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concrete before the concrete sets. The reinforcement needs to have the following
properties at least for the strong and durable construction:
Good bond to the concrete, irrespective of pH, moisture, and similar factor.
Thermal compatibility,
changing temperatures.
1.3. OBJECTIVE
1.
2.
To understand the accuracy of softwares for analysis and design for plan
and elevation Irregularity.
3.
2.
3.
1.5. STAADPro.
One of the most famous analysis methods for analysis is Moment Distribution
Method, which is based on the concept of transferring the loads on the beams to the
supports at their ends. Each support will take portion of the load according to its K; K is
the stiffness factor, which equals (EI/L). E, and L is constant per span, the only variable
is I; moment of inertia. I depend on the cross section of the member. To use the moment
distribution method, you have to assume a cross section for the spans of the continuous
beam. To analyze the frame, Stiffness Matrix Method is used which depends upon
matrices. The main formula of this method is [P] = [K] x []. [P] is the force matrix =
Dead Load, Live Load, Wind Load, etc. [K] is the stiffness factor matrix. K= (EI/L). []
is the displacement matrix.
STAAD was the first structural software which adopted Matrix Methods for analysis.
The stiffness analysis implemented in STAAD is based on the matrix displacement
method. In the matrix analysis of structures by the displacement method, the structure is
first idealized into an assembly of discrete structural components (frame members or
finite elements). Each component has an assumed form of displacement in a manner
which satisfies the force equilibrium and displacement compatibility at the joints.
STAAD stands for Structural Analysis and Design. STAAD.Pro is a general purpose
structural analysis and design program with applications primarily in the building
industry commercial buildings, bridges and highways structures, and industrial
structures etc. The program hence consists of the following facilities to enable this
task:1. Graphical model generation utilities as well as text editor based commands for
creating the mathematical model. Beam and column members are represented
using lines. Walls, slabs and panel type entities are represented using triangular
and quadrilateral finite elements. Solid blocks are represented using brick
elements. These utilities allow the user to create the geometry, assign properties,
orient cross sections as desired, assign materials like steel, concrete, timber,
aluminium, specify supports, apply loads explicitly as well as have the program
generate loads, design parameters etc.
2. Analysis engines for performing linear elastic and p-delta analysis, finite
element analysis, frequency extraction and dynamic response.
3. Design engines for code checking and optimization of steel, aluminium and
timber members. Reinforcement calculations for concrete beams, columns, slabs
and shear walls. Design of shear and moment calculations for steel members.
4. Result viewing, result verification and report generation tools for examining
displacement diagrams, bending moment and shear force diagrams, beam, plate
and solid tress contours, etc.
5. Peripheral tools for activities like import and export of the data from and to
other widely accepted formats, links with other popular softwares for footing
design, steel connection design, etc.
1.6. ETABS
ETABS stands for Extended Three dimensional Analysis of Building Systems. ETABS
was used to create the mathematical model of the Burj Khalifa, designed by Chicago,
Illinois-based Skidmore, Owings and Merrill LLP (SOM). ETABS is commonly used to
analyze: Skyscrapers, parking garages, steel & concrete structures, low rise buildings,
portal frame structures, and high rise buildings. The input, output and numerical
solution techniques of ETABS are specifically designed to take advantage of the unique
physical and numerical characteristics associated with building type structures. A
complete suite of Windows graphical tools and utilities are included with the base
4
package, including a modeller and a postprocessor for viewing all results, including
force diagrams and deflected shapes.
1. ETABS provides both static and dynamic analysis for wide range of gravity,
thermal and lateral loads. Dynamic analysis may include seismic response
spectrum or accelerogram time history.
2. ETABS can analyze any combination of 3-D frame and shear wall system, and
provides complete interaction between the two. The shear wall element is
specially formulated for ETABS and is very effective for modelling elevator
core walls, curved walls and discontinuous walls. This wall element requires no
mesh definition and the output produced is in the form of wall forces and
moments, rather than stresses.
3. A wide range of gravity, thermal and lateral loads may be applied for analysis.
Lateral loads include automated UBC, BOCA and NBCC seismic and wind load
along with ATC seismic and ASCE wind.
4. Steel Frame,
Concrete
Frame
and
Concrete/Masonry
Shearwall design
storey displacements,
displacements, frame member forces are obtained at each level of the frame.
6. Special features available on ETABS are design of various shapes of Columns
such as T-column, L-Column, and Poly shaped column. Design of Beams with
varying depths
7. Shear walls with and without openings according to Indian Code can be
provided in ETABS software.
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0. General
Most of the work for analysis of multi storey building has been done on STAADPro.
Evaluation of forces and moments for Dead load, Live load and Seismic load
considered. But there is very less work has been done using load combination.
M C Griffith and A V Pinto (2000) have investigated the specific details of a 4-story,
3-bay reinforced concrete frame test structure with unreinforced brick masonry (URM)
infill walls with attention to their weaknesses with regards to seismic loading. The
concrete frame was shown to be a weak-column strong-beam frame which is likely to
exhibit poor post yield hysteretic behaviour. The building was expected to have
maximum lateral deformation capacities corresponding to about 2% lateral drift. The
unreinforced masonry infill walls were likely to begin cracking at much smaller lateral
drifts, of the order of 0.3%, and completely lost their load carrying ability by drifts of
between 1% and 2%. [1]
Sanghani and Paresh (2011) studied the behaviour of beam and column at various
storey levels. It was found that the maximum axial force generated in the ground floor
columns, max reinforcement required in the second floor beams. [2]
Poonam et al. (2012) Results of the numerical analysis showed that any storey,
especially the first storey, must not be softer/weaker than the storeys above or below.
Irregularity in mass distribution also contributes to the increased response of the
buildings. The irregularities, if required to be provided, need to be provided by
appropriate and extensive analysis and design processes. [3]
Prashanth.P et al. (2012) investigated the behaviour of regular and irregular multi
storey building structure in STAADPro. and ETABS. Analysis and design was done
according to IS-456 and IS-1893(2002) code. Also manually calculations were done to
compare results. It was found that the ETABS gave the lesser steel area as that of
STAADPro. Loading combinations were not considered in the analysis and influence of
storey height on the structural behaviour was not described. [4]
6
3.1. General
Case I
Regular Building
Case II
Irregular Building
3.1.2.
Length x Width
32x20m
No. of storeys
12
Storey height
3m
Beam
450x450mm
800mm (diameter)
600x600mm
500x500mm
Slab thickness
125mm
230mm
0.90m
115mm
Support conditions
Fixed
A 32m X 20m 12-storey multi storey irregular structure is considered for the study. Size
of each grid portion is 4m x 4m. Plan of the building considered is shown in the figure
3.2.
32x20m
No. of storeys
12
Storey height
3m
400x450mm
400x400mm
Column
750x750mm
Slab thickness
125mm
230mm
0.90m
115mm
Support conditions
Fixed
fck = 25N/mm2
Steel
fy = 415N/mm2
25kN/m3
Density of Concrete
c=
brick =
20kN/m3
3.3. Loading
Loads acting on the structure are dead load (DL), Live load and Earthquake load (EL),
Dead load consists of Self weight of the structure, Wall load, Parapet load and floor
load.
Live load: 3kN/m2 is considered, Seismic zone: V, Soil type: II, Response reduction
factor: 5, Importance factor: 1, Damping: 5%. Members are loaded with dead load, live
load and seismic loads according to IS code 875(Part1, Part 2) and IS 1893(Part1):2002.
3.3.1. Selfweight
Self weight comprises of the weight of beams, columns and slab of the building.
9
SR.
NO.
ETABS
1.
DCON1
2.
3.
4.
5.
DCON2
DCON3
DCON4
DCON5
PRIMARY
FACTOR
STAADPro
LOAD
Self load
1.50
GENRAL_STRUCTURE 7
Dead load
1.50
Self load
1.50
Dead load
1.50
Live load
1.50
Self load
1.20
Dead load
1.20
GENRAL_STRUCTURE 3
Live load
1.20
EQ (along length)
1.20
Self load
1.20
Dead load
1.20
GENRAL_STRUCTURE 5
Live load
1.20
EQ (along length)
-1.20
Self load
1.20
11
GENRAL_STRUCTURE 4
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
DCON6
DCON7
DCON8
DCON9
DCON10
DCON11
DCON12
DCON13
DCON14
Dead load
1.20
Live load
1.20
EQ (along width)
1.20
Self load
1.20
Dead load
1.20
GENRAL_STRUCTURE 6
Live load
1.20
EQ (along width)
-1.20
Self load
1.50
Dead load
1.50
EQ (along length)
1.50
Self load
1.50
Dead load
1.50
EQ (along length)
-1.50
Self load
1.50
Dead load
1.50
EQ (along width)
1.50
Self load
1.50
Dead load
1.50
EQ (along width)
-1.50
Self load
0.90
Dead load
0.90
EQ (along length)
1.50
Self load
0.90
Dead load
0.90
EQ (along length)
-1.50
Self load
0.90
Dead load
0.90
EQ (along width)
1.50
Self load
0.90
Dead load
0.90
EQ (along width)
-1.50
12
(a)
(b)
Fig 3.3: (a) Front Elevation, (b) Side Elevation of the Building
13
Loading Pattern
Dead Load
Live Load
Seismic Load
16
(a)
(b)
Fig 3.11: (a) Front Elevation, (b) Side Elevation of the Building
17
Loading Pattern
Dead Load
Live Load
18
Seismic Load
20
(a)
(b)
Fig 3.19: (a) Front Elevation, (b) Side Elevation of the Building
21
Loading Pattern
Selfweight of the building
Dead Load
(a)
(b)
Fig 3.23: (a) Parapet load on the last floor (b) Floor load (Plan View)
Live Load
Seismic Load
(a)
(b)
Fig 3.25: (a) Seismic Load (along length) (b) Seismic load (along width) on building
23
(a)
(b)
Fig 3.26: (a) Front Elevation, (b) Side Elevation of the Building
24
Loading Pattern
Selfweight of the building
Dead Load
(a)
(b)
Fig 3.30: (a) Wall and Parapet load on the 6 th floor (b) Floor Load
(a)
(b)
Fig 3.32: (a) Seismic Load (along length) (b) Seismic Load (along width)
26
(a)
(b)
Fig 4.1: (a) B.M. Diagram for Selfweight (b) Shear Force diagram for Selfweight
Fig 4.1(a): shows that the beams undergo sagging in middle portion and hogging in end
portion due to Selfweight. Beams behave like continuous beam.
Fig 4.2: Max Stress Diagram for load (0.9Self +0.9Dead +1.5EQlength)
Figure shows that the max stress in the range 60-70kN/m2 is produced at the
bottommost storey and decreases with the increase in storey height.
27
Fig 4.4: B.M. Diagram for load combination 1.5(Selfweight + Dead + EQlength)
Above figure shows that the reaction of 11.59kN and 52.38kN is produced at left and
right end of the beam respectively due to load combination 1.5(Selfweight + Dead +
EQlength). Maximum shear force of 52.38kN is obtained at right end of the beam.
1.51 kN
74.57 kN
0.051 kN
0.09 kN-m
35.62 kN-m
28
(a)
(b)
Fig 4.8: (a) Axial Force (b) B.M. Diagram for load 1.5(Self +Dead load +EQlength)
Above fig. 4.8(a) shows that axial force is maximum at the bottom storey columns and
minimum at top storey columns. Fig 4.8(b) shows that bending moment decreases with
increase in the storey height.
30
Maximum axial force, shear force, B.M. of the column C30 of storey11
Table 4.2: Analysis Data
Column forces/ B.M.
Axial Force (P)
10.61 kN
33.42 kN
63.45 kN
Torsion (T)
0.008 kN -m
85.29 kN -m
73.84 kN -m
Fig 4.9: Concrete Design of Column C30 (Flexural Details) of Regular building
As column is designed according to sway analysis and design load is 208.041kN and
design moment is 712.01kN-m. Steel obtained acc. to design load is 2000mm2 .
31
( Bottom Reinforcement)
( Top Reinforcement)
B1
685
967
B2
680
936
B3
680
935
B4
680
935
B5
680
935
B6
680
935
B7
680
936
B8
685
967
B9
652
1015
Area of steel
(mm2 )
32
B10
655
1021
B11
655
1021
B12
652
1015
B13
685
967
B14
604
980
B15
604
980
B16
604
980
B17
604
980
B18
602
980
B19
602
979
B20
602
979
B21
602
980
B22
604
980
B23
652
1015
B24
601
979
B25
601
978
B26
601
978
B27
601
979
B28
655
1021
B29
604
980
B30
601
979
B31
601
978
B32
601
978
B33
601
979
B34
604
980
B35
655
1021
B36
602
980
B37
602
978
B38
602
978
B39
602
980
B40
604
980
B41
652
1015
33
B42
680
936
B43
680
935
B44
680
935
B45
680
935
B46
680
935
B47
680
936
B48
685
967
B49
698
981
B50
665
1029
B51
668
1035
B52
669
1036
B53
669
1036
B54
669
1036
B55
668
1035
B56
616
994
B57
665
1029
B58
698
981
B59
693
950
B60
617
994
B61
618
995
B62
618
996
B63
618
995
B64
617
994
B65
616
994
B66
693
950
B67
692
948
B68
614
992
B69
615
992
B70
614
992
B71
615
993
B72
615
992
B73
614
992
34
B74
614
992
B75
692
948
B76
698
981
B77
693
950
B78
616
994
B79
665
1029
B80
617
994
B81
668
1035
B82
618
994
B83
669
1036
B84
618
996
B85
669
1036
B86
618
996
B87
669
1036
B88
617
994
B89
668
1035
B90
616
994
B91
665
1029
B92
693
950
B93
698
981
Section (mm)
C1
800 (diameter)
4021
C2
800 (diameter)
4021
C3
800 (diameter)
4021
C4
800 (diameter)
4021
C5
800 (diameter)
4021
35
C6
800 (diameter)
4021
C7
800 (diameter)
4021
C8
800 (diameter)
4021
C9
800 (diameter)
4021
C10
800 (diameter)
4021
C11
800 (diameter)
4021
C12
800 (diameter)
4021
C13
800 (diameter)
4021
C14
800 (diameter)
4021
C15
800 (diameter)
4021
C16
800 (diameter)
4021
C17
800 (diameter)
4021
C18
800 (diameter)
4021
C19
800 (diameter)
4021
C20
800 (diameter)
4021
C21
800 (diameter)
4021
C22
800 (diameter)
4021
C23
800 (diameter)
4021
C24
800 (diameter)
4021
C25
800 (diameter)
4021
C26
800 (diameter)
4021
C27
600 X 600
2880
C28
600 X 600
3709
C29
600 X 600
3709
C30
600 X 600
2880
C31
600 X 600
3737
C32
600 X 600
4801
C33
600 X 600
4801
C34
600 X 600
3737
C35
600 X 600
3845
36
C36
600 X 600
4918
C37
600 X 600
4918
C38
600 X 600
3845
C39
600 X 600
3857
C40
600 X 600
4931
C41
600 X 600
4931
C42
600 X 600
3857
C43
600 X 600
3845
C44
600 X 600
4918
C45
600 X 600
4918
C46
600 X 600
3845
C47
600 X 600
3737
C48
600 X 600
4801
C49
600 X 600
4801
C50
600 X 600
3737
C51
600 X 600
2880
C52
600 X 600
3709
C53
600 X 600
3709
C54
600 X 600
2880
4.1.5. Area of Steel obtained from ETABS for columns of 3 rd storey to 12th storey
Table 4.5: Area of Steel for columns of 3 rd storey to 12th storey
Storey
Column
3rd
800 mm (dia)
4021
3rd
600 X 600 mm
2880
4th
800 mm (dia)
4021
4th
600 X 600 mm
2880
37
5th
800 mm (dia)
4021
5th
600 X 600 mm
2880
6th
800 mm (dia)
4021
6th
600 X 600 mm
2880
7th
500 X 500 mm
2000
8th
500 X 500 mm
2000
9th
500 X 500 mm
2000
10th
500 X 500 mm
2000
11th
500 X 500 mm
2000
12th
500 X 500 mm
2000
Table 4.5 shows that the steel area decreases with increase in storey height and become
constant after 6th storey level.
80000
EQ width (Y-Direction)
60000
40000
20000
0
Storey
STOREY SHEAR
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
EQ length (X-Direction)
EQ width (Y- Direction)
10 11 12
Storey
Fig 4.12: Graph of Storey Vs Storey Shear
As per above graph it has been concluded that the storey shear decreases with increase
in storey height in both x and y-directions for EQlength and EQwidth respectively.
40
35
30
25
20
15
EQ length( in X-Direction)
10
EQ width(in Y-Direction)
12
11
10
Base
Storey
(a)
(b)
Fig 4.14: (a) B.M. (b) Shear Force diagram for Dead load
Fig 4.15: Max Stress Diagram for load combination 1.5(Self +dead +Live)
Figure shows that the max stress in the range 14-21kN/m2 is produced at the
bottommost storey and decreases with the increase in storey height, from storey 2 nd to
11th storey a stress of (-7 to +7kN/m2) is acting .
40
-0.347 kN
56.23 kN
0.024 kN
Torsion (T)
0.066 kN-m
0.047 kN-m
26.94 kN-m
Maximum axial force, shear force, B.M. of the column C18 of storey11
Table 4.7: Analysis Data
Forces
Axial Force (P)
-118.49 kN
9.18 kN
4.02 kN
Torsion (T)
0.48 kN-m
88.69kN-m
92.96 kN-m
42
(a)
(b)
Fig 4.20: (a) B.M. (b) Axial Force diagram for load combination 1.2(Self +Dead
+Live +EQwidth)
Area of steel
(mm2 )
( Bottom Reinforcement)
( Top Reinforcement)
B1
644
520
B2
645
520
B3
669
520
B4
669
520
B5
655
520
B6
655
520
B7
636
520
B8
641
520
B9
626
520
B10
620
520
B11
566
520
B12
571
520
B13
566
520
B14
571
520
44
B15
620
520
B16
626
520
B17
641
520
B18
636
520
B19
655
520
B20
655
520
B21
669
520
B22
669
520
B23
645
520
B24
644
520
B25
604
463
B26
643
463
B27
640
463
B28
640
463
B29
643
463
B30
604
463
B31
591
463
B32
631
463
B33
628
463
B34
594
463
B35
630
463
B36
599
463
B37
593
463
B38
630
463
B39
594
463
B40
604
463
B41
642
463
B42
602
463
B43
602
463
B44
593
463
45
B45
599
463
B46
628
463
B47
631
463
B48
595
463
B49
594
463
B50
630
463
B51
594
463
B52
569
463
B53
642
463
B54
630
463
B55
606
520
B56
565
520
B57
565
520
B58
606
520
B59
670
520
B60
618
520
B61
618
520
B62
670
520
B63
661
520
B64
599
520
B65
599
520
B66
661
520
B67
634
463
B68
633
463
B69
634
463
B70
633
463
B71
632
463
B72
633
463
50000
EQ length (X- direction)
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
Storey
Fig 4.23: Graph of Storey Vs Overturning Moment
As per above graph it has been concluded that the storey overturning moment decreases
with increase in storey height in both x and y-directions for EQlength and EQwidth
respectively.
STOREY SHEAR
Storey Shear (kN)
2500
2000
9 10 11 12
Storey
Fig 4.24: Graph of Storey Vs Storey Shear
As per above graph it has been concluded that the storey shear decreases with increase
in storey height in both x and y-directions for EQlength and EQwidth respectively.
47
25
20
X - Direction
15
Y - Direction
10
5
12
11
10
Base
Storey
Fig 4.25: Graph of Storey Vs Max Storey Displacement due to EQ length
As per above graph it has been concluded that the max storey displacement increases
with increase in storey height along x-direction for EQlength load and varies constantly
(app.) along y-direction for EQlength.
30
25
20
15
X - Direction
10
Y - Direction
5
12
11
10
Base
Storey
4.2. STAADPro.
a) Case I: Regular Building
(a)
(b)
Fig 4.27: (a) B.M. (b) Shear Force diagram for load 1.5(Self +Dead EQlength)
Mz(kNm)
80
80
61.7
80
70.7
40
40
40
40
653
2.67
653
1
2
-28.6
40
80
684
3
4
-20
40
80
(a)
684
1
4
-12.8
40
40
80
80
(b)
Fig 4.29: (a) B.M. (b) S.F. diagram for load 1.2(Self +Dead +Live +EQlength)
49
52.71 kN
77.17 kN
4.82 kN
Torsion (Mx )
0.14 kN-m
9.97 kN-m
88.35 kN-m
50
Fig 4.33: B.M. diagram for load combination 1.5(Self +Dead EQlength)
522.99 kN
37.37 kN
71.26 kN
Torsion (Mx )
0.05 kN-m
122.130 kN-m
114.40 kN-m
( Bottom Reinforcement)
( Top Reinforcement)
M1
1257
1885
M2
1257
1963
M3
1257
1885
M4
1257
1963
M5
1257
2413
M6
1257
1885
M7
1257
2413
M8
1257
1963
M9
1257
2413
Area of steel
(mm2 )
53
M10
1257
2413
M11
1257
2413
M12
1257
2413
M13
1257
2413
M14
1257
2413
M15
1257
2413
M16
1257
2413
M17
1257
2413
M18
1257
2413
M19
1257
2413
M20
1257
2413
Column
Main Reinforcement
1st
600 X 600 mm
3927
8- T25
1st
800 mm (dia)
3436
7- T25
3rd
800 mm (dia)
2827
9- T20
3rd
600 X 600 mm
3768
12- T20
4th
800 mm (dia)
2827
9- T20
4th
600 X 600 mm
3768
12- T20
5th
800 mm (dia)
2199
7- T20
5th
600 X 600 mm
1885
6- T20
6th
800 mm (dia)
2199
7- T20
6th
600 X 600 mm
1885
6- T20
7th
500 X 500 mm
1885
6- T20
8th
500 X 500 mm
1885
6- T20
9th
500 X 500 mm
1885
6- T20
10th
500 X 500 mm
1885
6- T20
11th
500 X 500 mm
1885
6- T20
12th
500 X 500 mm
1885
6- T20
54
(a)
(b)
Fig 4.36: (a) B.M. (b) S.F. diagram for load 1.5(Self +Dead +EQlength)
4.2.5. Beam No. 1313 of 6th floor
(a)
(b)
Fig 4.38: (a) B.M. (b) S.F. diagram for load 1.5(Self + Dead EQ width)
55
35.34 kN
92.08 kN
35.44 kN
Torsion (Mx )
1.43 kN-m
75.01 kN-m
148.62 kN-m
Fig 4.39: Stress diagram for load combination 1.5(Self + Dead EQ width)
56
Fig 4.43: B.M. diagram for load combination (0.9Self +0.9Dead +1.5EQlength)
Fig 4.44: Stress diagram for load combination (0.9Self +0.9Dead +1.5EQlength)
58
4056.02 kN
101.16 kN
145.56 kN
Torsion (Mx )
10.46 kN-m
576.62 kN-m
476.52 kN-m
(mm)
( Bottom Reinforcement)
( Top Reinforcement)
M1
400 x 450
1257
1885
M2
400 x 400
942
1885
M3
400 x 450
942
1473
M4
400 x 400
942
1571
M5
400 x 450
942
1473
M6
400 x 400
942
1571
M7
400 x 450
1257
1885
M8
400 x 400
942
1885
M9
400 x 400
942
1885
M10
400 x 400
942
1885
M11
400 x 450
942
1885
M12
400 x 450
1257
1885
M13
400 x 450
942
1885
M14
400 x 450
942
1885
M15
400 x 450
942
1885
M16
400 x 450
1257
1885
Member
Main Reinforcement
223
5891
12 T25
224
3770
12 T20
225
5027
16 T20
226
3770
12 T20
(750 x 750mm)
60
227
3770
12 T20
228
3770
12 T20
229
3770
12 T20
230
5027
16 T20
231
3770
12 T20
232
5027
16 T20
233
3770
12 T20
234
5027
16 T20
235
5027
16 T20
236
5891
12 T25
237
5027
16 T20
238
3770
12 T20
239
5027
16 T20
240
3770
12 T20
241
3770
12 T20
242
3770
12 T20
243
3770
12 T20
244
5027
16 T20
245
3770
12 T20
246
5891
12 T25
247
5891
12 T25
248
5891
12 T25
249
3770
12 T20
250
5027
16 T20
251
3770
12 T20
252
3770
12 T20
253
3770
12 T20
254
3770
12 T20
255
3770
12 T20
256
3770
12 T20
257
3770
12 T20
258
3770
12 T20
61
4.2.9. Area of Steel obtained from STAADPro. for columns from 3 rd to 12th storey
Main Reinforcement
3rd
3770
12 - T20
4th
3770
12 - T20
5th
3770
12 - T20
6th
3770
12 - T20
7th
3770
12 - T20
8th
3770
12 - T20
9th
3770
12 - T20
10th
3770
12 - T20
11th
3770
12 - T20
12th
3770
12 - T20
62
CONCLUSIONS
General
After Discussion of results and observation some of results are summarized. Based on
the behaviour of RCC frames on STAADPro. and ETABS some important conclusions
are drawn:1. Results of max vertical reactions of a 12-storey regular building. As per table 5.1 it has
been concluded that the max reaction produced is
4572.12kN
in
ETABS
and
STAADPro
Forces
Loading
Axial
1.5(Self +Dead
Force FX
EQlength)
Shear
1.5(Self +Dead
Force FY
+Live)
Shear
1.5(Self +Dead
Force FZ
EQwidth)
B.M. MX
MY
MZ
Value
140.23kN
4572.12kN
138.11kN
Loading
1.2(Self +Dead +Live
EQlength)
Value
171.48kN
4624.92kN
173.98kN
1.5(Self +Dead
397.17
535.81
+EQwidth)
kN-m
EQwidth)
kN-m
1.5(Self +Dead
EQwidth)
0.35kN-m
3.04kN-m
1.5(Self +Dead
397.74
518.89
EQlength)
kN-m
EQlength)
kN-m
63
Regular building
Irregular building
STAADPro.
ETABS
STAADPro.
ETABS
75.48
51.36
106.25
44.9
1.11
0.77
1.062
0.48
81.57
53.47
93.40
42.38
As per above table it has been concluded that the maximum displacement is along xdirection and its value is 106.25mm (in STAADPro.) for irregular building and
53.47mm (in ETABS) along z-direction for regular building. So, more precise results
are generated by ETABS which leads to economical design of the building.
ETABS
1257
1172
4021
4021
As per above table it has been concluded that the ETABS gave lesser area of steel
required as compared to STAADPro. in case of beam whereas in case of column steel
calculated is same by both softwares.
64
100000
80000
Regular Building
60000
Irregular Building
40000
20000
12
11
10
0
Base
Storey
Fig 5.1: Storey Vs Storey Overturning Moments due to EQ length in X-direction
As per above graph it has been concluded that the storey overturning moment decreases
with increase in storey height along x-direction for EQlength load and they are more in
regular building than the irregular building.
5.
Maximum Steel Reinforcement of beam and column of regular and irregular building
in ETABS.
Irregular Building
Beam
1595
1293
Column
4931
4500
As per above table it has been concluded that the ETABS gave lesser area of steel
reinforcement for irregular building as compared to regular building in case of beams
and columns.
65
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
in
Various
Zones,
International
Journal
of
Advances
in
[3]
Journal of Civil,
Structural,
Environmental and
Infrastructure Engineering
[4]
JOURNAL
OF
CIVIL
AND
STRUCTURAL
[5]
Bureau of Indian Standards: IS-875, part 1 (1987), Dead Loads on Buildings and
Structures, New Delhi, India.
66
[6]
Bureau of Indian Standards: IS-875, part 2 (1987), Live Loads on Buildings and
Structures, New Delhi, India.
[7]
[8]
67
APPENDIX A
A.1)
Regular Building
Irregular Building
Mode I
Regular Building
Irregular Building
Mode IV
68
Regular Building
Irregular Building
Mode VIII
Regular Building
Irregular Building
Mode XI
Regular Building
Irregular Building
Mode XII
69
A.2)
Column C13 of storey 6 from ETABS and Column 851 of storey 6 from
STAADPro.
of 12 storey - regular building are taken for comparison of bending moment and shear
force.
Table 5.2: B.M. and S.F. of Column
Forces
STAADPro.
ETABS
Axial Force FX
450.05 kN
220.06 kN
Shear Force FY
46.29 kN
32.56 kN
Shear Force FZ
159.36 kN
121.57 kN
Bending Moment MX
0.38 kN-m
1.796 kN-m
MY
167.81 kN-m
172.593 kN-m
MZ
103.10 kN-m
257.25N-m
The S.F. FX, FY, FZ which are obtained in STAADPro. higher side as compare to
ETABS whereas value of B.M. are higher side in ETABS as compared to STAADPro.
70