Chuong 3 - Tin Hoc Xay Dung

141
Phn II- Phn mm SAP2000
Chng 3
Thit lp s v
tnh Kt cu h thanh
1. Khi nim v phn t thanh

1.1. Phn t thanh ( Frame )
-
Phn t (PT) thanh dng cho cc cu kin nh dm, ct,dn, khung, dy cp . . . ca

cc kt cu phng hoc khng gian.
Phn t thanh ni chung l mt on thng biu din qua trc ca cu kin, c hai
nt, k hiu i v j, l phn t hai (2D) hoc ba chiu (3D) (dm, ct) chu un theo hai
trc, chu xon, bin dng dc trc v bin dng ct theo hai trc, m t cho cc kt
cu dm, dn, khung 2D hoc 3D.
Cc loi kt cu dng phn t thanh bao gm :

+
Dm - Beam
Khung khng gian 3D Frame
Dn khng gian 3D Truss
Khung phng 2D Frame
Dn phng 2D Truss
H dm li phng Plane Grid
Dy cp Cable .
Mt phn t thanh m hnh ho nh mt ng thng ni gia hai im. Mi phn t

c h to ring khai bo cc c trng tit din (mt ct ngang), ti trng v th
hin kt qu ni lc a ra.
Mi phn t thanh c th chu cc loi ti trng (TT) thng thng nh TT bn thn, ti

trng tp trung v ti trng phn b v mt s TT c bit khc nh TT nhit, ng sut
trc, TT ng. Khi tnh cho PT thanh cng c th k n nh hng ca vng cng
(End offsets) ti giao im gia dm v ct hoc gii phng cc thnh phn ni lc
(release) ti cc u ca phn t.
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ng dng Tin hc trong Thit k cng trnh
142
-
Ni lc phn t thanh a ra ti hai u thanh hoc ti cc mt ct cch u nhau,

dc theo chiu di phn t. Mi phn t thanh c hai nt k hiu l I v J (khng c
trng nhau ti mt im). Mi nt thng thng c ti a su bc t do (ba bc chuyn
v thng v ba bc chuyn v xoay). Tuy nhin, ba bc t do xoay s khng hot ng
ti mt nt nu phn t khng c cng m men v ti trng mmen ti nt. iu
ny xut hin trong nhng tnh hung sau :
+
Vng cng ti u no l 0 v cc c trng mt ct ngang hnh hc J, I33, I22

u bng 0 ( vi A, AS2 v AS3 khc 0 ) hoc
Vng cng ti u no bng 0 ; cc thnh phn m men xoay R2 v R3 c

gii phng u hoc thnh phn xon R1 gii phng ti u kia.
Khi cc iu kin ny xy ra c hai u, phn t thanh lm vic nh mt phn t

dn.
Thanh coi l thng ng nu gc nghing vi Z<= 10o
Thanh c th c tit din khng i ( Primastic ) hoc thay i ( Non- Primastic ).
Cc c trng hnh hc ca phn t thanh c chng trnh t tnh nu dng cc tit

din mu ca SAP, gm cc thnh phn sau :
+
A ( Cross section din tch tit din ),
I22,I33 ( Moment of Inertia Mmen qun tnh )
J (Torsional Constant Hng xon )
Section modulus : M men chng un
Plastic modulus : M men do
Radius of Gyration : Bn knh qun tnh
Ch : SAP2000 ly cng trung bnh ca cc loi tit din trong auto select khi xc
nh ni lc.
-
Mi phn t thanh c mt h to ring (HTR) khc nhau, k hiu l cc trc 1,2,3,

trong trc 1 c hng dng dc theo chiu di phn t, i t u I n u J. Hai
trc cn li nm trong mt phng vung gc vi phn t, theo mt hng t khai bo.
iu quan trng l phi hiu mi quan h khi khai bo h to ring 1-2-3 vi h to
chung X-Y-Z.
H to ring l tu sao cho n gin trong qu trnh vo d liu v d c kt qu

tnh. Hu ht cc kt cu khai bo h to ring n gin nht l theo cc hng
mc nh ca chng trnh hoc theo gc ta phn t thanh .
143

-
Hng mc nh :
+
Trc 1 (mu ) c hng theo hng trc thanh i t nt u n nt cui ( i j

theo trnh t khai bo nt) .
Trc 2 (mu trng) v trc 3 (xanh c ban) xc nh bi mi quan h theo qui tc

bn tay phi v quan h gia trc 1 v trc Z. Trc 2 thng ly theo phng thng
ng ( ging +Z ),tr phi phn t c hng trng vi Z th trc 2 chn theo hng
ca +X.
Trc 3 lun nm ngang ( trong mt phng X-Y )
Mt phng 1-2 ly sao cho lun song song vi trc Z, c hng thng ng.
Cc phn t c coi l c hng thng ng nu gc nghing gia trc 1 v trc Z

nh hn 10 3 . Gc gia trc 2 v trc thng ng cng bng gc gia trc 1 v mt
phng nm ngang. iu ny c ngha l vi cc phn t nm ngang trc 2 hng theo
phng thng ng .
i vi h thanh trc giao hng mc nh nh sau :
trc +1 // +X ; +2//+Z +3// -Y
trc +1 // +Y ; +2//+Z +3// +X
trc +1 // +Z ; +2//+X +3// +Y
thanh c h ta ring nh mc nh, khi v cc phn t nn theo trt t t tri

sang phi, t di ln trn. Hnh sau biu din mi quan h gia h Global v HTR
theo mc nh (Hnh 3.1) :
Hnh 3.1
144
-
Gc to phn t :
Cch ny dng khai bo hung ca phn t khc vi cc hng mc nh. Vi cc

phn t thng ng, gc to l gc gia trc 2 v trc nm ngang +X. Ngc li, gc
ta l gc gia trc 2 v mt phng thng ng cha trc 1.
C th hiu nm na l, gc khai bo s l gc tnh t trc 2 hoc trc 3 (nu xt theo
mc nh) quay ti trc 2 hoc trc 3 m bn nh khai bo (khc vi mc nh) .
Hnh 3.2
V d v s tng quan gia cc trc theo mc nh v trc khai bo mi
Khi khai bo gc to phn t c th :

+
i chiu ca trc 1
Cho php quay trc 2&3 mt gc quanh trc 1. Gc l dng khi quay ngc chiu
kim ng h nu nhn t chiu dng trc 1 .Gc mc nh s c gi tr dng nu
chiu quay theo qui tc vn nt chai (ca trc 1) l ngc chiu kim ng h (
cho trc 1 hng v pha bn m gc quay l ngc chiu kim ng h gc c
gi tr dng).
Cc loi ti trng tc dng ln PT thanh :

+
TT tp trung trn phn t
TT phn b ( u hoc khng u )
Trng lc, TT bn thn
TT nhit
TT US trc, bin dng
TT ng ( Response Spectrum & Time History )
TT di ng
145

-
Ni lc ca phn t thanh: c 6 thnh phn :
P - Axial force : Lc dc
V1,V2 Shear force : Lc ct
M22, M33 Moment: Mmen un
T- Torsion : Mment xon
Hnh 3.3
Mt s dng biu ni lc ca PT thanh
1.2. Phn t thanh phi tuyn, lin kt ta ( Nllink- link support )

Phn t Nllink hay cc phn t lin kt ta dng cho m hnh kt cu phi tuyn cc b nh
cc khe(Gap), b gim sc (damper) ca t, ch cch in (isolator) v nhng ni c cc
lin kt c bit( Hook, Multilinear Plasstic, Multilinear Elasstic, Friction Isolator . . .). S
lm vic phi tuyn biu th ch khi phn tch vi hm thi gian phi tuyn. i vi cc phn
tch khc, cc phn t ny lm vic tuyn tnh.
Mi phn t Nllink,Link/ Support c th biu th bng mt gi n hi ni vi t qua mt
hoc nhiu im hoc qua mt lin kt ni vi nhau qua 2 im. Cc c trng cho mi
loi phn t u khai bo nh nhau.
Mi phn t gi thit l 6 thnh phn gi n hi khc nhau, biu th cho 6 bc t do bin
dng (bin dng dc trc, ct, xon v un thun ty). Mi gi n hi ny c 1 cp (dual)
cc c trng ring. Trong :
-
cng tuyn tnh v cc c trng tt dn dng cho cc phn tch tuyn tnh.
146
-
Mi quan h lc - bin dng phi tuyn ty chn dng cho phn tch hm thi gian phi
tuyn.
Hnh 3.4
Hp thoi khai bo Property cho phn t Nllink/Link Support
Nu cc c trng phi tuyn ty chn khng khai bo cho mt bc t do no , cc c

trng cng tuyn tnh c dng cho cc phn tch hm thi gian phi tuyn.
c trng tt dn ch dng cho phn tch ph phn ng v phn tch hm thi gian tuyn
tnh.
Mi lin h lc - bin dng phi tuyn ca cc gi n hi ny c th l 1 cp (coupled)
hoc khng phi cp, ph thuc vo kiu lm vic ca m hnh.
Mt tp ca cc c trng cho 6 bc t do gi l Property. Mi Property bao gm : khi
lng, trng lng, v 6 mi quan h gia lc - bin dng tuyn tnh v phi tuyn, c th
dng cho mt hoc nhiu phn t Nllink, Link/Support.
Cc kiu lm vic phi tuyn m hnh ho bng loi phn t ny bao gm :
+
Cn nht
Cc khe (cho trng hp nn) v cc mc (hook) cho trng hp ko.
Do 1 trc
Do 2 trc da trn ch cch (m)
Ma st - con lc da trn nhng ch cch.
147
Mi phn t c h to ring khai bo cc c trng lc - bin dng v thng bo kt

qu a ra.
Mi phn t Nllink/Link Support c th chu trng lc (theo hng bt k). Kt qu a ra
bao gm bin dng mt ct ngang phn t v ni lc ti cc nt ca phn t.
Ch : phn t Nllink/Link Support c coi l c di bng 0 khi :
-
Phn t c 1 nt n.
Phn t 2 nt vi khong cch t nt i n nt j nh hn hoc bng s gia di bng

0 m ngi dng khai bo (thng thng gi tr mc nh l 10-3).
Phn t Nllink/Link Support lun c 6 bc t do ti mt hoc 2 im nt ca phn t.
Trong hu ht cc loi kt cu, vic khai bo h to ring l rt n gin. Cc phng

php trnh by trn cho bn nhng kh nng m t hng ca phn t Nllink/Link
Support. Phng php n gin nht l dng hng mc nh v gc to phn t
Nllink/Link Support.
Cc bin dng trong (internal Deformations - ni bin dng) : c 6 bin dng trong c lp
khai bo cho phn t Nllink/Link Support. Cc bin dng ny tnh t cc chuyn v tng
i ca nt j so vi nt i i vi phn t 2 nt v chuyn v ca chnh n i vi phn t 1
nt.
Mi Nlprop (Property) khai bo mi lin h lc - bin dng phi tuyn ty chn. Cc c
trng phi tuyn ny c dng v ch dng khi phn tch hm thi gian (Time history) phi
tuyn.
Trong khi khai bo Property, SAP cho php khai bo cc c trng hiu ng cng
(effective stiffness), hiu ng cn (effective - damping). Cc c trng ny dng cho mi
phn tch tuyn tnh, bao gm : phn tch tnh, phn tch P.Delta, phn tch dng dao ng
(modal), phn tch Ti trng di ng, Ph phn ng, phn tch Dao ng iu ho hoc
phn tch Hm thi gian tuyn tnh hoc c chu k.
C 6 mi quan h lc - bin dng m ch yu (nh hng) quyt nh n s lm vic ca
phn t.
Mi quan h bin dng v lc n hi:
-
Lc dc trc : fu1vs.du1
Lc ct : fu2vs.du2, fu3vs.du3
Lc xon : fr1vs.dr1
Un thun ty : fr2vs.dr2, fr3vs.dr3
148
Trong fu1, fu2 v fu3 l cc lc ni n hi (internal - spring forces) v fr1, fr2 v fr3
l cc mmen ni n hi.
Cc ni lc phn t : cng nh phn t thanh, ni lc phn t Nllink/Link Support bao gm
P, V2, V3 l cc lc dc, lc ct trong mt phng 1-2, mt phng 1-3 v T, M2, M3 l cc
lc xon, mmen trong mt phng 1-3, mt phng 1-2. Cc gi tr ny c m t qua
cc lc v mmen n hi.
2. To lp m hnh kt cu
2.1. Thit lp s hnh hc
2.1.1. T th vin mu
Trong SAP2000 c mt h thng th vin mu phong ph to sn mt s loi kt cu.
vo th vin mu :
File New Modal trn mn hnh s hin hp thoi nh trn hnh 3.5, c cc , mi s
a ngi s dng thit lp mt dng kt cu dm, dn, khung, v, tng cng, cu
thang, cu dy vng... to ra cc kt cu ny, ngi s dng chn loi s v sau
cung cp cc gi tr cho mt s tham s c th m s i hi (hnh 3.6). Tu theo
cc nhm d liu, c th to nn cc dng kt cu khc nhau.
Hnh 3.5
Sau y s gii thiu cch thit lp mt s loi kt cu .

-
Beam : Thit lp h dm trc giao. Cc thng s gm :

+
Number of span : S nhp
Hnh 3.6
149
Span length : chiu di mt nhp
Section property : chn loi tit din cho dm
2D Trusses
Thit lp cc loi dn phng, trong phn ny

ngi s dng c quyn chn mt
trong cc dn c hnhch nht, tam gic,
a gic, sau a vo cc tham s nh :
+
Number of division N1,N2: S khoang
Division length : Chiu di mt khoang
Height H1,H2 : chiu cao dn
Span Length L1,L2 : Chiu di nhp.

Hnh 3.7
Cc tham s khai bo mt dn phng
3D Truss :
Thit lp cc loi dn
khng gian : cc loi dn mi v thp
tr. Trong th vin ca SAP2000 c 5
loi dn khc nhau:
+
Roof Truss: Dn mi
Transmission Tower 1 :
Dn hnh thp c 2 phn, phn

di loe (hnh thang),phn trn thng
Hnh 3.8
Cc tham s khai bo cho dn khng gian
Transmission Tower 2 :Dn thp thang, mt bng ch nht
Transmission Tower 3: ( hnh 3.7) Dn thp hnh lng tr, mt bng hnh ch nht.
Transmission Tower 4 : Dn thp 3 chn, hnh lng tr, mt bng hnh tam gic.
Trong phn ny, khi khai bo cc thng s dn, ngi s dng s a vo cc s liu cho
tng mc (theo cao ca dn ), mi mc trn mt dng gm c :
+
Elevation i : cao mc th i
150
+
Width i : rng mc i
a,b : cc gi tr xc nh v tr cc thanh cho trong dn.
hiu thm v cc thng s, cc k hiu nhn vo Parametric Definition, chng trnh

hin hnh v vi cc k hiu nh trong phn di ca hnh 3.7.
-
2D Frame
Thit lp cc khung phng c hoc khng c thanh ging cho.

C cc loi khung :
+
Khung phng trc giao ( Portal)
Khung phng c ging cho giao nhau (Braced Concentric)
Khung phng c ging cho lch tm (Braced Eccentric)
Khi gi th vin mu, cc ging cho s xut hin cc khoang nhp chn. khai bo
cho cc loi khung, thng phi nhp cc thng s sau :
+
Number of Stories : S tng
Number of Bays : S nhp
Story height : Chiu cao mi tng
Bay width : rng mi nhp
Gap width : rng khe h gia 2 thanh ging
Section Properties : chn cc loi tit din ( c) gn lun cho cc phn t

dm, ct, thanh ging trong qu trnh gi th vin mu .
Hnh 3.9
Khai bo cho khung phng c ging cho khng giao nhau
3D Frame :
151
Thit lp cc khung khng gian c hoc khng c cc tm sn. Th vin mu khung

khng gian ca SAP2000 c 4 loi :
+
Open Frame Building : khung c dm ct gia, khng c sn.
Perimater Frame Building : khung khng c dm,ct gia, khng c sn
Beam-Slab Building : khung c dm ct gia, c bn sn.
Flat Plate Building : khung khng c cc dm gia, c cc tm sn.
Khi gi th vin mu cho cc khung trn, cn a vo cc thng s:

+
Number of Stories : S tng
Number of Bays, X & Y : S nhp theo cc phng X & Y
Story height : Chiu cao mi tng
Bay widths X,Y : rng mi nhp theo phng X,Y
Section Properties : chn cc loi tit din ( c) gn cho cc phn t dm,

ct, thanh ging ca khung.
Hnh 3.10
Kt cu Open Frame Building
Hnh 3.11
Kt cu Flat Plate Building
2.1.2. Gii thiu v h li : File / New Modal/ Grid only

Li l h ph tr, h tr trong qu trnh to lp s hnh hc. Li c th hai hoc 3
chiu, c to cho gn ging vi s kt cu cn thit lp .
C hai loi h li :
-
Theo to cc ( Cartersian ): thit lp h li khng gian trc giao, cn khai

bo :
152
S ng li hay s cc khong li (Number of Grid Lines hoc Number of Grid

Spaces)
ln mi khong ( Grid Spacing) theo 3 trc X,Y,Z .
Theo h to tr ( Cylindrical ) : khai bo

+
s ng trn ng tm (along radius)
s gc chia (s mi) (along theta)
s khong chia theo phng Z ( along z) v gi tr ca 3 tham s trn .
Hp thoi thit lp h li cho 2 loi trn th hin trong cc hnh sau:
Hnh 3.12
Hnh 3.13
Vi phin bn V7.4: chnh sa li dng Draw Edit Grid .

Vi cc phin bn sau ca SAP( t SAP2000V_8), trong hp thoi Coordinate
System/Grid, nhn Edit Grid, SAP2000 s hin ln bng cc thng tin v cc dng li
theo 3 phng, cho php ngi dng sa nh mt tp vn bn thng thng (hnh 3.15).
Trong phn ny, ngi dng c th chnh sa theo ta tng dng li (chn Ordinate ),
hoc theo cc khong cch li (chn Space). Ngi dng cng c th thay i n v
trong qu trnh chnh sa. Cc d liu chnh trong bng s c chng trnh cp nht
ngay trong ha.
-
Cc bc thao tc khi to li :
+
To ra mt h li u ban u : File New Modal Grid Only Chn loi li

Khai bo cc tham s ( s cho h li ban u u nhau trn mi phng)
Chnh sa cc bc li cho ph hp vi m hnh sp to:
153

-
thm dng li :
+
G gi tr vo X (Y,Z) location
Nhn Add Grid Line
Thay i to li :
+
Chn mt dng li
Thay i gi tr trong Location
Nhn Move Grid Line
Xo cc dng li
+
Chn cc dng li trong Location
Nhn Delete All
Hnh 3.15
Hnh 3.14
Hp thoi chnh sa h li qua bng
2.2. Khai bo vt liu

khai bo cc c trng vt liu (c l) vo menu Define Material
C mt s loi vt liu m SAP2000 t tn v cho sn cc gi tr c trng c l l
Concrete (b tng), Steel(thp), Alum(nhm). Tuy nhin, ngi dng vn c th s dng
cc tn ny v thay i cc gi tr trong phn ny ph hp vi mnh (vo Frame/Cable
Frame Property Modifier). Trong phn Other (bt k) cho php ngi dng t tn mi v
154
t thay th gi tr vt liu mnh mun khai bo vo cc ( mc nh chng trnh hin cc

gi tr ca Steel).
( Xem chng II Giao din ha ca SAP2000 phn Define >Material bit thm
thng tin cho phn ny).
Trong nhng phin bn gn y ca SAP2000, phn khai bo c trng vt liu (hnh
3.15) ngi dng c th khai bo chi tit hn cc thng tin lin quan n thit k cu kin
(Design Property Data), cc gi tr lin quan khi tnh cho hm thi gian (Time Dependent
Property), n tnh cht cn ca vt liu (Material Damping Property), v khai bo cho cc
ng cong ng sut bin dng ca vt liu(Stress Strain Curve Definition). . .
Hnh 3.16
Hp thoi khai bo cc c trng vt liu
Cc c trng c bn cho mt loi vt liu bao gm :

-
M un n hi E (cho cng dc trc v cng un) .
M un ct g (cho cng xon v cng ct theo phng ngang) c tnh t E v

h s poisson u.
Khi lng ring ( trn n v th tch ) m : khi lng phn t tnh ton .
Trng lng ring (trn n v th tch ) w : cho trng lng bn thn tnh ton .
Ch s thit k : khai bo cc thng s lin quan n phn thit k.
Ty theo s kt cu v yu cu tnh ton m ngi dng c th nhp chnh xc mt s

hoc tt c cc thng s trong phn ny.V d, trong mi trng hp hoc nu ch tnh ni
lc ch cn khai bo E, nu k n TT bn thn khi tnh ton th phi khai bo chnh xc
c E,W, . . .
155

2.3. Khai bo cc loi tit din
2.3.1. Cc c trng mt ct ngang
Cc c trng mt ct ngang khai bo c lp vi khai bo phn t, n c th i din

cho mt nhm phn t v c gn cho cc phn t. Cc c trng mt ct ngang khai
bo theo h to ring ca phn t, trong trc 1 dc theo trc phn t v vung gc
vi mt ct v qua giao im ca hai trc tm ca mt ct. Hng 2 v 3 thng song
song hai trc tm phn t, thng trc 2 ly theo kch thc chnh (chiu cao mt ct) v
trc 3 theo chiu rng (chiu nh hn), tuy nhin khng bt buc nh vy.
Hnh 3.17
Khai bo tit din ch nht
Hnh 3.18
Khai bo cho tit din vnh

khuyn
Cc c trng mt ct bao gm :
2.3.1.1. Cc c trng cho vt liu (xem phn 2.2)
2.3.1.2. Cc c trng cho dng hnh hc ca tit din ( mt ct ngang )
+
Din tch mt ct ngang a
M men qun tnh i33 v i22 (un trong mt phng 1-2 v 1-3), cng un tng
ng ca mt ct l i33* e1 v i22* e1.
Hng xon J : cng xon ca mt ct tnh theo J*g12.
Din tch ct as2 v as3 : ct theo phng ngang trong mt phng 1-2 v 1-3.
Nu cc gi tr a, j, i33 hoc i22 bng 0 s cho cc cng ca mt ct bng 0.
V d, mt phn t dn c th c m hnh ho bng cch t J=i33=i22=0, cn phn t

thanh phng c m hnh ho bng cch t j=i22=0 ; as2=as3=0, to ra bin dng ct
theo phng ngang bng 0. cng ct theo phng ngang b b qua nu cng un
tng ng bng 0.
156
2.3.1.3. Cc loi mt ct ngang
khai bo mt ct ngang cho phn t thanh c th dng mt trong cc cch sau:

-
Khai bo trc tip gi tr ca cc i lng a, j, i33, i22, as2, as3 tnh t kch thc ca
mt ct, lc ny chn tham s SH = G (vo general) .
i vi cc loi tit din mu nh hnh ch nht (R), hnh ng ( P ), ...nh trong bng
(hnh 3.19), chng trnh s t tnh cc gi tr ca a,j, i33, i22, as2, as3 t cc kch
thc ti thiu m ngi dng khai bo. Trong trng hp ny chn cc tham s SH l
mt trong cc ch R, P, B, I, C, T, L, 2L .
Chng trnh SAP2000 cung cp cc file c s d liu l cc tit din mu, kt cu

thp theo cc tiu chun ca Anh, M, chu u sn xut trong nh my. Cc tit din
ny c sn kch thc nm trong cc tp. Nu chn tit din t cc file ny th cc i
lng a, j, i33, i22, as2, as3 cng c chng trnh tnh ton t ng. Cc tp c s
d liu c sn ca SAP2000 bao gm :
+
AISC.PRO : cc dng kt cu thp theo tiu chun ca M.
CISC.PRO : cc dng kt cu thp theo tiu chun ca Canaa.
SECTIONS.PRO : l mt bn sao ca AISC.PRO.
Ngoi cc tp c sn trong chng trnh, cng c th t to ra cc tp cho ring tng

ngi dng t chng trnh PROPER .
Cc gi tr c trng hnh hc ly theo h n v khai bo khi nhp d liu (DL), v c th
chuyn i t ng cc h n v trong qu trnh nhp DL ca SAP2000.
Mi dng tit din lu tr trong tp c s d liu c th m t di mt hoc hai nhn (tn)
khc nhau. V d, nhn W36x300 trong tp AISC.PRO c th biu th bng nhn
W36x300 hoc nhn W920x446, cc nhn ny ct trong mt tp ring c ui . LBL.
Tt c cc tp c s d liu cho cc c trng mt ct ngang phi t trong th mc ang
cha tp d liu vo (tp cha cc m t kt cu hoc s ), hoc trong th mc cha
chng trnh SAP2000. Nu trong c hai th mc ny u c tp c s d liu th chng
trnh s u tin nhp tp CSDL trong th mc cha tp d liu kt cu .
2.3.2. Khai bo cc tit din trong SAP2000 Define Frame/Cable/Tendon Section
C th dng mt trong cc kiu khai bo sau :
-
Gi cc tit din c sn trong cc tp th vin ca SAP : Define Frame/Cable

Section Import Wide Flange( ch dng cho vt liu thp, thit k theo chun ca
M- AISC, Canada -CISC, Anh . . . v sn xut trong nh my ) bng cch chn cc
157
tp *.pro sau chn nhm thp (thp gc, hnh ch L,T . . . ) v cui cng chn tit
din (kch thc c th) trong trng hp ny khng phi khai bo kch thc tit din .
-
Chn mt trong s cc tit din c hnh dng thng dng SAP c sn nh tit din
ch nht, trn, T, U, C . . .( hnh 3.19), trong trng hp ny ch cn khai bo mt s
kch thc ti thiu nh chiu cao, rng . . .m SAP yu cu. Tu theo kch thc a
vo m c cc dng hnh hc khc nhau. khai bo cho cc tit din ny vo :
Define Frame/Cable Section Chn Tn TD
Sau y l mt s dng hnh hc :
Hnh 3.19
158
-
Khai bo mt tit din bt k khng c sn trong SAP (dng chc nng User trong
Choose property Type Add), ngi dng phi tnh sn v a vo cc gi tr c trng
Tit din nh din tch ,mmen qun tnh . . . ( A, I22, I33, J . . .).
Ngi dng cng c th to ra th vin ring cho mnh vi cc loi tit din mi.
V d 1: khai bo mt tit din dm b tng ch nht c kch thc 0.5 x 0.25(m), cc

bc thc hin( hnh 3.17):
-
Chn n v sao cho chiu di l m.
Vo Define Frame Property Add Rectangular ( trong mc Add Wide Flange)

Add New Property nhp cc gi tr :
+
Section name : DAM1
Material : CONC
Dimension : t3 = 0.5 ; t2 = 0.25 OK
V d 2: khai bo mt tit din thp hnh vnh khuyn (ng) ng kch 0.3(m), dy
ng l 2cm, cc bc thc hin ( hnh 3.18):
-
Chn n v sao cho chiu di l m.
Vo Define Frame Property Add Pipe( trong mc Add Wide Flange) Add New
Property nhp cc gi tr :
+
Section name : ONG
Material : STEEL
Dimension : t3 = 0.3 ; tw = 0.02
OK
2.3.3. Cch khai bo mt s tit din c bit

2.3.3.1. Phn t Frame tit din Non- Primastic
y l kiu phn t c tit din thay i theo
chiu di trc thanh, trong mt thanh c th
c nhiu on tit din thay i, trong ,
mi on phi bin i theo qui lut tuyn
tnh hoc cc dng parabon bc 2, bc 3.
159

Hnh 3.20
Trc khi khai bo cho Non- Primastic, ngi dng phi khai bo trc t nht hai loi tit
din.
Cch khai bo :
-
Vo Menu Define\Frame Section
Add Non-primastic, m hp thoi (hnh 3.20)
Non-primastic Section name : t tn

cho loi tit din ang khai bo
Khai bo tng on ca thanh :

+
Chn Start section name:chn tn

ca tit din u
Chn End section name: chn tn

ca tit din cui
Hnh 3.21
Nhp Length: Chiu di on c tit din thay i
Chn kiu bin i tit din

trn mt on: Variable( chiu di tng i); Absolute (gi tr chiu di)
Chn kiu thay i EI33
Chn kiu thay i EI22
Chn Add, insert, modify hoc delete thm, chn, bin i hoc xa cc
thng tin va khai bo cho tng on > nhn OK
Trn hnh 3.19 v 3.20 l cch m t cc loi tit din gn cho phn t thanh khung 2
tng, 2 nhp:
+
Tit din C1 ( trn c Circle ) : ng knh 0.5 m
Tit din C2 ( trn c Circle ) : ng knh 0.2 m
Tit din R1 (hnh vung-Rectangular ) : cnh 0.4 x 0.4 m
Tit din R2 (hnh vung-Rectangular ) : cnh 0.2 x 0.2 m
Tit din TDTD( thay i Nonprimastic) : c 3 on : m t nh trn hnh 3.21
160
2.3.3.2. Phn t Frame tit din General

L phn t m kiu tit din khng c trong cc kiu mu sn ca Sap, do vy phi tnh t
ngoi cc c trng hnh hc nh A: din tch tit din, I: mmen qun tnh, J: mmen
xon . . . v a vo hp thoi ca chng trnh. Loi kt cu ny thng dng trong bi
tp c hc kt cu m tit din l t hp ca nhiu tit din c bn. Tnh kt cu khng
quan tm n chuyn v cng c th dng cch khai bo ny .
Cch khai bo :
-
Vo Menu Define / Frame Section
Nhn Add General m hp thoi v
Nhp cc gi tr ca :
Corss Section (Axial) Area : Din tch tit din
Tosional Constant: M men xon
Momen of Inertial About: m men qun tnh quay quanh (3 =trc3; ...)
Shear Area: Din tch ct
Section Modulus About Axis: M men chng un
Plastic Modulus About Axis: M men do
Radius of Gyration About: Bn knh qun tnh
Tr ra mn hnh khai bo tit din, chn
Material Name : tn vt liu OK
2.3.3.3. Phn t Frame c tit din AutoSeclect

Auto Select l mt nhm cc tit din khai bo trc v c t tn. Kiu nhm
ny gi l Autoselect. Thng dng vi kt cu thp & tnh cho bi ton ti u ho tit
din (Optimazation) .
khai bo loi ny cng phi c t nht hai
loi tit din khai bo. Trnh t thc hin:
-
Vo Define / Frame Section
Chn Add Auto Select : to nhm mi
Nhn Add New property, hin hp thoi
Auto Section name : nhp tn nhm
Hnh 3.22
161
Chn cc section khai bo trong List of Section, a vo danh sch ca Auto

select bng cch Add
( a vo nhm) hoc Remove( xa khi nhm). Tn ca tit din s hin trong hp
Auto Selections
OK.
2.4. V phn t Draw Draw Frame /Cable

chn chc nng v cc phn t thanh, c th gi lnh t thanh menu Draw hoc t
biu tng trn thanh cng c :
-
C th v phn t thng thng hoc v nhanh (Quick Draw)
Nn thng nht hng ca cc phn t trong qu trnh v ( t di ln trn v t tri

qua phi )
Tn dng cc chc nng bin i i tng nh copy, move, delete,device,replicate

trong qu trnh to phn t .
c th hin c cc s hnh hc ca kt cu to, dng cc chc nng :

-
3D View ( hin s theo khng gian 3 chiu )
2D XY, XZ . . . ( hin tng mt phng)
Nu c h li, c th di chuyn mt phng theo cc dng li qua chc nng -
hin kt cu cc thnh phn ca kt cu theo mt s thng s ci t dng View

Set Display Option
V d: cho hin kt cu vi tn ca phn t v dng khi nh hnh 3.21 : chn View Set
Display Option Label ( trong Frame/ Cable) v Extrude view (hoc Shade Option)
trong General.
-
xem cc thng s ca phn t hay nt ang hin trn mn hnh, nhn vo i

tng v chut phi .
2.5. Gn tit din cho phn t Assign Frame/Cable /Tendon Frame

Section
Trong chng trnh SAP2000, khi v phn t, chng trnh cho php ngi dng chn mt
trong cc tit din khai bo hoc t mc nh mt tit din no (FSEC1,w18x35).
Nu cc tit din do chng trnh t ng gn khng ng vi yu cu, ngi dng phi
162
gn li cc tit din. gn tit din cho mt hoc mt nhm phn t trong kt cu, thc
hin cc bc sau:
-
Chn cc phn t mun gn dng cc chc nng trn thanh cng c hoc bng mt
trong cc chc nng ca Select
M hp thoi : Assign Frame/Cable /Tendon Frame Section
Chn tn tit din cn gn ( c ) trong danh sch bn tri OK
Cc chc nng la chn ca Select bao gm :

+
Chn tng phn t, chn theo ca s - Pointer/Window
Chn theo ng thng i qua cc phn t - Intersecting Line
Chn theo tn cc tit din - Section
Chn theo cc nhm ( Group) khai bo- Group
Chn theo tng mt phng XY ( XZ,YZ) Plane
Chn theo tn i tng Label
Trong qu trnh chn phn t c th kt hp vi Deselect ( chc nng loi b cc phn t

chn) c hiu qu nhanh hn.
2.6. Khai bo lin kt
Assign Joint Restraint
Trong chng 1 trnh by kh k cc khi nim

v lin kt trong s kt cu. Khai bo lin kt
qu trnh to lp m hnh kt cu l khai bo cc lin
kt ni t m bo cho kt cu khng bin hnh,
khng mt n nh ... bng cch gn cho cc bc t
do ca nt cc lin kt cng (Restraint) hoc lin kt
n hi (Spring).
gn cc lin kt cng thc hin cc bc:
-
Chn cc nt cn gn lin kt ni t
M hp thoi Assign Joint Restraint
Hnh 3.23
Khai bo lin kt cng
163

-
Chn mt trong cc biu tng (icon) ca Fast Restraints c loi lin kt cn gn

(ngm, gi c nh, gi di ng) hoc nh du vo cc v tr c bc t do khng
chuyn v.
OK
2.7. Khai bo cc trng hp ti trng : Define Load case

Trng hp ti trng (Load Case) l cc phng n ti khc nhau, c lp, t c th
d dng a vo cc t hp ti trng. Trng hp ti trng (THTT) c th chia nh tu ,
mi trng hp c h s ring i vi ti trng bn thn (Self Weight Mutiplier), mc nh
ca SAP2000 l 1cho loi ti trng tnh (DEAD) .
Khi tnh ton, theo mc nh, SAP s tnh v cho kt qu ca tt c cc trng hp TT
khai bo. Ngi s dng c th hn ch (chn) nhng trng hp cn tnh trong hoc
Analyse Set Analyse Case to Run trc khi phn tch kt cu.
Hnh 3.24
Khai bo cc THTT
Ch trong cc trng hp ti trng, ch nn khai bo mt trng hp l c h s Selft

Weight 0.
Cc bc thc hin (Static load cases) :
-
Vo Menu Define / Load case v chn (hoc nhp) cc thng s :

+
Tn trng hp ti: Load Name
Kiu tI trng (type): Dead (Tnh ti) ; Live (hot ti); Wind (Gi), Snow(tuyt) ;
Quake (Ti trng tnh do ng t)
Nu t hp theo TCVN th cc la chn ny khng quan trng.

+
Sefl weight: h s tnh trng lng bn thn cho mi phn t c mt trong kt cu

Nu cho SW = 0 th khng tnh trng lng bn thn trong trng hp ny.
Delete : Xa mt TH tI trng, s xa cc gi tr lc gn cho phn t .
164
V d : Khai bo 4 trng hp ti trng ( nh hnh 3.24):

- LOAD1 : type DEAD, h s trng lc ( bn thn ) = 1.
- LOAD2 : type LIVE h s =0
- LOAD3: type WIND, h s = 0
- LOAD4: type OTHER, h s = 0
2.8. Gn ti trng cho phn t ca tng trng hp ti trng

Trong cc phn mm tnh kt cu, ti trng gn cho cc nt hay phn t ti mt thi im
ch c gn cho mt trng hp TT (Load Case) c th khai bo trc. Qu trnh gn
ti trng cho cc phn t tun theo cc bc sau :
-
Chn cc phn t cn gn (dng cc chc nng ca Select)
Chn loi ti trng cn gn trong Assign ( Joint Load hoc Frame/Cable/Tendon

Load), m hp thoi, thc hin cc thao tc :
+
Chn loi ti trng
Chn hng ti trng ( theo trc no ca Global hay Local )
Kim tra trng thi gn (Option) trong check box ( add, replace hay delete )
Chn trng hp cho ti trng ang gn
a vo gi tr ca ti trng trong hp thoi.
Sau y s trnh by mt s loi ti trng thng gp trong kt cu h thanh :

2.8.1. Ti trng bn thn :
Ch cn khai bo h s Mutiplier trong Load Case ( ch phi khai bo gi tr chnh xc
ca trng lng bn thn W trong Define >Material ).
-
Selft Weight : l h s tnh ti trng bn thn p dng cho mi phn t trong kt cu.
N tnh trng lng bn thn theo phng -Z v lun c gi tr dng .
Gravity : l h s tnh ti trng bn thn p dng cho mt s phn t nht nh trong

kt cu chn,c th c cc phng X,Y,Z . Nu theo phng -Z th c gi tr m .
+
Ti trng tp trung ti nt : hp thoi khai bo ti trng trn hnh 3.25:
Assign Joint Load Force

+
Ti trng tp trung trn phn t : hp thoi khai bo ti trng trn hnh 3.26:
165

AssignFrameLoad Point
Hnh 3.25
Hnh 3.26
2.8.2. Ti trng phn b trn phn t (Assign Frame load Distributed )

Trong SAP2000 mi phn t ch c php gn ti a 4 ti trng tp trung trn phn t
hoc 4 im c gi tr ti trng khc bit (i vi ti trng phn b khng u), do vy
trong hp thoi ch c 4 ct vo cc gi tr cho cc khong cch ti cc im t lc
(Distance)- tnh n u thanh v gi tr lc ti tng im ( Load ). Cu trc ca hp thoi
ny cng ging nh hp thoi cho lc tp trung trn phn t hnh 3.26.
Khi vo gi tr cho cc khong cch (distance) c hai cch :
Hnh 3.27
Mt s loi ti trng phn b trn phn t thanh ca SAP2000
166
-
Nu chn Relative Distance from end I : th cc gi tr ny l t l ca khong cch tnh

t im t lc n u thanh /chiu di c thanh. V d distance = 0.5 l im gia
thanh.
Chn Absolute : l gi tr thc ca di t im t lc n u thanh. V d distance

= 0.5 l im t lc cch u thanh 0.5 m.
xem cc ti trng gn vo Display Show load (chn Joint, Frame, Shell) c th

xem cho tng trng hp ti trng ca tng loi, hin hnh dng hoc gi tr. Ring ti
trng m men s hin di dng ngu lc .
cc v d khai bo ti trng trn phn t thanh
V d 1
0.5T
1T
0.8T
J
1.2 m
2.5 m
4.5 m
6m
Cch khai bo :
V tr
Distance (m)
1.2
2.5
4.5
Load ( T )
0.5
0.8
Chn
V d 2
Absolute
0.8T
J
1.2 m
2.5 m
6m
Cch khai bo :
167

V tr
Distance (m)
1.2
3.7
Load ( T )
0.8
0.8
Chn
Absolute
V d 3
1.2 T
3.0 m
J
6m
Cch khai bo :
V tr
Distance (m)
0.5
Load ( T )
1.2
Chn
Relative
V d 4
1.2 T
1m
1.3m
2m
6m
Cch khai bo :
V tr
Distance (m)
1.0
2.5
4.5
Load ( T )
1.2
Chn
Absolute
168
V d 5
1T
0.8T
I
J
4.5 m
6m
Cch khai bo :
V tr
Distance (m)
0.75
0.75
Load ( T )
0.8
0.8
Chn
Relative
V d 6
1T
0.5 T
I
J
1m
2.2 m
1.8 m
6m
Cch khai bo :
V tr
Distance (m)
1.
3.2
3.2
5.0
Load ( T )
0.5
0.5
Chn
Absolute
V d 7
1T
0.8T
0.5T
0.7T
J
1.2 m
2.5 m
4.5 m
6m
169

Cch khai bo :
V tr
Distance (m)
1.2
2.5
4.5
6.0
Load ( T )
0.8
0.5
0.7
Chn
Absolute
2.9. T hp ti trng
T hp ti trng l cc phng n ti cn tnh trong thc t (xut ra kt qu) da trn cc
trng hp ti trng khai bo. Trong mi t hp ti trng c th xp nhiu trng hp
ti mt lc v mi THTT c th c h s t hp khc nhau .
2.9.1. Cch khai bo t hp :
-
Khai bo tn t hp: (R C Name)
Chn phng php t hp (Type)
Khai bo cc trng hp tham gia trong t hp:

+
Chn tn cc trng hp (Case Name)
a vo h s t hp cho tng trng

hp TT tham gia trong t hp ny (Scale)
+
-
Nhn Add
OK kt thc khai bo mt t hp.

Hnh 3.28
Hp thoi khai bo t hp TT
2.9.2. Cc i lng trong t hp ti trng(Load Combination):

-
Tn t hp: Combo Name
Kiu t hp cc gi tr: (Type)
Add : t hp theo PP cng tc dng;
Enve : Bao ni lc;
SRSS: Cn bc 2 ca tng cc bnh phng THTT
ABS: tr tuyt i cc trng hp ti
Scale factor : H s t hp, tc l h s ca tng trng hp ti trong t hp
170
V d v h s cho mt s t hp c bn (THCB) v t hp c bit (THB) theo Tiu

chun TCVN 2737-95 :
+ THCB1: 1 TH di hn + 1 TH ngn hn nguy him nht
+ THCB2: 1 TH di hn + 0.9 TH (nhiu trng hp ngn hn)
+ THB1 : 1 TH di hn + ? x ngn hn + ? x c bit( tu trng hp c th )
+ THB2: ngn hn khng k tI trng gi
2.10. Hng dn mt s v d tnh khung

Cc phn trnh by l thuyt trong ti liu ny, chng ti da theo cc phin bn gn y
ca SAP2000 (t phin bn 9.03) bn c c nhng thng tin mi, bn cnh chng
ti cng phn tch v lu s khc nhau trong mt s phn gia SAP2000_V7.4 v cc
phin bn sau. Tuy nhin trong cc v d hng dn thao tc phn ny, chng ti ch
yu hng dn theo SAP2000V7.4 l phin bn sinh vin ang hc v thc hnh trn
phng my. Ti nhng cu lnh m cch thc hin gia hai phin bn c s khc nhau,
chng ti gii thiu c phin bn SAP2000_V9.03 trong phn ngoc n bn c
tham kho.
2.10.1. V d tnh khung phng (hnh 3.29)
2.10.1.1. S liu
P1
Vt liu b tng (kg-cm):E=2.56x105; W=2.4x10-3

Tit din: Ct = 30x30 cm; Dm = 30x 22cm
Thanh xin = 25x25 cm
3.5 m
q1
q1 =0.8 T/m ; q2 = 1.1T/m ; q3= 1.4T/m
P2
q4 = 0.6 T/ m; P1 = 1.2 T; P2 = 1.3 T

* Trng hp 1 : Chu ti trng
3.5 m
q2
q3
bn thn, ti trng q1, q2 v P1

*Trng hp 2:Chu cc ti
trng q3, q4 v P2
4m
q4
* Lin kt ngm chn ct
4m
4m
3m
Hnh 3.29
171
Hnh 3.30
S hnh hc v b tr ti trng trong TH1 v TH2
2.10.1.2. Trnh t thc hin :

2.10.1.2.1.
Thit lp s hnh hc :
Chn n v Kg- m
To h li - trong mt phng XZ :
+
Vo New Model ( New Modal Grid Only ), chn h mc nh Cartersian
G cc gi tr ca Number Grid Spaces ( Number of Grid Lines) :

X=3 (4) ; Y=0 (1) ; Z=3 (4)
G cc gi tr ca Grid Spacing : X=4
Y=1
Z=3.5
mn hnh 2 ca s, chn mt ca s l mt phng XZ : trn mn hnh xut hin h li

cch u nhau theo cc khong khai bo. Ch , i vi SAP2000 V7.4, h trc nm
gia h li, cn V9.03, h trc nm mp tri bn di .
iu chnh h li va to cho ph hp vi s kt cu : (xem hnh 3.29 v 3.30)
+
Define Coordinnate Grid ( Define Coordinate System/ Grids)
Nhn Draw Edit Grid chn trc X
172
+
nh du vo dng li c to X l 6 (12), sa li thnh 5 (11), nhn Move

Grid Line OK
Nhn Draw Edit Grid chn trc Z
nh du vo dng li c to Z l 0, sa li thnh -0.5, nhn Move Grid Line

OK.
Hnh 3.31
Bin i v tr li theo trc X
theo SAP2000_V7.4(trn), V9.03 (di)
Hnh 3.32
Bin i v tr li theo trc Z
theo SAP2000_V7.4(trn), V9.03 (di)
V cc phn t thanh ca s kt cu : Nhn vo biu tng ca Frame hoc vo Draw

Draw Frame Element v ln lt v tng thanh theo s kt cu ( ch theo trnh
t t di ln v tri sang phi, dng phm Enter ngt mi qu trnh v ).
2.10.1.2.2.
Khai bo vt liu v tit din :
Chn n v l Kg - cm
Nhn Define Material Add new Material : a vo gi tr ca E (m un n hi),

W (trng lng ring) v M (khi lng ring) v g ch BETONG Material Name
Khai bo cc tit din :
Nhn Define Frame Section Add/Wide

Flange Add Rectangular (Add new property) :
+
G tn tit din
Section Name = COT
Chn loi vt liu
Material = BETONG
Hnh 3.33
173

+
Khai bo kch thc t3 = 30
Lm tng t vi tit din DAM (hnh 3.33) v XIEN.
2.10.1.2.3.
t2= 30
Gn tit din cho cc phn t :
Chn cc phn t ct (dng ca s hoc nh du chn)
Vo Assign Frame Section chn tit din tn COT OK
Tng t chn cc phn t dm gn cho tit din DAM v phn t mi gn cho XIEN
2.10.1.2.4.
Gn lin kt
Chn 4 nt chn ct : Vo Assign Joint Restraint chn biu tng ngmOK
Gn lin kt khp cho cc thanh xin :

+
Chn 2 thanh xin
Assign Frame Release nh du vo 2 Start

v End ca Mmen M33 OK ( Hnh 3.34)
Chn ct chng gia Assign Frame Release
nh du vo End ca Mmen M33 OK

Hnh 3.34
( Ch ct d liu vo a: File Save As Khai bo tn th mc v tp OK)

2.10.1.2.5.
To cc trng hp ti trng :
Define Static Load Case g TH1 Add new Load OK
Define Static Load Case g TH2 h s Selft Weight Multiplier = 0

Add new Load OK
2.10.1.2.6.
Gn ti trng cho tng trng hp
(Chn n v Ton m)
Trng hp 1 :
-
Chn 2 phn t dm tng 2 chu q1 :
Assign FrameStatic Loads

Point and Uniform (Distributed Loads) OK
+
Load case Name = TH1
Direction = Global Z (
Force )
174
+
Option :
Uniorm Load = -0.8 OK (hnh 3.35)
Add to Existing Load
Tng t vi 2 thanh dm chu q2 = - 1.1 T/m

-
Gn TT cho nt nh : + Chn nt nh
+
Assign Joint Static Loads Forces
Option :
Load = Force Global Z = -1.2 OK
Add Exiting Load
Hnh 3.35
Trng hp 2 :
-
Chn phn t dm( nh 1 tng )
Assign Frame Static Loads Trapezoidal (Distributed Loads) (hnh 3.36)

+
Direction = Gravity (
Option :
Absolute Distance End I
Add to Exiting Load
Distance
Load
Force )
-1.4
OK
Hnh 3.36
nh du 2 ct tri ngoi cng :
Assign Frame Static Loads Point and Uniform (Point) OK
Direction = Global X (
Option :
Uniorm Load = 0.6 OK
Force )
Add to Exiting Load
Gn TT ti nt P2 : Chn nt gc trn bn tri

+
Assign Joint Static Loads Forces
Hnh 3.37
175

+
Option :
Load = Force Global X = 1.3 OK ( hnh 3.37, ch xo gi tr c ca Global Z)
2.10.1.2.7.
-
Add Exiting Load
Tnh ton :
Khai bo s lng cc mt ct cn tnh ton trn mt phn t

+
Chn cc phn t
Assign Frame Output Segment :
g s lng mt ct cn a ra kt qu
(c th khc nhau trn tng thanh )
-
Analyze Set Option
Chn biu tng ca XZ Plane

-
Chn Generate OutputSelect Output Options
nh du cc thnh phn s in trong tp kt qu *.OUT

( v d Displacement , Frame Force . . . ) OK
-
Hnh 3.38
Nhn nt Run ( ) thc hin tnh ton
2.10.1.2.8.
X em kt qu
Vo Display Show Deformed Shape: xem Biu chuyn v (hnh 3.39) v

Show Forces Stress xem biu m men.
Hnh 3.39
176
2.11. Mt s phn nng cao

C th tham kho thm cc chc nng ca phn ny chng 2 Giao din ha ca
SAP2000.
2.11.1. To nhm - Group
-
Nhm l mt chc nng mi ca SAP, cho php ngi s dng a mt s phn t c

cng c im no , gp li vi nhau v t mt tn. khai bo nhm phi qua
hai bc t tn nhm v nh du cc phn t gn cho nhm. C th dng mt trong
hai cch sau:
+
Cch 1: Bc 1 : Khai bo tn ca nhm trong Define Group ; Bc 2: nh du

cc phn t ca nhm, vo Assign Assign to Group v chn tn khai bo.
Cch 2 : Bc 1: nh du cc phn t thuc nhm sp khai bo; Bc 2 : vo

Assign Assign to Group Add new Group v a vo tn nhm.
Nhm c th c s dng trong qu trnh chn phn t, gn vt liu, gn ti trng . . .
Cc nhm c th nm trong nhau (trong G2 c th c G1 v mt s phn t khc).
Dng nhm trong nhiu trng hp rt tin li khi cn chn hoc loi b mt s phn
t, gip ngi dng thao tc nhanh khi thit lp s kt cu.
Nhm sau khi khai bo c th s dng tn nhm trong cc thao tc la chn gn

tit din, ti trng,. ..
Cc phn t trong cng mt nhm c th ging nhau mt s thuc tnh hoc tt c cc

thuc tnh ty theo la chn ca ngi dng khi to nhm.
2.11.2. Cc cch bin i i tng EDIT

Hu ht cc lnh trong phn ny nm trong menu Edit.(Tham kho thm phn ny trong
chng 2).
-
Lnh COPY sao chp i tng gc (mu) thnh

mt i tng mi di chuyn so vi i tng mu
(trc ) theo c 3 phng ( Dx, Dy, Dz). Cch
thc hin:
+
Chn nhm i tng mu .
Nhn Edit Copy (Ctrl + C).
Nhn Edit Paste (Ctrl + V).
Nhp cc gi tr di chuyn (Delta) trong khung Change coordinate by (Hnh 3.40)
Hnh 3.40
177
OK.
-
Lnh Move c tc dng i vi nt v phn t :

+
Nu chn nt : cc phn t dnh vi nt u b ko theo n v tr mi, dng v kch

thc ca phn t b thay i theo.
Nu chn phn t : lnh c tc dng tnh tin nhm phn t, kch thc PT khng
thay i.
C th chn nhiu i tng trong lnh v cch thc hin ging nh lnh Copy.
Set Reshape Mode thay i dng ca phn t qua vic nh du i tng, ko l

phn t n v tr mi.
Replicate : (Linear , Miror, Radial) : Edit Replicate Linear/Mirror/Radial

y l cc lnh sao chp i tng theo nhiu cch khc nhau.
Cc bc thc hin vi cc lnh ny :
+
Chn i tng gc.
a vo cc khong cch di chuyn theo cc phng X,Y,Z (vi lnh Linear) hoc
khai bo trc quay (trc i xng) vi lnh Radial v v tr mt phng i xng (vi
Mirror) .
Khai bo s i tng mun to thm (Number).
Vi Linear : c th sao chp thnh nhiu i tng mi vi cc bc di chuyn theo mt

hoc c 3 trc X,Y,Z theo cc khong cch bt k khai bo.
V Radial : qu trnh sao chp thnh cc i tng mi qua vic quay cc i tng mu
quanh mt trc no vi gc quay bt k (vi sap 7 ch quay c quanh gc ta ).
Vi Mirror : to cc i tng mi dng kh nng i xng qua mt mt phng, cng
c th khai bo trc Mirror qua hai im bt k.
Hnh 3.41
Hp thoi cho cc chc nng ca Replicate : Linear-Radial-Mirror
c im ca cc lnh trong Replicate :
178
-
C th sao chp i tng theo nhiu cch khc nhau, t SAP2000_V.8 c th ch la

chn mt s hoc tt c cc thuc tnh ca i tng gc khi sao chp (v d ch sao
chp kch thc hoc kch thc v mt s thuc tnh khc nh Section, Release,
Regid , Load . . .) khi thc hin lnh.
Sau khi sao chp c th gi li i tng gc hoc xo i ( Delete original Objects ).
Vi chc nng Radial , Mirror :

+
C th chn trc sn c lm trc quay ( dng parallel X,Y,Z )
hoc khai bo trc quay mi qua hai im trong khng gian (3D- Rotate,3D Line,
3D Plane, v a vo to X,Y,Z ca hai im ny).
hoc a vo mt im xc nh trc quay trong mt phng ca hai trc kia (v

d quay quanh trc X chn Rotate axis ( X) Coordinate Points on YZ Plane.
Nn dng chc nng to h to mi (trt gc to ) xc nh trc quay

trc khi dng lnh s hiu qu hn.
2.11.3. Ghp thm mt kt cu mi vo kt cu c: Edit Add to Model from

Template
S dng chc nng ny ngi dng
c th ghp thm cc kt cu c
trong thvin mu ca SAP vo s
ang thit lp .
Mi h ghp mi c th c h ta
, h liv loi kt cu ring.
Cch thao tc :
+
Menu Edit Add Model

Template:mn hnh s hin
bng th vin mu nh New
Model. Cc khai bo cng
ging nh New Model
Hnh 3.42
Ch khai bo v tr chn (so vi h Global) .
Mi h ta ca kt cu mi s l mt h ta con.
Hnh v 3.42 minh ha cho cc thao tc : T New Model, to mt khung phng 2 tng, 2
nhp, sau vo Edit Add Model Template gi th vin mu ca dn v khai bo mt
dn phng trn nh khung. Tham kho v d 5 ca phn 2.11.5
179

2.11.4. To h to con : Define Set coordinate System/Grid
H to con (h ta ph) gip cho ngi s dng mm do trong qu trnh thit lp

s kt cu. H ta con c mt s c im sau:
-
Mi h to con c th c khai bo tn, n v, h li ring cho mnh.
Cc tham s chuyn trc khi khai bo trong Edit Grid hoc Advance (v tr mi ca h
trc ta con) l lun so vi h to tng th (Global) ch khng theo h to
hin thi .
C th hin kt cu trong tng h to con (i khi ch mt phn ca kt cu c

hin) qua vic chuyn i gia cc h ta qua GLOBAL ca thanh trng thi (gn
khai bo n v) hoc vo Define Coordinate System/Grid .
Khi thit lp s kt cu trong h ta con, cc gi tr to l so vi h to

con ang s dng. Trnh t thao tc khi thit lp h ta con:
Define Coordinate System /Grid (hoc Option/ Coordinate System) Add New
System m hp thoi New Coord Grid System (hnh 3.43 tri). Trong hp thoi ny
ngi dng s khai bo h li cho h ta con. Cch khai bo cng nh h h
Global.
Nhn vo Edit Grid (hnh 3.43)Location System Origin hin hp thoi Coordinate
System (hnh 3.44), ngi dng a vo cc tham s khai bo v tr ca h ta con
so vi h tng th.
Tham kho v d 6 phn 2.11.5
Hnh 3.43
Hnh 3.44
180
2.11.5. .Mt s v d dng cc lnh ca EDIT

1 . To mt dn khng gian chp phng
2. To nh 2 tng,3 nhp, 2 nhp c

mi dc
+ To lp mt dn chp 10 x 5(m)
+ Chiu rng mi nhp theo X 5m
+ Mi chp l mt khi lp phng 1x1(m)
+ Chiu rng mi nhp theo Y l 4m
+ C cc thanh ni dc, ngang gia cc nh chp + Chiu cao tng 3.5 m, mi dc 1m
3. To xil hnh chp ct

+ C Ry=8m, Rmt=6m ,cao 10m
4. To cu dy vng
+ Di 40m,tr cao 15m rng 5m
+ C 10 dy treo trn mt cu
5. To mt khung li ct , v mi
+ Khung 4 nhp rng (Y) 6m,
cao 6m di ( X) 15m
6. To khung vm
+ Khung rng 10m cao 4m
+ Vm cong R=6.5m
+ Vm c R=4.5, gc m 42 o
181
Vi cc phin bn SAP khc nhau, b cc v qui nh trong cc menu v hp thoi c s

khc nhau. Trong phn minh ha cho cc lnh ca Edit, ti liu hng dn trnh by theo
2 phin bn bn c tin theo di, tham kho.
2.11.5.1. Hng dn cc bc thao tc cho 6 v d trn bng SAP2000V.7.4 :
V d 1 :
+
To mt khi lp phng c kch thc cc cnh =1m ( dng h li Decac vi tt

c cc tham s =1).
V mt chp trong khi lp phng (to mt im gia mt trn khi LP lm nh

chp).
Vo Edit Replicate Linear : theo phng X,nhp : Distance =1, Number = 9,

lm tng t vi phng Y(1, 4).
Ni cc phn t gia cc chp theo phng X, phngY (v mt phn t

thanh,chia nh hoc c th dng Linear to cc phn t ni).
V d 2:
+
Gi th vin mu khung 2 tng, 3 nhp : FileNew Modal Templace chn Space

Frame, a vo cc tham s cho kt cu nh trong u bi.
Chn 6 thanh nhp 1 v 3 tng 2, chia i (dng device frame).
Chn cc nt gia cc thanh va chia, di chuyn ln ln 1m (bng lnh Move).
V d 3:
+
Chn h to tr vi cc tham s : ( R , q , Z : 4,36,1 / 2,10,10 ).
V mt phn t tam gic cho y b, chia thnh 3 phn t nh .
Dng Radial cho kn y nhp tham s : ( 35-10 ).
nh du 2 nt pha trn, v mt phn t nghing, chia thnh 5 phn t.
182
+
Dng Radial sao chp phn t ban u to thnh b.
V d 4 :
+
To h li trong mt phng XZ (1 khong theo phng X v 3 khong theo

phng Z).
V 1 thanh thng theo phng X dng li th 3, chia thnh 10 on.
V tr cu theo phng Z pha trn 1/3 (to 2 im nt theo phng Z), chia thnh
3 on. V cc dy cp pha tri cu .
nh du cc dy cp va v, vo Edit Replicate Mirror : chn mt phng =

YZ , Ordinate X=0.
Chn All , Mirror trong mt phng XZ, Ordinate Y=2.5
V tip 2 dm 2 u cu
V d 5 :
+
Gi th vin mu khung 1 tng 1 nhp FileNew Modal Templace chn Space

Frame: (1,1,1,6,15,6)
Gi th vin mu ( Edit Add Temp Barrel vi cc tham s : ( 6, 15, 15, 4.5,

42), chn tip Advance : nhp Distance Z=6, b restraint.
V d 6:
+
V khung phng 1 tng,1 nhp 10m, cao 4m, xo 2 thanh ngang.
Chn h trc ta mi: Option Set Coordinate System Add System

Cylindrical & a vo cc tham s : 1,36,0,6.5,10,0 vo Advance Rotate X=90
V cc on thng ni gia khung v ng cong bng frame .
Chuyn v h ta Global , XZ
2.11.5.2. Hng dn cc bc thc hin 6 v d trn theo SAP2000V.9 :

V d 1 :
+
To khi lp phng 1,1,1(m) : New Modal Grid Only chn Catersian v nhp
cc tham s = 2,2,2,1,1,1
V mt chp trong khi lp phng (to mt im gia mt trn khi LP lm nh

chp, v cc thanh y v xin ca chp) ( hnh 3.45)
Vo Edit Replicate Linear : theo phng X : Distance =1, Number = 9 , Ni

cc phn t gia cc chp theo phng X (hnh 3.46)
183

+
Tng t vi phng Y(distance Y= 1, number=4 ) (hnh 3.47)
C th dng linear ni cc nt cc thanh theo phng Y gia cc nh chp.
Hnh 3.45
Hnh 3.46
Hnh 3.47
V d 2:
+
Gi th vin mu khung 2 tng, 3 nhp: File New Modal 3DFrame
Chn Open Frame Building, a vo cc tham s kch thc khung nh trong u

bi.
Chn 6 thanh nhp 1 v 3 ca tng 2, chia i (dng device frame ) (hnh 3.48)
Chn cc nt gia cc thanh va chia, di chuyn ln trn 1m (lnh Move)(hnh

3.49)
Hnh 3.48
Hnh 3.49
V d 3
+
V cc phn t t gic v tam gic cho y b (hnh 3.50).
Di chuyn xung mt y b, dng lnh Replicate Radial cho kn y bng cch

nhp cc tham s: paralell Z, number=35, angle=10, c kt qu (hnh 3.51).
184
+
V mt phn t nghing qua cc nt nh du, chia thnh 5 phn t, dng lnh

Radial to thnh b, nhp cc tham s: paralell Z, number=35, angle=10) (hnh
3.52).
Hnh 3.50
Hnh 3.51
Hnh 3.52
V d 4 :
+
To h li Decac trong mt phng XZ, nhp cc gi tr : 3,2,4,40,5,5(m)
V 1 thanh thng theo phng X dng li th 2 (ti z=10m), chia thnh 10 on
V tr cu theo phng Z gia pha trn 1/3 ,chia thnh 3 on. V cc dy cp

pha tri cu (hnh 3.53,3.54).
nh du cc dy cp va v, vo Edit Replicate Mirror chn Paralell Z,

x1=20, y1=0; x2=20, y2=1 c mt na cu (ch h ta gc tri, pha di)
to ra 2 pha ca cu,chn All Mirror : Paralell X, y1=2.5, z1=0; y2=2.5, z2=1
V tip 2 dm 2 u cu.
Hnh 3.53
Hnh 3.54
185

V d 5 :
+
Gi th vin mu khung 1 tng 1 nhp File New Modal 3DFrame
Chn Open Frame Building, a vo cc tham s kch thc khung (1,4,1,6,6,15)

nh hnh 3.55, xa bt cc thanh ngang ca khung, c kt qu nh hnh 3.56.
Gi th vin mu: Edit Add Temp Shell Multi-bay Cylindrical Shell vi cc

tham s hnh 3.57: 15, 42, 4.5, 8,8,4 Locate origin : 3D,0,0,6,90 ,b restraint s
c kt qu nh u bi.
Hnh 3.55
Hnh 3.56
Hnh 3.57
V d 6:
+
Gi khung phng mu (2DFrame)1 tng,1 nhp rng10m, cao 4m (hnh 3.58- h

ta Global).
Chn h trc ta mi Define Coordinate System/ Grid Add System

Cylindrical & a vo cc tham s : 2,36,1,6.5,10,3 (hnh 3.59 tri) ;
Vo Edit Grid Locate System (hnh 3.59 phi) Rotation in degree , about
X=90 c kt qu nh hnh 3.60 h ta mi CSYS2 (cng gc ta vi
Global nhng h trc mi quay theo phng X so vi Global mt gc 90 o ).
186
Hnh 3.58
Hnh 3.59
Hnh 3.60
Xa thanh ngang,v cc on thng ni gia khung v ng cong bng frame

(ch v t cc u khung n cc im mt li). Chuyn v h ta Global,
mt phng XZ s c kt qu nh trong u bi .
2.11.6. Khai bo vng cng

Khai bo vng cng ( Regid zone Offset) khi cc phn t dm , ct ( hoc cc thanh)
giao nhau ti mt nt c kch thc ln dn n s chng lp kch thc ( k n nhiu
ln). Nu gi tr ny nh khng ng k, c th b qua nhng vi gi tr ln s lm cho kt
qu tnh khng chnh xc. Khai bo vng cng s khc phc c iu ny (chiu di tnh
ton gim). Ngoi ra kt qu ni lc s cho ti cc mp ca dm ( v tr nguy him tht s)
ch khng phi ni giao nhau gia cc trc (nh trong trng hp thng thng).
khai bo vng cng: Chn Frame
Assign Frame End Offset s m hp thoi Frame End Offsets(hnh 3.61).
Minh ha cho cc tham s v hiu ng vng cng trn hnh 3.62.Trong :
+ Total length : chiu di gia 2 trc thanh
+ Clear length : chiu di thng thy
+ ioff ( End I) : di vng cng ti u thanh I
+ joff ( End- J) : di vng cng ti u thanh J
+ Rigid-Zone Factor : H s vng cng
Hnh 3.61
Hnh 3.62
187
2.11.7. Rng buc chuyn v ( Constraint ):

Mt s thnh phn chuyn v ca nt c chuyn v bng nhau, ph thuc nhau ... c th
khai bo qua cc iu kin rng buc (Constraint), v d sn tuyt i cng ca kt cu
nh cao tng, cc im ni trn mt cu .. . Khai bo rng buc dn ti gim s n s ca
phng trnh tnh ton, thi gian tnh ton cng nh phn nh ng tnh cht lm vic ca
cng trnh. c im khi khai bo Constraint:
-
C th c nhiu nhm Constraint trong mt kt cu.
Mt nt c th nm nhiu nhm Constraint.
Khi tnh ton nh cao tng c sn tuyt i cng hoc li vch chu ti trng ngang
thng gn Constraint.
Cch khai bo cho sn tuyt i cng (Diaphragm):

+
Chn cc nt trong tng mt phng sn
Vo Assign Joint Constraint s m hp thoi Assign/ Define Constraint, ti

Choose Constraint Type to Add chn Diaphragm nhp v chn thuc tnh.
t tn ca Constraint : ty
Chn trc vung gc vi mt phng ang khai bo Constraint (thng l Z axis)

OK.
2.11.8. Hiu ng un dc trong phn t thanh P-Delta :

i vi thanh c mnh ln, chu lc nn v un s xut hin hiu ng un dc P-Delta
lm tng vng ca thanh , gy mt n nh cc b hay tng th (buckling). SAP cho
php t trc mt lc nn vo u phn t to ra chuyn v ban u ( khng phi ti
trng ngoi ) c khai bo trong P-Delta. c im:
-
Ch tnh c ni lc do nh hng ca P-Delta ch khng tnh c ti trng ti hn

Pth .
C th xc nh lc nh hng P-Delta theo phng php trc tip (Assign

Frame/Cable P-Delta Force )
P-Delta ch tnh cho phn t thanh khi thit k cu kin BTCT (ct), kt cu thp v
dy cp (Cable)
2.11.9. Thanh chu ng sut trc ( Prestress )

Trong mt s phin bn ca SAP, ng sut trc ch ng dng cho phn t thanh v do
cc lc cng trc t ln mt hay nhiu si cp trong phn t (ti trng ny lun nm
trong mt phng 1-2 ca phn t ).
188
Cc d liu khai bo cho TT ng
sut trc (hnh 3.63):
+
Khai bo cc v tr t
cp di, dj, dc
Khai bo lc ko t
Khai bo h s tnh ton
Hnh 3.63
Trong di , dj, dc l cc khong cch ca cc im neo tnh n trc thanh. tnh ti

trng ng sut trc, phi qua hai bc :
-
Bc 1 - Khai bo cc gi tr lin quan n lc cng T :

+
Chn Frame: vo
a vo cc gi tr : End I =di=Start, End J=dj=End,
Lc T= lc cng trc (Cable Tension )
OK
Menu Assign Frame Prestress

Mid=dc=Center
Bc 2 : Khai bo h s tnh ng sut trc trong cc trng hp ti trng : nu ch

khai bo cc tham s cho tnh ng sut trc phn trn m khng khai bo phn
ny, chng trnh khng k n cc lc ng sut trc .
+
Chn Frame
Menu Assign frame static load Prestress
Chn trng hp ti trng
Nhp h s ti trng tnh prestress.
OK
Ch : - C th c nhiu lc cng T khc nhau.

Ni lc trong mi trng hp ti trng do lc ng sut trc gy =Lc cng Tx H s ti
trng tng ng.
2.11.10.
Ti trng nhit
L do chnh lch nhit trong cc b phn kt cu, gy ra s bin dng nhit trong cc
phn t e =a .Dl ( a : h s ; Dl : chnh lch nhit ).
189

2.11.11. Ti trng ph v ti trng theo thi gian
Trong cc chng trnh SAP, cc bi ton ng gm c: tnh ton kt cu do dao ng

ring, tnh kt cu chu dao ng cng bc, chu ti trng ng. Ti trng ng l cc ti
trng c gi tr thay i theo thi gian, v d ti trng gi, sng bin, ti trng ng t, ti
trng ca cc xe di ng trn cu . . . Tt c cc ti trng ny u c th biu din di
dng phng trnh cn bng ng lc hc c N phng trnh vi phn bc hai :
M. (t) + C . (t) + K.U(t) = F (t) = S fj g(t)j
Trong :
+
M : ma trn khi lng
C : ma trn cn
K : ma trn cng
(t) , (t) , U(t) ,F(t) : tng ng l cc vc t gia tc, vn tc , chuyn v nt v

vc t ti trng ngoi thay i theo thi gian. Tt c cc dng ti trng thay i
theo thi gian u c th biu din bi tng cc vc t khng gian f ( c lp vi
thi gian ) v hm thi gian g(t) .
tnh cho cc bi ton chu ti trng ng, trong SAP phi qua hai bc :
-
nh ngha hm ti trng : khai bo dng v cc tham s ca hm qua chc nng

Define (Bridge Load, Function. . .) (hnh 3.64).
Khai bo s dng hm ti trng ng ( c) tnh kt cu: Define Analysis

Case Add New Case hnh 3.66, Chn loi ti trng mun a vo kt cu trong
Analysis Case Type : Response Spectrum, Time History, Moving Case. . . chng
trnh s hin hp thoi tng ng cho ngi dng nhp cc thng tin cn thit (hnh
3.65).
Hnh 3.64
Hnh 3.65
190
Hnh 3.66
2.11.11.1. Ti trng ph v phn tch theo ph

Trong cc bi ton phn tch ng, tnh cho cc kt cu chu ti trng ng t, dng ti
trng thng di dng ph gia tc nn . C mt vi thun li v tnh ton khi p dng
phng php ph phn ng phn tch ng t cho d bo chuyn v v ni lc ca h
kt cu. Phng php ny ch i hi tnh ton duy nht gi tr ln nht ca chuyn v v
ni lc trong mi dao ng s dng ph thit k trn , m ph ny li l trung bnh ca
mt vi chn ng ng t .
Khi tnh ton, chng trnh SAP ch khai bo ti trng v tnh cho cc ti trng theo dng
ph bit (ch khng c kh nng thit lp nn dng ti trng ph) theo cc chun ca
cc nc da trn s liu o c c th ca tng min, c kt qua nhiu nm. S gia
tng ca tc my tnh trong thi gian gn y cho php gii mt cch nhanh chng
bi ton vi lng thi gian m phng ngy cng nhiu hn. Hn na gi y ngi ta c
th thc hin kim tra cho cc tnh ton thit k m trc y chng khng c thit
k vi gi tr nguy him nht tnh c bng phng php p ng ph .
Thng thng, cc ti trng ph ly t cc phng trnh cn bng ng kt hp vi phn
ng ca kt cu cng vi chuyn ng nn c dng :
&( t ) + MU
&
&( t ) = m x &
KU( t ) + CU
u&gx ( t ) + m y &
u&gy ( t ) + m z &
u&gz ( t )
Trong :
+
K - ma trn cng
C - ma trn cn i xng
M - ma trn cho khi lng
gx , gy, gz - gia tc nn phn b u
U, , - cc chuyn v,vn tc, gia tc tng i ca nn .
SAP2000 gii h phng trnh ny bng phng php chng mode (cng tc dng cc
dng dao ng ) do ph phn ng gy ra. Cc dng dao ng c th tnh theo phng
191
php gi tr ring hay vc t ring. Gia tc nn theo mi hng c a vo nh mt

ng cong ph s ho theo thi gian. Cc lc kch ng nn c th xut hin ng
thi theo ba hng, l hai hng bt k 1,2 vung gc vi nhau trong mt phng X-Y
v hng Z. Mc d cc gia tc c th khai bo theo ba hng, nhng ch c mt kt qu
dng, n cho mi lng phn ng. Cc i lng phn ng c th l chuyn v, cc lc
v ng sut. Mi kt qu tnh ton biu th mt s o thng k ca bin ln nht c th
cho phn ng .Tuy nhin phn ng thc s bin thin trong khong t gi tr dng ny
n gi tr m ca n.
Phn tch ph phn ng l tm kim phn ng ln nht c th c, n thch hp vi dng
phng trnh ni trn hn l hm thi gian. Mi trng hp phn tch gi l mt spec v c
th t cho n mt tn. Mi spec c th khc nhau v cch p dng ph v t hp kt
qu.
Phn ng tng cng c tnh bng tng cc phn ng t ba hng bi cn bc hai ca
phng php tng cc bnh phng (SRSS). Trong cc kt cu chu ph phn ng ng,
v tr Z dng phi l im hng ln.
c cc chuyn v ln nht v cc lc phn t (hoc ng sut),cc phn ng theo mt
hng kch ng c th c tnh ton v sau c t hp theo phng php CQC
(Complete Quadratic Combination Technique).
Mi spec c mt h to ring khai bo cc hng ca ti trng gia tc nn (hnh
3.67). Cc trc ca h to ring ny k hiu 1, 2 v 3, theo mc nh n tng ng vi
cc trc X,Y,Z. H to ring mc nh c th thay i bng cch khai bo theo gc to
angle (mc nh bng 0).
Cc ph thit k l nhng ng cong thay i khng ng nht, t chng c dng
nh l trung bnh cng ca nhiu ph ng t. thi im hin ti , nhiu tiu chun
thit k nh ch nh ph thit k in hnh c dng l mt dy cc cp s gm gi tr thi
gian ti cc im v gi tr gia tc ph theo 3 phng ca tng im .
-
nh ngha hm ph, c th bng nhiu cch : ( R.S.Function Definition )

+
S dng mt hm c theo mc nh ca SAP ,v d cc hm UBC *
Gi ra mt hm ph c t trc v ct vo trong file vi tn mi : Add Function

from file (khai bo Function name v Function file )
Khai bo mt hm ph mi : Add new fuction : a vo tn v cc tham s ca

hm (thi gian v gia tc theo dng ph )
Khai bo cho chng trnh a hm ph vo tnh ton: Response Spectrum Case.
Trc gia tc nn
192
Trc thi gian t

Hnh 3.67
Hnh 3.68
Mt dng ca TT ph
V d mt hm ph gia tc nn trn hnh 3.68 v cch khai bo mt phn ca ph gia tc

nn theo phng X ( hnh 3.69) nh sau :
S1
S3
S2
0.00
0.4
0.008
1.0
0.4
1.0
0.8
0.6667
1.0
0.5
1.2
0.4
1.4
0.3333
1.6
0.25
1.8
0.222
2.0
0.52
0
Hnh 3.69
Gii thch mt s i lng trong qu trnh khai bo hm ph :

-
Response Spectrum Function : Khai bo mt hm ph dng Add Function from file :

nhp mt hm ph t mt file c. Trong :
+
Function name : t tn hm
Function file: khai bo ng dn m tp np vo s tnh
Function Definition : khai bo mt hm ph mi . Trong :
193
Function name : t tn hm
Function Definition : a vo cc gi tr ca hm nh thi gian t (time), gi tr ca

gia tc S1,S2,S3 (value) tng ng cho tng im thi gian ca hm ph theo 3
trc, sau mi dng khai bo nhn phm add .
Response Spectrum Case : khai bo cho mt trng hp ti trng ng tnh theo ph.
+
Spectrum Case Name : khai bo tn ca trng hp ph.
Excitation angle : gc kch ng.
Modal Combination : chn phng php t hp cc mode dao ng khi tnh ph.
Damping : h s cn.
Directional Combination : chn phng php t hp theo cc hng. Nu dng

phng php GMC s khai bo thm tham s F1, F2 l cc tn s c trng cu
ASCE4 .
Input Response Spectrum : a vo tn cc hm ph s tnh theo mi hng v

h s tng ng. C th ch tnh theo mt hng hoc c ba hng .
2.11.11.2. Phn tch theo hm thi gian

Ni chung ti trng tc ng ln kt cu l mt hm ty theo khng gian v thi gian.
Trong dng ma trn, n c th c vit nh R(s,t ). Vi tt c cc loi ti trng R(s,t), u
c th biu th bng tng hu hn ca mt dy cc vct ti trng khng gian Fi(s) v cc
hm thi gian Ti(t) hoc di dng ma trn nh sau:
R( st ) = Fi ( s ) Ti (t )
i
Trong chng trnh SAP2000, cc vc t khng gian Fi(s) khai bo nh cc trng hp ti

trng tnh, hoc nh trong trng hp gia tc nn, nh mt hm ca ma trn khi lng.
Cc hm Ti(t) c th l cc hm ty theo thi gian hoc cc hm c chu k nh cc
hm ti trng ca gi v sng bin. Chng trnh SAP2000 dng phng php chng
mode phn tch phn ng chun gii phng trnh cn bng ng hc chuyn ng
ca ton kt cu.
SAP2000 thc hin tch phn chnh xc cc phng trnh cho mt bin phn tuyn tnh
ca hm thi gian Ti (t) gia cc im thi gian a vo. V vy cc kt qu l khng ph
thuc vo vic chn khong thi gian tch phn nh mt vi phng php khc.
Cc i lng trong qu trnh khai bo hm thi gian :
Time History Function : Khai bo v m t hm thi gian (cho tng hm mt) bao gm :
194
-
Add new Function From file : a vo tn ( ung dn ) ca mt hm thi gian khai

bo trc trong mt file no ( khng cn m t hm ) .
Add new Function :m t mt hm thi gian mi, khai bo cc tham s nh hnh 3.70:
Function name : Tn hm
Period : chu k dao ng ca hm
Number of Step : s bc chia/chu k
Number of cycle : S chu k ( lp li)
Amplitude : bin
Time, Value : thi gian v gi tr tng ng vi cc t
Function graph: dng hm va m t
Modify / Show Function : xem hoc bin i mt hm thi gian c
Delete Function : Xo hm khai bo.
Hnh 3.70
Hnh 3.71
Time History Cases : phn ny khai bo cc thng tin cn thit tnh ti trng ng c
dng hm thi gian l ghp tng ng hm thi gian R(s,t) vi cc trng hp ti trng
tnh F(s), c hai loi ny u phi khai bo. Cc thng tin (hnh 3.71) bao gm :
-
Time History Motion type : loi ti trng ng (c chu k hay khng c chu k) .
Analysis Type : Kiu phn tch ( phn tch tnh,ng)
Time History Type :Modal hay tch hp
195

-
Modal damping : h s cn (damping) , c th l hng s cho mi dng dao ng

hoc khc nhau i vi tng mode .
Number of output time step : S cc im cn a ra kt qu ( cn tnh )
Out put Time step size : khong thi gian gia cc buc tnh .
Load applied : a vo tn trng hp ti trng tnh gn tng ng vi hm thi gian.
2.11.12.
Lin kt mm v tnh mng trn nn n hi
2.11.12.1. Lin kt n hi :
-
Trong SAP2000 ch cung cp lin kt n hi bng cc lin kt l xo t ti cc nt.

Di tc dng ca lc ngoi, l xo b bin dng v pht sinh cc thnh phn phn lc
bao gm F1,F2,F3 , M1, M2,M3 ln lt l cc phn lc thng v phn lc xoay .
Lin kt n hi dng trong cc trng hp nh dm lin tc c gi ta n hi , dm ,

tm trn nn n hi ( mng bng, mng bn ). chnh xc ca li gii t l thun vi
mt ca li l x .
Lin kt n hi - spring : l lin kt mm c th tc dng theo 6 thnh phn ca 6 bc

t do, tuy nhin thng dng l theo phng Z.
Cc thnh phn cng ca l xo c n v ( lc/n v di , lc /n v gc xoay).
khai bo cng n hi vo Assign Joint Springs (hnh 3.72)
gn cc cng n hi ( l xo ), trc ht
phi tnh cc gi tr ca cng n hi. Trong
m hnh nn Winkler tnn coi nh n hi
tuyn tnh v c c trng bi mt h s nn .
Trong trng hp n gin SAP2000 xut tnh
cngca mt gi l xo theo mt phng bt k
nh sau :
Ki= Ks .b.ls = Ks . A
Trong :
+
Ks h s nn
b,ls chiu rng v di m gi phi chu

Hnh 3.72
Bng gi tr h s nn mt s loi t thng dng :

-
t ct xp :
4800-16000 ( kN / m3 )
196
-
t ct cht va : 9600 - 80000 ( kN / m3 )
t ct cht :
6400 - 128000 ( kN / m3 )
2.11.12.2. Phng php xc nh h s nn :

Trong c hc t - nn mng nh bit , c rt nhiu m hnh nn c trng cho cc loi
t nn khc nhau. M hnh nn do Winkler c s dng ngh hin nay ang c s
dng rng ri bi s n gin v thch hp vi mt s loi t thng dng ca n. Trong
m hnh ny , t nn c coi nhh n hi tuyn tnh, c trng bi mt h s nn.
-
H s nn c xc nh bi cng thc sau:

Ks = As + Bs .Zn
Trong : As hng s ph thuc theo chiu su mng ; Bs h s ph thuc su ; Z

su ang kho st ; n h s hiu chnh c gi tr gn vi ng cong thc nghim
(khng c kt qu th nghim th ly n=1 ).
2.11.12.3. M hnh tnh ton cc loi mng mm
i vi cc kt cu mng thng c hai phn : kt cu chu lc v phn nn. H chu lc
c th m t bi cc loi phn t khc nhau nh dm ( mng bng ), tm ( mng b ).
Ngoi ra trong trng hp cn thit c th s dng phn t Plane , Solid . . .
M hnh ca mt s kt cu :
+
Mng bng - Dm - dng phn t thanh: gi l xo t ti cc im nt ca dm,

mt tu .
V
H
Tng c : Dm
Dm
t nn
Gi
L xo
t nn
Neo
Neo
Hnh 3.73
Mng bng giao nhau - H dm giao nhau : gi l xo c th t ti cc giao im

ca h dm hoc cc im bn trong.
197

+
Mng b- Tm trn nn n hi : mng dng phn t tm, gi l xo ch t ti cc

im nt ca phn t .
Cc chu lc ngang - Ch : Khai bo cc bc t do cho kt cu : UX , RY
2.12. V d: Tnh ni lc v chuyn v chn thp nc c vnh ai gia cng.
Hnh 3.74
S hnh hc
2.12.1. D liu
-
Thp c 3 ct tit din bin i u, kch thc v tit din cho nh hnh v D1
(0.25 x 0.5); D2 (0.2 x 0.4),Lin kt :ngm ti cc chn ct
Cc ct chia thnh 3 on ; cc vnh ai chia thnh 24 dm
Vt liu b tng mc 300; E= 2.9E6T/m2, h s poisson = 0.18, w = 2.5 (T/m3); M =

0.25(T/m3);.
Ti trng : khai bo 3 trng hp ti v 3 t hp ti trng

+
Trng hp 1 (TH1):Ti trng bn thn vi h s l 1.1 v ti trng phn b u

theo phng Z tc dng ln cc vnh ai nh thp (z = 12). Vi vnh ai ngoi
q1=1.4T/m; vnh ai trong v cc dm cho: q 2= 1.8T/m.
198
Trng hp 2 (TH2) : Ti trng gi theo phng X. Ti trng phn b theo phng

ngang v tc dng ln tt c cc vnh ai nh + dm cho l q3= 0.3T/m.
Trng hp 3 (TH3): Lc tp trung ti 6 nt trn tr ti cc cao trnh z = 4 v Z

=8 Vi P(z = 4) =0.5T , P(z = 8) = 0.8T
Cc t hp ti:
+
COMB1 = 1x TH1+1 xTH2
COMB2 = 1 x TH1 + 0.9 ( TH2 + TH3)
COMB3 = Max Min ( COMB1, COMB2).
2.12.2. Hng dn cch lm : ( vi SAP2000V9.03)

-
Chn New modalGrid only New Coord/ Grid system; (n v: T,m)nhp cc

thng s:
+
Number of gridlines
Grid spacing: X direction: 0.75; Ydirection: 1; Z direction: 4.
X direction: 3; Ydirection: 1; Z direction: 4.
2.12.2.1. Khai bo d liu:

-
Khai bo vt liu Define Material Add new material ( Nhp material name:
BTM300; module of elastic : 2.9 E06; Weight per unit volume: 2.5 ; Mass per unit
volume: 0.25; Poisson ratio: 0.18)
Khai bo tit din: Trc ht khai bo cc tit din ch nht, sau khai bo tit din
nonprimastic
+
Khai bo tit din ch nht : DefineFrame sectionsAdd RectangularAdd

new property
Section Name
Depth (t3)
Width (t2)
Material
S1
S2
S3
S4
D1
D2
0.6 (m)
0.533 (m)
0.466(m)
0.4(m)
0.5(m)
0.4(m)
0.25(m)
0.25(m)
0.25(m)
0.25(m)
0.25(m)
0.2(m)
BTM300
BTM300
BTM300
BTM300
BTM300
BTM300
Khai bo tit din khng lng tr ( nonprimastic): DefineFrame sectionsAdd

NonprimasticAdd new property Hp thoai Nonprimastic Section definition
nhp cc thng s nh hnh 3.74.a Bm Add .
199
Hinh 3.74.a
Hp thoi nh ngha TD nonprimastic
OK Khai bo xong tit din TD1 thay i t S1 n S2. Tng t vi TD2

(S2S3) v TD3(S3 S4).
-
Khai bo cc trng hp tI
trng (load case): Define
Load Case Hp thoi
Define Loads Nhp cc
thng s nh hnh 3.74.b
OK
Hinh 3.74.b
Khai bo cc t hp tI trng: Define Combonations Define Response

Combonation Add New Combo Response Combonation Data Khai bo d liu
(Hnh 3.74b,c ng vi COMB2 v COMB3, COMB1 tng t COMB2)OK.
Hinh 3.74.c
200
2.12.2.2. To s hnh hc
-
V v chia phn t nh hnh.
Gn tit din ( xem trong phn khai bo d liu)
Bm
EditReplcate (Ctrl + M) radial, thc hin t sinh theo
hoc (Ctrl + A) chn tt c.
cung trn, quay quanh gc ta ( // trc Z, x= y =0).

Nhp cc d liu nh hnh 3.74.d
-
Ln lut thm 3 HT tr cc cao trnh z = 4; 8; 12. Trnh t thc hin nh sau (v d

z = 12, cn 3 ng li theo phng bn knh, 24 gc (25 ng li, mi gc bng
360o /24 =15o)
+
Define/ Coordinate system Grid/ Add new system/ Chn Cylindrical
Nhp cc thng s nh hnh 3.74.e
Chn Edit Grid (hnh 3.74.e) DefineGrid Data for system CSYSZ=12 chn
Coordinate system chn 3D, nhp chuyn v thng theo
phng Z =12.OK (hnh 3.74.f)
Ti gc di pha tri mn hnh chn HT va to
Hinh 3.74.d
Hinh 3.74.e
Hinh 3.74.f
201

-
ch 2 ca s (OptionsWindowsTwo titled vertical), mt 3D view, mt

trong mt phng
Trong mt rt v hai on dm vnh ai (hnh 3.74.g) v Replicate thnh 24 on (hnh

3.74.h)
Hinh 3.74.g
Hinh 3.74.h
SelectFrame sectionschn D2OK
AssignAssign to GroupsAdd New GroupHp DefineAssign Group Name

chn Group DefinitionTrong Group Name g DAINGOAIOK.
Tng t vi ai trong v dm cho ta chn D1 v to thnh 1 nhm DAITRONG
Tng t ti z =4 v z =8 ln lt thm cc HT tr v v cc dm ai nh u bi.
Gn lin kt: Chn HT Globlal, trong mt phng xy, z=0 chn 3 nt chn
thpAssignJoints Restraint chn
2.12.2.3. Gn tI trng
TH1: (trng hp 1)
+ Menu SelectGroups
DAINGOAI OK
+ Assign Frame/Cable/Tendon
Loads Distributed Nhp cc
d liu nh hnh 3.74.i OK
+ Select Groups DAINGOAI
OK
+ Tng t trn, nhp 1.8 trong
Uniform Load OK
Hinh 3.74.i
202
TH2: (trng hp 2)
+ Trong mt phng xy, z = 12, dng ca s chn tt c cc phn t.
+
Assign Frame/Cable/Tendon Loads Distributed Nhp cc d liu nh hnh

3.74.j OK
TH3: (trng hp 3)
+ Trong ca s 3D chn 3 nt ti Z = 4
+
Menu Assign Joint Loads Forces Hp thoi Joint Forces.
Trong Joint Forces : ( Load case name: TH3; Nhp d liu nh hnh 3.74.k ->OK)
Tng t vi cc nt ti z =8.
Hinh 3.74.j
Hinh 3.74.k
2.12.2.4. Phn tch v xem kt qu

Analyze Set analyses options spaces frames OK Run .
2.12.3. Hng dn cch lm vi SAP2000V7.4
-
Chn n v T,m
Chn
New modal Hp thoi
definitionnhp cc th s:
Coordinate system
Number of gridlines
direction: 3.
Grid spacing: X direction: 0.75; Ydirection: mc nh;
Z direction: 4.
X direction: 4;
Ydirection: 0; Z
203

2.12.3.1. Khai bo d liu
Nh mc 2.11.3.1.
2.12.3.2. To s hnh hc
-
V v chia phn t nh hnh, gn tit din v chn ALL
EditReplcate (Ctrl + M) radial trong rotate about chn trc z, number = 2, angle
= 120.
Ln lut thm 3 HT tr cc cao trnh z = 4; 8; 12. V d ti Z = 12

+
Menu OptionsSet Coordinate system Add systemCylindricalNhp cc

thng s nh hnh 3.74.i Advanced Z = 12 ( hnh 3.74.m)OK
OK.
chuyn i gia cc h ta : OptionsSet Coordinate system Chn vo h

ta mi OK.
Cc bc cn li nh i vi SAP2000V9.03
Hinh 3.74.l
Hinh 3.74.m
2.12.3.3. Gn ti trng
Gn tI phn b u: Assign Frame static loads Point and uniform, tng t
SAP2000V9., chn Load case v nhp lc vo Uniform.
Gn ti tp trung: nh SAP2000V9.
204
Ch n v lc gc di pha phi mn hnh, trn khung nhp ti ca SAPV7.4 khng

c n v .
2.12.3.4. Phn tch v xem kt qu
3. Phn tch - Tnh ton

qu tnh phn tch chnh xc v t hiu qu cao, trnh gy li khi chy chng trnh,
ngi dng nn thc hin mt s thao tc trong bc phn tch :
-
Kim tra m hnh kt cu
La chn s tnh
Khai bo cc tham s tnh ton v la chn phng n xut kt qu (c th kt hp

trong bc phn tch hoc phn xut kt qu)
Tnh ton Phn tch
3.1. Kim tra m hnh kt cu

y l mt bc khng bt buc nhng nn lm, nht l i vi cc bn sinh vin khi
thc hnh v lm bi kim tra, nhng ngi cha s dng thnh tho chng trnh. Trong
phn ny bao gm :
3.1.1. Kim tra s hnh hc
a kt cu v cc mt phng XZ,XY,YZ, dng chut phi nhn vo mt s phn t trong
kt cu kim tra kch thc cc tng, cc nhp, mt s v tr c bit, nhng ni giao
nhau ca phn t, nhng ni xut hin nt ... cc thanh c chia nh, n v chiu di
ng cha. Trn hnh 3.75, nhn chut phi vo phn t dm trn cng (m), mt s
thng tin v v tr, kch thc ... ca dm hin trn hnh 3.76
Hnh 3.75
Hnh 3.76
205

3.1.2.
Kim tra kch thc tit din
Trong phn ny ch :
-
Kim tra khai bo , ng kch thc cc tit din c mt trong kt cu : Define

Frame SectionModify/Show Property.
Kim tra kt cu c gn ng tit din cha: View Set Display Option Frame
Section. Nhng phn t no cha gn s c tn cc tit din mc nh ca SAP. V
d, trn hnh 3.77 c phn t thanh dm tng 2, mu m cha gn tit din, s c
t gn tn l FSEC1.
Kim tra s khng gian, dng khi (hnh 3.78 ): View Set Display Option
Extrude view trnh nhng li do a vo cc kch thc khng hp l. V d, kch
thc mt thanh dm trn hnh 3.78 b sai v cha gn ng.
Hnh 3.77
Hnh 3.78
3.1.3. Kim tra tng trng hp ti gn

Nh bit, mi ti trng khi gn ch gn cho mt trng hp c th. Trong qu trnh gn,
ngi dng thng qun khng chn trng hp ti cho cc ti trng ang khai bo, do
vy cc ti trng t ng nhp vo trng hp 1( Load1) v dn n sai khi tnh kt qu.
Trong phn ny, chng ta nn hin li cc ti trng ca tng trng hp (cho mi loi
phn t) : Display Show Load Assign Chn Loi i tng (Joint, Frame, Shell ...).
Ch ; khi s dng Frame, cc ti trng ti nt cng trong trng hp ti cng hin. Trn
hnh 3.79, 3.80 hin cc ti trng gn cho trng hp 1 (TH1) v TH2 ngi dng
kim tra.
206
Hnh 3.79
Hnh 3.80
Ngoi cc bc kim tra trn, ngi dng c th kim tra thm cc thng s v vt liu,
cc h s t hp, lin kt . . .
3.2. La Chn s tnh : Analyse Set Analyse Option

Theo mc nh, SAP2000 cho php c 6 bc t do ca cc nt trong kt cu chuyn v
c, iu ny ch ph hp vi kt cu Space Frame v Shell. Trong trng hp m hnh
tnh ton l cc dng kt cu khc, ngi s dng phi chn v khai bo cho chng trnh
qua 2 cch :
-
Vi mt s kt cu nm trong bng kt cu mu ca SAP trong Fast DOFs trn hnh

3.81 th ch cn nhn vo biu tng, SAP t ng gn cc tham s ca Degree of
fredom v nhn dng kt cu
Vi cc loi kt cu khng c trong cc kt cu mu ca SAP th ngi dng phi

khai bo cc bc t do cho cc nt ca ton kt cu trong cc tham s ca Available
DOFs.
Hnh 3.81
207
Cch khai bo Available DOFs cho mt s loi kt cu khng nm trong bng mu ca

SAP :
+
Dn phng : ch chuyn v theo Ux v Uz
Dn khng gian : ch chuyn v theo Ux, Uy v Uz
Tm phng : Uz , Rx, Ry
Phn t ASOLID: Ux v Uz ;
Phn t SOLID : Ux , Uy v Uz
3.3. Thc hin tnh ton : Analyse Set Analysis Case to Run
thc hin tnh ton (phn tch kt cu) vo Analyse Set Analysis Case to Runs
la chn cc trng hp ( khai bo) cn tnh v trng thi Run trong Action sau
nhn Run now.
Hnh 3.82
Hnh 3.83
Chng trnh SAP2000 c th phn tch tnh v phn tch ng cc s kt cu, cho c
cc bi ton tuyn tnh v phi tuyn. Sau y s trnh by qua cc loi phn tch m SAP
c th thc hin c v mt s thng tin c bn cho cc loi phn tch ny.
3.3.1. Cc loi phn tch :
-
Phn tch tnh : ch chu cc ti trng tnh, khai bo Linear Static. y l loi phn tch
thng thng m bi ton no cng thc hin. Ngi s dng ch cn chn cc trng
hp, t hp cn tnh v t Action l Run( hnh 3.83).
Tnh dao ng ring : khai bo Modal (Mode shape). Trong mt s phin bn u

ca SAP2000 (v d V7.4), khi mun tnh dao ng ring cho kt cu, ngi s dng
cn kim tra chnh xc gi tr ca M (khi lng ring) trong phn khai bo vt liu,
khai bo s dng dao ng (Number of Mode) v chn phng php tnh trong phn
Analysis OptionSet Dynamic Parameters (hnh 3.82). Trong cc phin bn gn
y, SAP2000 t gn thm mt trng hp MODAL vi s cc dng dao ng mc
208
nh l 12 trong Set Analysis Case to Run (hnh 3.83). Ngi s dng mun tnh dao
ng ring ch cn chn Action l Run, v b qua tnh dao ng ring nu chn Not
Run.
-
Phn tch P-Delta: bi ton n nh ( chn P-Delta)
Phn tch ng :Vi cc loi phn tch ng, ngi s dng phi khai bo cc hm ti
trng ng trong phn Define Function, gn cc hm ti trng cho nt, phn t
trong kt cu nh mt trng hp ti c lp. SAP2000 s tnh v cho kt qu ca ti
trng ng qua cc trng hp ny. C th lit k mt s loi ti trng ng m
SAP2000 c th phn tch c nh sau:
Ti trng iu ho ( Harmonic steady-state ): v d ti trng do cc my mc t

trong cng trnh khi lm vic sinh ra.
Phn tch ph phn ng ( Response spectrum ) :Ti trng c gia tc nn, v d

ng t.
Phn tch theo hm thi gian ( Time History) : c th cho bi ton tuyn tnh, phi
tuyn. V d ti trng sng bin, gi...
Phn tch vi ti trng di ng : bi ton cu (Bridge Load).
Cc kiu phn tch c thc hin mt ln, kt qu c th tnh, in cho tng trng hp,
tng t hp hoc t hp vi nhau.
Combo: L mt t hp c th l cng tc dng hoc bao ni lc ca cc trng hp trn
hoc t hp vi chnh xc cc trng hp t hp khc. Mi kiu mc nh c th c nhiu
trng hp khc nhau. V d: Load1, Load 2 Model 1, Model 2 Combo 1, Combo2
Tn t hp do ngi dng t cn kiu t hp la chn cc kiu do chng trnh quy nh.
3.3.2. Bi ton dao ng ring (Dynamic Analysis) T: chu k ; f: tn s ; T=1/f
Trong bi ton dao ng ring, ngi dng c th chn kiu phn tch cho bi ton theo
mt trong hai cch sau :
-
Phn tch Eigenvector - Phn tch theo gi tr ring
Phn tch gi tr ring l xc nh cc dng dao ng t do khng b cn v tnh cc tn

s ca h. Cc dng dao ng ny l xut pht t bn trong kt cu. Phn tch gi tr
ring l i n gii nghim ca bi ton sau :
K F = M F W2
Trong
K - ma trn cng
M - ma trn cho khi lng
209

W2 - ma trn cho ca cc gi tr ring
F - ma trn ca cc vect ring tng ng
SAP2000 gii bi ton ny v cho kt qu l cc gi tr ring nh nht (v cc vct ring

tng ng). Mi cp gi tr ring vct ring gi l mt dng dao ng t nhin ca kt
cu, chng xc nh theo cc s t 1 n n theo trt t tm thy trong chng trnh . Gi tr
ring l bnh phng ca tn s vng w ca dng dao ng ang xt. Mi quan h gia
tn s dao ng f, chu k dao ng T v w nh sau :
T=
-
1
w
;f =
f
2p
Phn tch theo vector Ritz - Phn tch theo vct ring
i vi h kt cu ln, gii bi ton tr ring cho dao ng t do tm cc tn s ring

cn mt khi lng tnh ton rt ln. Trong khi nhiu dng dao ng ring s trc giao
vi ti trng v khng nh hng n phn ng ng hc ca h, do vy s dng tt c
cc dng (chng mode) dao ng ti nhng bc t do khng c khi lng s khng dn
n li gii chnh xc. Nu c th tnh c vector Ritz trc giao vi ma trn cng v
khi lng, ch vi mt s lng tnh ton ti thiu n s hi t ti li gii chnh xc.
Cc nghin cu gn y cho thy rng gii tch ng hc theo phng php chng
mode da trn mt tp ca cc vct ring cho kt qu chnh xc hn l dng cng mt
s cc dng dao ng chnh xc. L do m phng php vct Ritz cho kt qu tt nh
vy v khi tnh k n s phn phi khng gian ca ti trng ng. Tt c cc dng dao
ng ca vc t Ritz u l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vct ring chnh xc, chnh v vy
phng php lun hi t n nghim chnh xc.
Tp y ca cc dng dao ng theo vct Ritz c dng lm c s biu th
chuyn v ng ca kt cu.
hiu r them cc thut ton ca vct Ritz, xin tham kho trong trong Wilson (1985 ).
tnh ton dao ng ring ca h kt cu , thc hin cc bc sau :
+
Gn khi lng tp trung ( xem li n v khi tnh theo Eigen m = P/gm=P/g) .Trong
SAP, Khi lng bn thn ca cc phn t c chng trnh t qui i v cc nt.
Chng trnh tnh khi lng c tng ri chia cho s nt chnh (nt c ct, vch)
Khi tnh khi lng ch : Ch tnh khi lng ca tnh ti v hot ti di hn. (xem
TCVN2737-95)
Ch nhp khi lng gy lc qun tnh Menu Assign Masses Direction 1, 2
(b qua khi lng theo phng 3 (z) v khng nhp mmen qun tnh).
210
+
Khai bo s dng dao ng cn tnh n (number of mode): n10.

tm cc dng dao ng theo Eigenvector cn xc nh cc thng s sau:
shift: (Center) =0
cut: gi tr tn s gii hn (radius) (=0 hoc bng fL khi tnh gi ng)
tol: Gi tr hi t (Tolerance)
S dng dao ng gii hn bi 3 iu kin: n, shift, cut.
3.3.3. Thng bo li
Khi thc hin phn tch v tnh ton kt cu, nu pht hin ra nhng li (cha khai bo lin
kt ni t, lin kt khng hp l lm kt cu bin hnh ...) chng trnh SAP s c nhng
thng bo trn mn hnh, ng thi ct vo tp *.ERR tin cho ngi s dng d theo
di.
Khi thng bo li, chng trnh cho bit nguyn nhn gy ra li v v tr c li. Vi cc li
"Warning ", thng l li cnh bo cho nhng trng hp khng quan trng (nh v tr nt
khai bo nhiu ln, khai bo cc bc t do ca nt trong phn t khng ph hp vi loi
kt cu hay s lm vic ca kt cu ...). Trong trng hp ny, chng trnh vn chy bnh
thng v cho kt qu, i khi kt qu b sai. Ngi s dng nn kim tra li nu thy
khng cn thit phi sa c th b qua, thng thng phi sa.
Nhng li thng bo ERROR l li nng, thng do khai bo lin kt ca kt cu khng
hp l, kt cu bin hnh, khai bo sn cng nhiu ln, nhm n v khi xy dng s
kt cu (kch thc qu nh so vi ti trng kt cu phi chu).... Li ny s dng vic thc
hin chng trnh, nhng li ny phi c khc phc th chng trnh mi chy tip .
V d cc li :
***WARNING***
4
ON INPUT LINE 21
X=0 Y=0 Z=4 G=4,19,3,1
MULTIPLY DEFINED JOINT, NUMBER
***WARNING***
EQUATION #
76 LOST 6.34 DIGITS OF ACCURACY
***WARNING***
ZERO STIFFNESS DETECTED AT DEGREE OF FREEDOM
37
DEGREE OF FREEDOM RESTRAINED BY PROGRAM
211
4. Xem kt qu
Kt qu ca SAP2000 c th xem trc tip trn mn hnh, in ra giy di dng ho
(cc biu , hnh v), cc tp d liu, cc bng cha d liu theo dng Text hoc xut ra
cc file c dng da trn cu trc c s d liu (Data base) ca Excel, Access, Word.
xem kt qu thng thao tc mt hoc nhiu cc bc sau :
-
Chn ca s hin (1- 4): Vo Option Window
Chn cc i tng mun xem kt qu (thng thng l c kt cu)
Chn trng hp hoc t hp mun xem
Chn thnh phn d liu vo ( cc khai bo m hnh ) hoc kt qu tnh (chuyn v,

ni lc...) mun hin .
Chn loi tp tin : D liu u vo : *. sdb(dng nh phn) , *.$2k (dng text),

Kt qu : *.out , *.txt, *.xls , *.mdb
Sau y s trnh by cch hin (xem) kt qu theo nhng kiu khc nhau.
4.1. Kt qu trn ha Display

xem kt qu trn ha, ngi s dng vo menu Display. Menu ny hin cc chc
nng ca Display (hnh 3.84). Sau ty theo mun xem tip phn no, ngi dng vo
cc menu con m cc hp thoi, khai bo cc thng s c th chng trnh hin
cc biu , hnh v tng ng. V d hp thoi chn cc thnh phn ni lc hin (hnh
3.85).
4.1.1. Xem s hnh hc - Display Undeformation Shape
Vo chc nng ny, SAP s hin s kt cu khi cha bin dng (dng hnh hc ban
u ca kt cu).
212
Hnh 3.84
Hnh 3.85
4.1.2. Xem s ti trng ti trng : Display Show Load Assign

Sau khi thit lp v gn ti trng cho tng trng hp ti (Load Case), ngi dng c th
xem, kim tra li phn gn cho tng trng hp mnh thc hin c ng nh s hay
mun ca mnh hay khng. Mi ca s trn mn hnh v ng vi mt dng biu , SAP
ch hin cho mt trng hp v mt loi ti trng (trn nt hoc trn phn t), ngi dng
c th khng hin hoc cho hin c gi tr ti trng gn.
Cc tham s cn khai bo khi hin mt s ti trng :
-
Chn trng hp ti : chn mt tn trong danh sch ca Load name.
Chn loi ti trng : Load Type, c th l mt trong cc loi : Joint - Frame - Area Solid - Link
Chn cch hin s : Value -hin c hnh dng v gi tr; theo mc nh ch cho hnh
dng ca s ti trng. Trong trng hp chn hin TT trn phn t( frame, Area...)
th SAP hin c cc TT trn phn t v trn cc nt.
Chn H to khi hin s : Coordinate Sys.( Xem hnh 3.86)
4.1.3. Hin cc biu chuyn v : Display Show deformed Shape

hin cc biu chuyn v, thc hin cc thao tc:
-
Chn trng hp / t hp mun hin: Case/ Combo
Chn t l khi hin: Scaling
213

-
Chn kiu hin :

+
Wire : Hin s KC (mu ghi nht, m) v dng chuyn v (ng m).
Cubic : Ch hin dng chuyn v
4.1.4. Hin cc biu ni lc : Display Show Forces/Stress

Sau khi tnh ton, ngi dng c th hin mt s biu ni lc ( hnh 3.87) qua cc thao
tc sau:
-
Chn trng hp-T hp: ( Case/Comb)
Chn i tng hin :

+
Joint : Reaction-Sprring hin cc biu phn lc gi ta v phn lc n hi.
Frame/Cable : hin 1 trong 6 thnh phn ni lc (Axial - Shear Moment) trong

mi ca s.
Scaling : chn t l
Option :
+
Fill : biu t mu;
Show value : biu dng si, c c gi tr.
Hnh 3.86
Hnh 3.87
minh ha cc hnh v cho s chuyn v, s cht ti cho LOAD1, biu

lc dc v biu mmen ca kt cu.
214
Trong phn Display, c th xem mt s dng biu khc nh :

4.1.5. Hin cc biu Display Show Virtual Work Diargam
4.1.6. Hin cc hm ti trng ngSpec -Time
4.1.7. Xem cc ng nh hng Display Show Influence Lines
4.2. In cc biu
Sau khi tnh ton, ngi dng c th xut cc hnh v vo ti liu ca mnh bng mt trong
cc hnh thc :
4.2.1. In trc tip : thao tc cc bc
-
Hin biu cn in trn mn hnh
La chn mt s thuc tnh:

+
Option References/Dimesnion: khai bo gi tr ca Line Thickness- iu chnh

nt v khi in ra (Print Thickness) hoc nt v hin trn mn hnh (Sreen thickness).
Option Color : t mu cho cc i tng khi hin trn mn hnh, trn giy v
chn cc thit b xut kt qu.
Ci t tham s in : FilePrint Setup for Graphics : t c giy-my in-kh giy . . .
Nhn File Graphics
4.2.2. Xut trc tip hnh v ( ton b )ca SAP2000 sang cc file vn bn :
-
Hin biu mun hin trn mn hnh: c th mt hoc ti a 4 ca s, mi ca s c

th l mt la chn khc nhau ( hnh 3.87).
Nhn Print Screen
M cc vn bn : nhn Paste
4.2.3. Xut, ct dn hnh v ca SAP2000 sang cc file nh :

Trong qu trnh lm bo co, vit ti liu, ngi dng mun a mt s hnh v (d liu
vo hoc kt qu tnh ton ca SAP2000) vo cc tp vn bn, c th dng cch sau
thc hin:
-
Hin biu mun hin trn mn hnh.
Nhn Print Screen.

-
215
M chng trnh ho (Paint hoc mt phn mm no ) : nhn Paste (c th ct

mt phn ca hnh v theo mun, dn vo Text hoc ct vo tp).
Trong cc phin bn sau ca SAP2000 (t V8.0) tr i, chc nng Report ca SAP cho
php ngi dng to mt vn bn trong c cc tiu , cc d liu v s (c d liu
vo, ra) di dng bng, cc hnh v, ... theo cu trc m ngi dng t b tr (tham kho
phn 4.2).
4.3. Xem & in kt qu trn file text

Sau khi thc hin phn tch, tnh ton, SAP200 s to ra hn ba mi tp kt qu, trong
c nhng tp cha cc gi tr cn cho ngi dng nh ni lc, chuyn v, phn lc, hm
ti trng...v nhng tp trung gian sinh ra trong qu trnh tnh ton. Ty thuc vo tng bi
ton m tt c hoc mt s cc tp s xut hin trn a.
Trong phn ny, ban c tham kho v hiu bit thm v cc tp ca SAP, xin gii
thiu vn tt chc nng ca mt s tp c bn.
-
Tp *.SDB : l tp cha d liu u vo ca s kt cu, dng m nh phn ch m

c bng chng trnh SAP, ngi dng khng c v hiu c.
Tp *.$2K : cng tng t nh SDB nhng di dng Text, ngi dng c th m ra

xem, sa, thm, bt bng mt trong cc phn mm vn bn, nu nhp li chng vo
chng trnh qua chc nng Import, cc bin i ny s c cp nht vo ha (vi
iu kin ngi dng phi hiu cu trc ca tp ny v vit ng theo qui nh).Cc
thng tin trong tp *.$2K c th chia thnh cc nhm nh :
+
Thng tin chung cho c h
Thng tin cho nt
Thng tin cho cc loi phn t c mt trong kt cu
Thng tin v thit k
T SAP2000_V8 d liu ca m hnh kt cu c a vo cc bng (Table), mi bng l

mt loi thng tin, ngi dng c th xem, sa ngay trong bng khi xy dng m hnh
trong giao din ha. Truy nhp cc bng ny kh thun tin qua menu Display
Show Table (s trnh by k mc sau) v vic sa d liu qua cc bng ny d hn
sa trn tp *.$2K.
Di y a ra mt on ca tp *.$2K, c cu trc ca cc khi d liu, tuy nhin
tp y khong 50 trang, tc gi ch trch dn mi khi 1,2 dng ngi dng bit ni
dung thng tin trong .
216
----------------------------------------------------------File
D:\DATA\VIDUSAP\ViduSAP8\bt19_khung_dam_san_V9.$2k
was
saved
on
7/20/08 at 10:18:14
TABLE:
"ACTIVE DEGREES OF FREEDOM"
UX=Yes
TABLE:
UY=Yes
UZ=Yes
RX=Yes
RY=Yes
RZ=Yes
"ANALYSIS CASE DEFINITIONS"
Case=LOAD1
Type=LinStatic
InitialCond=Zero
Case=LOAD2
Type=LinStatic
InitialCond=Zero
Case=LOAD3
Type=LinStatic
InitialCond=Zero
TABLE:
"AREA LOADS - UNIFORM"
Area=25
LoadCase=LOAD2
CoordSys=GLOBAL
Dir=Z
UnifLoad=-500
Area=31
LoadCase=LOAD2
CoordSys=GLOBAL
Dir=Z
UnifLoad=-500
UnifLoad=-500
TABLE:
"AREA SECTION ASSIGNMENTS"
Area=22
Section=SAN
MatProp=Default
ThickOver=None
Section=SAN
MatProp=Default
ThickOver=None
OffsetOver=None
Area=23
OffsetOver=None
TABLE:
"AREA SECTION PROPERTIES"
Section=SAN
Material=CONC
MatAngle=0
AreaType=Shell
Type=Plate-Thin
Thickness=0.2
BendThick=0.2
Color=2
F11Mod=1
F22Mod=1
F12Mod=1
M11Mod=1
M22Mod=1
M12Mod=1
V13Mod=1
V23Mod=1
MMod=1
WMod=1
Section=SSEC1
Material=CONC
Type=Shell-Thin
MatAngle=0
Thickness=1
AreaType=Shell
BendThick=1
Color=2
F11Mod=1
V13Mod=1
V23Mod=1
F22Mod=1
F12Mod=1
M11Mod=1
M22Mod=1
M12Mod=1
MMod=1
217

WMod=1
TABLE:
"CABLE SECTION DEFINITIONS"
CableSect=CAB1
Material=STEEL
Diameter=0.028660830844226
A2Mod=1
A3Mod=1
TABLE:
JMod=1
Specify=Area
Area=0.00064516
I2Mod=1
Color=Blue
I3Mod=1
MMod=1
AMod=1
WMod=1
"CASE - STATIC 1 - LOAD ASSIGNMENTS"
Case=LOAD1
LoadType="Load case"
LoadName=LOAD1
LoadSF=1
Case=LOAD2
LoadName=LOAD2
LoadSF=1
Case=LOAD3
LoadName=LOAD3
LoadSF=1
TABLE:
"CONNECTIVITY - AREA"
Area=22
Joint1=2
Area=23
Joint1=94
TABLE:
Joint2=64
Joint3=94
Joint2=142
Joint3=8
JointI=1
JointJ=2
IsCurved=No
Frame=2
JointI=2
JointJ=3
IsCurved=No
"CONSTRAINT DEFINITIONS - DIAPHRAGM"
Name=DIAPH1
TABLE:
Joint4=74
"CONNECTIVITY - FRAME"
Frame=1
TABLE:
Joint4=142
CoordSys=GLOBAL
Axis=Z
MultiLevel=No
"COORDINATE SYSTEMS"
Name=GLOBAL
Type=Cartesian
X=0
Y=0
Z=0
AboutZ=0
AboutY=0
AboutX=0
TABLE:
"DATABASE FORMAT TYPES"
UnitsCurr=Yes
TABLE:
OverrideE=No
"FRAME DESIGN PROCEDURES"
Frame=1
DesignProc="From Material"
Frame=2
DesignProc="From Material"
TABLE:
"FRAME LOADS - DISTRIBUTED"
Frame=12
LoadCase=LOAD1
DistType=RelDist
FOverLA=800
RelDistA=0
CoordSys=GLOBAL
RelDistB=1
Type=Force
AbsDistA=0
FOverLB=800
Dir=Gravity
AbsDistB=3.6
218
TABLE:
"FRAME OFFSET ALONG LENGTH ASSIGNMENTS"
Frame=1
TABLE:
Type=User
LengthI=0
LengthJ=0
RigidFactor=1
"FRAME OUTPUT STATION ASSIGNMENTS"
Frame=1
StationType=MinNumSta
MinNumSta=3
Frame=2
StationType=MinNumSta
MinNumSta=3
TABLE:
"FRAME SECTION ASSIGNMENTS"
Frame=1
AutoSelect=N.A.
AnalSect=COT1
MatProp=Default
Frame=2
AutoSelect=N.A.
AnalSect=COT1
MatProp=Default
TABLE:
"FRAME SECTION PROPERTIES 01 - GENERAL"
SectionName=COT1
Material=CONC
Area=0.125663706143592
Shape=Circle
TorsConst=2.51327412287183E-03
I33=1.25663706143592E-03
AS2=0.113097332533176
I22=1.25663706143592E-03
AS3=0.113097332533176 _
S33=6.28318530717959E-03
S22=6.28318530717959E-03
Z33=1.06666666666667E-02
Z22=1.06666666666667E-02
Color=Black
AMod=1
I3Mod=1
TABLE:
FromFile=No
MMod=1
ReinfConfig=Circular
BarSize=#9
I2Mod=1
LatReinf=Spiral
Cover=0.04
ReinfType=Check
Type=Energy
Component=Input
"FUNCTION - RESPONSE SPECTRUM - USER"
Name=UNIT
Period=0
Accel=1
Name=UNIT
Period=1
Accel=1
"FUNCTION - TIME HISTORY - USER"
Name=RAMP
Time=0
Value=0
Name=RAMP
Time=1
Value=1
TABLE:
JMod=1
"FUNCTION - PLOT FUNCTIONS"
PlotFunc="Input Energy"
TABLE:
A3Mod=1
R22=0.1
"FRAME SECTION PROPERTIES 02 - CONCRETE COLUMN"
NumBarsCirc=8
TABLE:
A2Mod=1
R33=0.1
WMod=1
SectionName=COT1
TABLE:
t3=0.4
"GRID LINES"
Mode=All
219

CoordSys=GLOBAL
AxisDir=X
LineColor=Gray4
XRYZCoord=-4
Visible=Yes
LineType=Primary
BubbleLoc=End
AllVisible=No
BubbleSize=0
TABLE:
"GROUPS 1 - DEFINITIONS"
GroupName=SAN
Concrete=Yes
Aluminum=Yes
AutoSeismic=No
TABLE:
AutoWind=No
Steel=Yes
Stage=Yes
Bridge=Yes
MassWeight=Yes
ObjectLabel=2
"JOINT CONSTRAINT ASSIGNMENTS"

Constraint=DIAPH1
Joint=3
Constraint=DIAPH2
"JOINT COORDINATES"
Joint=1
Z=0
ColdFormed=Yes
ObjectType=Joint
Joint=2
TABLE:
SectionCut=Yes
"GROUPS 2 - ASSIGNMENTS"
GroupName=SAN
TABLE:
Selection=Yes
CoordSys=GLOBAL
CoordType=Cartesian
XorR=-4
Y=-4.5
CoordType=Cartesian
XorR=-4
Y=-4.5
SpecialJt=No
Joint=2
CoordSys=GLOBAL
Z=3.6
SpecialJt=No
TABLE:
"JOINT LOADS - FORCE"
Joint=14
M1=0
TABLE:
M2=0
LoadCase=LOAD3
CoordSys=GLOBAL
F1=500
F2=0
F3=0
M3=0
"JOINT PATTERN DEFINITIONS"
Pattern=DEFAULT
TABLE:
"JOINT RESTRAINT ASSIGNMENTS"
Joint=1
U1=Yes
U2=Yes
U3=Yes
R1=Yes
R2=Yes
R3=Yes
Joint=7
U1=Yes
U2=Yes
U3=Yes
R1=Yes
R2=Yes
R3=Yes
TABLE:
"LINK PROPERTY DEFINITIONS 01 - GENERAL"
Link=NLPR1
RotInert2=0
LinkType=Damper
RotInert3=0
Mass=0
PDM2I=0
Color=Green
TABLE:
Weight=0
PDM2J=0
"LINK PROPERTY DEFINITIONS 04 - DAMPER"
PDM3I=0
RotInert1=0
PDM3J=0
220
Link=NLPR1
TABLE:
DOF=U1
Fixed=No
NonLinear=No
TransKE=0
"LOAD CASE DEFINITIONS"
LoadCase=LOAD1
DesignType=DEAD
SelfWtMult=1
LoadCase=LOAD2
DesignType=DEAD
SelfWtMult=0
LoadCase=LOAD3
DesignType=DEAD
SelfWtMult=0
TABLE:
TransCE=0
"MASSES 1 - MASS SOURCE"
MassFrom=Elements
TABLE:
"MATERIAL PROPERTIES 01 - GENERAL"
Material=CONC
Type=Isotropic
DesignType=Concrete
UnitMass=244.801202423866
E=2531050654.10131
VDampStiff=0
TABLE:
U=0.2
A=0.0000099
HDampMass=0
HDampStiff=0
MDampRatio=0
Color=Black
Fy=25310506.5410131
Fu=31638133.1762664
"OPTIONS - COLORS - DISPLAY"
DeviceType=Screen
LinesCable=Green
Points=Yellow
LinesFrame=Yellow
LinesTendon=Green
SpringLinks=Green
Restraints=Green
Releases=Green
ShadowLines=Gray8Dark
GuideLines=Gray8Dark
AreaF6=Yellow
Axes=Cyan
AreaEdge=DarkRed
SolidF3=Green
SolidF4=Yellow
SolidEdge=DarkRed
Background=Black
TABLE:
Text=Green
AreaF5=Red _
SolidF1=Red
SolidF5=White
SolidF2=Blue
SolidF6=Cyan
Darkness=0.5
"PROGRAM CONTROL"
ProgramName=SAP2000
SteelCode=AISC-ASD89
Version=9.0.3
ConcCode="ACI 318-99"
ColdCode=AISI-ASD96
TABLE:
VDampMass=0
"MATERIAL PROPERTIES 03 - DESIGN STEEL"
Material=STEEL
TABLE:
UnitWeight=2402.61588775147
"PROJECT INFORMATION"
Item="Company Name"
Data=21/6-LND
Item="Client Name"
Item="Project Name"
CurrUnits="Kgf,
m,
C"
AlumCode="AA-ASD 2000"
221

TABLE:
"REBAR SIZES"
RebarID=#2
TABLE:
Area=0.000032258
"TENDON SECTION DEFINITIONS"
TendonSect=TEN1
Material=STEEL
Area=0.00064516
I2Mod=1
Diameter=0.00635
I3Mod=1
ModelOpt=Loads
Specify=Area
Color=Green
MMod=1
AMod=1
PreType="Post
Tension"
Diameter=0.028660830844226
A2Mod=1
A3Mod=1
JMod=1
WMod=1
END TABLE DATA
-------------------------------------------
Tp *.OUT : Trong cc phin bn ca SAP t SAP90 tr v trc, kt qu tnh ton

ca SAP c ct trong cc tp c lp nh *.Sol, *.f3f,*.f4f,*.f5f . . . l tp kt qu cho
cc lc nt, ni lc cc phn t thanh, PT v, PT Asolid . . . T SAP2000, mi thng
tin SAP nhn c t *.SDB, kt qu tnh ton ... u c SAP a vo tp *.OUT.
Trong tp ny ngi dng c th bit :
Cc thng tin chung ca kt cu : tn phin bn ca chng trnh, cc thng tin v nt

(Joint), phn b khi lng trn cc nt (Mass), cc rng buc (Constraint),cc h ta
(System), li, cc dng dao ng( Mode Shape). . .
Cc kt qu phn tch : Cc kt qu lin quan n nt (chuyn v, lc nt ...), lin quan

n phn t ( ni lc, ng sut . . .), lin quan n thit k . . .
Ch :
-
Trong mt s trng hp, sau khi phn tch, trong tp *.OUT ch hin cc thng tin
chung m khng c kt qu phn tch (c th do dng cc phin bn ph kha), ngi
dng mun c kt qu phn tch, dng chc nng File Show Input/Output Text file
Print to File xut kt qu ra tp vn bn.
Trong cc phin bn mi ca SAP2000, kt qu cng c xut ra cc bng, c lp

cho tng loi, ngi dng ly thng tin trc tip t cc bng ny (xem phn cu trc
bng ca SAP2000), thng tin v cc kt qu phn tch c th khng cha trong tp
*.OUT.
Sau y a ra mt on ca tp *.OUT ngi dng bit cu trc ca tp v c
thng tin tham kho:
---------------------------------------------------S A P 2 0 0 0 (R)
222
Structural Analysis Programs

Advanced Version 9.0.3.0
Copyright (C) 1978-2004
COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC.
All rights reserved
This copy of SAP2000 is for the exclusive use of
the licensee
Unauthorized use is in violation of Federal copyright laws
It is the responsibility of the user to verify all

results produced by this program
20 Jul 2008
11:45:31
SAP2000 Advanced Version 9.0.3.0 (Analysis Build 8340)

File: D:\DATA\VIDUSAP\ViduSAP8\thaptru_V8_V9.OUT
Page 1
D I S P L A C E M E N T
D E G R E E S
O F
F R E E D O M
(A) = Active DOF, equilibrium equation

(-) = Restrained DOF, reaction computed
(+) = Constrained DOF
(>) = External substructure DOF
( ) = Null DOF
JOINTS
UX
UY
UZ
RX
RY
RZ
CONSTRAINTS
U1
U2
U3
R1
R2
R3
2 TO
223

DIAPH1 TO
O F
DIAPH5
AD I S P L A C E M E N T
D E G R E E S
F R E E D O M
(A) = Active DOF, equilibrium equation
(-) = Restrained DOF, reaction computed
(+) = Constrained DOF
(>) = External substructure DOF
( ) = Null DOF
JOINTS
UX
UY
UZ
RX
RY
RZ
990 TO
35 TO
A S S E M B L E D
J O I N T
M A S S E S
IN GLOBAL COORDINATES
JOINT
UX
UY
UZ
RX
RY
RZ
990
0.340370
0.340370
0.340370
.000000
.000000
.000000
989
0.340370
0.340370
0.340370
.000000
.000000
.000000
File:bt19_khung_dam_san.OUT
Page 21
C O N S T R A I N T
CONS
C O O R D I N A T E S
A N D
M A S S E S
DIAPH1 ================== TYPE = DIAPH, NORMAL DIRECTION = U3

LOCAL COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR CONSTRAINT MASTER
GLOBAL
U1
U2
U3
R1
R2
R3
1.000000
.000000
.000000
1.000000
.000000
.000000
.000000
1.000000
.000000
.000000
1.000000
.000000
.000000
.000000
1.000000
.000000
.000000
1.000000
TRANSLATIONAL MASS AND MASS MOMENTS OF INERTIA

U1
U2
U3
R1
R2
R3
7989.141
7989.141
.000000
.000000
.000000
178786.387
224
CENTER OF MASS
GLOBAL
U1
U2
U3
1.654532
1.654532
2.611111
4.98E-17
4.98E-17
.000000
3.600000
3.600000
3.600000
LOCAL COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR CONSTRAINT MASTER

GLOBAL
U1
U2
U3
R1
R2
R3
1.000000
.000000
.000000
1.000000
.000000
.000000
.000000
1.000000
.000000
.000000
1.000000
.000000
.000000
.000000
1.000000
.000000
.000000
1.000000
TRANSLATIONAL MASS AND MASS MOMENTS OF INERTIA

U1
U2
U3
R1
R2
R3
5271.978
5271.978
.000000
.000000
.000000
83489.563
CENTER OF MASS
GLOBAL
U1
U2
U3
.000000
.000000
.000000
-4.31E-17
-4.31E-17
.000000
18.000000
18.000000
18.000000
Page 3
A S S E M B L E D
J O I N T
M A S S E S
JOINT
UX
UY
UZ
RX
RY
RZ
55.372724
55.372724
55.372724
.000000
.000000
.000000
217.845973
217.845973
217.845973
.000000
.000000
.000000
T O T A L
A S S E M B L E D
J O I N T
M A S S E S
225
TOTAL
T O T A L
UX
UY
UZ
RX
RY
RZ
33289.279
33289.279
33289.279
.000000
.000000
.000000
A C C E L E R A T E D
M A S S
A N D
L O C A T I O N
TOTAL MASS ACTIVATED BY ACCELERATION LOADS, IN GLOBAL COORDINATES

UX
UY
UZ
MASS
32617.885
32617.885
32617.885
X-LOC
0.773358
0.773358
0.773358
Y-LOC
-4.01E-17
-4.01E-17
-4.01E-17
Z-LOC
9.974430
9.974430
9.974430
Page 4
M O D A L
MODE
P E R I O D S
A N D
F R E Q U E N C I E S
PERIOD
FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY
EIGENVALUE
(TIME)
(CYC/TIME)
(RAD/TIME)
0.811947
1.231608
7.738422
59.883167
0.736327
1.358093
8.533151
72.814659
0.563394
1.774956
11.152376
124.375502
(RAD/TIME)**2
Page 5
M O D A L
P A R T I C I P A T I O N
F A C T O R S
FOR UNIT ACCELERATION LOADS IN GLOBAL COORDINATES

MODE
PERIOD
UX
UY
UZ
0.811947
-0.000194
157.260151
4.38E-05
0.736327 -159.581590
7.46E-06
0.121220
0.563394
32.076590
-4.39E-05
-1.67E-07
Page 6
M O D A L
P A R T I C I P A T I N G
M A S S
R A T I O S
226
MODE
PERIOD
INDIVIDUAL MODE (PERCENT)
CUMULATIVE SUM (PERCENT)
UX
UY
UZ
UX
UY
UZ
0.811947
0.0000
75.8196
0.0000
0.0000
75.8196
0.0000
0.736327
78.0746
0.0000
0.0000
78.0746
75.8196
0.0000
0.563394
0.0000
3.1544
0.0000
78.0746
78.9740
0.0000
Page 7
M O D A L
L O A D
P A R T I C I P A T I O N
LOAD, ACC, OR NLLINK/DEF
STATIC
DYNAMIC
(PERCENT)
(PERCENT)
R A T I O S
EFFECTIVE
(TYPE)
(NAME)
LOAD
LOAD1
ACC
UX
99.7255
93.7533
0.726553
ACC
UY
99.7502
93.4846
0.798668
0.0106 ->
PERIOD
0.0003<- (*) SEE NOTE
0.071882
(*) NOTE: DYNAMIC LOAD PARTICIPATION RATIO EXCLUDES LOAD APPLIED

TO NON-MASS DEGREES OF FREEDOM
File:bt19_khung_dam_san.OUT P
Page 8
G L O B A L
F O R C E
B A L A N C E
TOTAL FORCE AND MOMENT AT THE ORIGIN, IN GLOBAL COORDINATES

LOAD
LOAD1 -----------------FX
FY
APPLIED -4.36E-28
INERTIA
.000000
.000000
MY
2250.000
.000000
.000000
-2250.000 -281463.378
5.87E-12
-4.10E-12
1 -----------------FX
APPLIED .000000
FY
.000000
FZ
MX
.000000
.000000
MY
.000000
MZ
281463.378 -3.20E-27
.000000
1.25E-12 368719.622
CONSTRS 4.26E-14 -1.02E-12

MODE
MX
4.52E-29 -368719.622
.000000
REACTNS -4.83E-13
FZ
MZ
.000000
.000000
-1.95E-10
1.96E-10
227

INERTIA -0.011646 9417.236
0.002623 -118876.311 -0.052428
REACTNS 0.293210 -9416.476 -0.314965
118873.345
CONSTRS-0.281564 0.760111
2.771193
.000000
TOTAL .000000 -6.85E-12

J O I N T
2.343342
4378.184
-1.729829
0.288589
0.561085
9.26E-13
-0.195085
D I S P L A C E M E N T S
JOINT
LOAD
LOAD1
LOAD2
J O I N T
JOINT
-0.312342
-4378.473
U1
U2
U3
R1
R2
R3
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
R E A C T I O N S
LOAD
F1
LOAD1 136.3798
F2
F3
M1
M2
M3
173.4717
21105.7109
-205.5961
155.5431
10.8859 2209.3445
-9.4757
13.7021
M2
0.0000
1
LOAD2
9.3826
0.7336
F R A M E
FRAME
E L E M E N T
LOAD
LOC
F O R C E S
P
V2
V3
M3
1
LOAD1
0.00
-21105.71 -136.38
-173.47
0.00
-205.60
155.54
1.80
-20562.25 -136.38
-173.47
0.00
106.65
3.60
-20018.79 -136.38
-173.47
0.00
418.90
89.94
335.42
S H E L L
SHELL
E L E M E N T
LOAD
JOINT
R E S U L T A N T S
F11
F22
F12
M11
M22
M12
V13
0.00
0.00
0.00 -373.38 -406.05
-60.29 -422.82
64
0.00
0.00
0.00
-28.0
V23
22
LOAD1
-420.10
429.76
-150.68
99.07
-422.82
228
94
0.00
142
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
502.88
0.00
334.97
-12.47 -119.77 -420.10

401.80
19.78 -119.77
-150.68
S H E L L
SHELL
22
S H E L L
SHELL
S12-TOP
E L E M E N T
LOAD
JOINT
FMAX
FMIN
MMAX
MMIN
VMAX
0.00
0.00
-327.25
-452.18
596.04
64
0.00
0.00
432.12
96.71
448.86
94
0.00
0.00
503.31
137.50
436.84
142
0.00
0.00
407.22
329.55
192.48
S22-BOT
S12-BOT
S11-TOP
S22-TOP
2 -56007.03 -60907.49
-9042.94
56007.03
60907.49
LOAD1
E L E M E N T
LOAD
JOINT
S13-AVG
22
9042.94
-2114.10
-2100.49
-2114.10
-598.85
-598.85
64463.66
14860.28
-4204.43 -64463.66 -14860.28
75432.60
-1871.00 -20689.40 -75432.60
60270.41
2967.51 -50245.23 -60270.41
-753.38
20689.40
-2100.49
142
-2967.51
S11-BOT
LOAD1 ( trng hp 1 )
94
1871.00
S T R E S S E S
S23-AVG
64
4204.43
P R I N C I P A L S
50245.23
-753.38
.......
4.3.1. Cu trc bng trong SAP2000 Cc khi nim
Tt c cc d liu ca SAP2000 c th truy nhp bng giao din ho hoc ly t c s
d liu b tr theo dng bng.
- Cc bng c t chc thnh tp hp bng, mi bng c tn ring v tn ca cc
trng l cc ct.
-
Cc d liu trong bng c th l mt trong 3 loi ( mc ngoi -class ) nh d liu

khai bo s kt cu , d liu ca cc kt qu phn tch v thit k.

-
229
Cc d liu bng c th xem, sa i, xut, nhp . . trong qa trnh thc hin tnh ton
ca SAP2000 hoc xut, nhp t chng trnh ny n chng trnh khc v ngc li.
C th hin trn mn hnh hay in ra giy theo nhiu dng khc nhau .
4.3.2. Cc loi d liu bng : 3 loi

-
Khai bo m hnh : trong gm cc bng cha d liu ca s hnh hc, lin kt,
ti trng, cc trng hp phn tch ,thit k ...
Display Show Tables Model Definition.
Cc kt qu phn tch gm : gm cc bng kt qu ni lc,ng sut,chuyn v

(vng),nng lng... cc d liu ny ch hin sau khi chy(Run) .Kt qu c th
hin, in, xut ( khng sa v nhp c)
Display Show TablesAnalyses Results
Cc kt qu thit k gm ng sut thit k, h s ng sut ,chiu di hiu qu , mt

ct ti u, din tch ct thp . . .
Display Show TablesDesign Results
D liu ny ch hin sau khi chy v thit k. Kt qu c th hin, in xut (khng sa

v nhp c). Khi hin cc d liu c th cho hin tt ( Show all ) hoc hin mt s hng
mc ( some - choose : vi output v design )
4.3.3. Cch dng d liu bng :
SAP2000 a ra cc bng vi 2 mc ch :
4.3.3.1. nh dng hin th, in n:
-
Cho php hin cc bng qua giao din ho trn mn hnh xem.
Ct vo cc tp lu tr hoc in, c th thuc mt trong cc dng sau :

+
Cc tp vn bn ca Word RTF ( Rich text format )
Cc tp ca Internet Exploire HTML
Dng vn bn ASCII ( Plain text )
Cc tp ca Microsoft Excel
Cc tp ca Microsoft Access
4.3.3.2. Dng cho qu trnh bin i d liu :

Cc bng d liu c th hin trn mn hnh ho, sau bin i ( thm,thay i,
xo,copy . . . ) v cng c th xut, nhp cc tp CSDL bng theo mt trong cc dng:
230
-
Dng vn bn ASCII ( Plain text )

+
Cc tp ca Microsoft Excel
Cc tp ca Microsoft Access
4.3.4. Hin d liu bng : Display Show . . .

-
Trong khi lm vic vi giao din ho ca SAP2000, c th cho hin DL di dng

bng. T Display menu c th la chn hin cc thng tin ca 1 trong 3 loi (class)
hoc c 3 loi ny .
Trong hnh 3.88,3.89 hin bng cho class d liu v s kt cu i vi
SAP2000_V8(hnh 3.88) v V9 (hnh3.89).
Nu chn cc chc nng c Definition c th hin cc thng tin chung ca s nh

ta nt, lin quan gia nt-phn t, cc trng hp ti trng ....
Nu chn cc chc nng c Assigments c th hin cc thng tin gn cho s

nh tit din, ti trng ...
Hnh 3.88
Hnh 3.89
hin tip cc thng tin, chn mt trong cc kh nng ca cc check box. V d

hin bng thng tin phn t nh hnh 3.90, thc hin cc thao tc sau:
Display Show Table (Chn Model Definition) Connectivity DataOK
Trong qu trnh thao tc vi cc bng c th :
-
iu chnh cc qu trnh hin v in .
Thc hin cc chc nng File trong hp thoi thc hin :

+
Xut bng hin thi hoc tt c cc bng ra cc c s d liu ( FileE xport )
Hin bng hin thi hoc tt c cc bng ln mn hnh (FileDisplay)
231
Hnh 3.90
Ct bng hin thi hoc tt c cc bng ra cc c s d liu (FileSave)
a thm cc bng vo tp hp bng c (FileAdd)
To ra nh dng ( format) cho bng mi FileApply
In cc bng theo dng Text (FilePrint)
Xo cc bng (File Remove)
Thc hin cc chc nng Format ( hnh 3.91) trong hp thoi c th :
Hnh 3.91
232
(Ch : thc hin c cc chc nng ny u tin chn mt hoc nhiu trng)
+
Chn s lng trng mun s dng (hin ,in) :FormatFormat for section field
GeneralIncluded fields
Thay i tn trng: Format Format for section field General Modify
t v tr hin gi tr trong trng ,thay i n v , rng ca trng: Format

Format for section field Field Aligment and Width
4.3.5. In d liu bng : dng File Print Tables :

Trc khi in n :
-
C th chn cc bng mun in cng nh phn kt cu mun hin d liu.
C th in trc tip ra my in ci t hoc to ra cc tp v sau m bng cc

phn mm khc v in .
4.3.6. T chc (Vit) bo co : File> Customs Report Write

Cc bo co c th to ra theo cc dng:
+
Microsoft Word RTF ( Rich text format )
Dng Internet Explore HTML
Dng vn bn mc nh Text editor ( Plain text )
Hnh 3.92
233
Mc d vit bo co l a ra theo nh dng, n dng cc bng CS d liu xut ra t

SAP2000 theo cu trc c s d liu (CSDL) ca Access. Trong bo co c th a ra
mt hoc nhiu tp c s d liu ca cng mt m hnh hay trong cc m hnh khc nhau.
Trong bo co cng c th thm vo cc tiu , cc vn bn gia cc bng, cc hnh v
vi cc dng khc nhau. C th sp t cch b tr trang,bng, font ch, cc hnh v ,vn
bn . . . Bo co l mt u im ca SAP2000. Hnh 3.92 l minh ha cho hp thoi
ngi dng c th khai bo cc ci t, ni dung s hin trong bo co ca mnh .
Trnh t t chc bo co :
-
Vo File Custom
Vo File Customs Report Write
Chn cc bng DL c th dng cho bo co: Select the Current DataBase File
chuyn t cc CSDL lit k trong phn ny
B tr ni dung ca bo co : Report Setup

+
a cc tp CSDL vo bo co :nh du tn tp Add Selected DB (s

lng tu )
a li ch gii vo bo co: nhn Text g ni dung
chn nh : nhn Picture khai bo tn, v tr c nh.
4.3.7. Tng tc vi cc bng d liu - Bin i Interactive
Hnh 3.93
234
i khi s dng cc d liu bng v bin i d liu trn cc bng ny thun tin hn bin
i trn mi trng ho hay cc hp thoi. Vi SAP2000 t version8 c th lm iu
ny qua chc nng EditInteractive Table Editing. iu ny ch thc hin c i vi
cc d liu u vo v khi m hnh khng kho.
-
Mun bin i d liu c th chn cc i tng v loi d liu mun bin i. Sau khi
chn cc tham s ny cc bng lin quan n chng s hin ra.
Khi s dng chc nng ny, c th thm, xo, sa ngay trn cc bng chn.Cc
thao tc ny c th chp nhn lm thay i m hnh hoc b qua. Trn hnh 3.93 l
hp thoi tng tc CSDL bng.
4.4. Xut kt qu ra cc file DXF, Excell , MDB

4.4.1. Xut t SAP sang DXF :
-
File Export DXF Open ( ch nhn vo file SAPDXF . DXF , nu khng c

trong th mc cha SAP th phi tm ng th mc cha file ny) s m mt hp thoi
v thay cc tham s trong :
Thay i cc tham s trong hp thoi Frame Frame , Joint Joints . . . ( c mt

trong kt cu )
Khai bo tn v th mc cha tp DXF s to
i vi cc hnh v 3D , sau khi AutoCAD , c th cho hin theo tng mt phng

hoc khng gian qua vic la chn ca Vpoint . vit ch , chn UCS cho mt
phng XY: UCS X 90o (a khung khng gian v phng ) ; hoc UCS ZA
chn hng z i xung ( ) , gc 0,0 .
Dng DXF ch hin s hnh hc ca kt cu - cc i tng chuyn v cc lp,

khng hin cc biu ti trng, ni lc. C th dng cc lnh ca AutoCAD bin
i cc hnh v ca SAP chuyn sang .
4.4.2. Nhp t DXF-SAP :

-
File Import DXF Open : khai bo tn tp mun nhp
Hin hp thoi : chn trc global up ( Z); khai bo n v
Khai bo cc lp Joint Joints ; Frame Frames . . .
Nn to ra mt file mu t SAP chuyn sang AutoCAD c cu trc lp, sau v m

hnh v nhp li SAP
235

4.4.3. Chuyn t SAP sang MDB :
Analyse Option Acess DataBase file g tn file ( i vi SAPp2000 V_7), vi cc

phin bn t SAP2000V_8 tr ln c th xut trc tip qua cu trc bng d liu trnh
by phn trn.
4.4.4. Chuyn t SAP sang cc tp text hay c s d liu Excell,Access ( V_7) :
-
File Print Table Analysis Result (chn kiu xut ). xut sang Excel chn loi
tp l txt. Enhanced Metal file l mt dng file vector c th c bng nhiu chng
trnh ho hoc cc cng c vn phng nh world ( c ui *.emf).
Vo Excel, m tp Txt v nhn cc phm Next Finish .
4.5. V d v xut kt qu ra file v gii thch cc i lng trong tp kt qu

Khi tnh ton, SAP2000 tnh cho ton b kt cu vi cc thng s khai bo. Tuy nhin,
ngi dng c th ty chn cc phn t, cc i lng tnh, cc trng hp ti trng ...
xut kt qu ra. Trong v d ny, hng dn ngi dng cc bc thao tc v cch la
chn xut kt qu theo mun. Kt cu tnh ton l khung khng gian c sn. Yu cu
xut ra :
Hnh 3.94
Ch xut kt qu ca 4 phn t thanh( ct) v 2 phn t sn ( hnh 3.94).
236
-
Cc kt qu phn tch ch a ra : Chuyn v nt, Phn lc nt v ni lc phn t (ca

cc nt v phn t nh du trong hnh 3.94, nh khai bo trong hnh 3.95.
Cc kt qu phn tch a ra ch ca trng hp 1 (Load1) v trng hp 2 (Load2).
Sau y l cc bc thao tc v hnh minh ha :

-
Chn cc phn t a ra kt qu : (4 thanh & 2 phn t v)
Chn cc thnh phn ni lc v cc trng hp ti trng a ra kt qu :
Hnh 3.95
Kt qu trong tp *.out ca SAP vi cc khai bo trn (km theo cc ch gii ting

Vit):
SAP2000 v7.42 File: BT19_KHUNG_DAM_SAN
J O I N T
Kgf-m Units
PAGE 1
D I S P L A C E M E N T S ( Chuyn v nt )
Tn nt Trng hp TT
Cc thnh phn chuyn v thng (U) v chuyn v xoay (R)

theo 3 phng X,Y,Z
JOINT
LOAD
U1
U2
U3
R1
R2
R3
LOAD1
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
LOAD2
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
237

2
LOAD1
1.241E-05
0.0000
-2.327E-04
-1.207E-04 0.018E-04
0.0000
LOAD2
-5.260E-06
6.980E-06 -2.501E-05
-1.145E-05 3.607E-06
0.0000
19
LOAD1
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
19
LOAD2
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
-----------------J O I N T
R E A C T I O N S ( Cc phn lc ti nt - gi ta)
Tn nt Trng hp TT
JOINT
Cc thnh phn phn lc ( F ) v m men ( M ) theo 3 phng X,Y,Z
LOAD
F1
LOAD1
136.3798
173.4717
21105.7109
LOAD2
9.3826
10.8859
19
LOAD1
-22.8034
19
LOAD2
14.5780
F R A M E
F2
M2
M3
-205.5961
155.5431
0.0000
2209.3445
-9.4757
13.7021
0.7336
265.8249
34107.4727
-315.0517
-33.1185
0.0000
91.8268
3724.2563
-107.3618
19.8597
0.7336
V tr
Lc dc
hp TT trn thanh c thanh

FRAME
1
LOAD
LOC
M1
F O R C E S ( Ni lc ca phn t thanh )
E L E M E N T
Tn thanh Trng
F3
Lc ct
Lc ct
MF1- 2
MF1- 3
V2
Lc xon
c thanh
V3
M men
M men
MF1- 3
MF1- 2
M2
M3
LOAD1 ( trng hp 1 )
0.00
-21105.71 -136.38 -173.47
0.00
-205.60
-155.54
1.80
-20562.25 -136.38 -173.47
0.00
106.65
89.94
3.60
-20018.79 -136.38 -173.47
0.00
418.90
335.42
LOAD2 ( trng hp 2 )
0.00
-2209.34
-9.38
-10.89
-7.336E-01
-9.48
-13.70
1.80
-2209.34
-9.38
-10.89
-7.336E-01
10.12
3.19
3.60
-2209.34
-9.38
-10.89
-7.336E-01
29.71
20.08
238

Chuong 3 - Tin Hoc Xay Dung

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Chuong 3 - Tin Hoc Xay Dung

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141

Phn II- Phn mm SAP2000

1. Khi nim v phn t thanh

Phn t (PT) thanh dng cho cc cu kin nh dm, ct,dn, khung, dy cp . . . ca

Cc loi kt cu dng phn t thanh bao gm :

Khung khng gian 3D Frame

Dn khng gian 3D Truss

Khung phng 2D Frame

H dm li phng Plane Grid

Mt phn t thanh m hnh ho nh mt ng thng ni gia hai im. Mi phn t

Mi phn t thanh c th chu cc loi ti trng (TT) thng thng nh TT bn thn, ti

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ng dng Tin hc trong Thit k cng trnh

Ni lc phn t thanh a ra ti hai u thanh hoc ti cc mt ct cch u nhau,

Vng cng ti u no l 0 v cc c trng mt ct ngang hnh hc J, I33, I22

Vng cng ti u no bng 0 ; cc thnh phn m men xoay R2 v R3 c

Khi cc iu kin ny xy ra c hai u, phn t thanh lm vic nh mt phn t

Thanh coi l thng ng nu gc nghing vi Z<= 10o

Thanh c th c tit din khng i ( Primastic ) hoc thay i ( Non- Primastic ).

Cc c trng hnh hc ca phn t thanh c chng trnh t tnh nu dng cc tit

A ( Cross section din tch tit din ),

I22,I33 ( Moment of Inertia Mmen qun tnh )

J (Torsional Constant Hng xon )

Section modulus : M men chng un

Plastic modulus : M men do

Radius of Gyration : Bn knh qun tnh

Mi phn t thanh c mt h to ring (HTR) khc nhau, k hiu l cc trc 1,2,3,

H to ring l tu sao cho n gin trong qu trnh vo d liu v d c kt qu

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Phn II- Phn mm SAP2000

Trc 1 (mu ) c hng theo hng trc thanh i t nt u n nt cui ( i j

Trc 2 (mu trng) v trc 3 (xanh c ban) xc nh bi mi quan h theo qui tc

Trc 3 lun nm ngang ( trong mt phng X-Y )

Cc phn t c coi l c hng thng ng nu gc nghing gia trc 1 v trc Z

i vi h thanh trc giao hng mc nh nh sau :

trc +1 // +X ; +2//+Z +3// -Y

trc +1 // +Y ; +2//+Z +3// +X

trc +1 // +Z ; +2//+X +3// +Y

thanh c h ta ring nh mc nh, khi v cc phn t nn theo trt t t tri

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ng dng Tin hc trong Thit k cng trnh

Cch ny dng khai bo hung ca phn t khc vi cc hng mc nh. Vi cc

V d v s tng quan gia cc trc theo mc nh v trc khai bo mi

Khi khai bo gc to phn t c th :

Cc loi ti trng tc dng ln PT thanh :

TT tp trung trn phn t

TT phn b ( u hoc khng u )

Trng lc, TT bn thn

TT US trc, bin dng

TT ng ( Response Spectrum & Time History )

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Phn II- Phn mm SAP2000

Ni lc ca phn t thanh: c 6 thnh phn :

V1,V2 Shear force : Lc ct

M22, M33 Moment: Mmen un

T- Torsion : Mment xon

Mt s dng biu ni lc ca PT thanh

1.2. Phn t thanh phi tuyn, lin kt ta ( Nllink- link support )

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ng dng Tin hc trong Thit k cng trnh

Hp thoi khai bo Property cho phn t Nllink/Link Support

Nu cc c trng phi tuyn ty chn khng khai bo cho mt bc t do no , cc c

Cc khe (cho trng hp nn) v cc mc (hook) cho trng hp ko.