.
b. I dont mind people criticizing me.
c. I dont mind peoples criticizing of me.
14.
a. I arrived too late and missed seeing her again.
b. I arrived too late and missed to see her again.
15.
a. They admitted to be members of a gang.
b. They admitted to being members of a gang.
16.
a. He suggested going out to dinner.
b. He suggested to go out to dinner.
17.
a. Dont waste your time copying this text out.
b. Dont waste your time to copy this text out.
18.
a. Have you ever considered to set up your own company?
b. Have you ever considered setting up your own company?
19.
a.. I cant imagine her living in such a place.
b. I cant imagine her to live in such a place.
20.
a. He took the longer route to the airport and risked to miss his plane.
b. He took the longer route to the airport and risked missing his plane.