Intermediate Book Ecl English Course

ECL
ENGLISH COURSE
INTERMEDIATE
English as a crucial language.
ECL ENGLISH COURSE 2
Acknowledgments
Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary – Electronic Edition. Version 1.1.
Courtney, Rosemary - Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs.
Fisk English Course – Books – Basic one / two, Book four, Book five, Book six,
Advanced two, Free Conversation.
Longman Dictionary of English Idioms.
Swan, Michael and Walter, Catherine – How English Works – A Grammar Practice
Book With Answers. Oxford.
Planned and Prepared by

Ricardo Fernandes Marques
Copyright
RICARDO FERNANDES MARQUES
Rua Antônio Gonçalves 109 Porto Velho
São Gonçalo, R.J
Brasil

CONTENTS
LESSON ELEVEN
SHORT ANSWERS == ALL THE TENSES PRESENTED UP TO NOW.
LESSON TWELVE
MODAL VERBS == MAY, MIGHT,CAN,COULD,SHOULD,OUGHT, MUST AND

MUSTN`T
PHRASAL VERBS ( IN/ OUT )
LESSON THIRTEEN
TAG QUESTIONS == ALL THE TENSES PRESENTED UP TO NOW.

PHRASAL VERBS ( OUT )
LESSON FOURTEEN
PERFECT TENSES == PART I, AND THEIR USAGES.

HOW LONG
PHRASAL VERBS ( ON / OFF )
LESSON FIFTEEN
PERFECT TENSES == PART II, AND THEIR USAGES.

PHRASAL VERBS ( ON / OFF )
LESSON SIXTEEN
HOW MUCH AND HOW MANY

SOME / ANY / NO AND DERIVATES
PHRASAL VERBS ( UP / DOWN )

LESSON SEVENTEEN
IF CLAUSES == ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES.

PHRASAL VERBS ( UP / DOWN )
LESSON EIGHTTEEN
DIRECT AND INDERECT == USING ALL OF THE TENSES PRESENTED.

PHRASAL VERBS ( BACK /AWAY )
LESSON NINETEEN
RELATIVE PRONOUNS == ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES.

TOO AND SO=ALSO (AFF) EITHER AND NEITHER=ALSO (NEG)
PHRASAL VERBS ( OVER )
LESSON TWENTY
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS== ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES.

PHRASAL VERBS
GENERAL SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES

LESSON 11
Verb Tenses
Do I study English every day?
Does he speak German every other

day?
Did she travel to England last night?
Will you have to work tonight?
Would they need to study every day?
Are you happy today?
Were you tired yesterday?
Is she playing chess with him at the

moment?
Was he doing his homework last night?
Are they going to buy some food later?
Were you going to sell those CDs last week?
Is there anybody at your house now?
Are there many tasks to do this

afternoon?
Will there be a party at the tonight?
club
Would there be an answer for
this question?
Is there going to be an important tonight?
game
Was there going to be a meeting here this evening?

LESSON 11
Short Answers
Yes you do. No you don’t.
Yes he does. No he doesn’t.
Yes she did. No she didn’t.
Yes I/we will. No I/we won’t.
Yes they would. No they wouldn’t.
Yes I/we am./are. No I am not./aren’t.
Yes I/we was./were. No I wasn’t./weren’t.
Yes she is. No she isn’t.
Yes he was. No he wasn’t.
Yes they are. No they aren’t.
Yes I/we was./were. No I/we wasn’t./weren’t.
Yes there is. No there isn’t.
Yes there are. No there aren’t.
Yes there will. No there won’t.
Yes there would. No there wouldn’t.
Yes there is. No there isn’t.
Yes there was. No there wasn’t.

LESSON 11
Substitution Drills
1. Do you__________ ____ _____________ every day?
2. Will _______ __________ ___ ________ tomorrow?
3. Will I ____________ ___________ _____________?
4. Would _____ ________ to __________ with ______?
5. Do ____ always_________ to _________ the ______?
Expressions and Useful Phrases

I’m damn right / I’m fucking right
What the hell are you doing there?
Whoever/Wherever/Whenever/Whatever
What good would it do?
Keep track of # Lose track of

To make certain that you know what is happening or has happened to someone or
something
Take into account = To consider or remember when judging a situation.
Important Note
Phrasal Verb
A phrase which consists of a verb in combination with a preposition or adverb or
both, the meaning of which is different from the meaning of its separate parts:
'Look after', 'work out' and 'make up for' are all phrasal verbs.
CAMBRIDGE ADVANCED LEARNER’S DICTIONARY

LESSON 11
Exercise
1. Make questions for the answers and answers for the questions in
the following dialogue.
a. ________________________________________________________________________________?
b. No, I wouldn’t.
b. How about ____________________________________________________________________?
a. ________________________________________________________________________________
a. Where ________________________________________________________________________?
b. _________________________________________________________________________________
b. After going to _________________________________________________________________
a. Cool! That’s a very nice idea...
a. At what time __________________________________________________________________?
b. _________________________________________________________________________________
a. See you!
b. ___________________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 12
Modal Verbs
May I open the It is too hot Permission - Formal

window? here!
Can I open the It is too hot Permission - Informal
window? here!
Could I open the It is too hot Permission - Polite
window? here!
Can you drive well? Ability Present or
Future
Could you speak three Ability Past or
English months Conditional
ago?
Should she drive less and walk Recommendation
more?
Must he finish all his today? Obligation
homework
Expressing the same idea:

Should Ought to
Must Have to
Expressing Possibility
May Strong possibility- affirmatives For questions we use the expression

and negatives to be + likely
Might Weak possibility- affirmatives and Are you likely to travel?
negatives
Possibility-affirmatives, negatives It can be a good idea.
Can Can she come here tomorrow?
and interrogatives (informal) Do you think she can win?
Could Slight or uncertain possibility. It could be a good idea.

LESSON 12
Yes/No you may/may not open the

window.
Yes/No you can/can’t open the
window.
Yes/No you could/couldn’t open the
window.
Yes/No I/we can/can’t drive well.
Yes/No I/we could/couldn’t speak three months

English ago.
Yes/No she should/shouldn’t drive less and walk
more.
Yes/No he must/ doesn’t finish all his today.
have to(need to) homework
Asking Favors
Can Informal Can you help me with the homework?
Could Formal Could I trouble you to open the window?
Prohibition
Mustn`t You mustn`t park your car here!
Substitution Drills
1. _______ he__________ _______ __________ every day?
2. Could she ________ ________ ________ every _______?
3. ________ ______ help her (to) ________ ____ _______?
4. ________ _____ ________ to ________ ______ _______?
5. ________ ________ ___________ _______ __________ ?

LESSON 12
Expressions
Along with / together with = accompany, emphasizes closeness in time or space
Instead of = in substitution
According to = as stated or in conformity
In spite of = in defiance of, notwithstanding
Due to / On account of / Because of = idea of cause
How to use them?
Too Very
High degree - intolerable High degree but tolerable
Phrasal Verbs
Call in To invite to enter.

Call out To shout something loudly.
Send in To order to enter.
Send out To cause (someone) to go outside.
Drop in To visit.
Drop out (of) To fall out / To choose to leave school, etc.
Push in To penetrate or cause penetration
Push out To make (something or someone) move
outwards by pushing it.
Stay in At home, inside.
Stay out Not at home, outside.
Eat in At home, inside.
Eat out Not at home, outside.
Be in At home, inside.
Be out Not at home, outside.
Get in To enter
Get out To leave

LESSON 12
Exercises
1. Make questions for these answers below.
a. ________________________________________________________________________________?
He wouldn’t like to eat a lot at the restaurant, because of his health problem.
b. ________________________________________________________________________________?
He will travel instead of staying in next summer.
c. ________________________________________________________________________________?
She drops him in every other week.
d. ________________________________________________________________________________?
Mark changed his mind and won’t drop out of school anymore
2. Give long answers for these questions below.
a. Does she eat out every weekend?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
b. Is your mother out?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
c. Does she like to stay out now and then?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
d. How often do you eat out?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
e. Why don’t you call her out so that she can help you out?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
f. Is he usually in on the weekends?
_____________________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 13
Tag Questions
I study Spanish every day, don’t I?
He speaks French every other doesn’t he?

day,
She traveled to Australia last night, didn’t she?
You will have to work tonight, won’t you?
They wouldn’t need to study every day, would they?
You are busy today, aren’t you?
You weren’t tired yesterday, were you?
She is playing chess with at the isn’t she?

him moment,
He was doing his last night, wasn’t he?
homework
They are going to buy some later, aren’t they?
food
You were going to sell those last week, weren’t you?
CDs
There is somebody at your now, isn’t there?
house
There are many to do this aren’t there?
tasks afternoon,
There will be a party at tonight, won’t there?
the club
There would be an answer wouldn’t
for this there?
question,
There is going to be an tonight, isn’t there?
important
game
There was going to be a meeting this wasn’t there?
here evening,

LESSON 13
Yes/No you study / don’t study Spanish every day.
Yes/No he speaks / doesn’t speak French every

other day.
Yes/No she traveled / didn’t travel to last
Australia night.
Yes/No I/we will / won’t have to work tonight.
Yes/No they would / wouldn’t need to study every day.
Yes/No I/we am - are / am not - aren’t busy today.
Yes/No I/we was - were / wasn’t - weren’t tired yesterday.
Yes/No she is / isn’t playing chess with at the

him moment.
Yes/No he was / wasn’t doing his last
homework night.
Yes/No they are / aren’t going to buy some later.
food
Yes/No I/we was - were / wasn’t - weren’t going to sell those last week.
CDs
Yes/No there is / isn’t somebody/anybody at my now.
house
Yes/No there are / aren’t many tasks to do this
afternoon.
Yes/No there will / won’t be a party at tonight.
the club
Yes/No there would / wouldn’t be an answer
for this
question.
Yes/No there is / isn’t going to be an tonight.
important
game
Yes/No there was / wasn’t going to be a meeting this
here evening.

LESSON 13
Substitution Drills
1. He________ ___________ yesterday, ___________ ___________?
2. She ___________ ______________, ___________ _____________?
3. You ______________ meat, ________________ ______________?
4. ______ ________ to England ________ _______, _______ _____?
Phrasal Verbs
Figure out To calculate. To understand.

Find out To discover.
Pick out To choose. To select.
Put out To extinguish fire. To turn off lights. To put
(something or someone) outside. To produce.
Throw out To cast out. To get rid of (something or
someone).
Turn out To result.
Work out To find a solution. To understand. To
succeed. To result. To calculate. To exercise.
Help out To help.
Try out To test. To experiment.
Make out To understand (something or someone). To
decipher.
Come out To come outside. To be published. To be
expressed in speech. To reach a result.
Look out To be careful (usually in the imperative
form).
Run out of To leave a place by running. To lack
something.
Break out of To escape from.
to examine something or get more
Check out information about it in order to be certain
that it is true, safe or suitable

LESSON 13
Special Tag Questions
I am right, aren’t I?
Close the door, will you?
Don’t forget, will you?
Sit down, won’t you?
Let’s have a party, shall we?
Informal questions / requests often use negative sentence + question tag.

You can’t lend me some money, can you?
After imperatives, we can use WON`T YOU? to invite people to do things, and WILL /
WOULD / CAN / CAN`T /COULD YOU? (Informal) to tell or ask people to do things.
After negative imperative we use WILL YOU?
After Let’s we use SHALL WE?
We use THEY to refer to nobody, somebody and everybody (and no one etc.).
We use non-negative tags after NEVER, NO, NOBODY, HARDLY, SCARCELY, LITTLE.
We use IT in question tags to refer to NOTHING.
Old and Useful Sayings

“All is well that ends well.” “All that glitters is not gold.”
“A good example is better than a “When poverty comes in the door, love
sermon.” flies out the window.”
“Money is the root of all evil.” “There’s no smoke without fire.”
“Many hands make light work.” “Don’t bite the hand that feeds you.”
Half a loaf is better than no bread.” “Birds of a feather flock together.”
Idiomatic Expressions and Useful Phrases

Look out you don’t get robbed. = Be carefull not to get robbed.
One’s cup of tea = What one likes. E.G. Soccer is not my cup of tea.
On the tip of one’s tongue. = To be about to say something. E.G. Wait, Wait! I have
got his name on the tip of my tongue.
On purpose = Intentionally # By chance = not intentionally.
E.G. Do you think he did that on purpose?
Be cut out (for) = To be suited for, have talent for E.G. I’m not cut out for this
kind of work. I prefer something lighter.
By the looks of things… = According to what I can see…
E.G. By the looks of things, long skirts are coming in again
Come in = Become fashionable / seasonable

LESSON 13
Exercises
1. Make sentences with tag questions for these answers below.
a. _________________________________________________, ______________________________?
Yes, I am cooking tonight.
b. ________________________________________________, _______________________________?
Yes, he is a lovely little boy.
c. ________________________________________________, _______________________________?
No, she didn’t work hard last night.
d. ________________________________________________, ______________________________?
Of course!
2. Complete the sentences below with the right tag questions.
a. The policeman came to school yesterday, ______________________________________?
b. The teacher broke his leg last weekend, ________________________________________?
c. She likes to play with you, ___________________________________________________?
d. Joanne doesn’t like to work here, ______________________________________________?
e. He will ask her out next time he sees her, _____________________________________?
f. He would enjoy going out with us, ___________________________________________?
g. Everybody’s here, ______________________________________________________________?
h. You’re never happy, ____________________________________________________________?
i. There’s no milk, _______________________________________________________________?
j. Nothing matters, ______________________________________________________________?
k. She hardly spoke, _____________________________________________________________?
l. There’s scarcely enough time, _________________________________________________?
m. You never wrote her a letter, ___________________________________________________?

LESSON 14 Don’t be so worried about

these little things. You’ll
see they are not so difficult.
The Perfect Tenses Part I
# 1. Pres. Perf. Something that

Have you worked hard lately? started in the past and comes up to
the present.
# 1. Pres. Perf. 3rd person singular.
Has he gotten good grades recently?
# 2. Pres. Perf. Indefinite Past

Have you sold your car? Time.

Has he moved?
# 3. Pres. Perf. Used with periods of

Have you eaten a lot today? time not finished at the moment of
speaking. The action may repeat or
continue.
Has he traveled this
month?
Pres. Perf. Cont. Something that
Have you been studying this started in the past and comes up to
hard semester? now. It is also used to give emphasis.
Pres. Perf. Cont. 3rd person singular.
Has she been doing her
homework?
Past Perf. Used when we want to refer
Had they already the house when you to a past action that happened before
painted arrived? another one.
Past Perf. 3rd person singular.
Had she left home when you
arrived?
Past Perf. Cont. Used when we want
to refer to a past action that was
Had you been working when she completed or interrupted before
out arrived? another one. It is also used to give
emphasis.
trying to when you Past Perf. Cont. 3rd person singular.
Had she been hide this found out
secret the truth?

Be happy! Give
LESSON 14
it a Try. Don’t
be so pessimistic!
Yes/No I/we have / haven’t worked hard lately.
Yes/No he has / hasn’t gotten good recently.

grades
Yes/No I/we have / haven’t sold my/our

car.
Yes/No he has / hasn’t moved.
Yes/No I/we have / haven’t eaten a lot today.
Yes/No he has / hasn’t traveled this month.
Yes/No I/we have / haven’t been studying this

hard semester.
Yes/No she has / hasn’t been doing her

homework.
Yes/No they had / hadn’t already the house when I/we

painted arrived.
Yes/No she had / hadn’t left home when I/we

arrived.
Yes/No I/we had / hadn’t been working when she

out arrived.
trying to when I/we
Yes/No she had / hadn’t been hide this found out
secret the truth.

LESSON 14
Substitution Drills
1. Had _______ ______ ________ before _________ ____ ______?
2. Has _________ ______________ ____________________ lately?
3. _______ you ___________ _____________ books ___________?
4. We ________ ___________ a__________, __________ _______?
5. They _______ had ___________ ___________, haven’t _______?
How long have you worked here? I’ve worked here for three months.
How long have you worked here? I’ve worked here since January.

“Water dripping day by day wears the “Where there’s a will there’s a way.”
hardest rock away.”
“Don’t put the cart before the horse.” “Don’t bite off more than you can chew.”
“Beauty lies in lover’s Eyes.” “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.”
“Handsome Is as handsome does.” “Like father like son.”
“Money doesn’t grow on trees.” “First come, first served.”

For good = Forever.
Kick (a) habit = To stop, break off a habit.
Put one’s foot into it = To say something stupid and embarrassing.
Be a steal = Something sold very cheaply; be a great bargain.
Be Greek to = To be incomprehensible.
Build castles in the air = To plan things which will probably not succeed, daydream.
Come off it! = Stop lying, joking, or being pretentious.
Waste one’s breath = To speak without result.

LESSON 14
Present Perfect Usage

Have you ever fallen in love? Used in questions – Uncommon things
This is the best food I have ever eaten. or in affirmatives to emphasize.
Yes I have already fallen in love. Used in affirmative answers to confirm
an “ever” question or to emphasize.
No I haven’t fallen in love yet. Used when the answer is negative but
there is intention of doing.
No I have never fallen in love. Used when the answer is negative and
there’s no intention of doing.
Yes I have just fallen in love Used to say that something happened
now, very soon, or very recently
Phrasal Verbs
Send on To send something from someone's old

address to their new one
(to / for)To write to an organization or place
Send off/away to ask them to send you something:
I've sent off for a catalogue.
We had to send off to Ireland for a
replacement part.
Keep on To continue doing something without
stopping, or to do it repeatedly.
To not go onto an area, or to stop someone or
something going onto an area. To stop
Keep off something touching or harming someone or
something. To not eat, drink or use
something that can harm you, or to stop
someone else from doing this;
Stay on To continue to be in a place, job or school
after the other people who were with you
have left.
= To keep off - to not eat, drink or use
something that can harm you. To continue to
Stay off be at a distance from something. To continue
not to attend, (something such as school).
To go onto a bus, train, aircraft or boat. To
Get on continue doing something, especially work.
Get off To leave a train, bus or aircraft. to leave a
place, usually in order to start a journey.
To criticize someone as soon as they have
Jump on done something wrong or said something
that you disagree with.
Jump off To leave a place or something with a
springing movement. To start ( military)

LESSON 14
Exercises
1. Make questions for these answers below.
a. ________________________________________________________________________________?
No, he hasn’t been there yet.
b. ________________________________________________________________________________?
He has brought those new tapes for you.
c. ________________________________________________________________________________?
They have read that book because of the paper they are preparing.
d. ________________________________________________________________________________?
She has been there lots of times this month.
e. ________________________________________________________________________________?
They have been trying to fix the bus since morning.
f. ________________________________________________________________________________?
He had already come back from London when she decided to ask him to bring
some books for her.
g. ________________________________________________________________________________?
I had been running for thirty minutes when you called me out.
h. ________________________________________________________________________________?
She has been reading that book for more than three months.
i. ________________________________________________________________________________?
Traveling abroad is what I have ever wanted.
j. ________________________________________________________________________________?
I have never tried to do something illegal.

LESSON 14
a. What has she just done?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
b. Where have you been lately?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
c. Why had she sold the furniture before phoning you?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
d. How long have you been talking over that problem with that girl on the phone?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
e. Have you ever had to do something you really hated? What? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
f. Have you already had lunch?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
g. Where have you been running these days?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
h. What had she done before you told her the truth?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
i. Have you ever had an affair?
____________________________________________________________________________________
j. Have you ever thought about living abroad? Where?
_____________________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 14
3. Complete the text below with the appropriate verb tense.
A long time ago, on a distant land there _____________ a man

who _____________ beyond the woods. He ______________ to be the wisest wizard in that
old world. Once he ______________ to_______________ with an old and powerful dragon.
He ____________ never ____________ a creature as dangerous and wicked as the seven-
head dragon. Many powerful and wise knights _______________ already ______________
to _____________ the Beast before him, but none ___________________.
He ______________ himself for the great battle. He
_________________ the great wizard book. Merlin, himself, ___________________ him a
visit in order ___________ ______________ his sorceries ______________, believing that it
could be helpful.
After some moons the Day finally ________________. He could
not _______________ what he ________________ inside his heart, in his soul. The dragon
____________ ______________ to ________________ his head and ______________ his viscera.
It _______________ almost a week and after storms, thunders
and groans the victor _____________ ________________ tall in the middle of the
battlefield.
For those who _________________ the winner____________ the
wizard, I’m so sorry __________ _________________ the winner was the seven-head
dragon.
That’s a real ending. We must try to face the truth.

Life is not a fairy tale. We must bear in mind life is made of victories
and defeats. Be prepared for both of them.
To manage To feel To try To reveal To fight

To have To face To live To claim To prepare
To read To pay To come To give away To defeat
To swallow To smash To hide To be To promise
To be To take To stand To believe

LESSON 15
The Perfect Tenses Part II
Fut. Perf. Used to describe an

What will you have done by the end of action which, at some time in the
the year? future, will be past or completed.
if they had Cond. Perf. Unreal past situation
Whom would you have gone invited you for
with the party?
have Possibility in the past weaker than
What may happened it is not here on MUST HAVE.
to the the desk.
book?
Cond. Perf. Unreal past situation
What might have if he had or Criticism (You might have told
happened jumped out of me about that!). Possibility in the
to him the window? past weaker than MUST HAVE.
Cond. Perf. Slight or uncertain
What could have if you hadn’t possibility in the past. Unreal past
happened turned down situation. Criticism (You could
that proposal? have helped me!)
have Recommendation
Whom should you talked to? (past action)
have left Strong probability or Conclusion

Where must she her purse? of a past action.

LESSON 15
I / We will have graduated by the end of the year.
have
I / We would gone with Martha if they had invited me / us
for the party.
It may have behind the Have you already checked it

fallen desk. out?
He might have broken his if he had jumped out of the

leg window.
I / We could have lost lots of if I / we hadn’t turned

money down that proposal.
I / We should have Jaime’s

talked to sister.
have left
She must her purse inside my
car.

LESSON 15
Phrasal Verbs
To use a switch to change a device from

one state or type of operation to another.
Switch on Switch the TV on.
If someone switches on a particular
emotion or behavior, they suddenly start
to feel or behave in that way, but usually
not sincerely.
To use a switch to change a device from
one state or type of operation to another.
Switch off Switch the TV off.
To stop giving your attention to someone
or something.
To change a device from one state or type
of operation to another. Turn the TV on.
Turn on To interest or excite you, especially
sexually:
Short girls really turn me on.
To change a device from one state or type
Turn off of operation to another. Turn the TV off.
To stop someone feeling interested or
excited, especially sexually.
To cover part of the body with clothes,
shoes, make-up or something similar. To
make a device operate, or to cause a
device to play something, such as a CD or
video, by pressing a switch. To pretend to
Put on have a particular feeling or way of
behaving which is not real or natural to
you:
Why are you putting on that silly voice?
If people or animals put weight on, they
become heavier.
To decide or arrange to delay an event or
activity until a later time or date. To tell
someone that you cannot see them or do
Put off something for them, or stop them from
doing something, until a later time. To
take someone's attention away from what
they want to be doing or should be doing.

LESSON 15
Phrasal Verbs
To start operating. To continue or move

to the next thing. To talk in an annoying
way about something for a long time. To
start talking again after a pause.
INFORMAL something that you say to
encourage someone to say or do
Go on something. To continue or pass. Used
when encouraging or asking someone to
do something. Something that you say in
order to agree to do or allow something
that you did not want to do or to allow
before:
"Are you sure you don't want another
slice of cake?" "Oh go on then, but just a
small one.
If a light or a machine goes off, it stops
working. If a bomb goes off, it explodes. If
a gun goes off, it fires. To happen in a
particular way:
The protest march went off peacefully
with only two arrests.
Go off UK If food or drink goes off, it is not good
to eat or drink any more because it is too
old. If a warning device goes off, it starts
to ring loudly or make a loud noise. To
become worse in quality. To leave a wife,
husband or partner in order to have a
sexual or romantic relationship with
someone else.
To visit someone for a short time. To use
Call on something, especially a quality that you
have, in order to achieve something.
(sth off) To decide that a planned event,
especially a sports event, will not happen,
Call off or to end an activity because it is no
longer useful or possible. To order a dog,
or sometimes a person, to stop attacking
someone or something.

LESSON 15
Position of Prepositions
We generally place the preposition directly before its object; however, sometimes it
may be placed at the end of the sentence. Take a look at the examples:
What do you want it for?
I don’t know what he needs it for.
What will I write about?
Which house did you go to?
Whom is the girl Mark is talking to?

“Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.”
“All is fair in love and war.”
“Better late than never.”
“You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink.”
“Never look a gift horse in the mouth.”
“It's no use crying over spilt milk.”
“The road to hell is paved with good intentions.”
“It never rains but it pours.”
Complete the following questions with the suitable clauses.
1. Could he________________________ if he hadn’t broken his leg?
2. Would _________________________________if I had called you?
3. Will _______________________________________ by December?
4. What should ______________________________ last night before

going to bed?

LESSON 15
Exercises
1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the right
verb tense.
a. Come on! Why don’t you just _________________ __________________ the meeting?
b. Why did she refuse to ________________________ ___________________ her cigarette?
c. I can’t believe we have just _______________ ___________ __________ gasoline again!
d. She told me she had already _____________ __________ what happened that night.
e. I can’t believe! You have __________________________ ________________________ a lot!
f. Don’t forget to ______________________ ______________ the car before you buy it!
g. Have you been __________________________ ________________________ this summer?
h. Hey! Jane has just finished preparing something in the kitchen. It’s better to
____________________ it ___________________.
i. How often do you _____________________________ ________________________________?
j. When was the last time you _____________________________ __________ somebody?
k. How long have you_________________________ ________________________ doing this?
l. Where did you ______________________________ __________ these beautiful flowers?
m. Well at least it ________________ _________ to be a good solution for that problem.

LESSON 15
2. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then
create sentences.
a. PUT ___________________________________________________________________________
b. CALL __________________________________________________________________________
c. PUT ____________________________________________________________________________
d. TURN __________________________________________________________________________
e. MAKE__________________________________________________________________________
f. STAY___________________________________________________________________________
g. TRY ____________________________________________________________________________
h. GO _____________________________________________________________________________
i. SEND __________________________________________________________________________
j. RUN ___________________________________________________________________________
ON OFF OUT IN OUT OF

LESSON 16
The Countable and Uncountable nouns
How many books do you read a month?
How much beer do you usually drink on the weekends?
How many brothers or do you have?

sisters
How much money does she have in her

pocket?
How many a month do you go to the

times beach?
How much do you spend when you go to

the beach?
How many CDs do you usually buy a month?
How long do you work out a day?

LESSON 16
lots of books Many is

a lot of books mainly used
I / We read a few books a month. in negatives
few books and
two books questions.
a lot Much is
(just) a little on the mainly used
I / We usually little weekends. in negatives
drink two cans of beer and
questions.
a few.
have few.
I / We none.
many.
don’t have brothers or
sisters.
lots of money
a lot of money
She has (just) a little in her pocket.
little
two bucks
doesn’t have much money
once
I / We go to the twice a month.
beach three times
lots of money
a lot of money when I / we go
I / We spend (just) a little to the beach.
little
two bucks
don’t spend much money
lots of CDs. In this case
a lot of CDs. it’s more
I / We usually buy a few CDs. (a month) common to
few CDs. omit the time
don’t buy two CDs. expression.
many CDs.
I / We work out for two hours a day.

LESSON 16
Complete the following questions.
1. ___________ ___________ cars ________________________?
2. ___________ ___________ time ________________________?
3. ___________ ___________ times _______________________?
4. How much _________________________________________?
5. How many _________________________________________?
Indefinite Pronouns
Affirmative sentences.
Some Somebody Something Somewhere Questions, when we expect a
or Someone positive answer.
Offers.
Any Anybody or Anything Anywhere General questions.
Anyone Negative sentences, with verbs
in the negative form.
Affirmative sentences.*
No Nobody or Nothing Nowhere Negative sentences, with verbs
No one in the affirmative form.
Yes I have some plans for tonight.

Do you have any plans for tonight? No I don’t have any plans for tonight.
No I have no plans for tonight.
Would you like some help? Oh! I’d love to.
Could you bring me some water? Sure!
A PART OF SOMETHING.
Some I like some Italian restaurant.
(Not all of them.)
NOT IMPORTANT WHICH.
Any* I like any Italian restaurant.
(All of them.)
NOT ANY.
No I like no Italian restaurant.
(I don’t like Italian food / cuisine.)

LESSON 16
Exercises
1. Make questions using how much our how many for these answers
below.
a. ________________________________________________________________________________?
He sold lots of old books last week.
b. ________________________________________________________________________________?
He doesn’t have much money.
c. ________________________________________________________________________________?
I’ve spent lots of time doing the exercises.
d. ________________________________________________________________________________?
Mark likes just a little sugar in his coffee.
e. ________________________________________________________________________________?
Hugh spent ten dollars buying new pencils.
a. How many times have the policemen come here this week?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
b. How much has she spent lately?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
c. How many hours do you usually spend to come here by train?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
d. How much is it?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
e. How much did it cost?
_____________________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 16
Phrasal Verbs
To move higher, rise or increase. To

reach as far as something:
Go up The path going up to the back door is
very muddy.
To move down to a lower level or place. to
reach or go as far as:
Its roots can go down three metres. When
the sun goes down, it moves down in the
sky until it cannot be seen any more. To
Go down be reduced in price, value, amount,
quality, level or size. If a computer system
goes down, it stops working. If an event
such as a crime or a deal goes down, it
happens. (on)SLANG
To use the tongue and lips to touch
someone's sexual organs in order to give
pleasure.(with) = come down with
To arrive or appear somewhere, usually
unexpectedly or in a way that was not
planned. If something that you have been
Turn up looking for turns up, you find it
unexpectedly. If a better situation or an
opportunity to do something turns up, it
happens or becomes available
unexpectedly or in a way that was not
planned.
Turn down Turn sth/sb down to refuse an offer or
request.
To care for a child until it is an adult,
Bring up often giving it particular beliefs. To start
to talk about a particular subject.
To cause someone in a position of power
Bring down to lose their job. To reduce the level of
something.

LESSON 16
Phrasal Verbs
To wake up and get out of bed, or to tell

or help someone to do this. To stand up.
Get up To organize a group of people to do
something. If the wind gets up, it starts to
grow stronger.
If something gets you down, it makes you
feel unhappy and dissatisfied. To write
Get down something, especially something that
someone has said. To swallow. (to) To
start to direct your efforts and attention
towards something.
To move towards someone. To be
mentioned or talked about in
conversation. If a job or opportunity
comes up, it becomes available. To
Come up happen, usually unexpectedly. When the
sun or moon comes up, it rises. If
information comes up on a computer
screen, it appears there. (against) To have
to deal with a problem. (to) To reach the
usual or necessary standard. (with) To
suggest or think of an idea or plan.
To fall and land on the ground. If a price
or a level comes down, it becomes lower.
INFORMAL to feel less excited after a
Come down very enjoyable experience. If a person
comes down from a drug, they stop
feeling its effects. (on) To punish or
criticize a person or activity very
strongly. (with) To start to suffer from an
illness, especially one that is not serious.
To divide something into many pieces. If
someone who is talking on a mobile phone
is breaking up, their voice can not fully be
Break up heard. (with) If a marriage breaks up or
two people in a romantic relationship
break up, their marriage or their
relationship ends.
If a machine or vehicle breaks down, it
stops working. If a system, relationship or
Break down discussion breaks down, it fails because
there is a problem or disagreement. To be
unable to control your feelings and to
start to cry.

LESSON 16
Exercises
verb tense.
a. Now that Andrew’s parents died, who will _________________ him ______________?
b. Why did she ____________________________ ________________________ that proposal?
c. I can’t believe we have just _____________________ _______________, I’m still sleepy!
d. Hey asshole! ____________________ _______________ ____________what you’re doing!
e. I can’t believe! You _______________________ __________________ _______________ her!
f. Don’t forget to get a coat or you may ______________ ___________ _________ a cold!
g. Do you know why the boss is upset with you?

Yeah! I haven’t________________ ________________ ____________ good results lately.
h. When was the last time this washing machine __________________ _____________?
i. When was the last time you _________________ ____________ __________ somebody?
j. Can you hear what he is speaking?

Yeah!
Oh I can’t. Could you please ______________________ it __________________ for me?
k. The food didn't ________________________ ____________ __________ my expectations
l. Some people didn’t like my book. Well at least they didn’t ____________________
_____________ _____________ me.

LESSON 16
create sentences.
a. COME _________________________________________________________________________
b. COME __________________________________________________________________________
c. TURN __________________________________________________________________________
d. TURN __________________________________________________________________________
e. GET ____________________________________________________________________________
f. GET_____________________________________________________________________________
g. BRING_________________________________________________________________________
h. GO _____________________________________________________________________________
i. BREAK ________________________________________________________________________
j. BREAK ________________________________________________________________________
UP UP WITH DOWN DOWN WITH / ON / TO

LESSON 17
Future Possible
If you meet him tomorrow, What will you do?
If she is late, What can we do?
If it rains, Where can we go?
What are you going to do if he calls you tonight?
Where can we go if we don’t have any money?
Do you think she may get worse if she doesn’t take the medicines?
Present Unreal
If you had lots of money What would you do?
If you received a strange phone call What would you do?
If they studied hard What could happen to them?
Where would you take her to if you could ask her out?
How late would you wake up if you didn’t have to work?
Do you think they might work there if they spoke good English?
Past Unreal
If you hadn’t missed the party Whom would you have flirted with?
If she hadn’t broken up with you Where could you have taken her to?
If he hadn’t stopped drinking What could have happened to us?
What would she have done if she had seen you with that girl?
Where could you have gone if you hadn’t woken up so late?
Do you think he might have won if he had bet?

LESSON 17
Future Possible
If I / we meet him tomorrow, I / We will invite him for the party.
If she is late, We / You can do nothing.
If it rains, We / You can / may go to the movies.
I’m going to make things clear if he calls me tonight.
We / You can go nowhere if we / you don’t have any money.
I think she may / can die if she doesn’t take the medicines
Present Unreal
If I / we had lots of money I / We would travel around the world.
If I / we received a strange phone call I / We could call the police.
If they studied hard They could / might get better grades.
I / We would take her to heaven if I / we could ask her out.
I/ We would wake up at about 9:00 A.M if I / we didn’t have to work.
Oh! I think they might / could work if they spoke good English.
there
Past Unreal
If I /we hadn’t missed the party I /we Would have flirted with
everything in a skirt.
If she hadn’t broken up with me I could have taken her to Paradise.
If he hadn’t stopped drinking We could / might have died.
She would have slapped me if she had seen me with that girl.
I / We could have gone to the zoo if I / we hadn’t woken up so late.
Oh! I think he might / could have won if he had bet.

LESSON 17
Exercises
1. Complete the sentences below with the right clause.
a. If_______________________________________________________, I will buy new clothes.
b. If________________________________________________, she would give him a chance.
c. If___________________________________________________, they could have gone there.
d. If____________________________________________________, we would have helped her.
e. If__________________________________________________, I would tell you everything.
f. If_______________________________________________, he won’t trouble you anymore.
g. If she is here, ___________________________________________________________________.
h. If they came here more often, __________________________________________________.
i. If he had paid attention to her, _________________________________________________.
j. If they had finished the project, ________________________________________________.
k. If I worked out more often, _____________________________________________________.
l. If you are feeling lonely, ______________________________________________________.

LESSON 17
2. Make If-Clause questions for these answers below.
a. ________________________________________________________________________________?
I will do my best.
b. ________________________________________________________________________________?
She would help me with this.
c. ________________________________________________________________________________?
He would have tried to call off the meeting.
d. ________________________________________________________________________________?
They can help people.
e. ________________________________________________________________________________?
I would never hurt you.
a. What would you do if your girlfriend/boyfriend cheated on you?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
b. What would you have done if you had had money 10 years ago?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
c. Where will you go on your next vacation if you have money?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
d. What would you do if you lost your job?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
e. Where could you have gone if your friends had called you?
_____________________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 17
Phrasal Verbs
Climb up To go up.
Climb down To change your opinion or admit that you
were wrong (over).
To sit with a straight back. To stay awake
and not go to bed although it is late. To
Sit up show interest or surprise: The news that
he was getting married really made her
sit up.
Sit down To move your body so that the lower part
of it is resting on a seat or on the ground.
Add (sth) up to calculate the total of two
or more numbers. Add up to sth
(AMOUNT) to become a particular
Add up amount. To have a particular result or
effect:
It all added up to a lot of hard work for
all of us.
(Person)To gradually become an adult.
Grow up (City) If a town or city grows up in a
particular place or way, it develops there
or in that way.
hurry (sb/sth) up
Hurry up To move or do things more quickly than
normal or to make someone do this.
Speed up To happen or move faster, or to make
something happen or move faster.
Think up To produce a new idea or plan. To invent.
Hold sb/sth down to keep someone or
Hold down something in a particular place or
position and to stop them from moving.
Hold sth down to keep something,
especially costs, at a low level.
To fall to the ground. To fail. To not be
good at something in comparison with
Fall down another thing:
I'm quite good at speaking Chinese, but I
fall down on the written work.
Let down Let (sb) down (DISAPPOINT).

LESSON 17
Phrasal Verbs
Make up To invent. To prepare. To Complete. To

replace. (for) To compensate for.
To make a tree or other plant fall to the
Cut down ground by cutting it near the bottom. (on)
To reduce.
To become slower, or to make someone or
Slow down something become slower. To be less
active and relax more.
To arrange for an event or activity to
happen. to formally establish a new
company, organization, system, way of
Set up working, etc. To establish someone or
yourself in a business or position:
After he left college, his father set him up
in the family business. To prepare
something for use, especially by putting
the different parts of it together.
To write or print something, especially to
Set down record it in a formal document. If a
vehicle sets down a passenger, it stops so
that the passenger can get out.
If a business or other organization starts
up, or if someone starts one up, it is
Start up created and starts to operate. If a vehicle
or engine starts up, or someone starts it
up, it starts to work.
(with) To reach someone in front of you
by going faster than them. To reach the
Catch up same quality or standard as someone or
something else.
(in) To become familiar with a place and
to feel happy and confident in it. To start
Settle down living in a place where you intend to stay
for a long time, usually with your partner.
To become quiet and calm, or to make
someone become quiet and calm.
Look down on To despise, consider someone inferior.

LESSON 17
Exercises
verb tense.
a. Now that Andrew passed the exams and I flunked, I think I won’t___________
_______________ __________ him.
b. Lea needs money. Why doesn’t she ____________ _________ ________ her expenses?
c. I can’t believe she _____________________________ ______________________ that story!
d. She is the kind of girl who likes to ______________ __________ _________ poor boys.
e. The car didn’t ____________________________ ______________________ this morning!
f. I went to the doctor and he told me ________________ ______________ _____________.
g. I’ve got to _______________ __________ something really good to increase the sales.
h. Hey! ______________________________ _______________________ or we’ll miss the bus!
i. Mr. Smith asked us to _______________________________ _____________ production.
j. Have you finished _______________________________ _______________ the numbers?
k. I’ll never __________________________________ you ________________________________!

LESSON 17
create sentences.
a. GROW ________________________________________________________________________
b. MAKE _________________________________________________________________________
c. THINK _________________________________________________________________________
d. CATCH _________________________________________________________________________
e. SIT _____________________________________________________________________________
f. CUT ____________________________________________________________________________
g. BRING_________________________________________________________________________
h. SLOW__________________________________________________________________________
i. LET ____________________________________________________________________________
j. CLIMB _________________________________________________________________________
UP DOWN

LESSON 18
Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech Indirect Speech
He said: “I work hard every day.” He said he worked hard every day.
He said: “I don’t work hard every day.” He said he didn’t work hard every day.
He said: “I played soccer yesterday.” He said he (had) played soccer the day before.
He said: “I didn’t play soccer yesterday.” He said he (hadn’t) didn’t play(ed) soccer the day before.
She said to me: “I will travel tomorrow.” She told me she would travel the following day.
She said to me: “I won’t travel tomorrow.” She told me she wouldn’t travel the following day.
She said: “I’m going to travel tonight.” She said she was going to travel that night.
She said: “I’m not going to travel She said she wasn’t going to travel that night.
tonight.”
She said: “I was going to buy a car.” She said she was going to buy a car.
She said: “I wasn’t going to buy a car.” She said she wasn’t going to buy a car.
He said: “I’m studying now.” He said he was studying that moment.
He said: “I’m not studying now.” He said he wasn’t studying that moment.
He said: “I was studying.” He said he had been studying.
He said: “I wasn’t studying.” He said he hadn’t been studying.
He said: “I’ve studied a lot.” He said he had studied a lot.
He said: “I haven’t studied a lot.” He said he hadn’t studied a lot.
She said: “I’ll have finished it by She said she’d have finished it by afternoon.
afternoon.”
He said: “I can drive.” He said he could drive.
He said: “I can’t drive.” He said he couldn’t drive.
He said: “I must study hard.” He said he had (needed) to study hard.
He said: “I don’t have (need) to study He said he didn’t have (need) to study hard.
hard.”
He said: “It may be a good idea!” He said It might be a good idea!
He asked me: “will you come tonight?” He asked me if I would come that night.
He asked me: “what are you doing?” He asked what I was doing.
He asked: “Close the door!” He asked to close the door.
He said to me: “Don’t close the door!” He told me not to close the door.

LESSON 18
Tense Changes
Simple Present Simple Past
Simple Past Simple Past or Past Perfect
Future Conditional
Immediate Future Future in the Past
Future in the Past Future in the Past
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Future Perfect Conditional Perfect
Can Could
Must Had to / Needed to
Don’t have to(need to) Didn’t have to (need to)
May Might
Questions (with a question word) The Question word + an Aff. or Neg. structure,
according to the previous question.
Questions (with no question word) If or Whether + an Aff. or Neg. structure,
according to the previous question.
Affirmative imperative To + verb( Infinitive )
Negative imperative not to+ verb( Negative infinitive )
Might Might
Could Could
Should/ought to Should/ought to
Would Would
Past Perfect Past Perfect
Yes/no questions are reported with if or whether. The driver asked if/whether I wanted to go
downtown.
It’s preferable to use whether before or, especially in a I enquired whether she was coming by road or
formal style. by air.
Tenses don’t change after present, future or present He says he doesn’t like flowers.
perfect reporting verbs, because there’s no important I’ll tell her your idea is great.
change of time. The government has announced that taxes will
be raised

LESSON 18
Word Changes
Last week The week before

Next week The following week/The next week/The week after
Now Then / That day/right away/At that moment
This morning That morning
This afternoon That afternoon
This evening That evening
Today That day
Tonight That night
Yesterday The day before
Tomorrow The following/next day
LAST… THE… BEFORE
NEXT… THE NEXT/FOLLOWING…
Ago Before
This/these That/those
Here There
Verbs that imply a certain direction may also have to be changed.

Examples: come go
bring take
No and Yes are eliminated in indirect speech.

How do you like…? = What’s your impression of…?
E.G. How do you like our weather? I think it’s very hot or I find it really hot.

“Speak of the devil and he appears.”
“He put his foot in his mouth.”
“A word to the wise is enough.”
“Out of sight, out of mind.”

LESSON 18
Phrasal Verbs
To avoid. To keep away. To not go

Stay away somewhere or near something, or to prevent
someone from going somewhere or near
something.
Turn sb away: to not allow someone to enter
Turn away a place. To move your face so you are not
looking at something.
To leave or escape from a person or place,
often when it is difficult to do this. To go
Get away somewhere to have a holiday, often because
you need to rest. (with) To succeed in
avoiding punishment for something: If I
thought I could get away with it, I wouldn't
pay any tax at all.
Take sth away: to remove something. To
Take away subtract a number.
Throw sth away/out:to get rid of something
Throw away that you do not want any more. Throw sth
away: to waste a skill or opportunity.
To give sth free of charge. To tell people
Give away something secret, often without intending to.
To show someone's secret feelings.
To leave a place or person secretly and
suddenly. (from) To avoid dealing with a
Run away problem or difficult situation. Run away
(with) sb (FEELING).If a feeling or idea
runs away with you, you cannot control it
and it makes you behave stupidly:Sometimes
my imagination runs away with me and I
convince myself that they are having an
affair.
Break away To escape from someone, free oneself of.
Clear away To remove things from a table after a meal.
Die away (of sound, light, wind) To diminish gradually
until it ceases.
Put away To put things back in their place.

LESSON 18
Phrasal Verbs
Answer back To reply to someone rudely.

Fall back (on) To make use of sth in an emergency = to
turn to someone for help.
Hold back To control (feelings)
Keep back To have sth as a secret.
Think back To remember.
Look back (on) To think about the past.
Take back To retract sth said or written.
Turn back (To begin to) return.
To return to a place after you have been
somewhere else. get sth back (BE GIVEN)
To be given something again that you had
before. Get sb back. (ALSO get back at
sb) INFORMAL: to do something
unpleasant to someone because they have
Get back done something unpleasant to you. Get
back (to)sth: to start doing or talking
about something again. Get back (to) sb:
to talk to someone again, usually on the
telephone, in order to give them some
information or because you were not able
to speak to them before.
Send sth back: to return something to the
Send back person who sent it to you, especially
because it is damaged or not suitable.
Give back Give sth back: to return something to the
person who gave it to you.
Call back (RETURN): to return to a place
in order to see someone or collect
Call back something. Call sb back (TELEPHONE):
to telephone someone again, or to
telephone someone who called you earlier.
Put sth back (REPLACE): to return an
Put back object to where it was before it was
moved.
Bring sth back (RETURN): to return
from somewhere with something.
(REMEMBER): to make someone think
Bring back about something from the past.
(DO AGAIN): to start to do or use
something that was done or used in the
past.

LESSON 18
Exercises
1. Change into indirect (Reported) speech.
a. He said: “I like music.”
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. She asked them: “What are you going to do this afternoon?”
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. They said to me: “We must study hard.”
_________________________________________________________________________________
d. She asked me: “Have you studied a lot lately?”
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Change into direct speech.
a. She told me she wouldn’t miss this class.
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. She asked them if they were able to finish the project.
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. They told me to calm down.
_________________________________________________________________________________
d. He said he had already painted the house.
_________________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 18
verb tense.
a. Now that I’m alone I don’t know who I will _________________ __________ _________
b. I’ve been trying to ____________________________ _______________________ my tears.
c. I can’t believe that! Why don’t you __________ __________ ______ your childhood?
d. Hey just a second, I’ve gotta hang up but in a few minutes I’ll ________________
_________ _________you.
e. When you finish reading this book, _____________________________ it ___________!
create sentences.
a. THROW _______________________________________________________________________
b. RUN ___________________________________________________________________________
c. ANSWER______________________________________________________________________
d. CALL __________________________________________________________________________
e. PUT ____________________________________________________________________________
BACK AWAY

LESSON 19
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
WHO – People
Jane always helps her mother. She loves cooking. We use to join sentences replacing the
subject.
Jane, who loves cooking, always helps her mother.
WHICH – Things and animals.
The dog is mine. It doesn’t like to play. We use to join sentences replacing the
subject or the object. In this case subject.
The dog which doesn’t like to play is mine.
WHOSE – People, things and animals.
Joe needs to travel. His mother won the We use to join sentences replacing the
lottery. possessive adjective or any other word
that indicates ownership.
Joe, whose mother won the lottery, needs to travel.
Jane is sad. I talked to her yesterday. WHOM – People.
We use to join sentences replacing the
object.
Jane, whom I talked to yesterday, is sad.
The cat is yellow. I’ve taken care of him WHICH – Things and animals.
since it was born. We use to join sentences replacing the
subject or the object. In this case object.
The cat which I’ve taken care of since it was born is yellow.
Where, When, What and Why can also be used as relative pronouns.
The city where I was brought up is far from here
He’ll never forget the day when he got his first job.
I couldn’t notice what she did at the party.
I can’t understand why she did that.

LESSON 19
Defining and non-defining relative clauses
Relative Use Punctuation Example

Clause
provides essential information The drivers who were drunk
Defining about the subject or object.; can’t without commas were arrested. (not all, but only
be omitted the ones who were drunk).
Non- povides additional information The green racing car, which is
definig about the subject or object; can between commas an old model, crashed into the
be omitted withou distorting the wall. (an old model is irrelevant
meaning. to the identification of the car.)
THAT cannot be used in non-defining relative clauses.
Omission of relative pronouns
Relative pronouns can be omitted when they are the object of the relative clause.
The girl who(m) / that I love is cute.

The girl I love is cute.
The girl who loves me is cute.

In this case it cannot be omitted, because who is the subject of the relative clause.
WHOSE can never be omitted.
How to use them?

“TOO” AND “SO” USED IN SHORT “EITHER” AND “NEITHER”
AFF. SENTENCES = “ALSO” USED IN SHORT NEG. SENTENCES = “ALSO”
She will travel. She doesn’t like him.
I will too. (or)So will I. I don’t either. (or) Neither do I.

“It takes two to make a fight.”
“Make do with what you have.”
“Don’t wash the family’s dirty linen in public.”
“A burnt child dreads the fire.”

LESSON 19
Phrasal Verbs
Go over To examine.
To discuss a problem or situation with
Talk over someone, often to find out their opinion or
to get advice before making a decision
about it.
Look over To quickly examine something or
someone.
Think over To consider carefully.
If a vehicle or its driver runs over
Run over someone or something, the vehicle hits
and drives over them.
Jump over To jump from one side to another.
Do over To redecorate. Do sth over (DO AGAIN).
To come to a place, move from one place
to another, or move towards someone. To
Come over seem to be a particular type of person: I
watched the interview and felt he came
over as quite arrogant.
Get over To recover from.
Knock over To make fall by pushing or hitting.
Boil over To flow over the side.
If someone falls over, they fall to the
ground:She tripped and fell over. Fall
Fall over over sth/sb (COVER) LITERARY:
to cover something or someone:
A shadow fell over her work and she
looked up to see who was there.
Expressions
In time = early enough.
On time = at exactly the right time.
For the time being = for now, temporarily
Step on one`s toes = To offend someone, to hurt someone`s feelings
Otherwise = if not; or else

LESSON 19
Exercises
1. Join the sentences using a relative pronoun.
a. Jane is tired. She works a lot.
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. The boy is sick.I need to talk to him.
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. Debby is traveling. Her cat died.
_________________________________________________________________________________
d. The dog underwent surgery. Its owner is worried.
_________________________________________________________________________________
e. Janet became very famous. Her stories are always interesting.
_________________________________________________________________________________
f. Phil and Joane bought an old house. They love old things.
_________________________________________________________________________________
g. The dress is beautiful. She bought it last week.
_________________________________________________________________________________
h. That employee was promoted. He was about to travel on vacation.
_________________________________________________________________________________
i. His tie cost a lot of money. It was imported from Italy.
_________________________________________________________________________________
j. The ladder is much bigger. It belongs to John.
_________________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 19
verb tense.
a. Tina hates her bedroom. I think it`s time to ____________________ it ____________.
b. I’ve been ________________ it __________, but up to now I found no solution to this.
c. I can’t believe you _____________ _________ _______ your test before handing it in!
d. Hey! be careful ________ __________ ___________ ____________ the glass beside you!
e. What were you ______________________ ____________________ on the phone last

night?
create sentences.
a. THINK ________________________________________________________________________
b. LOOK___________________________________________________________________________
c. FALL ___________________________________________________________________________
d. GO _____________________________________________________________________________
e. DO _____________________________________________________________________________
OVER

LESSON 20
Stop loving
yourself and
work, you fool!!!
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
SUBJECT PRONOUNS REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

I MYSELF
YOU YOURSELF
HE HIMSELF
SHE HERSELF
IT ITSELF
WE OURSELVES
YOU YOURSELVES
THEY THEMSELVES
How to use them?

We use the reflexive pronouns in three situations:
Subject = Object Emphasis Preceded by “by”

It Means alone or without help
She hurt herself while cooking. I talked to the director myself. He traveled to England by himself.
He looked at himself at the mirror They themselves wrote the letter. I fixed the car by myself.

LESSON 20
Exercises
1. Complete the following sentences with the suitable reflexive
pronouns and cases
a. He ________________________________________________ fixes the meals in his house.
b. She would like to live _________________________________________________________.
c. They painted their houses _____________________________________________________.
d. I don’t like pork ________________________________________________________________.
e. We ______________________________________________________should talk to the boss.
f. They need to stay awhile ______________________________________________________.
2. Create sentences using the following pronouns:
a. She / them / herself.
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. He / Her / himself .
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. They / us / their / themselves.
_________________________________________________________________________________
d. I / my / by myself.
_________________________________________________________________________________
e. We / our /by ourselves.
_________________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 20
Phrasal Verbs
To accept or agree to something or to decide to

Settle for have something, although it is not exactly what
you want or it is not the best: She never settles
for second best.
To study something as your main subject at
Major in university:
She majored in philosophy at Harvard.
Sneak away To leave secretly.
Also carry off. To take (sth)or (someone) away.
Carry away To remove: Trash left on the beach during the
day is carried away (= removed) at night by
the tide.
To be in a vertical state or to put into a vertical
Stand up state, especially (of a person or animal) by
straightening the legs.
Wash off To remove by washing.
Take sth off (REMOVE):
Take off to remove something, especially clothes.
Take off (FLY) phrasal verb.
If an aircraft, bird or insect takes off, it leaves
the ground and begins to fly.
Lay down To place (something, someone or oneself)
down, as on the ground, furniture, etc.
Carry in To transport or take something toward the
inside of a container, place or area.
Look into To investigate.To examine the facts about a
problem or situation.
Look for To try to find (something or someone, often
that is lost).
Do without To manage without having something: I can’t
do without your love.
Take over To assume the responsibility.
Get along with To be friendly to.
Back up To support or help someone.
Give up To quit. To stop.
To meet by chance.To drive a vehicle
Run into accidentally into an object or a person in
another vehicle:I had to brake suddenly, and
the car behind ran into me.He ran his
motorbike into a tree.
Turn in To go to bed ( to sleep ).
Try on To put on a piece of clothing to discover if it
fits you or if you like it.

LESSON 20
Exercises
verb tense.
a. I can’t believe you ____________ ___________ _____________ ________ your parents!
b. You wouldn’t guess who I _________________ ______________ on the bus yesterday.
c. Wherever you go, whatever you do I ____________ always___________ you _______.
d. At what time _______________ you usually _____________________ _______________?
e. What can’t you __________________________________ ____________________________ ?
create sentences.
a. LOOK___________________________________________________________________________
b. LOOK___________________________________________________________________________
c. LAY____________________________________________________________________________
d. BACK __________________________________________________________________________
e. DO _____________________________________________________________________________
UP WITHOUT INTO FOR DOWN

LESSON 20
GENERAL SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES:
Determ Ordinal Quality word Size Age Color Noun

iner number
the first clean big young brown horse
a second attractive little old grey city
this 27th handsome small antique blue ring
that last nice tall middle-aged man
these dirty short 6-year-old boxes
those foolish under-aged couples
my crazy tiny 1-month-old green parrot
your rich slender girlfriend
poor stout widower
delicious huge fresh white cake
unusual ancient ship
tender thin ham
tough fat steak
ripe red fruit
odd boys
large modern dark building
immense old golden statue
“Very” – Should be placed before the modifier we wish to emphasize: VERY BIG, VERY OLD, VERY
STOUT, VERY TALL, ETC.
Exercise
1. Put the words in parentheses in the correct order:
a. When will ____________________________________call back? (young nice that girl)
b. Where is________________________sneaking away to?(old man that little white)
c. Did _________________dog carry away_____________________meat?

(brown big the) (old tough that)
d. Why doesn’t________________________________ stand up? (little that parrot green)
e. Is this __________________________________ neighbor? ( young our very attractive)

LESSON 20
GENERAL SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES:
Determiner Age or Shape Color Material Origin Noun

Temperature Gerund
a new odd-shaped dark steel English knife
an cool square light iron gate
this hot rectangular bluish gold watch
that cold round green silver chain
these warm broad yellowish wool sweater
those old narrow greenish silk stockings
our wide brownish synthetic material
his flat reddish wooden floor
her plastic dish
leather coat
nylon rug
German refrigerator
French salad dressing
washing machine
ironing board
Japanese car
American egg beater
Exercise
1. Put the words in parentheses in the correct order:
a. Is she going to put on ______________________________________sweater? (hot that

wool yellow)
b. Why doesn’t he wash off _______________________________spoon? (old soup that

greenish)
c. Why is she taking off ___________________________ stockings? (light new silk

very those)
d. When are they going to lay down________________________________________rug?

(that brownish new rectangular nylon)
e. They couldn’t carry in ______________________________cloth. (cotton that dark)

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ECL

Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary – Electronic Edition. Version 1.1.

Courtney, Rosemary - Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs.

Longman Dictionary of English Idioms.

Planned and Prepared by

ECL ENGLISH COURSE 2

SHORT ANSWERS == ALL THE TENSES PRESENTED UP TO NOW.

MODAL VERBS == MAY, MIGHT,CAN,COULD,SHOULD,OUGHT, MUST AND

TAG QUESTIONS == ALL THE TENSES PRESENTED UP TO NOW.

PERFECT TENSES == PART I, AND THEIR USAGES.

PERFECT TENSES == PART II, AND THEIR USAGES.

HOW MUCH AND HOW MANY

ECL ENGLISH COURSE 3

IF CLAUSES == ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES.

DIRECT AND INDERECT == USING ALL OF THE TENSES PRESENTED.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS == ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS== ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES.

ECL ENGLISH COURSE 4

Do I study English every day?

Does he speak German every other

Will you have to work tonight?

Would they need to study every day?

Are you happy today?

Were you tired yesterday?

Is she playing chess with him at the

Are they going to buy some food later?

Were you going to sell those CDs last week?

Is there anybody at your house now?

Are there many tasks to do this

ECL ENGLISH COURSE 5

Yes you do. No you don’t.

Yes he does. No he doesn’t.

Yes she did. No she didn’t.

Yes I/we will. No I/we won’t.

Yes they would. No they wouldn’t.

Yes I/we am./are. No I am not./aren’t.

Yes I/we was./were. No I wasn’t./weren’t.

Yes she is. No she isn’t.

Yes he was. No he wasn’t.

Yes they are. No they aren’t.

Yes I/we was./were. No I/we wasn’t./weren’t.

Yes there is. No there isn’t.

Yes there are. No there aren’t.

Yes there will. No there won’t.

Yes there would. No there wouldn’t.

Yes there is. No there isn’t.

Yes there was. No there wasn’t.

ECL ENGLISH COURSE 6

1. Do you__________ ____ _____________ every day?

2. Will _______ __________ ___ ________ tomorrow?

3. Will I ____________ ___________ _____________?

4. Would _____ ________ to __________ with ______?

5. Do ____ always_________ to _________ the ______?

Expressions and Useful Phrases

What good would it do?

Keep track of # Lose track of

ECL ENGLISH COURSE 7

b. How about ____________________________________________________________________?

b. After going to _________________________________________________________________

a. Cool! That’s a very nice idea...

a. At what time __________________________________________________________________?

ECL ENGLISH COURSE 8

May I open the It is too hot Permission - Formal

Expressing the same idea:

1. Do you ___ every day?

2. Will _ __ _ ________ tomorrow?

3. Will I ______ _ _________?

4. Would _ to with ?

5. Do always_ to _ the __?

1. _ he _ ________ every day?

2. Could she __ every _?

3. help her (to) _?

4. ______ _ to ___?

5. __ _ _ ________ ?

1. He__ _ yesterday, _ _____?

2. She ___ , _ _________?

3. You meat, ?

4. __ to England _, _ _?