SWOT Analysis Countries

SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in
each partner country
www.medmeid.eu
Sommario
SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in Italian Regions .................................................................... 4
Overview of the Italian situation ............................................................................................................... 4
Profile of the examined Industrial Areas ................................................................................................... 5
Legislation .................................................................................................................................................. 6
Rules for Industrial areas planning ............................................................................................................ 7
Environmental Management of the Industrial Areas ................................................................................ 7
Infrastructures and centralized services ................................................................................................... 8
SWOT Analysis for the eight investigated areas ........................................................................................ 8
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 11
SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in Hellenic Regions ............................................................... 13
Overview of the Hellenic situation .......................................................................................................... 13
Legislative framework State of the art ................................................................................................. 14
Profile of the examined Industrial Areas ................................................................................................. 15
SWOT Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 17
SWOT Analysis for the six investigated areas .......................................................................................... 18
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 20
References ............................................................................................................................................... 20
SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in the Valencia Region (Spain) ............................................. 22
Overview of the Spanish situation........................................................................................................... 22
Legislation ................................................................................................................................................ 23
Rules for Industrial areas planning .......................................................................................................... 23
Environmental Management of the Industrial Areas .............................................................................. 24
Infrastructures and centralized services ................................................................................................. 24
SWOT Analysis for the 15 investigated areas .......................................................................................... 24
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 26
SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in PACA region (France) ....................................................... 27
Overview of the industrial areas in France and PACA region in particular ............................................. 27
Profile of studied Industrial Areas ........................................................................................................... 28
Environmental aspects of IAs .................................................................................................................. 30
Legislative framework and management State of the art .................................................................... 31
SWOT Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 32
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 34
SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in Malta ................................................................................ 36
Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 36
Information Base ..................................................................................................................................... 36
Legislation ................................................................................................................................................ 37
Centralised infrastructures and services ................................................................................................. 38
SWOT Analysis for the six investigated areas .......................................................................................... 38
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 39
SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in Zenica-Doboj Canton ....................................................... 40
Overview of the situation in Zenica-Doboj Canton ................................................................................. 40
Legislation ................................................................................................................................................ 42
Infrastructures and centralized services ................................................................................................. 42
SWOT Analysis for the four investigated areas on the territory of Zenica-Doboj Canton ...................... 43
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 45
SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in Italian Regions

Overview of the Italian situation
The concept of Sustainable Industrial Areas has been introduced in Italy in the late 90 through the so called
Bassanini Law (n. 112/1998, art. 26). This law delegates to the regions the detailed regulation on the
ecologically equipped areas, nevertheless some basic reference elements are given in the text: a) the areas
are equipped with quality infrastructures and systems which are able to guarantee the health, security and
the environment; b) the areas are characterized by a unitary management of the infrastructures and
services; and c) the plants localized in these areas do not need to provide licenses for their activity. These
areas have numerous names and acronyms, but it is possible to convene that the most diffused one is
Ecologically Equipped Productive Areas, in Italian APEA.
Even though the above line is our reference framework regarding the planned MEID model, it is interesting
to mention another approach which has some valuable experience in the side of the environmental care. It
concerns the EMAS cluster registration, ruled by a technical document of the Italian Ecolabel-Ecoaudit
Committee which has the objective to promote the environmental improvement not only at a firm level but
also at territorial level. It is an Italian initiative based on the EC regulation n.1221/09, namely EMAS III,
where the cluster approach dedicated to districts and phased implementation (art.37) is mentioned. In this
perspective, EMAS Clusters consider agglomerations of companies which manufacture the same kind of
products (specialized areas) and are located in the same area. It is a voluntary approach thus less stringent
on the regulation side compared to the APEA concept.
Moreover, it should be pointed out that there are some regions in Italy that could take advantage from
their specific regulation on Industrial Areas. It concerns the ASI Consortiums (Consortiums of Industrial
Development Areas) set up in the 50s for the economically depressed regions, including Sicily and Veneto.
The Consortiums ASI of Sicily are the managers of the Industrial Areas. The administrative body is
composed by public and private sectors which puts forwards new solutions and rules for managing and
improving the industrial area, following the indication and after authorization of the competent
department of Sicilian Region. The Consortium ASI has to respect the national laws, that are adopted at
Regional level by the Sicilian Government (with a special status in Italy), in addition and coherently with
other laws existing at Regional level.
In the case of Veneto Region, the consortium Zip is a public economic body in charge of the organization
and management of the industrial area and carries out, within the scope of its institutional objectives, any
activities that might be useful in the interests of this area, in relation to its efficiency and improvement
Fig. 1 - Areas managed by

Consortium ASI of Ragusa and planned enlargements.
The analysis presented in the following sections is based on eight areas (six areas analyzed by ENEA and
other two respectively by ASI Ragusa and Fenice Foundation) which can be considered as the best
examples for their approach to sustainability in the whole country. Generally the industrial areas in Italy
do not have all the facilities which will be described for the examined areas, instead, the unitary
management is mostly lacking and very few centralized infrastructures and common services are present.
The following conclusions are related strictly to these six areas, for which should be stressed that they do
not represent the average situation in the country. The sections Legislation and Rules for Industrial
areas planning are instead representative of the eight Italian regions in which the industrial areas are
located.
Profile of the examined Industrial Areas

According to the Italian regulations specificity the analysis of the areas has been carried out a Regional
level. ENEA has chosen six areas from six different regions which can be classified as best examples from
a sustainable approach while ASI Ragusa and Fenice Foundation have analyzed their area of reference.
These areas and relative regions are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Macrolotto Prato (Tuscany)

Furnishing District - Province of Pesaro Urbino (Marche)
Industrial Area of Ponterosso of San Vito al Tagliamento (Friuli Venezia Giulia)
SPIP of Parma (Emilia Romagna)
Paper District - Province of Frosinone (Lazio)
SENOMI Milano (Lombardia)
ASI Ragusa (Sicily)
ZIP Padova (Veneto)
The first six examined areas are mainly middle sized ones and generally include from 100 to 300
enterprises. They are specialized industrial areas (district of paper/ furnishing) or generic ones but the main
element that characterize them, is the care towards a responsible environmental management of the area.
On the other hand, the consortium ASI of Ragusa examined the situation of Sicilian Industrial Area, by
means of the analysis of Ragusa area and the Sicilian regulation regarding the industrial sector. The
example of Ragusa can be representative of all the Sicily, also if Ragusa is one of the areas with the best
situation at economic and managing level of the industrial sector. The Ragusa Industrial area includes n.
296 of SMEs, and the area is about 630 Hectars; furthermore, a plan for the enlargement of the area is
already approved at Regional level and a part of this new area should be designed and built following
sustainable concepts.
Legislation
The National zoning law Nr. 634/57 introduces the concept of Industrial Areas management. Specifically for
Industrial Districts: Law Nr. 317 of 5th October 1991 defines the districts and delegates to the Regions their
recognition. At a national level nothing is said for the management aspects. As already mentioned before,
at a national level the concept of Sustainable Industrial Areas is introduced by the Bassanini law and the
EMAS approach is also at a national level.
At a national level there exist some regulation regarding the energetic aspects of the buildings (new and
existing ones). They are: D. Lgs 192/2005 on energetic efficiency in the buildings D.Lgs 311/2006 and DPR
59/2009 which integrates the previous one. Nevertheless, as in the case of Bassanini law, it is up to the
Regions to specify the performance level of the buildings.
On the other hand, the regional law of the first six examined ones differs everywhere. Some of them have
already legislated the SIAs (Tuscany, Emilia Romagna, Marche) and in some cases there have also been
issued some guide lines. Other regions have not legislated, but some industrial areas have implemented
some sustainable concept which is very valuable for the SIA approach (Friuli Venezia Giulia and the EMAS
district of Lazio). Finally, in the case of Lombardia, very few actions have been done towards these themes,
regardless the fact that this region is one of the most industrialized areas of Italy.
In Sicily each Consortium ASI is obliged (by regional law, L. r. 4/01/1984 n.1 and further modifications) to
apply some rules for building up and managing an industrial areas, but there is a lack about rules on
environmental issues, but the law give indication about general rules, as planning and administrating the
areas or about the cost of the lands in the different departments. The environmental issues tackled mainly
by the Consortia are sanctioned by Italian law, as for example each Consortium ASI is obliged to supply two
environmental evaluations (VAS - Strategic environmental evaluation and VIA - Environmental Impact
Evaluation) planning, building , enlarging etc.. the industrial area.
The Veneto Region has no specific regulation regarding the edifications and management of industrial areas
or buildings; the few managing authorities present in the region were settled just after the 2 world war to
help undeveloped regions of Italy to restart the productive sector and therefore the recovery of the areas .
Rules for Industrial areas planning

Industrial areas in Italy are located and planned by urban means which are developed by Municipality,
Province and Region depending on the extension of the area.
Generally, this aspect is not highly regulated by the Italian law (national or regional one). There exist
indications in the regions that have already legislated the SIAs which concern the involvement of the main
stakeholders (Marche) or the main environmental aspects of the areas (energy, mobility and logistic, water
cycle, waste, noise, landscape) (Emilia Romagna). Anyway in both regions the SIA concept is very recent and
is still in the starting phase.
The Consortium ASI of Ragusa, in accordance with Sicilian Region, may propose new solutions and/or rules
for planning the industrial area, but it needs approval by the Region before applying it.
The Veneto Region is also in the line with the average Italian condition, no regulation is set on the planning
phase. In Veneto the general (and future) requirements of the companies that will establish themselves in
the areas are taken into consideration, usually, during the planning stage. (e.g. underground lines, fiberoptic networks etc); but still there is no involvement or/and an activation of shared processes with the
stakeholders, and also there is no criteria that regulates the dismissal of the industrial areas or their
regeneration.
Environmental Management of the Industrial Areas

All the examined areas have a Managing Company (MC) which, depending on the area, has different
functions and dimensions. Generally, the managing company is either public or private, and in the most
cases, it is also a mixed private and public one.
The MC offers very diverse services to the areas and the relative companies which concern environmental
actions such as initial analysis, environmental monitoring, improvement plans etc, as well as the provision
of centralized infrastructures and other services such as canteen, kindergarten etc.
A common aspect of MCs is the level of control/force they have towards environmental behavior of the
enterprises or their participation in common services or centralized infrastructures. In all cases the MC does
not have a coercive function or sanctioning power so it is impossible for these subjects to impose norms or
other to the enterprises.
The Consortium ASI of Ragusa could be regarded as a MC, even if it depends on Sicilian Region, being the
manager of the Area, managing, building and supplying the main services as the wastewater plant.
The Managing Company of the ZIP Area in Padova (Veneto) offers very diverse services in the area and the
relative companies for example internal railway station, internal access to highway, logistic center for
management of the products and near to Venice international harbor, generic environmental monitoring,
logistic improvement plans, as well as the provision of centralized infrastructures and other services such as
canteen, kindergarten, banks ecc. Nevertheless it does not have a coercive function or sanctioning power
so it is impossible for these subjects to impose norms or other to the enterprises.
Infrastructures and centralized services

In this section it is possible to point out the environmental, social and economic aspects of sustainability.
On the environmental side different actions can be mentioned related to water management or energy
supply including actions towards renewable energy sources. Generally a common waste management
system is lacking all over the country.
On the social side some canteen or kindergartens can be mentioned, but it remains a weak aspect.
It can be said the same thing for the economic aspects; very few common actions are foreseen in this
direction.
Regarding the consortium ASI of Ragusa, the plans of the industrial area takes in account the main
connection roads places for bank and post offices - restaurants and work canteens and evaluating the
possibilities to dedicate some areas to the local authorities' offices.
In fact, into the industrial area of Ragusa are settled a bank and post offices - bar/restaurants and work
canteen and some local authorities' offices.
However, in general it can be said that during the planning steps, no particular attention has been given to
the social aspects like public transport and big transports infrastructures - connection - nursery - leisure medical centre.
The Zip IA of Padova provides joint infrastructures and centralized services such as: Water supply (acegas
Aps), Mains BT/MT (Enel spa private subjects), Science Park Galileo et al., Fiber optic network
(Infrastructure created by ZIP and services provided by different providers; Wind, Fastweb, etc. ). regarding
habitat and landscape: Relevant bodies Manage emergency and safety issues. Regarding Environmental
monitoring of IA: Relevant bodies plus Zip consortium manage this assignment. The Zip IA provides joint
infrastructures and centralized services such as: ZIP nursery for employees of the Industrial Zone ; for
renewable energy Park, "Fenice; Research Area. It is reported a lack of internal waste management plants
or centralized systems for waste treatment as well as the absence of leisure center and medical center.
SWOT Analysis for the eight investigated areas

Strengths
A Managing Company
(private/public). (8 areas)
is
Weaknesses
generally
Many MCs implement the following actions:
existing The Managing Company doesn't have the

possibility to force the enterprises to respect
sustainable norms (8 areas)
The MC doesn't have the possibility to put
penalties if enterprises don't accomplish with
the indicated norms (8 areas)
environmental improvement plans (6 areas);
environmental analysis of the area (5 areas);
environmental monitoring of the area through MC does not have a systematic approach to
the environmental aspects since it does not
central monitoring station (3 areas);
implement environmental actions in all areas.
provides socio/environmental services to
The enterprises participate at the centralized
enterprises (5 areas);
-
environmental services on a voluntary basis (8

areas);
realizes and manages infrastructures for the

The centralized services are not an asset for the
industrial area (5 areas);
enterprises to settle in the area. (6 areas)
The MC involves the settled enterprises in the definition
of the environmental improvement plan of the area (5 No cost reduction has been detected with
areas);
respect to centralized infrastructures (3 areas).
The existing centralized infrastructures include
-
There is a weak involvement of the settled

enterprises in the planning of the area (7 areas)
Water: waste water treatment plant for the

area; recycling plant for the water supply to the Centralized infrastructures are few even when
enterprises. Industrial waterworks; systems of theyre present
water reclaim (3 areas);
Weak (or almost not-existing) common waste
Energy: installation of photovoltaic plants; management.
agreement with a bank and regional authority in
order to guarantee loans for photovoltaic plants; Very few social actions (also where present)
a distribution network of methane gas; Very few economic actions (also where
Cogeneration plant with district heating using present)
vegetal oil (5 areas);
Mobility: Mobility manager of the area for the

transfer Home - workplace; car pooling; car
sharing; Work in progress for the construction of
a logistic platform (5 areas);
Emergency and Safety Management: fire plan of

the area (2 areas);
Waste: realization of an ecological platform with

the function of controlled temporary deposit of
wastes (1 area)
Habitat and landscape: Preliminary project for

the sustainable management of the landscape
and the urban green. Ecological corridor (4
areas);
Hi Tech Networks (4 areas);
Social actions: Kindergarten; Canteen; Innovation

Center for training of mechanical technicians (5
areas);
Economic actions: participation at regional

tenders for projects on technological innovation;
feasibility studies (3 areas);
Opportunities
Threats
The National zoning law Nr. 634/57 introduces the No specific dispositions regarding the
environmental and social aspects are given in
concept of Industrial Areas management.
the National law.
At a National level there exists the reference regulation
D.lgs 112/98 art.26 which introduces the concept of Five regions have not legislated in the
Ecologically Equipped Areas, commonly known as the direction of the SIAs
Bassanini law.
No economic incentives are foreseen for the
At a national level there exists some regulations APEA (8 areas)
regarding the energetic aspects of the buildings (new and
Weak regulation relief is foreseen at a
existing ones)
regional/ national level
Three regions have legislated on the direction of
Sustainable Industrial Areas (SIA). Other areas have acted Weak regulation of the regions towards: norms
autonomously, meaning that the concern goes beyond for sustainable buildings and the production of
renewable energy sources.
the regulation. Two of them have also issued guidelines.
The regional law also defines:
-
the norms for sustainable buildings (2 areas);
production of renewable energy sources (1 area);
No criteria or procedure is foreseen for the

establishment of a determined type of activity
in the area (8 areas).
No criteria regulates the dismissal of the
industrial areas or their regeneration (8 areas);
disciplines the energy certification of the

No involvement of the stakeholders is foreseen
buildings (4 areas);
in the localization and the planning phase (8
There is a high level of control on the side of
areas);
environmental monitoring in one examined area.
It is not mandatory to consider the needs of
Regulation relief:
the companies in the planning phase (8 areas);
-
There exists some regulation relief for the SIAs Environmental aspects are not taken in
foreseen at national level.
consideration in the planning phase (5 areas);
At regional level some regulation relief is

foreseen for the SIAs (1 area).
At national level regulation relief is foreseen for

the enterprises that intend to register EMAS by
using the EMAS cluster approach.
There are regional incentives for the start up phase of

the EMAS path. (1 area)
The environmental aspects are taken in consideration in
the planning phase (4 areas)
It is foreseen an involvement of the main stakeholders in

the Strategic Environmental Assessment of the area (1
area).
Conclusions
The SWOT Analysis of the given areas has pointed out the fragile introduction of the concept of
sustainability in the Industrial Areas in Italy. It should be noticed that the examined areas are the most
evolved ones in this perspective, but they still lack important interventions and systematic integration of
this concept into their working activities. Even though some best practices are listed, they are present only
in some of the areas and not fully functional.
On the other side, it is important to keep in mind that the process of the conversion of the IAs into
Sustainable ones is still in the beginning, and to date no area has completed the transformation. Thus, it is
still early to talk about Sustainable Industrial Areas (or APEA). Nonetheless, this analysis shows that the
approach to sustainability has started and many actions and problems that sustainability addresses have
been faced and taken in consideration.
The areas located in the regions that have already legislated for the APEA have a great opportunity to take
advantage on it and accelerate their conversion. Still, it remains a slow process in these regions as well, also
due to the lack of economic incentives and significant regulation relief. A careful consideration in this
direction should be done by the Local Authorities.
The SWOT analysis of the Sicilian situation brings out some important aspects:
-The position of the Consortium ASI of Ragusa is an opportunity, because it could be considered like a
Managing Company, but the restriction and administrative procedures due to his dependence with the
Regional Government could slow the renovation process.
-The process of adaptation of this Industrial Area into a sustainable one appears far, especially for the lack
of infrastructures and of laws that regulate this aspect. Anyway, its important to notice the increment of
environmental sensibility of the private business man, but it has to be considered also the lack of
cooperation between companies and public/private for reaching and improving high environmental
standards. In many cases is difficult understand the way to conciliate the economics and environmental
needs of a territory.
The SWOT Analysis of the Pilot area of Padova, representing the Veneto situation has pointed out the
fragile introduction of the concept of sustainability in the Industrial Areas in Veneto. It lacks of important
interventions and systematic integration of environment management into their working activities, even if
the area provides many kind of external and internal services. Some best practices are listed, they are
present only at a limited and mainly didactic level.
On the other side, it is important to keep in mind that the process of the conversion of the IAs into
Sustainable ones is still in the beginning, and to date no area has completed the transformation. Thus, it is
still early to talk about Sustainable Industrial Areas (or APEA).
Still, as Veneto has not legislated on industrial areas, it has the opportunity to develop its own management
plans starting from the information given from those areas in Italy that have already deled on this
argument. Still, it remains a slow process in these regions as well, also due to the lack of economic
incentives and significant regulation relief. A careful consideration in this direction should be done by the
Local Authorities.
SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in Hellenic Regions

Overview of the Hellenic situation
In Greece 45 IAs are existed including all the business forms from the aforementioned national
Laws. Although only for 27 IAs available data are existed regarding features like total surface, land
coverage by industries, starting year and the potential of generating hazardous waste. The features
for these IAs are illustrated in table 1. The classification in table 1 is arranged in chronological
order, whilst for the rest of the IAs data are not available.
Most existing IAs are supervised by the private company ETVA VIPE S.A. This private company is
a supervising authority body which manages in all 32 areas, namely 27 IAs and 5 Entrepreneur
Areas all over Greece and offers its services to companies hosted in them (figure 1). On the other
hand, some IAs and Entrepreneur Areas also exist in Greece which are not managed by ETVA VIPE
S.A. [1,7].
Moreover, most of the IAs are initiated by large private companies in the frame of Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR), whilst industrial ecology and eco-industrial networks are still at an early
stage. In addition, most of the reported difficulties are faced in the case of Small and Medium
Enterprises (SMEs). It should be noted that IAs in Greece are considered suitable for locating
facilities for treating hazardous waste [1]. Various industries in IAs all over Greece are
environmentally certified (ISO 14000), but not the whole IAs were certified. However, in certain
cases (concerning smaller IAs) detailed Environmental Management Plans have been produced.
Figure 1: IAs in Greece managed by ETVA VI.PE S.A.
Legislative framework State of the art

Industrial Ecology (IE) has become a proper field recently, by transforming common Industrial
Areas (IAs) into Sustainable Industrial Parks (or even known as Eco-Industrial Parks). The main
difference among common IAs and sustainable industrial parks is the cooperation between
industries in order to acquire and find win-win situations [1]. The expected benefits from such
cooperation will be much more than the sum of individual advantages.
The sustainable industrial park of Kalundborg in Denmark is a typical iconic example where the
regional synergies are planned. In France, the Eco-Valley will be the first planned Mediterranean IA
which will meet the needs of sustainable development. From another point of view, academic
institutions and researchers have developed useful tools in order to reach the industrial
sustainability. Beers and Biswas [2] developed a regional synergy tool for the industries which is
based on the energy recovery and efficiency by reducing simultaneously the Greenhouse Gases
(GHG). Fernandez and Ruiz [3] demonstrated an innovative model to locate sustainable IA by using
the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Moreover, a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) was performed in
the IA in Macrolotto in Italy in order to identify the environmental crucial points of this area and
simultaneously to evaluate opportunities and potential problems [4].
The Hellenic legal framework regarding IAs was National Law 4458/65, which was supplemented
by National Law 742/77. The aforementioned National Law was finally replaced in 1997 by Law
2545/97, and the main differences between the two aforementioned National Laws are the following
[5,6]:
Instead of Industrial Districts (ID) there were established Industrial and Business Estates, which
may have the form of ID, Industrial Parks (IP), Light Industry Parks (LIP) and Technopolis.
Later, two other forms of Industrial and Business Estates were institutionalized.
The exclusive right of the governmental institution ETVA VIPE S.A., to establish and operate
IAs was abolished. Such estates can be established either by various governmental institutions or
private or mixed ones (private sector and public sector), but in any case the establishing
institution needs to have the form of a public limited company.
Characteristics from some of the Hellenic IAs are illustrated on table 1 (surface, year of completion,
official gazette of establishment etc.).
The analysis presented in the following sections is based on fifteen areas which can be considered
as the more representative for their approach to sustainability in the whole country. It should be
mentioned that despite their approach in sustainability, the Hellenic IAs are not equipped with high
environmental and social facilities. Consequently, centralized services and infrastructures exist only
in some IAs, whilst in some cases exist but they are not in function. The conclusions of this study
are referred to the IAs that have significant number of industries, in relation to the population of the
nearby cities/towns. Moreover, IAs that provide services and infrastructures in operation either
centralized or not where taken into account in this study. Small IAs which are not in operation were
excluded from this analysis. The SWOT Analysis study was based on a questionnaire that was
divided into six sections including information about the legislative framework and the regional
planning rules, the existing infrastructure and the data related to industrial buildings energy
performance.
Table 1 Key features of the Planned Industrial Estates that were established under Law 2545/97 [2]
Name of the Planned
Industrial Estate
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
LIP of Thesprotia
LIP of Rethimno
LIP of Ag.Nikolaos
LIP of Kozani
LIP of Anopoli
LIP of Zervohoria
IP of Thessaloniki
LIP of Keratea
IP of Koufalia
TECHN of Thessaloniki
LIP of Serres
IP of Kastoria
LIP of Kavala
LIP of Patra
LIP of Ormenio
LIP of Litohoro
TECHN Acropolis
IP of Farkadona
LIP Ptolemaida
Prefecture
Thesprotia
Rethimno
Lasithi
Kozani
Iraklio
Halkidiki
Thessaloniki
Attiki
Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki
Serres
Kastoria
Kavala
Ahaia
Evros
Pieria
Attiki
Trikala
Kozani
Greek Official Gazette

with the establishment
act
304//5-4-99
304//5-4-99
977//26-5-99
1635//20-8-99
1919//25-10-99
449//4-4-00
462//5-4-00
695//3-6-03
695//3-6-03
430//2-3-04
1110//5-8-05
1465//24-10-05
1466//24-10-05
1857//29-12-05
449//4-4-00
1431//14-11-02
1848//13-12-04
255//25-2-05
1464//24-10-05
Surface
(acres)
Year
120
285
250
55
71
106
1,022
1,100
113
94
122
302
130
596
632
1,005
225
902
505
2009
2009
2009
2007
2007
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
-
No of
establ.
busin.1
8
15
3
2
15
2
2
352
-
Remarks :
1
The number of established businesses concerns those established until 2009
The 35 businesses which are mentioned for the LIP of Patra were settled there before the establishment of the Planed
Industrial Estate

The majority of the IAs in Greece are located in Northern Greece in order to be close to the borders
with the neighbor countries. The biggest Hellenic IA is located in Sindos, near Thessaloniki in the
Region of Central Macedonia. Other IAs having significant size and infrastructures were taken into
account concerning SWOT Analysis study and are summarized below (table 2):
The characteristics of the examined IAs were compared in order to define similarities and to
investigate their environmental, social and economical performance (figure 1).
Table 2: Characteristics of the examined IAs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
IA name
Sindos IA
Serres IA
Edessa IA
Kavala IA
Drama IA
Alexandroupoli IA
Xanthi IA
Sapes Industrial Park
Komotini IA
Ioannina IA
Florina IA
Lamia IA
Litohoro IA
VIPATHE IA
Kilkis IA
Region
Managing Body
Central Macedonia
Eastern Macedonia Thrace
ETVA VIPE S.A.
Ipirus
Western Macedonia
Sterea Ellada
Central Macedonia
Central Macedonia
Central Macedonia
VIPALIT
GEK-TERNA
KILKIS
Figure 1: Environmental performance of the examined areas; principal component analysis taking
into account the centralized infrastructures WWT: Waste Water Treatment plant, WTE: Waste To
Energy, MRF: Material Recovering Facility, CDS: Central Drainage System, CMS: Central
Monitoring System
SWOT Analysis
Section one - Legislation
This section aims at detecting the actual condition of the national and local regulation of current
situation concerning the management of IAs and simultaneously to investigate the sustainability
potential.
The National law 2545/97 sets the main principles for the IAs management as well as the
environmental and social restrictions. The main axes of this legislative framework were described in
depth in the section 1 Overview of the Hellenic situation.
The aforementioned law includes issues dealing with industrial characteristics like nuisance level,
type of industry and environmental performance of each potential settled industry (management of
potential industrial waste). These restrictions posed by national legislation and should be followed
by all the IAs. In some IAs internal rules exist setting stricter rules regarding the IA management.
Section two - Rules for Industrial areas planning
Hellenic IAs are located and planned by means of urban tools which are developed at local/regional
level in most cases. At the same time, national organizations of urban planning and environmental
protection are responsible for setting the land use around large cities.
Section three - Environmental Management of the Industrial Areas
In all the examined IAs a private managing body exists. This managing body is responsible for
setting the management rules, the environmental restrictions and requirements as well as the
construction of the centralized services and infrastructures.
The managing body (i.e. ETVA VIPE S.A.) is responsible for the IA management until all the fields
of the whole area sold.
The environmental behavior of the settled enterprises inside the IA is controlled by the managing
body as it was previously mentioned. It is obligatory for the enterprises located inside IA to follow
the environmental requirements posed by managing body. However in case that enterprises dont
follow these rules, managing body hasnt the authority of imposing penalties.
Section four - Infrastructures and centralized services
As far as the environmental aspects of sustainability are concerned, various actions towards the
environmental sustainability could be considered. The most common centralized infrastructure for
the Hellenic IAs is the water waste treatment plant after a preliminary treatment from enterprises
wherever is needed. However, other waste to energy plants exist in some enterprises using biomass
for electricity generation or other renewable energy sources. Furthermore, in Meligala IA a large
photovoltaic park exists. Waste collection is implemented usually by appropriate contractors (by the
managing body) and/or by the municipality.
Concluding a common waste management system for industrial waste or practices of industrial
symbiosis among settled enterprises is lacking over the country.
Actions towards social and economic aspects are still at an early stage. Regarding social
infrastructures, canteens, restaurants, nursery centers exist but not well organized and in a
centralized way of operation. On an economic point of view due to the development of the
photovoltaic parks recently in Greece, special loans for the installation of solar panels are provided
to the enterprises.
SWOT Analysis for the six investigated areas

Strengths
Weaknesses
A private Managing body generally exists (15 The Managing body doesn't have the
possibility to put penalties if enterprises
areas).
don't accomplish with the indicated norms.
The enterprises participate in the centralized
environmental services on a mandatory basis (6 Centralized infrastructures are few even
when theyre present
areas);
The Managing Body has the opportunity to force the Weak (or almost not-existing) common
enterprises to respect sustainable norms, but not to waste management.
impose penalties (15 areas).
Lacking of social actions
Implementation of the environmental rules which are
Lacking of economic actions
posed by the local regulations (15 areas).
Internal rules for the IA management exist in IAs The existing centralized infrastructures
(i.e. Litohoro IA) taking into account factors of the dont include:
entrepreneurial actions of the area, the national park
Mobility: Mobility manager of the area
which is located in a close distance from the area).
for the transfer Home - workplace; car
pooling; car sharing; Work in progress for
Management bodies implement the following
the construction of a logistic platform
actions:
-
Waste: lacking of a central industrial

waste management system
environmental monitoring of the area through

central monitoring station (3 areas);
Economic actions: lacking of such actions
Are responsible for the water supply (3 areas)
Habitat and landscape: lacking of such

actions
realize and manage infrastructures for the IA

Managing body doesn't involve the settled
(15 areas);
enterprises, local authorities and other
The Managing body involves the settled enterprises

in the definition of the environmental improvement
plan of the area by providing centralized
infrastructures:
-
Water: waste water treatment plant for the area;

recycling plant for the water supply to the
enterprises. Industrial waterworks; systems of
water reclaim (9 areas); In Sindos IA a special
WWT exists for tanneries cluster.
Energy: installation of photovoltaic plants;

agreement with a bank and regional authority in
order to guarantee loans for photovoltaic plants;
a distribution network of methane gas;
Cogeneration plant with district heating using
vegetal oil (1 areas); Some enterprises have
settled solar panels but they are not considered
as a centralized infrastructure
Emergency and Safety Management: fire plan

of the area (15 areas);
Waste: Contracts with municipalities and/or

appropriate contractors for the waste collection
(15 areas)
Hi Tech Networks (15 areas);
Social actions: Restaurant; Canteen; Innovation

Center for training of mechanical technicians
(10 areas);
Opportunities
stakeholders, in the definition of an

environmental improvement plan of the
area or in the identification of the services
needed till now
Threats
The National zoning law Nr. 2545/97 introduces the Other legislation and regulation rules
concept of Industrial Areas management.
should also be taken into account in the
settlement of new IAs in order to avoid
The environmental aspects are taken in consideration incidents of 'destroying' Natura/Ramsar
in the planning phase (15 areas)
areas
It is foreseen an involvement of the main The existing law doesn't include
stakeholders in the Strategic Environmental environmental monitoring
Assessment of the area (1 area).
The lack of the meaning of the industrial
A financial guideline for the new industries could be symbiosis in this law is reducing the
performed
economical development of the IA

No specific dispositions regarding the
environmental and social aspects are given
in the National law.
No economic incentives are foreseen for the
IAs, especially for the new enterprises
At a national level exists some regulations
regarding the energetic aspects of the
buildings (new and existing ones),
excluding the industrial buildings.
There is no IA with EMAS, however
several enterprises inside IA have installed
an EMAS system.
Conclusions
Lack of reliable information regarding the operation of an IA regarding technical and institutional
infrastructure was proved from this study. As a result of the aforementioned analysis for the whole
Hellenic IAs, an internal cooperation is needed and communication among the industries in order to
achieve environmental sustainability and decrease the environmental impacts. The second step of
this study will be the modeling and the optimization of industries inside IAs by the means of an
Input/Output analysis following the frame set by National and regional Laws.
The expected outcome of the aforementioned step will have positive impact on use of resources by
industries, emissions reducing and residuals treatment. Especially for residuals, in case industries
develop an internal network for communication/cooperation, then the residuals of industries will be
used from other industry (after pre treatment). Furthermore, systemic policies are also needed to be
developed for the private sector in order to acquire an effective role in hazardous waste
management generated from IAs.
References
1. Mourtsiadis A. (2010) Hazardous waste management in Industrial Areas, Workshop of TEE
Hazardous waste management Existing and future opportunities, Athens, 2 June.
2. Beers D. and Biswas W.K. (2008) A regional synergy approach to energy recovery: The case
of the Kwinana industrial area, Western Australia, Energy Conversion and Management, 49,
3051-3062.
3. Fernandez I. and Ruiz M.C. (2009) Descriptive model and evaluation system to locate
sustainable industrial areas, Journal of Cleaner Production, 17, 87-100.
4. Tarantini M., Loprieno A.D., Cucchi E. and Frenquellucci F. (2009) Life Cycle Assessment of
waste management systems in Italian industrial areas: Case study of 1st Macrolotto of Prato,
Energy, 34, 613-622.
5. Hellenic Law 4458/65 Industrial Districts, Official Gazette 33/A/27-2-65.
6. Hellenic Law 2545/97 Industrial and Business Estates, Official Gazette 254/A/15-12-97.
7. Mirasgedis S., Hontou V., Georgopoulou E., Sarafidis Y., Gakis N., Lalas D.P., Loukatos A.,
Gargoulas N., Mentzis A., Economidis D., Triantafilopoulos T., Korizi K. and Mavrotas G.
(2009) Environmental damage costs from airborne pollution of industrial activities in the
greater Athens, Greece area and the resulting benefits from the introduction of BAT,
Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 28, 3956.
SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in the Valencia

Region (Spain)
Overview of the Spanish situation
The Valencian Region counts with more than 720 Industrial Areas. These areas are characterized
for its small size and decentralization. There are several big Industrial agglomerations in the county.
Most of these agglomerations are closer to the urban areas. Blocks are composed by a small
quantity of enterprises of small size (SMEs). Manufacture processes in the Valencian region are
mainly focus on the mechanical-metal sector (cars manufacture), ceramics and textile.
There are not significant collaborations between the enterprises in the Industrial areas due to several
aspects. The most relevant is that the most part of these areas are composed by a reduced number of
enterprises, so these companies have serious difficulties to carry out investments in environmental
or energetic performance. The most part of the IAs have not an industrial managing company
controlling and managing environmental and social aspects (there are just 15 IAs in the Valencia
Region). Furthermore, enterprises in the IAs should take individual measures in order to control
their environmental and social aspects. The lack of monitoring actions and centralized services in
the IAs supposes the uncorrect invividual management by these companies (for example, unlegal
dumping waste practices in environmental protected areas).
Furthermore, the regional and national regulations do not establish environmental or social aspects
in the industrial planning stage. The industrial sustainability concept is not included or considered
in the regional and national legislation. Environmental management actions are regulated in the
local ordinances.
The analysis was focus on 15 different industrial areas in the Valencia region which are considered
as the most advanced IAs in terms of sustainability, as monitored and managed by managing
companies.

The analysis of the Spanish IAs was carried out at the Regional level, including 15 industrial areas actually
managed by managing companies. These areas are better controlled and managed in terms of
sustainability. The analyzed IAs were the following:
1. Elche
2. Fuente del Jarro (Paterna)
3. Polgono Industrial de las Atalayas (Alicante)
4. Moncada
5. Torrent
6. Gandia
7. Parque empresarial Juan Carlos I (Almussafes, Valencia)
8. Xirivella
9. Aldaia
10. Quart
11. Alaqus
12. Albuixech
13. Mos del Bou (Albatera)

14. Algemes
15. Sant Vicent del Raspeig
There is a considerable range between the analyzed IAs: From small industrial areas composed by 90-100
enterprises and a total surface of 300.000 m2, specialized in traditional sectors (clothes manufacturing,
agro-alimentary sector, etc.) as Algemes or Mos del Bou to big industrial areas with more than 500
enterprises and a total surface of 2.500.000 m2, as Fuente del Jarro or Almussafes, with a deep
technological development in sectors as cars manufacturing (For example: Ford factory in Almussafes). This
big range helps us to know the actual difficulties of the small, middle and big IAs in terms of sustainability.
Legislation
The Regional Urbanism act (16/2005 of 30th December). regulates the settlement of the industrial land in
the region. There are low dispositions regarding social and environmental aspects in the Regional and
national regulation (General Urban Act). Any Spanish legislation recognizes or identifies the sustainable
industrial areas concept. The Regional landscape act 4/2004 sets up different measures to protect
environmental spaeces closer to the industrial land.
The National Technical Edification Code (38/2009 of 5th November) regulates the energetic aspects of the
buildings. The law is intended as a structured normative framework and seeks to facilitate their application
and fulfilment, in harmony with European regulations.
National edification law 38/1999 sets up that edification projects (including industrial buildings)
must respect in their design, building and maintenance phase the save of energy. The edification
law does not establish any more obligations concerning energetic aspects.
Actually, there are different national and regional plans and strategies concerning the sustainable
energy use in the Valencian and Spanish IAs. The national plan is the renewable energy plan for
2005-2010 and the strategy in energetic efficiency 2004-2012. Actually there is any legislation
concerning the industrial buildings energetic audit. The actual Spanish government is finishing the
new law on energetic efficiency, which will suppose the obligation for the industrial companies to
carry out energetic audits in the industrial buildings.
The Valencian government promotes the Valencian region energy efficiency plan which funds the
energetic audits for industrial enterprises.

Valencia industrial areas are planned and located by means of urban tools developed in the National
General Urban Act. Urban tools define criterias in order to define the procedure of selection of the site,
according to infrastructures location, proximity to residential areas, previous existence of industrial
premises or the environmental impact generated.
Urban tools no define criteria or procedures which give permission for specific industries and eventually
give a direction to the type of activity that will be established in the area. Future clients or prospects are
not considered in terms of building norms, disposal or services. No forums with stakeholders are
considered in the phase of IAs location. Landscape protection is taken into account .

The most part of the IAs have not an industrial managing company controlling and managing
environmental and social aspects (there are just 15 IAs in the Valencia Region). These managing
companies are private bodies. Managing companies offer centralized environmental and social
services to the companies located in the industrial area (medical services, central of purchases,
banks, canteen, kindergarten, etc.)
The majority of managing companies in the Valencia region (12) involve the settled enterprises, local
authorities and other stakeholders in the definition of an environmental improvement plan of the area or in
the identification of the needed services.

Enterprises use joint infrastructures and services at industrial area scale based on voluntary basis.
Concerning environmental aspects, there is a considerable lack of environmental monitoring actions by the
managing companies. Some centralized services are provided (waste and water management, emergency
and safety measures, social actions). There is a lack of other centralized services (HT, Product policies,
habitat and landscape).
SWOT Analysis for the 15 investigated areas

Strengths
Weaknesses
IAs managed by Managing Companies includes the The Managing Company (MC) doesn't have the
possibility to force the enterprises to respect
following services:
sustainable norms.
- provides socio/environmental services to
The MC doesn't have the possibility to put
penalties if enterprises don't accomplish with
- Realizes and/or manages infrastructures for the
the indicated norms.
The MC weakly involves the settled enterprises
Fees (8 areas)
in the definition of the environmental
The existing centralized infrastructures include the improvement plan of the area (2 areas);
following services:
-
Water: Managed and

municipality (15 areas);
provided
by
The following actions are not provided in the

the analyzed areas:
Environmental analysis of the area
Energy centralized services: (8 areas);
Environmental monitoring
Mobility: Logistic platform (3 areas);
Central monitoring station
Emergency and Safety Management: (4 areas);
Company specific monitoring
Waste: sewage water stations (4 areas) waste Analyzed IAs lacks on the following centralized
collection centralized points (3 areas);
services:
Social actions: Kindergarten; Canteen; purchase

center station, banks, etc.(10 areas);
Monitoring actions: Carried

municipality (7 areas);
out
by
the
Product policies
Hi Tech Networks
Habitat and landscape
MC does not have a systematic approach to

the environmental aspects since it does not
There is a strong involvement of the settled enterprises implement environmental actions in all areas.
in the planning of the area (12 areas)
The enterprises participate at the centralized
environmental services on a voluntary basis
(15 areas);
The centralized services are not an asset for the
enterprises to settle in the area.
Opportunities
Threats

environmental and social aspects are given in
The Technical Edification Code sets up norms for the National and regional acts.
sustainable buildings.
One municipality in Valencia (Vilamarchant) have an
interest of legislate on the direction of Sustainable
Industrial Areas (SIA) by giving economical incentives to
those enterprises that set up in the SIA, respecting
certain environmental measures.
Any legislation concerning the industrial

buildings energetic audit
establishment of a determined type of activity
in the area (15 areas).
Strategies concerning the sustainable energy use in No criteria regulates the dismissal of the
the Valencian and Spanish IAs. The national plan is industrial areas or their regeneration (6 areas);
the renewable energy plan for 2005-2010 and the
No involvement of the stakeholders is foreseen
strategy in energetic efficiency 2004-2012
in the localization and the planning phase (13
areas);
the companies in the planning phase (15
areas);
Environmental aspects are not generally taken

in consideration in the planning phase (15
areas);
The economical crisis restrain the investments
in infrastructures and services.
Conclusions
The Spanish SWOT analysis determines that there is a general lack of environmental and social services in
the Spanish IAs situated in the Valencia region. Sustainability concept does not exist as is not refered in the
Regional and National regulations. The examined areas are better managed in terms of sustainability due to
the managing and control executed by the Managing Companies.
The process of conversion to Sustainable Industrial Areas can just be started by encouraging companies
through economical or social incentives in exchange of the respect to certain environmental measures
determined by the M.E.I.D. model. Municipalities (local authorities) should motivate enterprises in that
sense.
In that way, there is a strong interest of the local authorities of Vilamarchant municipality (Valencia) in
facilitating economical and social incentives to those companies settled up in the municipality industrial
land which respect a sustainable model. In that sense, M.E.I.D. model could be an ideal tool.
Finally, it becomes necessary to promote the existence of Managing Companies in the IAs , as well as the
creation of the convenient monitoring tools in order to control the environmental aspects of the Industrial
areas. The lack of centralized services and infrastructures makes difficult to reach and appropriated
sustainable management in the IAs.
SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in PACA region

(France)
Overview of the industrial areas in France and PACA region in particular
A Industrial Area (zone dactivit) in France can be defined as a site dedicated to the establishment of
businesses in a given area. These areas are defined, developed and managed by the local authority which
owns the land settlement. They gather around a common goal of growth and in a spirit of partnership
government, communities and businesses. Usually placed under the legal subdivision, they are usually
located on the outskirts of large urban centers because of the proximity of transportation infrastructure,
guaranteeing their influence regional, national or international scale and a pool of manpower and services.
The only estimate number of existing industrial areas and business parks in France comes from the French
Ministry of Ecology and sustainable development (MEDAD - Ministre de l'Ecologie, du Dveloppement et
de l'Amnagement Durables ) which mentions about 24,000 industrial areas in France (over 10% of French
1
territory on the surface), spread over 12 000 communes . This figure may actually vary between 24 000 and
32 000.
However, among all these industrial areas there are only a couple of areas certified ISO 14001 (1 EMAS
registered only), and only 50 to 100 zones are engaged in progressive sustainable approaches, with very
different ambitions (from simple charter of good intentions of policy of continuous improvement in terms of
sustainability, to well-structured framework of sustainable development). In total less than 0.5% of the
2
industrial areas in France can demonstrate good environmental management and sustainable development .
Very representative of the whole French economical structure, over 90% of companies in the industrial areas
and parks are very small and medium companies. Up to 85% of them do not comply with the actual
regulations (environmental) and this for three main reasons:
lack of qualified personnel or lack of internal expertise,
limited financial and human resources,
complex technical solutions if we do not simply transfer the pollution.
Nevertheless the stakeholders have an interest in developing environmental policy that can be rewarding for
them:
for companies, in terms of image and
for the regional and local authorities, in terms of attractiveness and competitiveness of their areas
and activities, providing sites of good environmental quality and offering a wide range of services to
companies wishing to settle inside.
1
2
Source: Association Ore, proposition fiche to Grenelle of environnement

Source: Association Ore, proposition fiche to Grenelle of environment
Profile of studied Industrial Areas

The SWOT study concentrated on Industrial areas based in the PACA region. The study was conducted via
a semi-directive questionnaires prepared by MEID consortium, which was diffused to about 50 IAs in PACA
region of France, 20 IAs responded to the questionnaires (response rate about 40%).
In total, 20 IAs were studied in the South East of France. A list of industrial areas is presented below:
Zone dActivits de lAgavon
Europarc
Aggloparcs
Ple d'activits d'Aix La Pioline
Parc dactivits de Rognac
Parc dactivit de Lavalduc
Parc dActivits de la Verdire Velaux
Centre de vie rgional Plan de Campagne
Parc dactivits de La Gandonne
Vitropole
Europle Mditerranen de lArbois
Zone Franche (EZF)
Zone dactivits ARNAVANT
Zone Industrielle de Carros
Zone dactivit de lAzale
Parc d'activit du Laurentin
Technopole Chteau Gombert
Ple dActivits dEguilles
Technopole de Sophia Antipolis
Zone d'activits de Saint Jeannet
The IAs of PACA region are presented on the map here below.
Figure 1: Industrial Areas in PACA region of France

The studied IAs could be characterised in the following way:
by size
15 of them can be considered as small or medium sized,
5 as big Industrial Areas
by experience
19 were existing areas,
1 new IA (Green Valley )
by specialization
All of them are Multi-sector, but
4 of them try to specialize in IT (1 IA) or commerce (3 IAs)
However it is important to mention that there is few remaining hard industries in the PACA region of France
except the metallurgy and chemical. This is the reason why the Industrial Areas based in PACA and studied
in the framework of MEID SWOT analysis are not polluting IAs.
by affiliation to sustainable development norms and certifications:
Only one IA is certified by ISO 14001 Certification of the IA (Europle Mditerranen de

lArbois, the whole IA is certified: Management procedures, design, equipment, technical
features, information and communication procedures, etc.). Almost all the IAs studied host
companies certified by ISO norms.
Among studied IAs there is no IAs with EMAS registration.

In France there is a set of management and planning schemes of Industrial areas:
Mixed Unions (syndicats mixtes): are a type of inter-municipal cooperation structures in France. We
can talk of Mixed Unions when the structure combines different kinds of communities, municipalities
and urban community or a department, for example, or a public establishment for inter-municipal
cooperation (EPCI) or an Inter-municipal Social Action Center ( ICAS).
SEM (mixed enterprise company): a limited company whose capital is majority owned by one or
more public entities (ie State, Local government, or any other public institution). At least one private
person shall participate in the capital of the SEM, knowing that it can be another SEM. The use of
SEM provides the local authority public shareholder and partner the effective consideration of the
general interest in the objectives of the company and the flexibility of the private company.
Free Trade Union Association and Trade Union Association (ASL - Association syndicale libre) - a
group of property (and not persons) formed by unanimous consent of the concerned owners. A local
authority may be a member of free trade union association maintaining roads or land.
Source : Hautes Alpes Dveloppement - Conseil Gnral 05 - Agence de Dveloppement Economique de Vaucluse Cte d'Azur Dveloppement - Provence Promotion - Var Accueil Investisseur - Traitement MDER - Septembre 2006
Private company (SA, SARL, SCI) can be manager of an industrial or business area. Often this
management scheme is related to the ownership of land and buildings. Discussions are currently
underway on the delegation of the management of IAs to private companies through Public-Private
partnerships.
All the studied IAs has management company (mixed unions or mixed companies), with quite small
management teams (less than 5 persons). 19 of the studied IAs dont have an employee dedicated to the
environmental aspects of the IA. 1 zone (Europle Mditerranen de lArbois, certified by ISO 14001) has a
person inside the team dedicated to the environmental aspects of the IA. In general, we can note that the
management priorities of studied IAs are mostly focused on day-to-day tasks and commercial expansion of
the zone. They all face the problem of involving SMEs and larger company in achieving sustainable
standard both for individual building and for shared infrastructures. It appears that companies involvement,
thus companies investment in sustainable technologies, sustainable production or administrative building for
themselves strongly depends on their own economic sustainability: growing company, growing sector, etc.
Investing in Shared infrastructures is not at all their priority. When the managing company offers basic value
added services, the companies consider they could contribute at a minimum rate. As there is a very few
services to boost their business, the companies do not see why they should be pro active in the process of
greening the IA. They consider it is the concern of the management company. The process of greening an IA
requires from the management company to treat the ecologic and economic sustainability as a package.
Usually they do not have the required staff and they do not rely on services subcontractors. A few of them
have the ability to raise fund for those kind of change, as it is a complex process.
Environmental aspects of IAs
At the IA level:
the management team has limited knowledge about sustainable solutions (financial,
practical, technological sides) in most of the studied zones, it is one of the reasons of the low
use/application of sustainable solutions within the zones. This is not a question of
technology knowledge. They do not have sufficient experience in raising interest and then
raising funds. They lack knowledge on explaining what the companies will gain if they invest
in shared infrastructures (Collective and individual return on investment.
It is still considered that the eco friendly or sustainable development is an approach which
should be done mostly by the companies themselves than at the level of IA,
the IA recognize that the eco-friendly approach could be a factor of differentiation to attract
new companies, but no not know how implement it concretely and how present it as an
advantage.
At the department /regional level: the environmental aspects are more and more considered by
departmental/regional authorities that perceive the sustainable and environment friendly
development as politically strategic and endogenous / exogenous attraction factor. There are many
subsidies / grant that could be available, but it takes a very long time and difficult procedures to
benefit from it.
At the national level: the Grenelle Law made a big change in the consideration of environmental
aspects for new constructions. But it needs to be spread to Industrial Areas Managers in a more
didactic approach.
Legislative framework and management State of the art

French Laws regarding Industrial Areas
A Joint Development Park (Zone d'Amnagement Concert - ZAC) is a planning procedure of French law
established by the Planning Guidance Law No. 67-1253 of December 30th, 1967 to be substituted to
priority development area (Zone Urbaniser en Priorit - ZUP) and amended many times since then. Its
main purpose was to facilitate dialogue between public institutions and private developers who showed great
reluctance towards ZUP, incidentally, it was also to undertake devolution of state controls on operations
urban development and standardization of these.
As the ZUP, the first ZAC (a Joint Development Park, in French - Zone d'Amnagement Concert) were
conceived as derogatory planning procedures, which were not obliged to comply with the planning
documents of urbanism. The Law No. 76-1285 of 31 December 1976 on planning reform was the first
one that required the joint development parks (ZAC) to be compatible with urban planning schema
(SDAU - schma directeur d'amnagement et d'urbanisme) and be located in existing urban areas or
planned urban areas while being provided with a autonomous planning document, the planning plans
zone (Plans d'amnagement de zone - PAZ).
The last major reform of the areas of joint development is the law on solidarity and urban renewal (SRU
law) No 2000-1208 of 13 December 2000, which removed the possibility to endow the new ZAC of a PAZ.
They are therefore subject to local development plan (PLU) of cities.
Grenelle de l'environnement national initiative for sustainable development

The Grenelle of Environment is a series of political meetings organized in France in October 2007, to take
long-term decisions regarding environmental issues and sustainable development, particularly to restore
biodiversity, and Regional patterns of ecological coherence, while reducing emissions of greenhouse gases
and improving energy efficiency.
One of the ideas is to impose to any new areas for Joint Development Zones (ZAC), a preparatory study of
feasibility of creation of a heat virtuous network or the extension of an existing network. This feasibility should
be understood in terms of energy service availability and crossed with the expected building performance. In
order to facilitate assessment of the feasibility and virtuous character of the solution, it seems necessary to
impose criteria and thresholds, such as housing cost, the cost per ton of CO2 avoided thermal density...
The goal is to balance energy production with French backing the centralized network systems to more
decentralized autonomy. It is also further reduce the carbon content of the French energy supply, and as a
first step to achieve the target of 20% (or 25%) of renewable energy (final) in 2020, good environmental
conditions and feasibility. This implies an increase of 20 million TEP from renewable in the energy mix in
2020, following two strategic lines, empowerment and decentralization, where possible.
Achieving urban areas or industrial use is an opportunity to consider the creation or development of largescale district heating networks. Impose a minimum study Feasibility for the establishment of a network of
specific heat or the extension of a network heat nearby ensures that this option will be well ahead of the
planned development project.
For mandatory connection to a heat powered mainly by renewable energy or fatal, and locally competitive
overall cost for any new building or the subject of a substantial change in its production facilities or
distribution of heat or a major renovation.
Impact of Grenelle de l'environnement in PACA region

The Provence - Alpes - Cte d'Azur Region has a delay in sustainable development, particularly on the
crucial long-term strategic vision that gives the deepest meaning of this approach. However, dialogue and
participatory democracy are practiced on the regional territory.
However, specific actions are undertaken by individuals and local authorities, industrial projects and services
are underway, public services are mobilized, pioneering companies multiply innovations, including regarding
their social and societal responsibilities. The Region under its policy of continuing education is developing a
contract for access to a first qualification for all. Associations of citizens and companies provide, sometimes
vigorously, developments, practices, etc...
It is the same for the recent selection of clusters in PACA78, taking into account various capacities for
sustainable development: global hub ("Secured Communicating Solutions"), worldwide cluster ("sea, safety
and security PACA), National poles ("European center of innovation fruits and vegetables," "risk
management and vulnerability of territories", "perfumes, flavors, fragrances, flavors," "energies without
greenhouse gas emissions").
A reflection on public transport is also required, but local and regional transport plans under-consider local
realities and needs of people. Experience shows that the introduction of transport without awareness is slow
to prevail (see attendance buses ZA de l'Arbois), especially when they come from an undifferentiated logic of
transport.
SWOT Analysis
Strengths
Weaknesses
Management aspects:
All the studied IAs has management companies
(mixed unions or mixed companies)
Management aspects:
In most of the zones the Management company
have no internal / external specialists to track the
In bigger zones the environmental aspects begin

to be included in the management of the IA
Departmental authorities(which are often a part of
managing company of IAs) are making a follow-up
of the environmental aspects of the area
Many sessions, workshops and awareness
activities are organized by departmental
authorities(which are often a part of IA
management companies) to initiate firms to use
more and more sustainable solutions
Environmental aspects are more and more
included in social studies and evaluations made by
local, national and European authorities. The
necessity of implementation of environmental
management is mentioned in these studies. To
respond to this necessity the IAs have to increase
its labour force to manage this aspects
The IA management units are aware about the
fact that the environmental management will allow
the IA to have a competitive advantage over other
areas. Management of sustainable solutions will
attract new companies interested by Corporate
Social Responsibility. At the same time that will
allow the reducing of costs of waste management
and water supply.
Waste & water management: Centralized Waste

Management and water supply in most of the biggest
zones
Mobility:
the majority of IAs pretend to have public transport
services for connection with the outside
environment, as well as the employees travel
plans (PDE - plan de deplacement des
entreprises), but these services are not sufficient
and not well adapted to the needs
big IAs have co-driving facilities for personnel of
companies hosted
Social actions and infrastructures:
the majority of IAs has some centralized services
are first tested in IAs before being implemented in
near cities (kindergarten, canteen, co-driving
facilities, etc.)
Some infrastructures and centralised services
implemented within IAs benefit to both companies,
employees and families living next to the area
Economical aspects
The majority of IAs already provides basic
services to hosted companies and has some
centralised structures. This should be the starting
point to develop value added services related to
ecologic and economic sustainable development.
impacts on environment,
Departmental authorities still have small teams to
manage environmental aspects
Most of the zones won't be able to invest in new
environmental specialist employees as they have
small budgets
The management companies cannot force
companies to adopt sustainable sources of energy
(solar, biomass), use sustainable solutions or
respect sustainable norms
Most companies still perceive the use of ecological
solutions as a constraint in the management of
the area
Environmental management still represent a cost
in terms of training of teams managing the area
Economic context could force IAs to lower their
investments in shared infrastructures
No real follow-up of the respect of the norms
Waste & water management: the centralized

management is not sufficient in the majority of IAs.
The centralized management is not sufficient in the
majority of IAs. There is no specific waste
management strategy depending on the type of
activities (chemical, pharmaceutical, construction,
wood transformation, etc.). The concept of global
value chain is not enough understood and promoted
by managers
Mobility:
Lack of smart public transportation facilities in
many zones of the area, the personal cars are
often the only real possibility of transportation in
the IA,
The public transport should better fit the needs of
users (the frequency of buses/ trains, the
directions, the prices, etc.)
Changes in infrastructure is hard to accept for
established companies in the zone
Social actions and infrastructures:
The social aspects are still considered as very
secondary. There is no clear knowledge of the
management teams of IAs about the benefits of
environmental management on social aspects
Most of the infrastructures benefit to the
companies more than to the employees or the
families living in the zone or in the surrounding
Budget for development of infrastructures will be
allocated to IAs before than to urban section of
nearest cities.
Economical aspects
The value added services are still considered as
secondary. The provided services should be
mutualised between IAs and fit better to the needs
of companies: collaborative projects engineering,
financial engineering, etc.
Opportunities
Legislation
By national initiative (Grenelle), any new
construction
must
respect
sustainable
environment norms.
Grenelle was highly promoted by the press,
national and local authorities
POS (Mapping of Distribution of Spaces), SCOT
(Mapping for Territorial Coherence) and PLU
(Local Mapping of urbanism) are implemented by
local authorities. According to these initiatives, the
IA should be constructed or expanded in respect
with local urbanism and natural particularities
(river, lake, mountain), so the IA try to integrate
some solutions to limit the environmental impact.
Companies applying Grenelle can receive
economic incentives to implement sustainable
solutions
Obligation of respect of the norms force
companies to get interested and to know more
about sustainable solutions
Strong support from regional and departmental
authorities in most of cases.
Threats
National elections in 2012 could freeze the vote,
control and adoption of new norms
The concepts of Grenelle are understood by
companies but we can identify a lack of knowledge
about
concrete
norms,
benefits
and
consequences. There is also a lack of information
and support actors to explain companies the
concrete procedure to respect and to set up in
order to adopt the Grenelle norms.
Decision making process at the level of a concrete
IA can be difficult, especially when the area is
managed by different cities
Small zones still have difficulties to take into
account ecological aspects in the planning except
if there is political lobbying (regional or
departmental support).
No real follow-up of the respect of the norms
Infrastructure,
transport
and
environmental
solutions
Housing, high value employment creation and
public transportation are more and more taken into
account in the development of industrial areas
Housing facilities are often included in the
planning of the area
Public transportation and carpooling initiatives are
developed, some big IAs(Sophia Antipolis) and
companies develop incentives for employees if
they use public transports or carpooling /co-driving
Most of the zones are multisectorial and adapt
themselves to the needs of the companies
interested
Some zone are more specialized (commerce,
technology) and try to position themselves as
leaders in the region, the fact to become
sustainable allow them to have a new competitive
advantage (Social responsibility of companies,
etc.)
Massive deployment of norms should decrease
costs of implementation of sustainable solutions
(ISO and EMAS)
No specific norms for already built constructions

In many zones of the region housing and access
to the zones is still difficult.
Too few housing available in the area compared to
the demand
Prices of housing is still expansive in the industrial
areas
Cost of investments in new norms will lower
investments of companies in social aspects
(training, employment)
Companies could focus on respect of the norms
more than on facilities for employees in the
architectural design of its buildings
Cost of sustainable technologies is still high for
SMEs
Respect of the norms still generates higher
construction costs for new companies
Future changes in norms or technology could
lower ROI of the investment
Becoming multisectorial, some zones are losing
their identity and the attractiveness for new
companies that wanted to benefit from a cluster
effect
Specialized zones are highly dependent to the
dynamism of the sector
In a long term companies will benefit from their

investment in sustainable solutions and the
respect of the norms
Conclusions
The present SWOT analysis shows that the concept of sustainability is still considered as secondary aspect
in the management of the Industrial Areas. In PACA region of France, a set of centralized services for water
or waste treatment, for alternative or renewable energies exists, but stay very insufficient. The same situation
can be noted concerning the transport and social services which often doesnt fit to the needs of users.
However it is important to mention that some national (Grenelle initiative) and regional initiatives pays
attention to ecological and sustainability aspects, improve the awareness and propose some incentives to
IAs and companies to integrate eco-friendly solutions. Due to the promotion actions, the sustainability
concept starts to be considered as a new competitive advantage in a set of industries and sectors. It attracts
new type of companies looking forward to produce products with low environmental impact. But the money
invested in the Grenelles of Environment has a few direct impacts on industrial zones. It should be
suggested to bring together national and EU budget and easier procedures to access this budget for
example by creating an EU facility to support the development of green infrastructures on the more pro
active zones. Such a facility (including at once the funding, consulting services, portfolio of technological
solutions per industry field) could increase the level of green performance of those areas.
The existing national and regional initiatives propose a set of solutions for planned IA or new construction. A
special attention need to be paid to the existing areas and to how make the existing areas more sustainable.
Still the most important is to traduce the national and regional efforts in concrete actions in the IAs. The IA
management companies as well and hosted enterprises are not very well aware about how to implement the
sustainable solutions or norms.
The 2 major issues for IA managers are:
in the case of new IAs - implement green infrastructures in order to attract champions, and have a
focus on one specific sector, taking into account the necessity of a cross sector approach (ex :
microelectronics or mechatronics IA is connected to energy market / areas, home automation,
construction, transportation, etc)
in the case of existing IAs - implement basic value added services, then high value adds services to
gain involvement and commitment of companies, then launch public private investment in the shared
green infrastructures. The economic positioning must be reviewed to switch from a multisector to a
cross sector approach. Both of these cases mean developing customer / providers relationships
inside and outside the IAs.
Moreover, taking of consideration the actual economic situation, it is crucial to pay attention to economical
sustainability of IAs and companies, proposing individual and collective value added services.
SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in Malta

Overview
Despite a growing awareness of the importance of energy efficiency, water conservation and related issues
in Malta, little has been done to address the objective of sustainability in the industrial sector. The Energy
Efficiency in Buildings Regulations introduced in 2008 do not apply to industrial buildings, and there exists
no other legislation or mandatory standards related to industrial areas.
Maltas National Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2008 makes a passing reference to private industry, and
mentions the intention to implement a number of financial support schemes for industry promoting energy
audits, power factor improvement, renewable energy, high efficiency motors and similar measures. As part
of this initiative there is a national subsidy scheme for installation of PV panels in industry.
Information Base
This report is based on interviews focusing both on industrial areas per se as well as on organisations
responsible for the legal and administrative aspects related to industrial area development and
management. These include the following:
1. Malta Industrial Parks Ltd (MIPL)
All industrial areas in Malta are situated on public land. MIPL is a government-owned company with
responsibility for management of all industrial areas in Malta.
2. Malta Environment and Planning Authority (MEPA)
MEPA fulfils the role of both planning authority and environmental agency. The main instrument
for environmental control of industry is through the requirement for an operating license
renewable on annual basis and which is issued by MEPA.
3. Hal Far Industrial Estate
Hal Far is the largest industrial estate in Malta but much of the land area is still unutilised and
earmarked for future development. It has recently grown in importance with the establishment of a
number of important companies and is in the process of setting up a tenants association for
management of the area.
4. Bulebel Industrial Estate
This is the second-largest industrial estate in Malta and hosts many of the flagships of Maltese
industry. It has an active Tenants Association.
5. Mosta Technopark
This is one of the most modern and well-managed industrial areas, specializing in high-tech
manufacturing. It is the most organised and advanced in term of estate management.
6. Life Sciences Centre
The Life Sciences Centre has not yet been developed but the land area has been allocated, plans
have been finalized, planning permission has been cleared and construction is imminent. Despite
existing only on paper, it was included in the survey as an important example of modern thinking in
industrial area planning in Malta.
Legislation
All development including industrial development in Malta is regulated through the Environment and
Development Planning Act and Structure Plan. The Malta Environment and Planning Authority (MEPA) is
the government authority tasked with both strategic planning as well as the operational aspects of this
legislation. Planning of industrial zones is driven by Malta Enterprise and Malta Industrial Parks Ltd with the
participation of MEPA.
There is no specific legislation relating to industrial development in general and sustainability in industrial
areas in particular. On the contrary, the Energy Efficiency in Buildings legislation does not apply to industrial
premises.
MEPA exercises some degree of control through the authority to demand an Environmental Impact
Assessment in certain cases before granting a development permit. There is also an operating permit which
must be renewed annually and is subject to a declaration regarding storage of chemicals and discharge into
the sewers.
Water Services Corporation, the national public provider of water and sewerage services, also have a role
to play and have authority over discharges into the sewerage system

Industrial area planning is performed manually and with the assistance of normal architectural mapping
and design tools, but not with any specialised software.

As an overall observation, environmental management of industrial areas is very weak and there are no
documented standards or guidelines. Environmental considerations are taken into account at the discretion
of the tenants or management body. For example, such considerations featured quite strongly in the design
of the new Life Sciences Park.
Environmental monitoring is implemented to a limited extent by MEPA by virtue of the annual operating
permit mechanism.
In the past there was a strong emphasis on the provision of low-cost premises for industry with the result
that funds collected through rental fees barely covered recurrent costs and there was no money left over
for capital investment. In recent years there has been some funding for upgrading and environmental
improvement of industrial areas is implemented mainly through the use of ERDF funding (EU structural
funds) for infrastructural improvement. However, such initiatives have been largely restricted to roadworks
and related works.
Centralised infrastructures and services

Centralised infrastructures do not exist in any of the industrial areas, with the exception of facilities for
rainwater collection and storage in underground cisterns which is a common feature. This water is
generally used for watering trees and plants, but is not utilised within the buildings for example for sanitary
use. One of the areas was originally equipped with French drains which are rainwater catchment areas
alongside the roads which allow the water to percolate into the ground and recharge the aquifer.
Unfortunately, most of these were not adequately maintained, fell into disuse and were eventually
cemented over.
There are no common wastewater treatment plants for recycling of water. It is likely that this is not
economically feasible given the relatively small size of the industrial areas and the lack of sectoral
specialization. However, wastewater treatment is provided by the national operator (Water Services
Corporation).
There are no instances of central waste recycling plants but one of the management companies organises
waste collection for recycling by a private company.
Childcare services are available in all the areas surveyed.
Financing is collected by MIPL in the form of a service charge, either specifically or as part of rental charges.
In the two industrial areas where there are tenants associations, MIPL passes on part of the fees it collects
to fund the activities of the association.
SWOT Analysis for the six investigated areas

Strengths
Weaknesses
There exists a public organisation which is responsible for MIPL (government managing company) is very
all industrial areas. In addition, two of the areas also short of human resources and does not have
the manpower to work on promoting
benefit from having a Tenants Association.
sustainability in industrial areas.
Some of the MCs implement the following actions:
The relevant authorities have not proposed or
- environmental improvement plans (2 areas);
established
any
standards
regarding
- provides socio/environmental services to sustainability, although such standards are
planned for one industrial area.
realizes and manages infrastructures for the Environmental monitoring is weak and is only
carried out in one industrial area to a limited
extent (checking of waste for recycling)
The management company involves the tenants in the
definition of the environmental improvement plan of the The only common infrastructures for the
industrial areas are related to collection of
-
area (3 areas);
rainwater.
The existing centralized infrastructures and services Involvement of tenants in the environmental
include:
planning of the area is rather ad hoc (3 areas)
-
Energy: there is a national subsidy scheme for Common waste management was only present
installation of photovoltaic plants; (national in one area.
scheme);
Very few social actions were present.
Waste: waste collection for recycling free of
Very few economic actions, if any, were
charge; (1 area)
provided within the industrial areas, although
Habitat and landscape: sustainable management these are provided by Malta Enterprise at a
of the landscape; (3 areas);
national level.
Social actions: child-minding centre (4 areas);
Canteen (1 area); training on health and safety (1
area);
Funding for common infrastructure and services is

collected mainly through a service charge by Malta
Industrial Parks Ltd.
Opportunities
Threats
Environmental considerations have been taken into

consideration in the planning phase of the most recent
industrial area and many measures are being
incorporated into the construction of buildings (e.g.
lagging, PV, solar water heaters, etc.
There is no policital champion to promote

sustainable design of industrial areas
There is no specialised unit responsible for
industry in the Malta Environment and
Planning Authority.
There is no legislation promoting sustainability
in industrial areas. The recently-introduced
Energy Efficiency in Buildings Regulations do
not apply to industry.
the tenants in the planning phase (3 areas);
Conclusions
The SWOT Analysis has revealed that while significant progress may have been made in terms of energy
efficiency and environmental considerations in the domestic and business sectors, industry as a whole has
not been integrated into these initiatives. There is no political championing and no drive to make industry
and industrial areas more sustainable, and there is little if any legislation or performance standards. It has
been left very much up to the individual whether to endeavour to become more environmentally friendly.
Many of the industrial areas in Malta predate the environmental consciousness of the last decade, and little
has been done to being them into the twentyfirst century. Common infrastructures and services are limited
and reduced to the bare minimum. Most of the industrial areas do not have a proper management
company, relying instead on the under-resourced Malta Industrial Parks Ltd.
On the other hand, the new Life Sciences Park has been designed with a strong focus on environmentally
sound principles and will be developed as a showcase of good practice.
SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in Zenica-Doboj

Canton
Overview of the situation in Zenica-Doboj Canton
Majority of industrial areas in BiH belongs to industrial area of general type. They are not
specialized for specific types of industry and usually gather business entities from different field of
production. Even most of them are in initial stage of development, the concept of industrial areas
in BiH becomes very important and number of them significantly increases. Most of the existing
industrial / business areas in the country were established at the sites of former large state-owned
enterprises, which are more or less unsuccessfully privatized. It was a way to bring the available
property to more efficient use. Therefore, the dominant type of industrial / business areas is
restructured areas with underdeveloped infrastructure and limited capacity of absorption of new
investments, and as such not very attractive to potential investors.
According to the Spatial Plan of Zenica-Doboj Canton (2009 to 2029) 49 different land locations
have been reserved for establishment of industrial areas and planned to be developed as
industrial areas in future. Zenica-Doboj Canton is consisted of 12 municipalities. Municipal
authorities are competent and responsible for industrial zones management and progress. Every
region / municipality includes the establishment and development of industrial areas in its
program of activities. They provide land sites, adequate infrastructure and professional support in
phase when business entity approaches and express interest toward zone.
All industrial areas have two common characteristics (the joint company location and a joint
management structure). Based on the types of investments, and readiness for investment,
industrial areas are divided into brown and green areas. There is an evident interest of private
sector to invest in the green areas. Industrial/business areas provide benefits (adequate space,
infrastructure and communications) which significantly affect the ability to start-up many business
activities in the area of the Canton. There are quite well organized industrial areas in some
municipalities of Zenica-Doboj Canton (Zenica, Teanj, Maglaj, epe), while in other local areas,
industrial areas are without proper infrastructure and not developed in general. Establishment of
business / industrial areas in Zenica-Doboj Canton enables: 1) Securing long-term conditions for
development of SMEs and handicrafts, 2) Long-term alleviation of the unemployment trend, 3)
Stimulating growth and development especially in terms of new products and new technologies,
4) Easier communication and collaboration between businesses within the zone, particularly
encouraging the association and the implementation of specific business and development
projects and 5) Creation of conditions for the allocation of production activities from the central
areas of cities of Zenica-Doboj Canton region.
Practically the industrial areas in Zenica-Doboj Canton are part of the Spatial Plan, formally
available for business entities but, in some municipalities, not very attractive to investors. In order
to encourage economic development the Cantonal Government has provided a limited financial
support to the municipalities in order to develop local industrial areas. Some progress can be seen
but adequate means needed for significant and faster development of industrial areas are not
available. Industrial areas also receive increasing support from the Government of FBiH (the
Ministry of Development, Entrepreneurship and Crafts of FBiH approved in August 2010, funds for
35 municipalities in FBiH for the support of industrial areas).
European corridor (Vc) of the future north-south highway also passes through Zenica-Doboj
Canton, which opens excellent development opportunities for all cities and municipalities that
gravitate to the corridor or rely on it. Opportunities are particularly large in the case of the
industrial areas. The highway is suitable not only for the benefits of transportation but required
installations (telecommunications, electricity, etc.) have already been built, where industrial /
commercial areas could quickly be connected on.
Generally speaking, the industrial areas in Canton are in the early stage of development regarding
to environmental care as well as establishment of the concept of Sustainable Industrial Areas. This
concept is very new and still in the initial phase.

The analysis of the areas has been carried out at Cantonal level. Four areas (municipalities) of
Zenica-Doboj Canton have been chosen and they have been classified as best examples from a
sustainable approach. These areas and relative municipalities are:
Name of the
industrial area
1. Industrial Area
Zenica1
Prefecture
Area surface
Municipality
Zenica
33,3 ha
2. Industrial Area
XP
3. Industrial Area
Misuridi
4. Industrial Area
Bukva 1
Municipality epe 6,2 ha

Municipality
Maglaj
Municipality
Teanj
3 ha
23 ha
No. of estab.
bussines
21 (Industrial
areas)
31 (Business
incubator within
the zone)
1 (Center of
Modern
technologies)
18 established
No. of employees
7 established
12 planned
10 established
400
700 (in total)
350
900
The examined areas are mainly small sized ones and generally include from 10 to 20 enterprises.
They are generic industrial areas (manufacturing and commercial) but the main elements that
characterize them are common management structure (municipality authorities) and
infrastructure. In addition to business area, in the Municipality of Zenica there is also business
incubator. ZEDA, Local Development Agency is managing the business incubator. Founder of the
ZEDA Agency is the Municipality of Zenica. In this framework ZEDA Agency provides technical and
advisory support for business Start-ups. These new companies, which benefit from the process of
incubation, should prepare themselves for doing competitive business on the free markets
afterwards.
Legislation
There is not specific legislation that regulates the settlement/management of the industrial areas
on national level. Legislatives that regulate spatial planning and land use including industrial areas
are regulated by the laws on entity levels. In FBiH exists the Law on Spatial Planning and Land Use
(Official Gazette FBiH, No. 2/06). In accordance with the provisions of mentioned federal law,
planning documents are: Spatial Plan of Federation, Cantonal Spatial plan, Plan of Municipality,
Urban planning documents and detailed planning documents. The issues regarding environmental
aspects of the building (new and existing ones) are regulated by the Federal Law (Official Gazette
FBiH No. 33/03 and No. 38/09).

Industrial areas in Zenica-Doboj Canton are located and planned by urban means which are
developed by Municipal regulations (Spatial Plan, Urban Planning Documents and Regulation
plans). It is foreseen an involvement or/and an activation of shared processes with the
stakeholders (Forum) in the phase of localization of the industrial area. The Municipalities conduct
the interviewees with entrepreneurs in order to be familiarized about the project of establishing
industrial areas and take in consideration the expectations/prospects of future clients/users in
terms of building norms, building disposal or services. Criteria that regulate the dismissal of the
industrial areas or their regeneration (recovery and redevelopment of contaminated sites) do not
exist.

Municipal authorities are competent and responsible for industrial areas management and
progress. The Municipal authorities offer diverse services to the areas through adequate
companies which concern environmental actions such as: environmental analysis of the area,
environmental monitoring, implementation of environmental improvement plans, provision of
socio/environmental services to the enterprises, realization and/or management of infrastructure
for the industrial areas.
A common aspect of Municipal authorities is the level of control/force they have towards
environmental behavior of the enterprises or their participation in common services or centralized
infrastructures. In all cases the Municipal authority does not have a coercive function or
sanctioning power so it is impossible to impose norms or other measures to the enterprises.

The most common centralized infrastructure includes: water, energy, waste (central sewage
system), mobility, habitat and landscape and environmental monitoring of industrial areas
(municipality inspection). The enterprises use the joint infrastructure or services at industrial area
on a mandatory basis. Generally, a common action towards renewable energy sources is lacking all
over the Canton. Actions towards optimization of energy performances, heating/cooling systems,
ventilation systems, sanitary hot water system exist and it is regulated by the regulations which
concern the minimum technical and sanitary and hygienic conditions for business facilities. On the
environmental side, action related to the design of heating system which takes into account
environmental aspects, can be mentioned for the industrial area in Municipality Maglaj.
From the economic point of view in order to encourage economic development the Cantonal
Government has provided a limited financial support to the municipalities in order to develop local
industrial zones as well as subsidizing the cost of introducing international standards in
enterprises. In addition, the municipal authorities have provided the beneficial taxes for
businesses and shortened deadlines for issuing licenses to companies.
SWOT Analysis for the four investigated areas on the territory of Zenica-Doboj
Canton
Strengths
A Managing body in general is Municipal
authority/public body (4 areas).
Weaknesses
No specific national /federal/ cantonal
regulations to identify industrial areas and
sustainable industrial areas.
The existence of Spatial plans of Municipalities for

land use with the specific purpose for development
of the business sector.
None of the industrial zone has its own

management body (4 areas).
Good communication links - industrial areas are

located near regional roads (4 areas).
There is a weak cooperation between the

actors in industrial areas (4 areas).
Cost reduction has been detected with respect to

centralized infrastructures, i.e. common
infrastructure reduces the individual costs of each
company within the industrial area (4 areas).
Underdeveloped system of cooperation

between public and private sector.
Centralized plants of the areas have helped to cut

down the cost of services (3 areas).
Competitive price of the land in the industrial zones
(4 areas).
Traditionally developed metal processing sectors,
wood processing sector, energy, mining and
manufacturing industries (4 areas).
Municipalities implement the following actions:
Lack of quality data base of industrial zones

(number of enterprises, resources,
available capacity) (4 areas).
The enterprises participate at the
centralized environmental services on a
mandatory basis (4 areas).
No criteria that regulate the dismissal of
the industrial areas or their regeneration
(recovery and redevelopment of
contaminated sites (4 areas).
realization and management of infrastructure for

the industrial area (4 areas);
environmental improvement plans (2 areas);
environmental monitoring of the area through
central monitoring station (1 area);
provision of socio/environmental services to
enterprises (2 areas).
It is significant outdated technology,

particularly in energy, mining and
manufacturing industry.
Municipalities involve the settled enterprises in the

definition of the environmental improvement plan
of the area (3 areas).
Lack of energy policy (4 areas).
Municipal authority does not have a

systematic approach to the environmental
aspects since it does not implement
environmental actions in all areas.
The existing centralized infrastructures include:

Water: waste water - centralized sewage system
managed by Public water and sewage company and
the Municipality (4 areas)
Energy: centralized electricity system managed by
Public Utility power company and Municipality (4
areas);
Mobility: common transport network managed by
Municipality (4 areas);
Waste: Contracts with appropriate contractors for
waste collection (4 areas)
Habitat and landscape: landscaping and green areas
managed by the City utility company (4 areas);
Environmental monitoring of IA: Municipality
inspection (4 areas)
Economic actions: reduction of taxes for businesses,
shortening the deadline for issuing licenses to
companies, (4 areas).
The existing centralized infrastructure

doesnt include:
Energy: renewable energy sources - not
existing (4 areas)
Waste: waste water treatment, material
recycling facility, waste-to-energy facilities,
WWTP for special types of industries - not
existing
Hi Tech Networks: not existing (4 areas);
Mobility: Mobility manager of the area for
the transfer home-workplace, car pooling,
car sharing - not existing
Emergency and safety management: Not
existing (4 areas)
Environmental monitoring of IA: very few
actions (4 areas)
Social aspect: very few social actions. On
social side some canteens can be
mentioned but it remains a weak aspect (4
areas).
Opportunities
Threats
At the Federal level there is: Law on Spatial

planning and land use of FBiH (Official Gazette
FBiH, No. 2/06). This federal law defines: the basic
purpose of land, settlement areas and urban areas,
the distribution of infrastructural facilities, measures
for environmental protection, etc. In accordance
with it there are the spatial plans for the cantons
and municipalities in FBiH.
No National or Federal/Cantonal legislation

that identifies and recognizes sustainable
industrial areas (ecological industrial
areas).
In addition to that, on Federal level, there are

regulations regarding the environmental protection
of the buildings (Official Gazette FBiH No. 33/03 and
No. 38/09) (new and existing ones).
At the national, federal or cantonal/local

level there is no specific disposition that
regulates the settlement/management of
the industrial areas.
No National or Federal/Cantonal legislation

that regulates the Energy aspects of the
industrial buildings.
At the cantonal level there are regulations on the

special regime of control activities that endanger or
may endanger the environment (Official Gazette
Zenica-Doboj Canton, No. 1/05 and No. 2/08). It
defines the norms for sustainable buildings (4
areas).
The environmental aspects are taken in
consideration in the planning phase (4 areas).
It is foreseen an involvement of the stakeholders in
the phase of localization of the industrial area (4
areas).
Economic incentives for the Industrial areas.
Cooperation with international and local
organizations and agencies for the promotion and
development of entrepreneurship and managerial
skills development.
Weak regulation of the Canton towards

norms for sustainable buildings in IAs.
Weak regulation towards renewable
energy sources (4 areas).
establishment of a determined type of
activity in the area (4 areas).
The existing legislation doesnt include
environmental monitoring in IAs.
Slow adoption of new regulations and the
lack of application.
Not harmonized legislation.
Air pollution.
Poor conditions of basic and
entrepreneurial infrastructure.
Lack of awareness of the need for
integrated management of industrial areas.
economic and social aspects are given in
existing legislation.
No criteria that regulate the dismissal of
the industrial areas or their regeneration (4
areas).
Conclusions
This analysis shows that the approach to the concept of sustainable industrial areas in ZenicaDoboj Canton is still in the starting phase. The cantonal and local authorities are realizing the
importance of introducing the concept of sustainability into the Industrial Areas. The SWOT
analysis has confirmed the necessity of establishing of management bodies in zones to coordinate
activities between enterprises within the industrial areas, but also to develop and promote the
industrial areas and companies within the areas. The most important issues for the establishment
of the concept of sustainable areas in Zenica-Doboj Canton that should be taken into
consideration need to be focused towards the increasing of awareness on the importance of
ecologically healthy environment, better waste management, recycling, wastewater treatment as
well as following and accepting the rules and standards of the European Union. Special attention
should be devoted to the production of renewable energy sources. It is absolutely necessary to
have legislative frame (national/federal/cantonal level) related to the sustainable industrial areas
in order to achieve environmental sustainability and decrease the environmental impacts.

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SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in

each partner country

SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in Italian Regions

Fig. 1 - Areas managed by

Profile of the examined Industrial Areas

Macrolotto Prato (Tuscany)

Rules for Industrial areas planning

Environmental Management of the Industrial Areas

Infrastructures and centralized services

SWOT Analysis for the eight investigated areas

Many MCs implement the following actions:

existing The Managing Company doesn't have the

environmental improvement plans (6 areas);

environmental analysis of the area (5 areas);

environmental services on a voluntary basis (8

realizes and manages infrastructures for the

There is a weak involvement of the settled

Water: waste water treatment plant for the

Mobility: Mobility manager of the area for the

Emergency and Safety Management: fire plan of

Waste: realization of an ecological platform with

Habitat and landscape: Preliminary project for

Hi Tech Networks (4 areas);

Social actions: Kindergarten; Canteen; Innovation

Economic actions: participation at regional

feasibility studies (3 areas);

the norms for sustainable buildings (2 areas);

production of renewable energy sources (1 area);

No criteria or procedure is foreseen for the

disciplines the energy certification of the

At regional level some regulation relief is

At national level regulation relief is foreseen for

There are regional incentives for the start up phase of

It is foreseen an involvement of the main stakeholders in

SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in Hellenic Regions

Figure 1: IAs in Greece managed by ETVA VI.PE S.A.

Legislative framework State of the art

Greek Official Gazette

The number of established businesses concerns those established until 2009

Profile of the examined Industrial Areas

Table 2: Characteristics of the examined IAs.

Eastern Macedonia Thrace

ETVA VIPE S.A.

SWOT Analysis for the six investigated areas

environmental analysis of the area (15 areas);

Waste: lacking of a central industrial

environmental monitoring of the area through

Economic actions: lacking of such actions

Are responsible for the water supply (3 areas)

Habitat and landscape: lacking of such

realize and manage infrastructures for the IA

The Managing body involves the settled enterprises

Water: waste water treatment plant for the area;

Energy: installation of photovoltaic plants;

Emergency and Safety Management: fire plan

Waste: Contracts with municipalities and/or

Hi Tech Networks (15 areas);

Social actions: Restaurant; Canteen; Innovation

stakeholders, in the definition of an

economical development of the IA

SWOT Analysis on Sustainable Industrial Areas in the Valencia

Profile of the examined Industrial Areas

13. Mos del Bou (Albatera)

Rules for Industrial areas planning