PRACTICE 109

Choose the word in each group that has the underlined part pronounced differently from the rest
1. A. ecotourism
B. olive
C. obvious
D. toddle
2. A. pirate
B. privilege
C. primate
D. priority
3. A. archive
B. architect
C. chairman
D. chaotically
4. A. surplus
B. surgery
C. surprise
D. surface
5. A. complain
B. bargain
C. ascertain
D. campaign
Choose a word in each line that has different stress pattern
1. A. monopoly
B. illegible
C. assignment
D. agriculture
2. A. expertise
B. preferential
C. descendant
D. politician
3. A. ignorance
D. dioxide
C. wholesaling
D. comparable
4. A. literacy
B. ceremony
C. appliance
D. charitable
5. A. diplomatically
B. instant
C. momentary
D. dialect
Choose the best answer
1. As you are non-resident in this country, 1 am afraid that you are ______ to vote.
A. inequitable
B. illegible C. illegal
D. ineligible
2, Here is the news. The Home office _______that the two prisoners who_______ from Dart moor
prison earlier this morning_________ to the local police.
A. announced/escaped/gave themselves up
B. had announced/had escaped/had give themselves up
C. has announced/ were escaped giving themselves up
D. has announced/escaped/have given themselves up .
3. "Persuaded by Hamilton, the jury bravely returned a not-guilty verdict, defying the judge s orders
for a conviction. " The underlined word is opposite in meaning to__.
A. obey
B. disregarding
C. defending
D. altering
4. I've just been offered a new job! Things are _______
A. turning up B. clearing up
C. making up
D. looking up
5. You shouldnt________ other peoples problems, even if you dont consider them to be very serious.
A. shed light upon B. come to light
C. make light of
D. see the light
6. Tom painted his room black. It looks dark and dreary. He ___________ another color.
A. should choose
B. should have chosen
C. must choose
D. must have chosen
7. Focusing too much on your work means______________
A. distancing yourself from
B. to distance yourself off
C. being distant yourself from
D. being distant from
8. Eva doesnt care what she says. People are often _________ by her outspoken comments.
A. set aside
B. taken aback
C. stood over
D. taken off
9. The brochures displayed very tempting photographs of the tourist attractions in Sweden. They were
so _________ that it was hard for viewers to resist booking that tour immediately,
A. mouthful
B. mouth-worthy C. mouthy
D. moth-watering
10. "Do you think it's had to keep all the candy to yourself
- "_______________
A. I'm sorry. Sometimes I'm too aggressive.
C. youre right Im a bit nervous
B. I'm sorry. I shouldn't be so selfish.
D. You are absolutely right. Im crazy about candy
11. The fans were arrested for causing__________ in the street.

A. a nuisance
B. disturbance
C. an irritation
D. a trouble
12. I am________ the habit of reading in bed.
A. in
B. on
C. of
D. from
13. Did you visit the famous museum? No we _______it, but we spent too much time shopping.
A. cant have visited
B. must have visited
C. should have visited
D.
were to
have visited
14. Mary likes to play __________ guitar but her brother prefers to play_____ golf and football.
15. The new chief executive moves that daring innovation ______
A. will be considered
B. is considered
C. be considered
D. was considered
16. "Perhaps one of the most profound developments of the 1970s was the discovery of recombinant
DNA technology which allows scientists to introduce genetic material form the organism into another. "
The underlined word is closest meaning to___.
A. Insignificant
B. boring
C. dangerous D. secret
17. When he saw her with Tom, Jack bristled_________ anger.
A, up B. with
C. in D. of
18. "Joana, where have you put your coat? Oh, well, I might have put in in that _________
A. dilapidated little hunting cabin
B. little hunting dilapidated cabin
C. hunting little dilapidated cabin
D. little dilapidated hunting cabin
19. Across the Chesapeake Bay from the rest of the state _______ other garden vegetables.
A. there lies Maryland's Eastern Shore
B. lies Maryland's Eastern Shore
C. Mary lands Eastern Shore lies there
D. Mary Lands Eastern shore lies
20. "You've been described as very intelligent." - "________
A. Oh thanks! I really want to hear that.
B. I dont know whats wrong with you when you are saying that
C. I don't think I am that talented.
D. Thanks, thats very kind of you to say that
20. This man is so arrogant that he is completely_
A. unconscious
B. unaware C. regardless D. impervious
22. This is one of the exceptions________ the rule.
A. on
B. about
C. of
D. to
23. Karen _______ for the post office because she had an important letter to
post.
A. made a bee-line B. take up arms
C. bet about the bush
D. keep the ball rolling
24. Although it was ______ early afternoon all _______ lights in ______ restaurant.
A. an/o/the
B. o/the/the
C. o/o/the
D. the/o/o
25. Sonja and Shirley havent spoken to each other since they ______ 2 years ago.
A. fell out
B. taken back
C. mixed up
D. died down
26. I was being tested for a driving license for the third time. I ______ to drive in heavy traffic and
______ so successfully
A. have been asked/have done
B. B. had been asked/had done
C. was asked/had done
D. have asked/do
27. He isn't independent_______ any means. He depends____ his father ________everything.
A. by / on/ for
B. for/ on/ at
C. of/ in/ for
D. on/ in/ with
28. After the theft of his car he put in an insurance______ for $3,000.

A. account
B. invoice
C. assessment
D. claim
29. Since we______ received by the governor, we were all dressed formally and it was a great
disappointment when audience was cancelled.
A. had been
B. have been
C. were to be
D. would have been
30. "I'm sorry I'm going to cancel tomorrow's lesson." - "__"
A. I'm not sure. Can you delay it?
B. I am too busy!
C. OK, how about the day after.
B. I think you shouldnt have done that or else you will regret
31. Her face went pale as his words_______
A. hit home
B. make home
C. shoot home
D. Remark home
32. "Is your government salary good? - Yes, but I don't make as much_______ worked in private
A. as I
B. If I would have C. I would if
D. as I would if i
33. ___________of those students in those 2 groups________
A. Neither/ are
B. All/ is
C. Either/ are
D. None/is
34. Terrys quite nice really, Dont be _________
A. chocked off
B. put off
C. set on
D. taken over
35. The invaders rampaged through the streets, lootings and killing. The underlined word is closest in
meaning to.
A. praising
B. dissolving
C. removing
D. robbing
36. Many children who get into trouble in their early teens go on to become _______ offenders
A. consistent
B. insistent
C. persistent
D. resistant
37. BARNEY & FRIENDS _____________ pleasure
A. had a great number of
B. took a large deal of
C. got a large quantity
D. brought a great deal of
38. _______________, the catfish is prized for its taste.
A. With ugly look B. As ugly looking C. Ugly looking as it is
D. As it is ugly looking
39. Dolphins,___ species, sometimes jump above the surface of the water.
A. mammalian
B'. mammal
C. mammalial
D. mammaly
40. "Look, how lovely this is. What does this thing do?"
A. I can use it well.
B. I think it's a waste of money.
C. It sure does.
D. It peels vegetables.
41. Efforts to provide equal opportunities for minorities in the United States_______ from the Civil
Right Act of 1964.
A. may be said to date
B. dating
C. may say to date D. to date may be said
42. The murder was carried out_____________
A. like a bear with a sore head
B. in cold blood
C. as a bombshell
D. with a thick head
43. Molly just couldnt cope with his moods any more so they______
A. split up
B. got by
C. toreapart
D. fell through
44. I came ______ this book while I was doing_________ the attic
A. into/with
B. into/away with
C. across/up
D. round/with
45. I had a strong __________ that a disaster would occur, and it did.
A. premonition
B. prediction C. forethought
D. anticipation
46. It pays _________ some professional advice before you make a decision.

A. get
B. getting
C. to getting
D. to get
47. Tracking animals was more difficult than it was during the winter when the swampy ground was
frozen solid and covered with snow. The underlined word is opposite in meaning to ______.
A. hard
B. soft
C. dry
D. wet
48. The art of being tactful lies in _________ these signals, realizing what we are the other person is
trying to say, and acting so that they are more embarrassed in any way.
A. taking down
B. putting across
C. picking up
D. going over
49. He is a bad manager in that factor and everyone is in an attempt to ________ him.
A. famed
B. defame
C. unfame
D. infame
50. Lets buy this stair exerciser ________
A. For exercising
B. oh, I really dont think we need one
C. No, I think we should buy it
C. Oh, really? How did you get that?
Choose the underlined part of the sentence that needs correction
1. With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States acquired 828,000 square miles for about four
cents an acre, more than double its size and bringing its western border within reach of the Pacific
Ocean.
2. Seldom more than 40 feet wide or 12 feet deep but running 363 miles across the rugged wilderness
of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connecting the Hudson River at Albany to the Great Lakes at
Buffalo, providing the port of New York City with a direct water link to the heartland of the North
American continent.
3. The greatest road system built in the Americas prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus, the
Incan highway over 2.500 miles long, extends from northern Ecuador through Peru to Southern Chile.
4. The results of two recent unrelated studies support the idea that dolphins may share certain cognitive
abilities with humans and great apes; the studies indicate that dolphins are capable of recognizing
themselves in mirrorsan ability that is often considered a sign of self-awarenessand to grasp
spontaneously the mood or intention of humans.
5. Minivans carry as many as seven passengers and, comparing with most sport utility vehicles, cost
less, get better gas mileage, allow passengers to get in and out more easily, and have a smoother ride.
6. Almost a decade after New York State passed laws to protect patients by reducing the grueling hours
worked by medical residents, an investigation of twelve hospitals by state medical officials had found
that all twelve consistently break the laws, that many residents work longer than 24 hours-straight, and
that more than half the surgical residents work more than 95 hours a week.
7- Possible long-term consequences of the greenhouse effect, the gradual warming of the Earths
climate, including the melting of the polar ice caps and a rise in sea level.
8. Despite studying the genetic makeup of corn, Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of mutant
genes, a discovery that led to greater understanding of cell differentiation.
9. The state has proposed new rules that would set minimum staffing levels for nurses; rules were
intended to ensure that at least one nurse is assigned for every four patients put through triage in a
hospital emergency room.
10. Floated in the waters of the equatorial Pacific, an array of buoys collects and transmits data on
long-term interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere, interactions that affect global, climate.

11. Yellow jackets number among the 900 or such species of the worlds social wasps, wasps that live
in a highly cooperative and organized society consisting almost entirely of femalesthe queen and her
sterile female workers.
12. Past assessments of the Brazilian rain forest have used satellite images to tally deforested areas,
where farmers and ranchers have clear-cut and burned all the trees, but such work has not addressed
either logging, which removes only selected trees, or surface fires burning down individual trees but do
not denude the forest.
13. The first trenches cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for
centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arose simultaneously
with but independently of the more celebrated city-states of southern Mesopotamia, in what is now
southern Iraq.
14. In the first period of religious reformism, Islamic political militancy was manifested under the rise
of the Wahhabis in Arabia, the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, and the Mahdi in the Sudan,
and in the victory of the Usuli mujtahids in the Shiite Iran and Iraq.
15. Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, state health officials have ordered that the
levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches be measured and the results be published.
Choose the correct sentence which has the same meaning as the given in bold
1. It shouldnt have surprised me that my children didnt like the new, cheaper ice-cream.
A. I might not to have been surprised that my children hadnt like the new, cheaper ice-cream.
B. I might have known my children would not like the new, cheaper ice-cream.
C. The fact that the children didn't like the new, cheaper ice-cream shouldn't have surprised me at first.
D. It was a surprise that I didn't know the children like the new, cheaper ice-cream that much.
2. Concerns about jobs and public safety' are more important than other issues.
A. Other issues have to take a back seat to concerns about jobs and public safety.
B. Other issues are just the back seat of concerns on jobs and public safety.
C. Concerns about jobs and public safety are among the back sit issues after other issues.
D. Concern about other issues are just the back sit to be taken after the jobs and public safety concerns.
3. Do you have any idea about how Jack made enough money to buy that new sports car?
A. Have you drawn any light of how Jack made enough money to buy that new sports car?
B. About me having any light on how Jack made enough money to buy that sports car is which you
don't you?
C. Can you throw any light on how Jack made enough money to buy that new sports car?
D. How Jack made enough money to buy that new sports car didnt shed any light on you right?
4. Since the advertisement, we have had more applications than we can deal with.
A. Since the advertisement, we have been swamped with applications,
B. Before the advertisement, we havent had as much applications as we have now.
C. But for the advertisement, we would never have had such many applications which we can deal
with.
D. The advertisement made us deal with a great deal of applications.
5. Sometimes I have got a bad memory, so most importantly I need regular practice.
A. First and foremost I need regular practice because sometimes I have got a memory like a sieve.
B. Regular practice is all what 1 need now because sometimes 1 have got a memory which is worst.

C. The most importantly thing 1 need now is regular practice which will have me solve the bad
memory.
D. Regular practice will help me improve my memory which has already good enough.
Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space
It is true that there have been great (1) _________ in technology over the last forty years. For instance
the use of mobile phones and e-mail communication are common these days. However, machines that
translate from one language to another are still in their early stages.
It seems to me that a machine could never do as good a job as a human, especially when it (2)
_________ to interpreting what people are (3) _________. Of course, machines can translate
statements such as Where is the bank? but even simple statements are not always (4) _________
because the meaning depends on more than just (5) _________. For example the word bank has a
(6)_________ of different meanings in English. How does a translating machine know which meaning
to take?
In order to understand what people are saying, you need to take into account the (7)_________ between
the speakers and their situation. A machine cannot (8)_________ the difference between the English
expression Look out! meaning Be careful! and Look out! meaning Put your head out of the
window. You need a human being to (9) _________ the situation.
(10)__________ with written language, it is difficult for a machine to know how to translate
(11)__________ because we rarely translate every word. (12)_________ the contrary, we try to take
into (13)__________ how the idea would be (14)_________ in the other language. This is hard to do
because every language has its own way of (15)__________ and saying things.
For these reasons I feel that it is most unlikely that machines will take the place of humans in the field
of translating and interpreting. If machines ever learn to think, perhaps then they will be in a position to
take on this role.
1
A. advances
B. steps
C. progress
D. advantages
2
A. arrives
B. goes
C. comes
D. reaches
3
A. talking
B. saying
C. speaking
D. telling
4
A. obvious
B. direct
C. straight
D. straightforward
5
A. grammar
B. vocabulary
C. words
D. sentences
6
A. number
B. variety
C. plenty
D. couple
7
A. relations
B. relationships
C. attitude
D. action
8
A. say
B. speak
C. talk
D. tell
9
A. interpret
B. understand
C. think
D. believe
10 A. However
B. In contrast
C. Similarly
D. In addition
11 A. exactly
B. righteously
C. rightfully
D. accurately
12 A. with
B. for
C. on
D. by
13 A. account
B. consideration
C. effect
D. confidence
14 A. translated
B. expressed
C. spoken
D. said
15 A. doing
B. working
C. making
D. creating
A well-know fast food chain recently published a full-page advertisement announcing that they were
(1) _________ a new item to their menu a 'Left-Handed Burger', (2)_________ specifically for their
left-handed customers. (3)_________ to the advertisement, the (4)_________ of the new burger were
identical to those of the original burger, (5) _________ were the ingredients. The difference was that
the ingredients had been (6)_________ by 180 degrees to enable left-handed people to (7)_________
the burger without (8)_________.

The following day, April 2nd, the fast food store (9)_________ that the story had been (10)_________
as an April Fool's trick and the lef-handed burger didn't exist. Nevertheless, restaurants reported that
they had been visited by several thousand customers (11)________ the new burger. Simultaneously,
there were many other (12)________ customers who insisted thats staff served them with their own
right-handed (13)_______. It just goes to (14)________ how readily people can be (15)________, even
on April Fools Day.
1
A. introducing
B. establishing
C. initiating
D. organizing
2
A. projected
B. imagined
C. created
D. generated
3
A. relative
B. appropriate
C. corresponding
D. according
4
A. quantities
B. measures
C. dimensions
D. portions
5
A. while
B. as
C. since
D. because
6
A. circled
B. reversed
C. turned over
D. rotated
7
A. enlist
B. enable
C. entitle
D. endure
8
A. difficulty
B. issues
C. problem
D. damages
9
A. conflicted
B. confided
C. confessed
D. conformed
10 A. falsified
B. made out
C. worked out
D. invented
11 A. attracting
B. calling
C. requesting
D. appealing
12 A. involved
B. concerned
C. attentive
D. disturbed
13 A. version
B. form
C. figure
D. adaptation
14 A. indicate
B. show
C. point
D. express
15 A. trapped
B. disappointed
C. betrayed
D. deceived
Choose the best answer for each question
Monotremes are classified as mammals and share some common traits with the other animals in
their class. I hey have hair on their bodies, provide milk tor their young, and are warm-blooded. They
also have many characteristics that set them apart from the two main types of mammals; placental
mammals and marsupials. Perhaps the most obvious difference is that monotremes lay eggs, while
placental mammals give birth to live babies and marsupials, such as kangaroos, carry their young for
only a short time before they are born, alive, into a pouch connected to the mothers body. Monotremes
also differ from other mammals in the number of species in their group, their internal organs, and the
shapes of their skeletons. In some ways they are more like reptiles than mammals.
Monotremes represent an extremely small part of the mammal class. Not counting extinct
monotremes, there are only a few animals in the order. There is the platypus, which has the bill of a
duck, the tail of a beaver, and webbed feet. There are also different types of echidnas, which look
almost like anteaters, but they are covered with sharp hairs, giving (8) them the appearance of
hedgehops. Like the platypus, they live mostly in Australia.
The name monotreme comes from the distinct shape of the animals organs. Monos means one
while trema means hole. In other mammals, the systems related to defecation, urination, and
reproduction all have separate holes in the body. In monotremes, however, all of these systems are
connected to one hole, called a cloaca. Phis organization actually ^ j up 15 appears to place
monotremes closer to reptiles than other mammals. Monotremes are also close to reptiles in how they
walk. Unlike other mammals, the monotremes usually have legs positioned at the side of their bodies,
not underneath them, with the front legs being slightly shorter than the back ones. This gives them the
same gait as many four-legged lizards. Because of the similarity to reptilian structure, it was believed
for many years that monotremes were a type of inferior reptile, or that they are distant ancestors of

placental mammals. It is now understood that monotremes are the 10 result of a splitting of an earlier
mammalian evolutionary tree.
Additional differences can be found between the bodies of monotremes and other mammals. For
all mammals the lower jaw is made from one piece of bone. Like other mammals, though, the three tiny
bones that conduct vibrations into the ear canal are positioned in the skull. Monotremes do not have
teeth as adults. There is some fossil evidence that extinct monotremes may have had teeth, and very
young platypuses still have them, but they quickly fall out.
Monotremes are also different than other mammals in that they lack nipples. Both monotremes
and other mammals suckle their young. However, the milk from a monotreme is secreted through
patches of skin, and not through a distinct nipple. The evolutionary effects are profound. In
marsupials, for example, the young develop nearly hand-like extremities on their front legs
which, allow them to hold onto the nipples while in the pouches. Monotremes, however, require no
such structures.
1. The word lay m the passage is closest in meaning to
A. produce
B. rest
C. position D. arrange
2. According to the passage, which of the following is true about monotremes?
A. Their babies are usually born alive.
B. They have a pouch for their young.
C. They only drink a type of milk.
D. They lay eggs.
3. The word class in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. room
B. animal
C. category
D. case
4. The author mentions hedgehogs in the passage in order to
A. describe platypuses
B. describe anteatersC. describe echidnas
D. describe ducks
5. According to the passage, which of the following is true about monotremes?
A. Their reproductive system is highly developed.
B. They have more legs than other mammals.
C. They look the same as snakes and lizards.
D. Their name is related to openings on their bodies.
6. Which of the following in the passage can be inferred about reptiles with four legs?
A. Their legs are at the sides of their bodies.
B. They move slower than monotremes.
C. They evolved from monotremes.
D. Their legs are longer in the front.
7. The author mentions nipples in the passage in order to
A. correct a past misunderstanding
B. suggest a different solution
C. point out one characteristic
D. provide another example of monotremes inferiority
8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in
the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential
information.

A. For example, marsupials grow pouches, which allow them to use their front legs to hold onto the
nipples.
B. Marsupials, for example, use their front legs to grow hands, which allow them to use pouches when
they are feeding.
C. The pouches, for example, are similar to hands, allowing the marsupials to use the nipples when
they are holding on.
D. The ends of the extremities are similar to hands, which allow marsupials, for example, to grasp the
nipples while they are in pouches.
Literary critic Northrop Frye radically altered the ways through which literature is understood
by introducing a new set of ideas about criticism. Prior to his work, literary texts had been discussed
using a series of different methods, but each contained a specific framework, or set of criteria, through
which the text was evaluated. Traditionally, therefore, in order to perform criticism, the critic needed
to bring something to the text. Methods varied only in what was brought. Northrop Fryes work was
completely in opposition to this in that he looked for a framework within the texts, and did not try to
introduce one from outside.
Various traditional forms of criticism employed historical knowledge of the author as a
framework for understanding his or her literary works. This information was used to explain the
symbols and their meanings hidden deep within the text. According to this way of thinking, the various
female characters in Hemingways books, for example, could best be understood through a study of his
real-life ex-wives. The works of Shakespeare could be best explained by looking at the political and
cultural developments of Shakespeares time. Other types of criticism relied on purely esthetic
frameworks. Here, the text was criticized based on the amount of beauty the critic felt it created.
Although completely different, they have one important element in common: both rely on an outside.
Northrop Frye rejected the established ideas about literary criticism, because he felt it was
appreciated less than it should be. In his mind, the literary critic could be trained in much the same way
a chemist is. This would allow criticism to finally become independent and establish itself as equal to
other areas within the academic world. Looking at characters motivations using the framework of
psychology turned criticism into a sub category of a larger, and more important field. This left Northrop
Frye with only one possible framework with which he could perform literary criticism.
After an exhaustive study of classic works, Northrop Frye began to see certain elements that
were repeated again and again. He called these elements the myths and archetypes of literature. Briefly,
an archetype is an idealized model of a specific type of person, thing, or idea. Once the characteristics
of an archetype are set, through its use in a variety of early texts, various characters can be based upon
it. By examining a literary text through its use of these myths and archetypes, Northrop Frye
addressed what he feit to be the central problem with literary criticism. Additionally, he ^5
positioned criticism so that it was serving an important role. Discovering and understanding central
myths allowed readers to understand the order of the world around them. Frye finally felt he had found
both a method and a reason for criticism.
Initially, other critics pointed out that the method actually lowered the value of literary criticism,
because it removed literature from the real world. In fact, they argued, Northrop Frye had created a
dangerous circle. Inside there was literature while outside there were the critics and the rest of the
world.
In his later books, Northrop Frye tried to answer these concerns by dividing works of literature
into two types. First, there are works that have more centripetal force, which means that they move in

toward themselves and other works of literature. When examining these texts, it is the role of the critic
to discover the myths and archetypal characters they contain. However, there are also literary texts that
have more centrifugal force. This means that they move out toward the world around them. The role of
the critic is to see the connections between the themes expressed in the texts and realms world issues.
Northrop Frye wrote that all worthwhile criticism needed to take into account these two types of texts.
Additionally, he felt that every text had both some centripetal and some centrifugal forces within it.
This combination meant that each piece of literature needed to be looked at in two different, yet
complementary ways.
1. The word evaluated in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. seen
B. observed
C. examined
D. rated
2. The author mentions Shakespeares works in paragraph 2 in order to
A. show the process of criticism that relies on history
B. introduce many important types
C. recommend a method of writing
D. explain the importance of beauty
3. The word it in the passage refers to
A. beauty
B. text
C. author
D. framework
4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following statements is true about traditional forms of
criticism?
A. Critics always tried to bring methods outside the text.
B. This type of criticism relied on only esthetic frameworks.
C. They were based on historical and esthetic knowledge within the text.
D. Most critics had some scientific training.
5. It is implied in paragraph 3 that
A. Literary criticism was not considered a respected field of study
B. other critics did not know about Northrop Fryes work
C. psychology was a popular framework for criticism
D. literary texts were usually read as a type of history
6. The word set in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A. located
B. established
C. created
D. decided
7. which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in
the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential
information.
A. study of the myths and archetypes in a text helped Northrop Frye solve what was wrong with
criticism.
B. The myths and archetypes in literary texts helped Northrop Frye to see the problems with his
criticism.
C. Northrop Frye thought that the problems with criticism were related to its myths and archetypes.
D. Addressing the myths and archetypes in texts helped Northrop Frye discover what was wrong with
literature.
8. According to paragraph 5, other literary critics complained about Northrop Fryes ideas for which of
the following reasons?
A. He lowered the amount of work critics do.
B. He encouraged more people to become critics.
C. He saw criticism as a type of closed circle.

D. He made a separation between literature and reality.

9. which of the following can be inferred in paragraph 6 about Northrop Frye?
A. He thought his ideas were perfect.
B. He was willing to address the critics' concerns.
C. The refused to listen to other critics.
D. He wanted his criticism to be more worthwhile.
10. The phrase take into account in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. calculate
B. receive C. consider D. solve
Hibernation and Aestivation '
Animals have developed a series of techniques to deal with the harshest seasons in their habitats.
In the case of extreme cold, some animals will enter into a state of hibernation while animals trying to
avoid heat use aestivation. In both cases, the animals appear to have begun a prolonged sleep that can
last for days or weeks depending on the species.
Hibernation is used to achieve a number of different goals, in the case of warm-blooded animals
in forests, it is usually done to avoid having to look for food during the winter months. Bears, for
example, are unable to catch fish during the winter because many rivers freeze partially or fully. Coldblooded species must hibernate because they lack the ability' to maintain their internal temperatures.
Once the temperature drops, the water in their bodied would freeze if they were not properly protected.
The process of hibernation usually begins with the collection of food that is stored as excess
fatty tissue on the body. As the animal hibernates, the extra fat will be slowly burned for energy. By
using only the extra food source, the animals can conserve muscle mass. The second step in hibernation
involves choosing a location. Some animals will spend a large amount of time trying to find one while
others will simply use a pre-established den. The location is important because the animals will be
nearly completely helpless once they begin to hibernate. Smaller animals, such as some species of mice
and squirrels, dig holes in the ground and then block the entrances with dirt in order to fully hide
themselves.
True hibernation is only superficially similar to sleep. During sleep, an animals body
temperature, heartbeat, and levels of brain activity are not substantially different from when they are
awake. Once hibernating, though, most of the animal's body systems slow down drastically. Digestion
proceeds at a much slower rate, brain activity is reduced to nearly zero and, for warm-blooded animals,
almost no energy is wasted maintaining core temperatures. Ground squirrels have been observed with
body temperatures cold enough to freeze water. The differences between sleep and hibernation have
been traced back to the presence of hibernation induction trigger, which is a chemical found only in
the blood of hibernating animals. Once released into the system, it appears to take over regulation of all
vital systems. If the chemical is injected into an animal, regardless of the season, the animal will almost
immediately enter into a state of hibernation.
According to some theories, hibernating animals may wake up once their bodies have used a
specific amount of - stored fat. This theory is supported by the behavior of some bears. Instead of
hibernating through the entire winter, the bears periodically wake up to eat more food stored in their
dens. Once they have consumed what appears to be a predetermined amount, they return to a state of
hibernation. There is little evidence to support the idea that animals end their hibernation according to
external factors. If winter lasts longer than usual, for example, hibernating animals will not hibernate
for longer periods of time.

Aestivation is similar to hibernation, except that it is used by animals to avoid the hottest months
in their environments. Aestivation is most common among species of lizards, although there are some
types of bees that become dormant during times of extreme heat. Generally, animals will bury
themselves in the ground where it is cooler and remain there until the environments temperature is
less harsh and water is more easily found. In most cases, the length of aestivation is much shorter than
hibernation, usually lasting only a few weeks at a time. This is related to the size of the animals that
use this process. Because they are usually smaller species, they are unable to store a significant amount
of nutrients, which limits how long they can go without finding new sources of food.
1. The word last in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. final
B. continue
C. recent
D. least
2. According to paragraph 2, hibernation
A. is the same length of time for all species
C. the only way animals can survive the cold
B. is more ofiten used during the summer
D. is common among animals in cold climates
3. The word it in the passage refers to
__
A. food
B. winter
C. hibernation
D. fish
4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about bears hibernation?
A. It happens at the same time as fish hibernation.
B. It is used to prevent them from freezing.
C. is closely related to their diets.
D. It only helps cold-blooded animals.
5. The word block in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. Cover
B. trap
C. square
D. interrupt
6. Phrase traced back in the passage could best be replaced by
A. returned from
B. discovered in
C. followed up
D. connected with
7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is NOT true ^out hibernation induction trigger?
A. It has the same effect on animals at all times.
B. It circulates in the body through the blood.
C. It is present in all animals that are fully asleep.
D. It controls different parts of an animals body.
8. Which of the following can be inferred in paragraph 5 about hibernation?
A. Its processes are not yet fully understood.
B. It is directly related to external temperatures.
C. Animals cannot store enough fat for the winter.
D. The length of hibernation depends on the animal.
9. According to paragraph 6, why can most animals NOT aestivate for a long time?
A. The summer months are not very long.
B. Their sizes limit their fat reserves.
C. They usually dig holes in the ground.
D. The ground quickly becomes too cool.
Give the correct form of the word given
The (1).................................'never judge a book by its cover could not be more true for SAY
Ridiculous Rules by Marjorie Allen. The cover is completely blank, whereas the book is

crammed full of wonderful examples and anecdotes. Allen is an

(2)....................................critic of much of what is taught to native and non-native SPEAK
speakers of English, and has issued a (3)....................................o1 war against textbooks DECLARE
and style books which tell lies.
Take the ridiculous and (4)....................................rule of never ending a sentence with a MEAN
preposition. The lovely - if famous - story goes, that Winston Churchill, well known for
his numerous (5)....................................as well as for being British Prime Minister during WRITE
the Second World War, received a manuscript back from an ignorant
(6).................................who had told
him rather rudely
that
he
had
to EDIT
(7)....................................a sentence which ended with a preposition. Churchill responded PHRASE
by making the simple yet forceful: (8)....................................in the margin: This is an STATE
impertinence up with which I will not, put' - the (9)....................................being that not IMPLY
to end a sentence with a preposition
often sounds ridiculous in English. Sadly, Allen
informs us that the story is probably mere (10)..................................... and that Churchill HEAR
may have actually only written 'rubbish!' in the margin.
1 She stood there completely.....................................so I had no idea at all what she was thinking.
EXPRESS
2. Film studios spend millions of dollars on.................................for new movies. PUBLIC
3 That news conference was....................................boring! SPEAK
4. I'm not very keen on the..................................of this dictionary definition, word
5. The problem with Michael is that he's just so...................................- he never shuts up! TALK
6. I dont think you should have any...................................marks in your PhD dissertation. EXCLAIM
7. Any actor who becomes knowing for one role is in danger of becoming....................TYPE
8 Advertising is particularly effective on people who are highly.....................................SUGGEST
9 There are so many swear words in this article that i think it's....................................PRINT
10. Rose was extremely....................................that we rewrite the introduction. INSIST
Fill in one suitable word
The big music story of 2005 turned out to be the success of the Artic Monkeys, a British group
(1)_________ debut single went straight to the top of the charts. But theirs was (2)__________
ordinary success story in the music business.
Far (3)__________ being discovered and promoted by one of the big record labels, the group had made
it (4)__________ their own; recording their own material and freely distributing it via the Internet.
Music fans had downloaded the song, realize (5)_________ good they were and then forwarded the
files to their friends by means of (6)_________ which became known as file sharing. In
(7)__________ words, the groups reputation had been established via word of mouth.
The previous decade had seen a real revolution (8)________ home recording. It had become
possible for anyone woth musical talent, and a modest amount to invest in the latest digital equipment,
to achieve home recordings of comparable quality (9) ________ those produced in professional studios.
To people in the music business, (10) ________, the idea of allowing free downloading was
unthinkable. Surely, they reasoned, if you (11) ________ your music away on the internet, (12)
________ would buy a hard copy. But the success of the Artic Monkeys demonstrated that the loss of
potential income when people downloaded songs (13) ________ than buying them, could be offset by
the increasing exposure the music got (14) ________ a result. In effect, it was making some songs

freely available as a way of generating interest in others for (15) ________, of course, people had to
pay.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. using (he
word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words,
including the word given.
1. The adverts look exactly the same as the articles in this magazine. difference
It's impossible...........................................................................the adverts in this magazine.
2. I assume you've checked your facts carefully. read
I..........................................................................youve checked your facts carefully.
3. Youve got to persuade the editor not to publish that story. out
You've got to..........................................................................that story.
4. Terry and I started arguing about the situation in the Middle East. into
I..........................................................................about the situation in the Middle East
5. Im sure we'll be able to agree on this matter. understanding
I'm sure we'll be able to..........................................................................on this matter.
6. I'd discuss this with Phil before making a final decision. discussion
I'd...........................................................................before making a final decision.