National University of Modern Languages

Grammar
Sir: Ghazi Iqbal

Book: Chosen your english

--
--

Prepared by: Mohammad Halim Page 1

 National University of Modern Languages

Grammar
Grammar: is the Art to put the word in the right place and it carry Subject, Verb and
Object

World: it is a group of letters that has some meaning

Sentence: it is a group of word that has a complete meaning

Grammar has three places

1. Subject (A doer of the action)
2. Verb (it is an action)
3. Object (the anser of the “What” is the object)

11.01.2010 (Monday)
Noun: it is the name of person, place, thing and state of being.
The chair of the subject can be occupied by noun

We have two type of Noun

Noun

Proper Common

1. Proper Noun: the noun which is clear. like Mr. Ahmad

2. Common Noun: the noun which is unclear. Like Boys, Girls

12.01.2010 (Tuesday)

Adjective: adjective is a word which modifies or clarifies the noun, and it always come
before the noun.

Noun A boy
Adjective Young
A young boy

Note: a noun can be adjective, a verb or by itself a noun, but when it followed by an article
then that is exactly a Noun and without an article that can be an adjective or a verb.

A university (Noun)
Student

If we say A university student, so in this case University is an adjective

Prepared by: Mohammad Halim Page 2

 National University of Modern Languages

13.01.2010 (Wednesday)
Pronoun: is a world which replaces the noun.

First Person I We Plural

Second Person You
Third Person He they
She
It

Singular pronoun: I, He, She, it

Plural Pronoun: We, You, They

Note: The place of subject can be occupied either by Noun or Pronoun.

Verb: Verb is a word which describes the action of the subject. Or a verb is an action.
Infinitive: When a word starts with TO is called infinitive verb.

Infinitive Base
To come Come
To buy Buy
To do Do
To eat Eat

A verb has five forms

No Infinitive Base Present Past Past participle
1 To go Go Go Went Gone
2 To play Play Play Played Played
3 To write Write Write Wrote Written
4 To sleep Sleep Sleep Slept Slept
5 To be Be Am, Is, Are Was/Were Been
6 To have Have Have/has Had Had

Future Tense:

Will + Base of the verb

1) I will be in the class
2) I will have a bundle of money
3) I will write a letter
4) I will teach you English
5) I will not study English

Progressive or continuous:
There is no progressive form of the word. It is basically a helping the verb

Prepared by: Mohammad Halim Page 3

 National University of Modern Languages

To be + (Verb+ing)
Present Progressive Tenses:
Present form of the verb (To be) + (Verb +ing)
1. I am playing cricket.
2. I am writing my homework.
3. I am playing tennis.
4. I am not studying English.

Past Progressive Tense:

Past form of the verb (To be) + (Verb +ing)
1. I was playing cricket.
2. I was writing my homework.
3. I was playing tennis.
4. They were not studying English.

Future Progressive Tense:

Will + Be + (Verb +ing)
1. I will be playing cricket.
2. I will be writing my homework
3. They will be playing tennis.
4. I will not be studying English.

Perfect:
To have + Verb Past Participle
Present: I have written a letter.
Past: I had written a letter.
Future: I will have written a letter.

Perfect Progressive
To have + To be (V.P.P) + (Verb +ing)
Present: I have been writing a letter.
Past: I had been writing a letter.
Future: I will have been writing a letter.

Defective Verbs or Modal Auxilaries:

We have three defective verbs in the English language which are:
1. Must
2. can

Prepared by: Mohammad Halim Page 4

 National University of Modern Languages

3. may
by defective we mean that they do not have complete five forms or states as shown below:

No Infinitive Base Present Past Past participle

1 X X Must X X
2 X X May Might X
3 X X Can Could X
Note: All the auxiliary verbs takes base form of the verb accept To Be and To have

Page No (12)

1. Must: shows the compulsion or obligation

Example: You must speak English
Note: Must have no past form, therefore we use the word Have to

2. Have to: both Have to and Must have the same meaning of the obligation and compulsion.
Example: You have to speak English.
Yesterday you had to speak English.

MUST has another meaning also, which is strongly Guess or logic conclusion.
Example: there must be an accident

Note: if the guess is weak, instead must, it can use MAY BE.
Example: he may be in the cafeteria.

Note: Past form of Must in case of logic conclusion is MUST HAVE.

Example: You must be tired
You must have been tired.

29.01.2010 (Thursday)
Clause: is the combination of word that has some meaning.
1. Singular clause sentence: The sentence that has one clause
Example: He was ill. He went to hospital.

2. Two clause sentence: The sentence that has two clause

Example: He was ill, so He went to hospital.

3. Multiple clause sentence: The sentence that has more than one clause
Example: he need some money, so he went to hospital, didn’t find his father and he came
back.

Dependent and Independent Clauses

Independent Clauses: the clause that has complete meaning
Example: He was ill, so He went to hospital.

Prepared by: Mohammad Halim Page 5

 National University of Modern Languages

Dependent Clauses: the clause that has not complete meaning and it need to have another
clause.
Example: If you work hard, you will pass

Note: Independent clause need linker, but when we have dependent at first so we do not
need a linker.

Page No (12-13)
Less Dogmatically
Example: We don’t think it’s far.
We should have thought it was far.

Page No (19)

If you will be kind enough + Infinitive

It is use to request someone to request something
If you will be kind enough mean that Please be kind enough
Example: If you will be kind enough to lend your car, I will reach home.

Note: for home we use at home and for house we use in home.

Adverb
A word that describes or adds to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a
sentence, For example: 'slowly' in 'He walked slowly' and 'very' in 'It was a very good book'
are adverbs.
Adverb

Place Time Manner Degree Frequency

1. Adverb of Place: A word that tells about place, (where, here, there )
Example: I will reach to Abpara
I will reach there.

2. Adverb of time: A word that tells about time, (When)

Example: Morning, Evening, Yesterday, Tomorrow, At noon, At mid day, At mid night
or At night
3. Adverb of Manner: a word that tells about the manner or the answer (how)
Example: she drives carefully
How does she drive? She drives carefully.
Slowly, quickly, beautifully, forcefully

Prepared by: Mohammad Halim Page 6

 National University of Modern Languages

4. Adverb of degree: a word that tells about the degree of something. Or the answer
of (how much), like fully, badly
Note: if we need more than one adverb and it is called (Manner, Place, Time)

5. Adverb of frequency: a word that tells about frequency or how much an action
happened or the answer of (how often), like always, usually, often, sometimes, never
seldom, rarely, frequently
Note: Adverb of frequency always comes before the verb, and when to emphasis the adverb
come at the beginning of the sentence.
Example: Always I come at time to class.
Yesterday I saw u at the market.
Everyday you abuse me.

Present sample Tense: It is the tense of habit and in this tense it can only use adverb of
frequency (Every) only.
Example: He speaks English everyday.

Present continuous tense: the action that happing at the moment of speaking or shows
the continuity of the action and the word (Now) can use with this tense.
Example: I am speaking now.

Present perfect tense: the action that have recently happed in the past and it shows
Example: I have written a sentence just now.

Present perfect continues tense: the action that started or happened in the past and continuing
to the present and may or may not go to future. For instance I start teaching in the year 1972
and now year 2010 and still I am teaching.
So I have been teaching English since 1971.
Note: Adverb of frequency that use with this tense is (For “for period of time” and since “for
point of time”)
Page no 20

Prepared by: Mohammad Halim Page 7