Professional Documents
Culture Documents
233-246
(August 2004)
EFFECT
OF VERTICAL
LATERAL
TORSIONAL
OF
Mohammed
WEB
Machaly
STIFFENERS
BUCKLING
CANTILEVER
HASSANIEN1,
JSCE
ON
BEHAVIOR
STEEL I-BEAMS
BAHAA2,
Hesham
SOBHY3,
Ahmed
HASSAN4
4
5
Member of JSCE, Dr. Eng., Assoc. Professor, Dept. of Civil Eng., University
of Tokyo
Lateral torsional buckling often governs design of I-beams. Although vertical web stiffeners are
extensively used to provide internal stiffening, their effect on lateral torsional buckling behavior is totally
ignored in the design codes. Here, effect of stiffeners on cantilever beams studied under static uniform
moment, uniform load, and end concentrated load. Finite element buckling solver has been used and then
linear regression analysis for output data of finite element was conducted to produce simplified equation
for the critical moment including stiffeners effect. The results show that stiffeners cause significant
magnification in the critical moment than the basic critical moment of the case of beam without stiffeners.
Key Words: lateral torsional buckling, cantilever beams, vertical web stiffeners, uniform torsion,
warping torsion.
1. INTRODUCTION
It is well known that beams of thin-walled
open
cross sections
composed
of slender
component
plates, such as I-sections, are particularly susceptible
to lateral torsional
buckling. This is because the
torsional rigidities of such cross sections are very
low and therefore
their resistance
to torsional
instability is low. The effects of unbraced length and
end conditions
on the elastic
lateral torsional
buckling load of the beam are rather evident. The
longer the unbraced length and the less resistant the
support can deliver to the beam, the lower the
critical lateral buckling load will be1)2)3). Hence, the
optimum method to prevent the lateral torsional
buckling is using lateral bracing to the compression
flange to reduce its unsupported length4)5). However,
if the lateral bracing is not feasible the internal
stiffening
that
provided
by the vertical
web
stiffeners could be used to enhance beam resistance
for the lateral torsional buckling6)7).
The main idea behind the expected increase in
lateral
torsional
buckling
resistance
of beams
depends on connecting the behavior of the tension
flange with the behavior of the compression
flange
by using the vertical web stiffeners. This reduces,
somewhat, the tendency of the beam to buckle out of
233
2. THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND
(1)
(2)
(7)
(3)
in which,
in which,
(8)
(4)
(5)
(6)
In
this
figure Iw
is
dimensionless
centroidal
loading
buckling
not
angle
load
height
yQ
be
seen
that
significantly
flange
especially
non-linear
approximate
with
linear,
do
twisting
the
is
where L
Moreover,
demonstrated
in
loading
bottom
the
may
cantilevers
of
formulation
load
is
the
the
Fig.1,
it
equation
is
is
beam
effect
and
of
it
can
loading
resistance,
high
height
of
the
moments,
flange
reduce
a
a
of
end
buckling
with
is
parameter
for
rotate L,
while
s
For
variation
torsion
it
radians.
however,
parameter.
the
as
increase
effect
Cw;
in
is
for
to
height
(=0),
resistance
approximately
which
equal
load
top
substantially,
values
suggested
of
K.
by
The
the
(3).
234
3. METHODOLOGY
MODEL
AND NUMERICAL
(12)
Where,
Mcr withoutstiffenersis the critical moment that resulted
from the approximate
numerical
solution for the
case of beam without stiffeners.
is
has been
modeled
top flange.
This
width, represents
length,
3.
applied
Load
(Unit
the magnification
load.
Concentrated
represents
on the
pressure
value
times
the flange
the distributed
load value per unit
unit uniform
End
as a pressure
Concentrated
(13)
(9)
In which,
Where,
(10)
(11)
between
stiffeners;
torsion resistance
and
are
factors
f3 indicates the
respectively.
which
represent
the
magnification
in beam uniform
torsion
as well as
warping
torsion resistance
respectively
that resulted
in using
vertical
web stiffeners.
235
ratio
between
stiffener
bending
Range
of change
is 0.025
f2
Range
of change
is 0.03
0.121
f3
Range
of change
is 0.0009
0.35
The
represent
torsional
greater
stiffeners
lateral
three
aforementioned
the
buckling
than
1.0
should
torsional
factors , ,
factors , ,
increase
in
are
since
enhance
and
resistance
obviously
the
use
the
buckling.
beam
The
and
the
fi that
lateral
expected
of
the
beam
relation
chosen
and
for
proposed
to
vertical
resistance
between
factors
in accordance
be
web
for
the
f1,
with
Fig. 3 Modeled
boundary
conditions.
expression:
(14)
236
Fig. 4 Modeling
of concentrated
Fig. 5 Modeling
moment.
of concentrated
load.
Fig.6 Modeling
of uniform
load.
1 Sample
beams.
for model
verification
of cantilever
buckling
mode.
237
magnification
factor
increase.
However,
it is
obvious
that
effect
of increasing
number
of
stiffeners is more effective than increasing stiffener
thickness.
This issue setback the usual nature of
design processes: Optimization, to achieve high cost
effectiveness.
The aforementioned
pilot runs, for simple beams,
were developed under two cases: the first case is in
(15)
By
knowing
result
the
from
output
element,
the
A,
factors , ,
B,
can
C,
linear
D,
from
simplified
in
from
analysis.
regression
finite
performed.
values
...etc,
as
from
be
the
regression
equation
can
get
H,
and
resulted
analysis
we
constants;
of
observations
regression
Consequently,
of
value
of
the
The
analysis
the
results
resulted
has
been
be
manipulated
for
each
results
regression
appendix
regression
form
of
by
constant
in
proposed
design
has
output
B,
statistics
4. RESULTS
as
Fig.
on
described15)
B1.
sensitivity
The
was
can
in
which
model
of
summarized
in
summary
of
Moreover,
provided
that
Simplification
its
analysis.
was
so
engineer.
based
regression
equation
Fig.
B2.
AND DISCUSSION
Consequently
the
stiffeners
on
resistance
effect
can
of
warping
effect.
was
be
vertical
if
effect
of
beam
uniform
neglected
web
torsion
especially
the
the
; however,
on
is
torsion
web
torsion
(=1)
stiffeners
resistance
warping
vertical
the
beam
significant
resistance
dominating.
238
magnification
in the critical
loading has been investigated
Table
The regression
following form:
4 Sample
analysis
yielded
an equation
in the
(21)
Table 2 Sample
The regression
following form:
analysis
yielded
an equation
(17)
Then
the
resulted
been
equation
analysis
has
simplified
equation
in the following
from
to
be
the
the
regression
proposed
form:
(18)
The regression
following form:
analysis
from Fig. 10
yielded
an equation
(22)
in the
in the
(19)
Then the resulted equation from the regression
analysis has been simplified
to be the proposed
equation in the following form:
(20)
239
240
Fig. 11 Percentage increase of critical moment, Mcr,for f2=0.105. (End concentrated load)
241
Fig. 14 Percentage increase of critical moment, Mcr,for f2=0.087. (End concentrated Load)
242
7.
5. CONCLUSION
over
all,
average,
magnification
The
Table
5 Magnification
factors equations.
By
increasing
stiffener
thickness
magnification
factor increase and also by
increasing
number
of used
stiffeners
magnification
factor increase. However, it
is obvious
that effect
of increasing
number
of stiffeners
is more effective
than increasing stiffener thickness.
9.
(23)
Where,
Q1
torsion
resistance
resistance
torsion
and
Q2
are
and
beam
warping
respectively;
resistance
is
magnification
uniform
torsion
the
warping
factor.
stiffener
buckling
10. Optimization
between
the effective
parameters f1 and f3 for certain beam
dimension; f2, is the key point to achieve
high cost effectiveness in beam design.
(24)
Where
is the
moment
magnification
factor
5.
6.
Effectiveness
of using
vertical
web
stiffeners is higher in case of concentrated
end load than other studied cases of
loading.
Moreover
effectiveness
of
vertical web stiffeners is nearly the same
for the two other
cases of loading,
uniform moment and uniform load.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The
authors
would like to express their deepest gratitude to
both Cairo University Staff and The University of
Tokyo Staff, civil engineering department.
243
APPENDIX
A
Table
A.1 Cross-Sections
bending.
Table A.1 (Cont.) Cross-Sections data for cantilever beams under uniform bending.
Table
A.2 Cross-Sections
unless
load.
Notes:
All units are ton-cm
244
Table
A.3 Cross-Sections
beams
load.
Table A.3 (Cont.) Cross-Sections data for cantilever beams under end concentratedload.
Notes:
All units
are ton-cm
APPENDIX
unless
other
wise
noted.
Fig. B1 Model
Fig. B2 Regression
statistics
for uniform
of regression
moment,
analysis
uniform
245
output.
load respectively.
REFERENCES
Cb
1)
Cw=Iw
d
E
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
bf
f1
Inverse
f2
f3
G
h
Iy
J
L
of stiffeners
number.
torsion
and
Mcr withoutstiffeners
Mcr
Pcr
Q1
Q2
Q
q
S
tf
ts
tW
Wcr
yQ
A dimensionless
Factor which
in cantilever
resulted
in using vertical
web stiffeners.
torsional
buckling
that
vertical web stiffeners.
SYMBOLS
a
Af
resulted
in using
Factor,
which
represents
the
magnification in beam non uniform
(warping) torsion resistance that resulted
in using vertical web stiffeners.
246