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Ementa
Estudo de teorias relativas etologia e a psicologia evolucionista. Nesta disciplina, os
princpios da teoria da evoluo so utilizados na compreenso do comportamento
humano.
O curso tem como objetivo contribuir com a formao do psiclogo na compreenso do
comportamento animal. Ao final do curso o aluno ter sido apresentado aos principais
autores da etologia contribuindo para o entendimento das complexidades do
comportamento humano.
OBJETIVOS GERAIS
Introduction
In the 1960s ethologist Nikolaas Tinbergen published a paper entitled On the Aims and Methods of
Ethology, and proposed a method studying animal behavior that has been adopted by modern behavioral
researchers. In his paper he suggested that the four fundamental components of ethology involve studying
the mechanism, ontogeny, evolution, and survival value of behaviors. In this same paper, Tinbergen
mentioned a peculiar behavior he had observed that he later went on to study in great detail: eggshell
removal in black-headed gulls. After chicks are born in gulls, and most other shorebirds, the parents will
remove the eggshells from the nest and drop them some distance away. In his later work, Tinbergen
proposed five hypotheses to explain the evolutionary advantage of this behavior:
1) Sharp shell edges could injure newly hatched chicks
2) Unhatched eggs could be trapped inside hatched shells, thereby reducing the ability of other eggs to
hatch
3) Hatched shells could interfere with brooding
4) Hatched shells could reduce nest hygiene and increase the risk of bacterial infection
5) Hatched shells could reduce nest camouflage, thereby increasing the risk of visually oriented predators.
Tinbergen devoted most of his efforts to investigating the fifth hypothesis, the role of eggshell removal in
maintaining nest camouflage, but contemporary researchers have continued this line of investigation while
considering the other four hypotheses as well. Current researchers have also noticed that many birds
show a similar behavior, fecal sac removal. This behavior is similar to the eggshell removal behavior, and
recently researchers have studied how fecal sac removal might have a similar survival value as eggshell
removal (link to Kenneth Petits study). Most researchers agree that eggshell removal plays in important
role in shielding the nest from predators, but there is controversy over whether eggshells left in the nest
reduce the chances of individual survival for the other reasons, such as hygiene and egg-capping, outlined
by Tinbergen.
Shorebirds are the main order of birds that show this behavior, and in addition to being closely related
evolutionarily, also share a similar habitat and breeding strategy. Most shorebirds live in wetlands and build
their nests on the ground, with little to no nesting material. They lay 2-4 eggs per breeding season and
their eggs are very well camouflaged on the outside. It is only when these eggs hatch, exposing their white
interior, that camouflage is reduced.
Shorebird eggs
There remain many unexplained components of the egg-removing behavior. Birds generally either remove
the eggshells from their nests, or, if the birds have precocial young, abandon the nest and the eggshells
with it. Both of these behaviors achieve the same enddistancing the chicks from the eggshells. However,
some species of birds both remove the eggshells and abandon the nest shortly afterwards. Is this eggremoval behavior essentially evolutionary baggage, or does it increase the likelihood of a chicks survival
in the short period of time it is in the nest? How does this behavior develop? Does the risk of leaving the
newborn chicks unprotected ever outweigh the benefits of removing eggshells from the nest? These are
questions currently being investigated by researchers and are questions we will attempt to address on this
site.
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Introduo
No etlogo 1960 Nikolaas Tinbergen publicou um artigo intitulado "Sobre os
objectivos e mtodos de Etologia", e props um mtodo de estudo do
comportamento animal que tem sido adotado por modernos pesquisadores
comportamentais. Em seu artigo, ele sugeriu que os quatro componentes
fundamentais da etologia envolvem estudar o mecanismo, a ontogenia,
evoluo e valor para a sobrevivncia de comportamentos. Neste mesmo
trabalho, Tinbergen mencionou um comportamento peculiar que ele tinha
observado que, mais tarde, passou a estudar em grande detalhe: a remoo da
casca do ovo em gaivotas de cabea preta. Depois de pintos nascem em
gaivotas, ea maioria das outras aves marinhas, os pais vo remover os ovos do
ninho e larg-los a alguma distncia. Em seu trabalho mais tarde, Tinbergen
props cinco hipteses para explicar a vantagem evolutiva desse
comportamento:
1) arestas de casca afiadas podem ferir pintos recm-nascidos
2) Os ovos no eclodidos poderia ser preso dentro de conchas eclodidos,
reduzindo assim a capacidade de outros ovos para chocar
3) conchas chocadas poderia interferir com ninhada
4) conchas Hatched poderia reduzir ninho higiene e aumentar o risco de
infeco bacteriana
5) conchas chocadas poderia reduzir camuflagem ninho, aumentando assim o
risco de predadores visualmente orientados.
Ovos Shorebird
Restam muitos componentes inexplicveis sobre o comportamento de remoo
de ovo. Aves em geral, quer retirar as cascas de ovos de seus ninhos, ou, se
os pssaros tm precocial jovem, abandonar o ninho e os ovos com ele. Ambos
estes comportamentos alcanar os mesmos-finais distanciando as galinhas das
cascas de ovos. No entanto, algumas espcies de aves tanto retire as cascas
de ovo e abandonar o ninho pouco tempo depois. este comportamento ovo
de remoo essencialmente "bagagem evolutiva", ou ser que aumentam a
probabilidade de sobrevivncia de um pinto no curto perodo de tempo que est
no ninho? Como que este comportamento se desenvolve? Ser que o risco
de deixar os filhotes recm-nascidos desprotegido j superam os benefcios da
remoo dos ovos do ninho? Estas so questes actualmente a ser
investigados por pesquisadores e so perguntas que tentaremos abordar neste
site.
The behavior works as follows: female foraging bees leave the hive daily in search of food.
When a forager discovers a reliable source of food, she returns to the hive and relays important
information about its location in order to recruit other foragers to the site. Within a dark hive, her
hivemates must feel her physical movements and be able to decipher their meaning precisely in
order to find the food source (Image: Camazine).
The waggle dance of honeybees has been the subject of intense research and general interest
since its initial discovery because this complex communication system is one of the most
advanced physical information transfer systems known in non-primates (Sherman 2002). Von
Frisch's work earned him a Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1973 and today research on the honey
bee waggle dance continues. Every year, new discoveries add to our understanding of this
intricate system.
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