Physics of Oil and Gas Reservoirs

Physics of Oil and Gas Reservoirs
The Five Petroleum Reservoir Fluids

Khazar University / Petroleum Engineering
Rovshan JAVADZADE
Reservoir Engineer
rovshan.javadzade@gmail.com
12-Oct-14
Week 4
Agenda
Introduction
Black oil
Volatile oil
Retrograde condensate gas
Gas cycling
Wet gas
Dry gas
Properties of Black oil
Properties of Volatile oil
Properties of Dry gas
Properties of Wet gas
12-Oct-14
Introduction
Black oil
Volatile oil
Gas cycling
Wet gas
Dry gas
12-Oct-14
Introduction
The behavior of a reservoir fluid during production is determined by the shape of
its phase diagram and the position of its critical point
Relative positions of phases envelopes

12-Oct-14
Multi-component hydrocarbon
Phase Diagrams for Multicomponent Systems

12-Oct-14
Reservoir fluids
There are five types of reservoir fluids:
Low-shrinkage oil (heavy oil - black oil)
High-shrinkage oil (volatile oil)
Wet gas
Dry Gas
12-Oct-14
Phase diagram for reservoir fluids
Phase diagram for reservoir fluids

12-Oct-14
Introduction
Black oil
Volatile oil
Gas cycling
Wet gas
Dry gas
12-Oct-14
Black Oil
Black oils consist of
components with large,
heavy and nonvolatile
molecules
The phase diagram for
Black oils covers a wide
temperature range and
the critical point is well
up the slope of the
phase envelope
Phase diagram for a Black Oil
12-Oct-14
Field Identification of Black Oil

Black oils are characterized with producing gas-oil ratios of 500
scf/STB or less
The stock-tank oil usually will have a gravity below 30 API or

heavier
The stock-tank oil is very dark, indicating the presence of heavy
hydrocarbons, often black, sometimes with a greenish cast, or
brown
Laboratory analysis will indicate an initial oil formation volume
factor of 2.0 res bbl/STB or less
Laboratory determined composition of heptanes plus will be higher

than 30 mole percent, an indication of the large quantity of heavy
hydrocarbons in black oils
12-Oct-14
10
Introduction
Black oil
Volatile oil
Gas cycling
Wet gas
Dry gas
12-Oct-14
11
Volatile Oil
Volatile oils contain
relatively fewer heavy
molecules and more
intermediates (defined
as
ethane
through
hexanes) than black oils
Phase diagram for a Volatile Oil
12-Oct-14
12
Field Identification of Volatile Oil

The critical temperature of volatile oils is greater than its reservoir
temperature
Volatile oils are characterized with producing gas-oil ratios of less
than 8000 scf/STB
The stock-tank oil gravity is usually 40 API or higher
The stock-tank oil is colored: usually brown, orange, or sometimes

green
According to laboratory analysis, initial oil formation volume
factor is greater than 2.0 res bbl/STB
Compositions of volatile oil contain 12.5 30 mole percent
heptanes plus
12-Oct-14
13
Introduction
Black oil
Volatile oil
Gas cycling
Wet gas
Dry gas
12-Oct-14
14
Retrograde Gas
The phase diagram of a
retrograde gas is smaller
than that for oils, and the
critical point is further
down the left side of the
envelope
For retrograde gases, the
critical temperature is
less than the reservoir
temperature and the
cricondentherm
is
greater than the reservoir
temperature
12-Oct-14
Phase diagram for a Retrograde Gas

15
Field Identification of Retrograde Gas

The producing gas-oil ratio for a retrograde gas is approximately
up to 70000 scf/STB; the upper limit is not well defined
Stock-tank liquid gravities are between 40 and 60 API and
increase as reservoir pressure falls below the dew-point pressure
The liquid can be lightly colored, brown, orange, greenish, or
water-white
According to laboratory analysis, the heptanes plus fraction is less
than 12.5 mole percent
12-Oct-14
16
Introduction
Black oil
Volatile oil
Gas cycling
Wet gas
Dry gas
12-Oct-14
17
Gas cycling process for Retrograde gas reservoirs
Gas cycling process

12-Oct-14
18
Introduction
Black oil
Volatile oil
Gas cycling
Wet gas
Dry gas
12-Oct-14
19
Wet Gas
The entire phase diagram
of a Wet Gas will be
below
reservoir
temperature
A wet gas exists only as a
gas in the reservoir
No liquid formed in the

reservoir
Liquid is formed only at
the surface
Phase diagram for a Wet Gas
12-Oct-14
20
Field Identification of Wet Gas

The stock-tank liquid is usually water-white
Wet-gases have very high producing gas-oil ratios;
producing gas-oil ratios will remain constant during the life
of a wet gas reservoir. A gas which produces more than
50000 scf/STB can be treated as a wet gas
Condensate liquid > 50 API
12-Oct-14
21
Introduction
Black oil
Volatile oil
Gas cycling
Wet gas
Dry gas
12-Oct-14
22
Dry Gas
Dry gas is primarily
methane
with
some
intermediates
Hydrocarbon mixture is
only gas in the reservoir
and
normal
surface
separator conditions are
outside the phase envelope
No liquid is formed at the
surface
GOR > 100,000 SCF/STB
12-Oct-14
Phase diagram for a Dry Gas
23
Comparison of the Phase Diagrams of Reservoir Fluids
12-Oct-14
24
Introduction
Black oil
Volatile oil
Gas cycling
Wet gas
Dry gas
12-Oct-14
25
Properties of Black Oil

The following physical properties are required for the reservoir
engineering calculations (material balance calculations):
Formation volume factor of oil
Solution gas-oil ratio
Total formation volume factor

Coefficient of isothermal compressibility
Oil viscosity
(Interfacial tension)
12-Oct-14
26
Specific Gravity of a Liquid

Liquid specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the density of the
liquid to the density of water, both taken at the same temperature
and pressure:
Specific gravity is nondimensional; but in the English system the

units are:
12-Oct-14
/( )
=
=
( )/( )
27
API gravity
The American Petroleum Institute gravity, or API gravity, is a
measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared
to water:
.
=
.
RD oil=
12-Oct-14
(degree)
28
API gravity
Crude Oil
Viscosity
(cP)
API Gravity
(degree)
Examples
Tar, Bitumen and

Kerogen
10-10
6-10
Alberta, Canada-Peace River
Very Heavy Oil
10-10
10-12
Venezuela-Boscan
Heavy Oil
10-10
14-22
California-Kern River
Medium-Light Oil
10-10
25-30
Saudi Arabia-Arab Heavy
Light Oil
1-10
31-40
Azerbaijan-ACG
Ultra-Light Oil
10-1
41-50+
Texas-Eagle Ford
Crude Oil Classification

12-Oct-14
29
Formation Volume Factor of Oil

Oil formation volume factor is defined as the volume of reservoir
oil required to produce one barrel of oil in the stock tank:
The unit is: res bbl/STB

The reciprocal of the formation volume factor is called the
shrinkage factor:
12-Oct-14
30
Formation Volume Factor of Oil
Oil Formation Volume Factor

12-Oct-14
31
Solution Gas-Oil Ratio

The quantity of gas dissolved in an oil at reservoir conditions is
called solution gas-oil ratio:

=

Units are standard cubic feet per stock-tank barrel: scf/STB
12-Oct-14
32

12-Oct-14
33
Total Formation Volume Factor

Total Formation Volume Factor (Bt)
is:
Bt = Bo + Bg(Rsb Rs)
Bo Oil Formation Volume Factor
Bg Gas Formation Volume Factor
Rsb the solution gas to oil ratio at
the bubble point
Rs the quantity of gas remaining in
solution at the lower pressure
*Unit for gas formation volume factor is res bbl/scf
*Unit for total formation volume factor is res bbl/STB.
12-Oct-14
34
Total Formation Volume Factor
Total and oil formation volume factor

12-Oct-14
35
Oil compressibility above Pb

Pressures above the Bubble-point pressure:
In terms of formation volume factors this equation yields:
Oil compressibility can be written in terms of oil density:
12-Oct-14
36
Oil compressibility above Pb

Typical shape of the coefficient of isothermal compressibility of oil as a function
of pressure at constant reservoir temperature at pressures above the bubble-point:
12-Oct-14
37
Oil compressibility below Pb

At pressures below the Bubble-point pressure,
the total change in volume is the sum of the
change in liquid volume and the change in free
gas volume:
Consequently, the fractional change in volume

as pressure change is:
12-Oct-14
38
Oil compressibility below Pb
12-Oct-14
39
Oil Viscosity
The coefficient of viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow exerted by a
fluid
The unit of viscosity is centipoise
12-Oct-14
40
Introduction
Black oil
Volatile oil
Gas cycling
Wet gas
Dry gas
12-Oct-14
41
Properties of Volatile Oil
12-Oct-14
42
Introduction
Black oil
Volatile oil
Gas cycling
Wet gas
Dry gas
12-Oct-14
43
Ideal Gases
An ideal gas is one where the following assumptions
hold:
Volume of the molecules is insignificant with respect to
the total volume of the gas.
There are no attractive or repulsive forces between
molecules or between molecules and container walls.
There is no internal energy loss when molecules collide.
12-Oct-14
44
Ideal Gases
Boyles Law
At constant temperature the pressure of a given weight of a gas is inversely
proportional to the volume of a gas:
Charles Law
At constant pressure, the volume of a given weight of gas varies directly with the
temperature:
Avogadros Law:
Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure equal volumes of all ideal
gases contain the same number of molecules. That is, one molecular weight of any
ideal gas occupies the same volume as the molecular weight of another ideal gas at a
given temperature and pressure.
12-Oct-14
45
The Equation of State for an Ideal Gas

By combining the three laws, an equation of state relating pressure, temperature
and volume of a gas is obtained:
For n moles the equation becomes:
PV = nRT
R is Universal Gas Constant
To find the volume occupied by a quantity of gas when the conditions of
temperature and pressure are changed from state 1 to state 2 we note that:
12-Oct-14
46
The Density of an Ideal Gas

Density is defined as the weight per unit volume:
where is the gas density.
For 1 mole, m = MW
MW = Molecular weight
Hence,
12-Oct-14
47
Standard Conditions
It is common practice to relate volumes to conditions at surface, ie
14.7 psia and 60F:
*This relationship assumes that reservoir properties behave as ideal.
12-Oct-14
48
Apparent Molecular Weight

A mixture does not have a molecular weight although it behaves as
though it had a molecular weight. This is called the apparent
molecular weight, AMW:
If yj represents the mole fraction of the jth component:
AMW for air = 28.97, a value of 29.0 is usually sufficiently accurate.
12-Oct-14
49
Specific Gravity of a Gas

The specific gravity of a gas, is the ratio of the density of the gas relative
to that of dry air at the same conditions:
Mg = AMW of mixture, Mair = AMW of air.

12-Oct-14
50
Real Gases
Compressibility Factor for Natural Gases:
The correction factor z which is a function of the gas composition, pressure and
temperature is used to modify the ideal gas law to:
PV = znRT
z - compressibility factor and is an expression of the actual volume to what the ideal
volume would be:
12-Oct-14
51
Real Gases
Reduced temperature and reduced pressure:
=
=
Where, Tc and Pc are the critical temperature and pressure.

For mixtures the compressibility factor (z) has been generated with
respect to natural gases, where z is plotted as a function of pseudo
reduced temperature, Tpr and pseudo reduced pressure Ppr where:
12-Oct-14
52
Compressibility factors for natural gas (Standing & Katz)
12-Oct-14
53
Pseudocritical Properties of Natural Gases
12-Oct-14
54
Properties of Dry Gas Gas Formation Volume Factor

The Gas Formation
Volume Factor is
defined as the volume
of gas at reservoir
conditions required to
produce one standard
cubic foot of gas at the
surface (unit: rb/scf or
res cu ft/scf)
The reciprocal of the
formation
volume
factor
sometimes
called Gas Expansion
Factor
12-Oct-14
Gas formation volume factor as a function of

pressure at constant reservoir temperature
55
Gas Formation Volume Factor

Gas Formation Volume Factor volume occupied by the gas at reservoir
temperature and pressure divided by the volume occupied by the same mass of
gas at standard conditions:
The volume of n moles of a gas at reservoir conditions is obtained with the

compressibility equation of state:
T and p are reservoir temperature and pressure, consequently
The volume of the same number of moles of the gas at standard conditions, Tsc
and psc, is:

=
12-Oct-14
56
Gas Formation Volume Factor

Thus, the formation volume factor for the gas:
=

Tsc = 520 R, Psc = 14.65 psia and zsc = 1
Hence:
(. )
=
= .

Also,
= .

= .
.
where, temperature must be in R and pressure in psia.

12-Oct-14
57
Compressibility of Gas
The coefficient of isothermal compressibility is defined as the fractional change
of volume as pressure is changed at constant temperature:
Vm is the specific volume or volume per mole.

Unit is 1/psi
12-Oct-14
58
Compressibility of Gas
Coefficient of isothermal compressibility of a gas as a

function of pressure at constant reservoir temperature
12-Oct-14
59
Viscosity of Gas
The coefficient of
viscosity
is
a
measure of the
resistance to flow
Gas
viscosity
decreases
as
reservoir pressure
decreases
Viscosity of ethane
12-Oct-14
60
Introduction
Black oil
Volatile oil
Gas cycling
Wet gas
Dry gas
12-Oct-14
61
Properties of Wet Gas formation volume factor

The Formation Volume Factor of a Wet Gas is defined as the volume
of reservoir gas required to produce one stock-tank barrel of liquid at
the surface:
12-Oct-14
62
Thank you for your attention!
12-Oct-14
63

Physics of Oil and Gas Reservoirs

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Physics of Oil and Gas Reservoirs

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Physics of Oil and Gas Reservoirs

The Five Petroleum Reservoir Fluids