Professional Documents
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STEEL CONSTRUCTION
February 2015
GREINER
INDUSTRIES INC.
February 2015
conference preview
48
50
40
features
32
40
columns
steelwise
17
Safety First
BY GEOFF WEISENBERGER
On November 2, 2004, Central Texas
Iron Works experienced a lost-time
injury. It hasnt experienced one since.
business issues
29
52
56
in every issue
departments
6 EDITORS NOTE
9 STEEL INTERCHANGE
12 STEEL QUIZ
60 NEWS & EVENTS
66 STRUCTURALLY SOUND
resources
64 MARKETPLACE
65 EMPLOYMENT
ON THE COVER: Michigan State is moving on up with a vertical expansion to an existing classroom building (p. 32). Photo: Maconochie Photography
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION (Volume 55, Number 2) ISSN (print) 0026-8445: ISSN (online) 1945-0737. Published monthly by the American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC), One E. Wacker Dr., Suite 700, Chicago, IL 60601. Subscriptions: Within the U.S.single issues $6.00; 1 year, $44. Outside the U.S. (Canada
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STEEL CONSTRUCTION. All rights reserved. Materials may not be reproduced without written permission, except for noncommercial educational purposes where
fewer than 25 photocopies are being reproduced. The AISC and Modern Steel logos are registered trademarks of AISC.
FEBRUARY 2015
IES, Inc.
800.707.0816
info@iesweb.com
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editors note
Editorial Offices
Editorial Contacts
OVER AND OVER AGAIN DURING THE PAST TWO WEEKS, IVE SAT DOWN, PUT
FINGERS TO KEYBOARD AND STARTED THIS COLUMN. But each time, I stopped
and deleted my efforts.
The problem was that I had two distinct
beginnings, each leading in a completely different direction.
In one column, I began by writing about
a neat device I had recently purchased. The
Spiralizer is a simple kitchen tool that allows
me to convert zucchini and other vegetables
into long spirals (kind of like spaghetti).
The first dish I tried with my new toy was a
delicious lentil and tomato stew over garlic
sauteed zoodles. From there, my goal was to
segue into a discussion of neat tools, materials
and designs for steel constructionmost of
which you can see firsthand at NASCC: The
Steel Conference. (For a description of recent
innovative structural systems, some of which
I had planned to highlight in this column,
check out AISCs Steel Solutions Center
brochure available by visiting www.aisc.org/
myproject and click on innovative structural
steel systems in the right-hand column.) And,
of course, I would use this as an opportunity
to promote the Steel Conference and
remind you to register for this fantastic
event (March 25-27 in Nashville; register by
visiting www.aisc.org/nascc).
But every time I started typing, my mind
kept drifting back to something I had read in
some comments by Senator Bernie Sanders
(I-Vermont), who was quoting New York
Times reporter Bob Herberts book Losing our
Way. I just couldnt stop thinking about this
second column and the quote: Study after
study has shown that rebuilding the infrastructure is the quickest way to put larger
FEBRUARY 2015
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Tasha Weiss
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weiss@modernsteel.com
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Megan Johnston-Spencer
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CHAIR
Jeffrey E. Dave, P.E.
VICE CHAIR
James G. Thompson
SECRETARY &
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PRESIDENT
Roger E. Ferch, P.E.
VICE PRESIDENT AND
CHIEF STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
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INTRODUCING THE
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WITH SDS/2
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SDS/2 checks for interaction with other connections within
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design criteria.
800.443.0782
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quality.
value.
CONTACT US TO DISCUSS
YOUR PROJECT
T(b+a)
a
steel
interchange
bolt hole, which gives the following equation for the nominal
strength (that is, with no ASD safety factor or LRFD phi
factor applied):
T=
Fy t2 p
4b
ASD
F t2 ( p d')
T= y
4b
F t2 ( p d')
T= y
4b
steel interchange
Dowswell, R.S. (2011), A Yield Line Component Method
10
Larry Muir is director of technical assistance and Carlo Lini is a staff engineertechnical
assistance, both with AISC. Bo Dowswell is a consultant to AISC.
Steel Interchange is a forum to exchange useful and practical professional ideas and
information on all phases of steel building and bridge construction. Opinions and
suggestions are welcome on any subject covered in this magazine.
The opinions expressed in Steel Interchange do not necessarily represent an official position of
the American Institute of Steel Construction and have not been reviewed. It is recognized that the
design of structures is within the scope and expertise of a competent licensed structural engineer,
architect or other licensed professional for the application of principles to a particular structure.
If you have a question or problem that your fellow readers might help you solve, please
forward it to us. At the same time, feel free to respond to any of the questions that you
have read here. Contact Steel Interchange via AISCs Steel Solutions Center:
1 E Wacker Dr., Ste. 700, Chicago, IL 60601
tel: 866.ASK.AISC fax: 312.803.4709
solutions@aisc.org
FEBRUARY 2015
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Metal Buildings
Steel/Steel Composite
Aluminum
Reinforced Concrete
Foundation Design
Steel Connections
Structural Drawings and Details
AVENGER
steelwise
Keeping tabs on current ASTM specifications
will help you make the right choices when
designing and building your projects.
THE MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS used in building design and construction are almost universally designated by reference to an appropriate ASTM specification. This simplifies
the design and construction process because you can define all
the characteristics of a specified product. However, with dozens
of ASTM specifications applicable in steel building construction alone, it can be a challenge to keep the standard designations used in contracts current.
This article provides a summary of the common ASTM
specifications used in steel building design and construction,
including structural shapes, plate products, fastening products
and other products. This information is based upon similar and
This Article Covers Buildings, but for Bridges...
Another possibility for structural shapes and plates
is ASTM A709, which is an umbrella standard that
assembles ASTM A36, A572, A992, A588 and three
high-performance steel (HPS) grades into a convenient
single standard for bridge designers and fabricators.
The HPS grades are available in plate form only.
Grade 50S is available in shapes. The other grades
are available in plates form and as shapes, though
availability should be confirmed prior to specification.
ASTM A709 provides toughness levels for three
exposures and two uses. Much material supplied to
A709 meets one of those toughness levels. Material
furnished to ASTM A709 grades are acceptable for use
where the corresponding parent standard is specified.
17
steelwise
Table 1
Table 2-4
Applicable ASTM Specifications for Various Structural Shapes
Steel Type
Fy Yield
Stressa (ksi)
ASTM
Designation
A36
36
58-80
A53 Gr B
35
60
42
58
46
58
46
62
50
62
Gr. B
A500
Gr. C
Carbon
A501
A529c
Gr. A
36
58
Gr. B
50
70
Gr. 50
50
65-100
55
70-100
36
36
58-80b
36
36-52
58
50
50-65
65
Gr. 42
42
60
Gr. 50
50
65
A1043d
T e
A572
Gr. 55
Gr. 60
Gr. 65e
High-Strength
Low Alloy
Gr.
Ib
Gr. III
50
II
55
70
60
75
65
80
50g
70g
50
65
50
65
50-65
65
50W
50
70
50
50h
65h
60
60
65
65
70
70
A992
50i
A588
50
A8 7
50
70
A913
HP
MC
HSS
Rect.
Round
Pipe
50S
A709
Gr. 55
A709
A618f
Fu Tensile
Stressa (ksi)
75
80
90
n
t
2
s
Corrosion
Resistant
High-Strength
Low-A oy
65i
70
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
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M-Shapes and S-Shapes
The preferred material specification for these shapes is in transition. Use of ASTM
A36 (Fy = 36 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi) is now only slightly more common than use of a 50-ksi grade
like ASTM A572 Grade 50, ASTM A529 Grade 50, or ASTM A992; each of these 50-ksi
grades has Fy = 50 ksi and Fu = 65ksi for these shapes. The availability and cost effectiveness of M-shapes and S-shapes in grades other than these should be confirmed prior to
their specification.
M-shapes and S-shapes with a higher yield and tensile strength can be obtained by
specifying ASTM A572 Grades 55, 60 and 65, ASTM A529 Grade 55 or ASTM A913
Grades 60, 65 or 70. Atmospheric corrosion resistance (weathering characteristics)
can be obtained by specifying ASTM A588 Grade 50. These and other material specifications applicable to M-shapes and S-shapes are shown in Table 1.
Channels
The preceding comments for M-shapes and S-shapes apply equally to channels.
HP-Shapes
The preferred material specification for HP shapes is ASTM A572 Grade 50 (Fy
= 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi); the availability and cost effectiveness of other grades should be
confirmed prior to specification.
HP-shapes with atmospheric corrosion resistance (weathering characteristics)
can be obtained by specifying ASTM A588 Grade 50. These and other material
specifications applicable to HP-shapes are shown in Table 1.
Angles
The preceding comments for M-shapes and S-shapes apply equally to angles.
Structural Tees
Structural tees are split from W-, M- and S-shapes to make WT-, MT- and
ST-shapes, respectively. For the preferred material specifications, as well as other
suitable material specifications for structural tees, refer to the preceding sections on
W-, M- or S-shapes, as appropriate.
Rectangular (and Square) HSS
The preferred material specification for rectangular hollow structural sections
(HSS) is ASTM A500 Grade C (Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 62 ksi). Note that a new standard,
ASTM A1085 (see sidebar New (and Recently New) Things), seeks to replace
it. The availability and cost effectiveness of rectangular HSS in grades other than
ASTM A500 Grade C should be confirmed prior to their specification.
Rectangular HSS with atmospheric resistance (weathering characteristics) can
be obtained by specifying ASTM A847. These and other material specifications applicable to rectangular HSS are shown in Table 1.
Round HSS
The preferred material specification for round HSS is ASTM A500 Grade C (Fy
= 46 ksi, Fu = 62 ksi). Note that a new standard, ASTM A1085 (see sidebar New
(and Recently New) Things), seeks to replace it. The availability and cost effectiveness of round HSS in grades other than ASTM A500 Grade C should be confirmed
prior to specification.
Generally speaking, only round HSS with the same cross-sectional dimensions as
steel pipe are stocked and available. See the sidebar 12 Tidbits for further information.
Round HSS with atmospheric corrosion resistance (weathering characteristics)
can be obtained by specifying ASTM A847. These and other material specifications
applicable to round HSS are shown in Table 1.
20
FEBRUARY 2015
Technical Spotlight
Bolt Length Selec on
STRUCTURAL BOLTS
ANCHOR BOLTS
GRIP
Nominal Bolt
Diameter
WELD STUDS
1 washer
2 washers
1/2
11/16
55/64
1-3/64
5/8
7/8
1-1/32
1-3/16
3/4
1-5/32
1-5/16
7/8
1-1/8
1-9/32
1-7/16
1-1/4
1-13/32
1-9/16
1-1/8
1-1/2
1-21/32
1-13/16
1-1/4
1-5/8
1-25/32
1-15/16
1-3/8
1-3/4
1-29/32
2-1/16
1-1/2
1-7/8
2-1/32
2-3/16
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*To get bolt length required if beveled washers are used, add to grip
length the amount in no washer column plus 5/16 inch for each beveled
washer
*Bolt lengths are commonly available in 1/4 inch increments up to 6 inches, over 6 inches it is more common for 1/2 inch increments. SLSB commonly provides 1/4 inch increments in long lengths when requested.
Phone: 800-237-7059
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steelwise
New (and Recently New) Things
A Channel Especially for Stair Stringers: The MC1214.3 that recently
was added to ASTM A6 was conceived as a stair stringer. It has a 218in. flange width, which is wide enough to accept the common handrail
pipe size and fillet weld around it. No more crimping the pipe or goobering the weld!
Bigger HP-shapes: The HP18- and HP16-series shapes that recently were
added to ASTM A6 provide for even higher pile strengths. They, like all
HP shapes, also have thicker webs (tw = tf) and may help eliminate the
need for stiffeners and doublers when used as columns.
Larger HSS: Until recently ASTM A500 HSS was limited to 58-in. thickness and 64-in. perimeter. It now permits HSS to 78-in. thickness and
88-in. perimeter. While the standards permit these larger sizes, they
are not currently made in the U.S.; availability should be checked.
HSS with sizes that exceed ASTM A500s 88-in. periphery limit can
also be obtained and are discussed in an article titled Larger Hollow Structural Sections in the November 2011 issue of Modern
Steel. This includes a discussion of ASTM A1065, which covers these
shapes produced by forming two channels and welding the channels
together.
ASTM A1085 for HSS: Formalized in April 2013, this new standard offers
tighter tolerances on wall thickness and corner radii, shape perimeters
of up to 88 inches, minimum yield strength of 50 ksi, minimum tensile
strength of 70 ksi and a maximum yield of 70ksi, standard CVN of 25
ft-lb at 40 F with the option to request a custom CVN through a supplementary requirement. For additional information on ASTM A1085, see
www.aisc.org/A1085 and Hollow Product, Solid Benefit in the September 2013 issue of Modern Steel.
Simpler Bolting: ASTM recently approved ASTM F3125, an umbrella
specification that covers what is now in ASTM A325, A490, F1852 and
F2280. The beauty of this standard is that these previously separate
standards have been unified, coordinated and made consistent with
each other (kudos to Chad Larson, president of LeJeune Bolt Company,
for leading the effort to create this significant improvement). In future
editions of RCSC and AISC standards, we expect you will see ASTM
F3125 referenced instead of the currently separate list of standards. The
names of the current standards are used as the names of the grades in
the new standard, so you will still be able to order A325, A490, F1852
and F2280 bolts, and you will still be able to identify them by the marks
on the head. Stay tuned!
Two other materials to mention: ASTM A283 covers low-yield carbon steel
plate material in four grades. ASTM A1043 covers plates and shapes and
is most commonly used as core material in the manufacture of bucklingrestrained braces. These two newer products are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Very High Strength Bolting: ASTM also just approved ASTM F3111 and
F3043, which are 200-ksi structural bolts available in heavy hex and TC
versions, respectively. These bolts have strict environmental requirements that are discussed in the standards, but essentially they must
always remain dry and free from contact with corrosive chemicals. These
bolts are proprietary and not produced domestically ask the steel fabricator to make sure you can obtain these bolts; if so, they may be helpful, especially in large connections.
22
FEBRUARY 2015
Steel Pipe
The material specification for steel pipe
used in structural frames is ASTM A53
Grade B (Fy = 35 ksi, Fu = 60 ksi). In some
regions, ASTM A53 material is more readily available than ASTM A500 for round
cross sections. See the sidebar 12 Tidbits
for further information.
PLATE PRODUCTS
See Summary in Table 2.
Structural Plates
The preferred material specification
for structural plates is in transition. Use of
ASTM A36 (Fy = 36 ksi for plate thickness
equal to or less than 8 in., Fy = 32 ksi otherwise; Fu = 58 ksi) is as common as use of
ASTM A572 Grade 50 (Fy = 50 ksi, Fu =
65 ksi for plate thickness equal to or less
than 4 in.). The availability and cost effectiveness of structural plates in grades
other than these should be confirmed prior
to their specification. Note also the thickness ranges are different for other grades as
shown in Table 2-2.
Structural plates with higher yield and
tensile strength can be obtained by specifying ASTM A572 Grade 55, 60 or 65, ASTM
A529 Grade 55, ASTM A514 Grade 90 or
100 or ASTM A852. Structural plates with
atmospheric corrosion resistance (weathering characteristics) can be obtained by
specifying ASTM A588 Grade 42, 46 or
50. These and other material specifications
applicable to structural plates are shown in
Table 2.
Structural Bars
The preceding comments for structural
plates apply equally to structural bars, except ASTM A514 is not applicable.
Raised-Pattern Floor Plates
ASTM A786 is the standard specification for rolled steel floor plates. As
floor-plate design is seldom controlled
by strength considerations, ASTM A786
commercial grade is commonly specified.
If so, per ASTM A786 Section 5.1.3, the
product will be supplied with 0.33 percent
maximum carbonand without specified
steelwise
Table 2
Table 2-5
Applicable ASTM Specifications for Plates and Bars
Plates and Bars, in.
Steel Type
ASTM Designation
A36
Carbon
A283
A529
A709
A572
HighStrength
Low-Alloy
A709
A1043
Corrosion
Resistant
Quenched
and
Tempered
Low-Alloy
58-80
over
0.75
to
1.25
incl.
over
1.25
to
1.5
incl.
over
1.5
to 2
incl.
over
2 to
2.5
incl.
over
2.5
to 4
incl.
36
58-80
55-75
Gr. D
33
60-80
Gr. 50
50
70-100
Gr. 55
55
70-100
Gr. 36
36
58-80
Gr. 42
42
60
Gr. 50
50
65
Gr. 55
55
70
Gr. 60
60
75
Gr. 65
65
80
Gr. 50
50
65
Gr. 36
36-52
58
Gr. 50
50-65
65
42
63
46
67
50
70
42
63
46
67
50
70
90
100-130
100
110-130
50
70
A514
Gr. 50W
A709
32
to
0.75
incl.
30
A588
Quenched
and
Tempered
Alloy
Fu
Tensile
Stressa
(ksi)
Gr. C
A242
Corrosion
Resistant
HighStrength
Low-Alloy
Fy
Yield
Stressa
(ksi)
50
70
70
85-110
90
100-130
100
110-130
over
4 to
5
incl.
over
5 to
6
incl.
over
6 to
8
incl.
over
8
23
steelwise
mechanical properties. Alternatively, if a defined strength
level is desired, ASTM A786 raised-pattern floor plate can
be ordered to a specific plate material specification, such as
ASTM A36, A572 or A588; see ASTM A786 Sections 5.1.3,
and Section 7.
Sheet and Strip
Sheet and strip products, which generally are thinner than
structural plate and bar products, are produced to such ASTM
specifications as A606, A1008 or A1011. These are umbrella
standards with many types and grades; the structural steel
type is designated SS and the standards provide for grades
from 25 or 30 to 80. Availability should be checked before
specifying the grade.
FASTENING PRODUCTS
See Summary in Table 3.
Conventional Bolts
The preferred material specification for conventional (heavy
hex) high-strength bolts in steel-to-steel connections is ASTM
A325, although ASTM A490 is equally available and can be
specified when higher strength is desired. In either case, Type 1
is the most commonly specified (medium-carbon steel). When
atmospheric corrosion resistance is desired, Type 3 can be specified. While still formally permitted in the AISC Specification,
the use of other material specifications in steel-to-steel bolting
applications has become quite uncommon.
Nuts
The preferred material specification for heavy-hex nuts is
ASTM A563. The appropriate grade and finish is specified per
ASTM A563 Table X1.1 according to the bolt or threaded part
with which the nut will be used. For steel-to-steel structural
bolting applications, the appropriate grade and finish is summarized in Section 2.4 of the RCSC Specification. If its availability
can be confirmed prior to specification, ASTM A194 Grade 2H
nuts are permitted as an alternative, as indicated in Table 2.1 in
the RCSC Specification.
Anchor Rods
The preferred material specification for anchor rods is
ASTM F1554, which covers hooked, headed, threaded and nutted anchor rods in three strength grades: 36, 55 and 105. ASTM
F1554 Grade 55 is most commonly specified, although grades
36 and 105 are normally available. Note that, per Section 4.1
in ASTM F1554, when grade 36 is ordered the supplier may
substitute weldable grade 55 at their option.
ASTM F1554 Grade 36 may be welded, while Grade 55 may
be welded if it is ordered with Supplement S1. Grade 105 may
not be welded, as the heat will detrimentally affect performance.
Several other ASTM specifications also may be used. For
applications involving rods that are not headed, ASTM A36,
A193, A307, A354, A449, A572, A588 and A687 can be specified;
note that the ASTM A307 Grade C anchor bolt has been deleted from ASTM A307 and replaced by ASTM F1554 Grade
36. For applications involving headed rods, A354 and A449 can
be specified.
Threaded Rods
The preferred material specification for threaded rods,
whether provided with plain or upset ends, is ASTM A36. Other material specifications that can be specified include ASTM
A193, A307, A354, A449, A572, A588 and A687. Note that
ASTM A354 Grade BC and A449 are permitted to be used for
bolts when the size required is outside the range of ASTM A325.
24
FEBRUARY 2015
steelwise
Table 3
Table 2-6
Applicable ASTM Specifications for Various Types of Structural Fasteners
Bolts
Type 1
A325
Type 3
120
0.5 to 1, incl.
Type 1
150
0.5 to 1.5
Type 3
150
0.5 to 1.5
105
1.125
120
0.5 to 1, incl.
105
1.125
120
0.5 to 1, incl.
Type 1
150
0.5 to 1.125
Type 3
150
0.5 to 1.125
A194 Gr. 2H
0.25 to 4
A563
0.25 to 4
F436
0.25 to 4b
A490
Type 1
F1852
Type 3
F2280
F844
any
F959
0.5 to 1.5
A36
36
58-80
to 10
75
100
over 4 to 7
95
115
over 2.5 to 4
105
125
A193 Gr. B7
A307 Gr. A
Gr. BC
115
140
2.5 to 4 incl.
130
150
58
90
81
105
Type 3
92
120
0.25 to 1 incl.
Gr. 42
42
60
to 6
Gr. 50
50
65
to 4c
Gr. 55
55
70
to 2
Gr. 60
60
75
to 3.5
Gr. 65
65
80
to 1.25
42
63
over 5 to 8, incl.
46
67
over 4 to 5, incl.
50
70
4 and under
Gr. 36
36
58-80
0.25 to 4
Gr. 55
55
75-95
0.25 to 4
Gr. 105
105
125-150
0.25 to 3
Type 1
A588
F1554
0.25 to 4
0.25 to 2.5, incl.
99
Gr. BD
A572
60
125
115
A354
A449
109
a
b
c
Threaded &
Nutted
Headed
Hooked
105
Threaded Rods
0.5 to 1, incl.
Direct-Tension
Indicator
120
Plain
105
Hardened
Nuts
Common
Fu
Tensile
Stressa
(ksi)
Twist-OffType Tension
Control
Fy
Yield
Stressa
(ksi)
Conventional
ASTM
Designation
Anchor
Rods
Washers
High
Strength
25
steelwise
FEBRUARY 2015
steelwise
OTHER PRODUCTS
Steel Castings and Forgings
Steel castings can be produced in a wide variety of chemical
compositions and mechanical properties; most are heat treated.
Two standards useful in steel structures are ASTM A216 Grade
WCB with Supplementary Requirement S11 and A958A958M
Grade SC8620 class 80/50. Steel forgings are specified as
ASTM A668.
Crane Rails
Crane rails are furnished to ASTM A759, ASTM A1 and/
or manufacturers specifications and tolerances. Rail is designated by unit weight in units of pounds per yard. Dimensions of common rail are shown in the AISC 14th Edition
Manual Table 1-21; other rail profiles also exist and may be
available.
Most manufacturers chamfer the top and sides of the
crane rail head at the ends unless specified otherwise to
reduce chipping of the running surfaces. Often crane rails
are ordered as end-hardened, which improves the crane rail
ends resistance to impact from contact with the moving
wheel during crane operation. Alternatively, the entire rail
can be ordered as heat-treated. When maximum wheel loading or controlled cooling is needed, refer to manufacturer
catalogs. Purchase orders for crane rails should be noted for
crane service.
Light 40-lb rails are available in 30-ft lengths, standard rails
in 33-ft or 39-ft lengths, and crane rails up to 80 ft. Consult
manufacturer for availability of other lengths.
Rails should be arranged so that joints on opposite sides of
the crane runway will be staggered with respect to each other
and with due consideration to the wheelbase of the crane. Rail
joints should not occur at crane girder splices. Odd lengths that
must be included to complete a run or obtain the necessary
stagger should be not less than 10 ft long. Rails are furnished
with standard drilling for splice bars in both standard and odd
27
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reductions all with a dramatic reduction in production
space required. Visit www.hypertherm.com/structuralsteel
and change the way you think about your next project.
Visit us at NASCC, The Steel Conference in booth 505. Music City Center, Nashville.
March 25 27, 2015
PLASMA | LASER | WATERJET | AUTOMATION | SOFTWARE | CONSUMABLES
business issues
If youre pre-planning after a job has already
started, youre not really pre-planning.
PRE-PLANNING
TIPS AND TOOLS
BY STEPHEN BURKHOLDER
29
business
issues
team should be constantly pre-planning
for who your firm wants to do business
with; a work-for-anyone mentality typically breeds more failure than success.
operations team. Field managers are constantly learning from previous successes
and mistakes and are generally the biggest pre-planners on the team, as this is
all too often assumed to be the stage that
pre-planning makes or breaks a job. But
again, its way too late in the process for
pre-planning at this point. If real pre-planning is implemented, they will encounter
fewer mistakes to learn from and will go
into each job with the right information
from the get-go.
Now that weve discussed the when and
the who, lets wrap up with the what. The
answer is very simple: everything needs to
be pre-planned. Just think, when everyone
in an organization does their job to the best
of the abilities, the company will succeed.
So why not make pre-planning a part of
everyones job and encourage them to preplan all aspects of their work? It helps to
avoid mistakes further along in the process,
encourages constant improvement with
subsequent jobs and contributes to the success and happiness of your employees and
company.
This article is a preview of Session N35 PrePlanning Tips and Tools at NASCC: The
Steel Conference, taking place March 2527 in
Nashville. Learn more about the conference at
www.aisc.org/nascc.
30
FEBRUARY 2015
BY PAUL DANNELS,
FAIA
IT HAD TO BE DIAGONAL.
That was the determination after many months of deliberation about positioning a new academic building in relation to
an existing building at Michigan State University.
The new classroom and office building that would replace
the schools Morrill Hall, which was demolished, had been
considered in numerous locations and orientations. The final
decision, though, was that in order to meet all of the programmatic and site requirements, the new building needed to rise
three stories directly above the existing Wells Hall building
not aligned on the original buildings grid, but rather sprawled
diagonally across it.
Set at a 31 angle to its immediate surroundings, the
88,000-sq.-ft addition includes three stories and a mechanical
penthouse above existing classrooms. It provides a new home
for the College of Arts and Letters and allows the universitys
language programs to be brought together in a common facility that includes classrooms, offices, language labs, a two-story
atrium, a new auditorium, a coffee shop and a green roof. Its
a technologically advanced learning facility designed to be a
comfortable place of interaction between students and faculty.
32
FEBRUARY 2015
Planned Eccentricities
The design team took on the challenge with one disclaimer: Though the building would be oriented as desired,
constructed on time and on budget and built to preserve
functional existing ground-floor classrooms, the design team
would propose a regular structural grid and the university
would accept the plans eccentricities that the regular grid
imposed. Thus began a complicated geometric exercise of
overlaying potential structural grids diagonally across existing auditorium-type classrooms, many with demanding requirements for unobstructed views to the classroom podium.
Numerous bay sizes and lateral systems were considered,
then tweaked and shifted to leave columns in strategically
acceptable locations.
Ultimately, 17 column locations on a surprisingly regular
grid were proposed for surgically precise insertion into the
floor plan of the existing building: four outside the building and
13 inside, with four columns inside auditoriums. The column
grid was chosen to minimize impact on the classrooms, with
an emphasis on preserving seating, maintaining lines of view
and honoring circulation requirements. Once these priorities
Paul Dannels
(paul@sdistructures.com)
is a principal with SDIStructures and a faculty
member in the school of
architecture at the University
of Detroit Mercy. He was a
2013 IDEAS2 Awards juror.
33
were addressed, columns landed in locations of minimal functional impact, though one column appears in a corridor (and
was painted bright green to match the color scheme of the area).
In order to minimize the number of columns, a central spine
of 49-ft bays was established at the ground floor. Above, the wide
bay spacing is spanned by two-story-tall steel trusses with bottom
chords that cantilever 9 ft in one direction and 14 ft in the other
direction to add additional floor space in the above stories. As the
trusses were installed in the air, temporary shoring and bracing
was used to hold the cantilever in the proper position until the
field welding could be completed.
HSS members terminated by welded T-sections serve as
diagonal truss webs. At the connections to floor members,
which are W-shapes that serve as truss chords, web ends are
bolted with tension-control bolts to exposed gusset plates at
Paul Dannels
HSS members terminated by welded T-sections serve as diagonal truss webs. At the top ends of the diagonals, connections
are concealed above finished ceilings and the webs are welded to gussets to allow for field adjustment.
Paul Dannels
34
FEBRUARY 2015
Maconochie Photography
Winners Choose
Chicago Metal to
Curve Steel
2002 EAE Merit Award 400 tons of 16 inch pipe
curved for JFK International Airport Terminal 4.
Jamaica, NY.
2013 IDEAS2 Merit Award 3600 pounds of pipe each curved with multiple
radii for a solar canopy to recharge batteries on electric vehicles. Chicago, IL.
Maconochie Photography
At the connections to floor members, web ends are bolted with tension-control bolts to exposed gusset plates at the column bases.
Paul Dannels
35
36
FEBRUARY 2015
Scan to find a
distributor near you
Nucor distributors.
IM PROUD TO DESIGN
BUILDINGS THAT LAST,
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LASTING RELATIONSHIPS
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The devastating Northridge earthquake of 1994 inspired us to
develop a way to make steel buildings safer and smarter. Twenty
years later, we continue to find inspiration in our clients needs and
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from primarily protecting hospitals and military facilities to
constructing buildings across the nation quicker and more easily.
Weve been committed to delivering safer, stronger and smarter
steel structures for 20 years and were just getting started.
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(800) 4752077
Safety FIRST
STORY AND
PHOTOS BY GEOFF
WEISENBERGER
FEBRUARY 2015
employee home for a few days (hes still with the company today),
it had also gone the previous 1,057 days (over one million labor
hours) without a lost time injurya nearly three-year stretch.
Before going any further, its worth explaining the difference between an LTI and whats referred to as a recordable.
An LTI means that a person has sustained an injury and must
take time off work to recuperate. A recordable incident is one
where a minor injury (like a cut) is sustained, but the employee
is able to return to workeven temporarily in another capacity, if necessaryafter tending to the injury. And in addition to
staying LTI-free for a decade, CTIW has drastically reduced
recordables as well.
Geoff Weisenberger
(weisenberger
@aisc.org) is Modern
Steels senior editor.
41
FEBRUARY 2015
42
this mentality extends to the office, not just the shop. I once
got chastised by a shop employee for walking onto the floor
without eye protection.
A properly implemented safety program also involves providing employees with the resources they need to do things
safelypart of which, of course, is training. You have to acknowledge the nuances of working in a manufacturing environment so as not to make it dangerous.
And that training begins on an employees first day, which
consists of eight hours covering OSHA regulations, common
accidents and general orientation. From there, the shops safety
manager puts new employees through 80 hours of on-site training on tools and equipment before they are allowed to begin
work on the floor, and every new employee signs an agreement
to commit to safety.
After an employee becomes approved to work on the floor,
they have to wear an orange vest for three months. This, of
course, lets other shop personnel know to pay closer attention
to them and assist when necessary, as safety and awareness of
surroundings might not yet be habitual.
This concept of visibility is a big part of CTIWs safety plan,
and it doesnt just apply to newbies. The shop has a volunteer
43
FEBRUARY 2015
44
Employees keep an eye out for unsafe practices and conditions not only in their own respective areas but also across all areas of the shop,
creating a localized and also a 30,000-ft view approach to safety. Successes and issues are discussed at monthly toolbox meetings.
(which can damage the wheel and create a hazard during use). Each department raises their own issues to the
committee, which are then passed on to
management and addressed, creating a
system of checks and balances where
awareness and ideas are exchanged
between all areas of the facility. Issues
are discussed as are necessary solutions
or steps to be taken. For example, the
shops last LTI involved an employee
leaning into a machine, getting his
SEISMIC PROTECTION
FROM TAYLOR DEVICES
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of nature. Others agree. Taylor Fluid Viscous Dampers
are currently providing earthquake, wind, and motion
protection on more than 550 buildings and bridges.
From the historic Los Angeles City Hall to Mexicos
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and contractors trust the proven
technology of Taylor Devices
Fluid Viscous Dampers.
Taylor Devices Fluid Viscous Dampers give you the seismic protection
you need and the architectural freedom you want.
www.taylordevices.com
45
CTIW celebrated its decade of no LTIs with a party and 16-oz. ribeye steaks.
46
The company employs 200 people working one shift. The majority of the companys work is making modular assemblies for
industrial applications.
FEBRUARY 2015
Even seemingly little things, such as not putting a grinder wheel-first on the floor,
become everyday practice.
By stressing safety at work, the hope is that employees will practice it everywhere.
47
conference preview
HIGH-PERFORMANCE
STEEL BRIDGE
COATING OPTIONS
INDUSTRIAL PAINT SYSTEMS have been and continue face preparation and mediocre paint. When the use of deicers
to be the workhorse corrosion protection system for steel high- increased dramatically, these older systems were ill-suited to
perform for long periods of time, and the condition of the steel
way bridges.
For about the first 100 years of steel bridge construction, bridge inventory suffered. However, for those structures built
paint systems consisted of primarily simple, single-package, easy- or repainted more recently with modern paint systems, perforto-apply, inexpensive, lead-containing paints. The lead pigment mance has dramatically improved. So it is important to note
served as a corrosion inhibitor, and these coatings were easy to that when considering design options for new or replacement
use in both new construction and maintenance painting applica- bridges, the historical corrosion protection performance of a
tions. They were typically applied directly over intact mill scale painted steel bridge in a specific environment will likely not
and were used as a one-size-fits-all corrosion protection system. be representative of the improved performance expected from
Several key factors came together during the 1970s and a more modern high-performance coating system in the same
1980s to force the evolution of bridge painting systems toward bridge today.
the much more durable systems in use today. The advent of
high-production centrifugal blasting equipment coupled with Zinc-Rich Systems
The shift to zinc-rich coatings as the primary steel bridge
increased demands by bridge owners for durability allowed for
truly clean, profiled surfaces for paint applicationthus opening corrosion protection system has greatly increased the perforthe door for use of high-performance coating systems. Addition- mance of painted steel in salt-rich environments. This includes
ally, concerns over environmental and worker health and safety bridges located on the coast or exposed to chemical-containing
issues associated with lead-containing paints helped force change. runoff, drainage and traffic splash in areas that receive signifiSpecifically, zinc-rich coating systems eventually became cant deicing treatment in the winter. While real-time data rethe standard due to their greatly improved performance in salt- garding performance of modern paint systems is difficult to find,
rich environments. With the continuous pressure on owners there is a significant body of published information (from the
to maintain open roads and dry pavement at all times in all American Galvanizers Association, the Society for Protective
seasons, the use of deicing chemicals increased the demands Coatings, the Federal Highway Administration, the American
on corrosion protection systems nationwide. These factors Society for Testing and Materials and others) indicating that
conspired against the older steel bridges painted with no sur- better zinc-rich paint systems last 20 years or longer in harsh
marine environments (and likewise in the areas and details
of non-marine bridges that are directly impacted by deicing
chemicals). In fact, FHWA recently revisited the Corrosion
Protection of Steel Bridges section of the Steel Bridge Design
Handbook, Volume 19 specifically to enhance the discussion on
performance of modern bridge coatings. This revision is presently in final review and should be published in late 2015.
Also important to modern coating performance is the fact
that failure of these types of sacrificial paint systems is typically localized on the structure. Except for in the harshest marine exposures, there are usually specific areas of the structure
that show coating breakdown and corrosion first, before the
vast majority of the steel. These micro-environments concentrate the factors that drive coating breakdown and corrosion.
Robert Kogler (bobkogler@verizon.net) and Laura Erickson The areas directly beneath failed or open deck joints, members
(lauraerickson4@gmail.com) are both with Rampart, LLC.
directly in the way of traffic splash or details that tend to trap
48
FEBRUARY 2015
and hold debris, moisture and salts are usually the leading areas
for failure. By identifying these areas in maintenance practices,
the life-cycle maintenance burden of the structure can be focused on and greatly reduced when compared to the traditional
approach of a regular blast and repaint cycle for the entire
bridge, which is taken with so many older structures.
One Size does not Fit All
For continued progress in corrosion protection, bridge
owners must get over the mindset that there is only one
approach for corrosion protection.
Many states have
maintained a list of several different acceptable paint systems
over the years. Typically, the various systems are targeted
toward different required levels of durability, and for states
that have many bridges in areas that are far from natural salt
water and do not deice, this approach seems like a rational way
to decrease the cost associated with
coatings on the lower performance
end. However, with ever-increasing
performance demands in more
corrosive applications, owners are
increasingly looking toward use of
hot-dip galvanizing and metalizing
to enhance steel corrosion protection
in a more targeted manner. The data
available for both galvanizing and
metalizing show excellent long-term
performance, even indicating up to
40 years of protection for metalized
exposed steel in marine environments.
For many structures, this level of performance represents the
potential for a life of structure corrosion protection system
applied on new construction. That value proposition is gaining
recognition within the owner and fabricator community,
particularly for bridges in severe marine environments.
The next logical step in this evolution of coatings is to move
toward the application of corrosion protection systems to specific bridge elements on an as-needed basis. That is, the areas
of the bridge expected to be impacted by high levels of salt
and moisture can be constructed with an appropriately durable
coating system, while other areas expected to have a far less
severe service environment can be fabricated with a less costly
(and more efficiently constructed) system. Some possibilities
include:
priming interior girders with zinc-rich coatings and applying topcoats to fascia beams only
preferential galvanizing or metalizing of bridge elements
or areas known to have more corrosion incidents than
the bulk of the bridge (e.g., beam ends under joints or
horizontal members)
the use of topcoats over galvanizing and metalizing in
very aggressive environments
Corrosive Environments and Design Detailing
Bridge corrosion protection design must consider not only
the macro-environment (e.g., marine, heavy deicing, urban, rural, etc.) but also, and perhaps more importantly, the microenvironments created by the detailing of the structuree.g.,
the specifics of designed drainage, unintentional (but likely)
life-cycle drainage paths caused by failed deck joints and splash
STEEL
49
conference preview
WHAT MAKES A GOOD
DESIGN DRAWING?
50
FEBRUARY 2015
does not always get the job. Quality is what they are willing to
pay for. The problem is that they have to get the job first. If
getting the job means that budgets get sliced and diced, it is
hard to stay in business if you get a job and then turn around
and sublet a portion of the job for
more than your budget dictates, for
the sake of quality.
The question, then, is where is
THE
the happy medium in terms of price
vs. quality vs. standards vs. what
CONFERENCE
makes a good design drawing?
The key is developing your system to have your pricing be competitive yet not sacrifice quality and
still get the job done in the time
frame that is wanted. We should
foster good relationships within
our community to work with others who believe in these same core principles and ideals and
team up or partner with these companies. We should not lose
our old school foundation and core beliefs or sacrifice lessons
learned for the sake of the new school mentality of cheapest
STEEL
This article is a preview of Session N6 What Makes a Good Design Drawing? at NASCC: The Steel Conference, taking place
March 25-27 in Nashville. Learn more about the conference at
www.aisc.org/nascc.
51
conference preview
WORKING WITH
LARGE TRUSSES
52
FEBRUARY 2015
by assembling jigs in the shop to maneuver these frames. Being able to access
welding locations easily can make the
workers job much easier and can also allow for a cleaner weld, which is vital for
exposed truss connections.
Large steel trusses can be beastly when
their main role is transferring significant
vertical loads and beautiful when they
span notable public spaces. Either way,
the four factors described above apply.
THE
STEEL
CONFERENCE
Watch
it on
Visit us
Booth
#434
53
54
FEBRUARY 2015
A detail drawing of the bolted connection required to transfer large truss loads. All plates are
3-in. Gr-50 with 1-in.-diameter A490 X bolts.
The Beauty
For the HSS triangulated steel beauty (see of splices, the method of cambering, the
image on previous page) situated in a new member types and the assembly of the
airport facility, the 190-ft span had one inter- trusses from start to finish.
mediate support. The priority was limiting the
weight of the largest truss segment and en- This article is a preview of Session N10
couraging the use of splices that would speed Working with Large Trusses at NASCC:
up installation. The result was three segments The Steel Conference, taking place March
25-27 in Nashville. Learn more about the
(two splices) for each of the 17 trusses.
At the splice location, the top chords are conference at www.aisc.org/nascc.
hinged and the bottom chord is a hidden
multi-bolted continuous joint (see image on
previous page). The latter was initially specified as all site-welded, but the hidden ugly
bolted connection, which was covered with
a sleeve and field-finished, sped up construction and met aesthetic requirements. Initially
proposed by the fabricator, the entire team adopted the solution. It optimized mobilization
of site equipmentone tower crane and one
mobile craneand coordination with other
trades such as deck and curtain wall.
Since the truss is triangulated, special
arrangements were required to rotate the
truss segments during fabrication, transport them on their back to the site for
safety reasons and flip them back in position before erection. Two segments were
assembled on the ground and lifted into
position on a temporary tower before
erecting the last segment.
THE
STEEL
CONFERENCE
The Beast
In the two-story deep-beast (see image
on previous page) the transfer of large vertical loads resulting from the interruption
of two 45-story tall columns, drove the design. The maximum compressive and tensile forces were 8,500 kips and 3,500 kips,
respectively! Consideration for splice location was mainly determined by the weight
of the pieces for transport and erection.
The need for pre-assembly was essential.
Base plates and gussets were machine finished. Joints in contact bearing needed to
have 75% of the entire contact area in bearing and a separation of no greater than 0.02
in. To reduce the weight, high-resistance
steel and compact wide-flange sections were
used (ASTM A913 grade 65 W360421,
W360634, W3601086) along with highstrength bolts (A490 118 in). All shop welds
were complete joint penetration. Compression and tension splices were bolted.
While dealing with large trusses, collaboration between architects, engineers,
contractors, fabricators and erectors is
key to optimizing the location and types
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION
55
conference preview
THE BUSINESS CASE
FOR INTEGRATED LEAN
PROJECT DELIVERY
56
FEBRUARY 2015
ration and locks the parties to the new business model. The key
elements of the new contract model are:
Early involvement of key participants
Reduced liability among risk/reward members
Joint project management
Jointly set targets and goals
Shared risk/reward
Getting the right people involved at the right time improves
efficiency and creativity. Because liability is reduced among
them, they can readily share information and communicate
without fear of liability.
Designers considering constructability and contractors commenting
THE
on designer are no longer prohibited;
they are encouraged. Alignment is
achieved through joint target setting
CONFERENCE
and is maintained by shared risk/reward. And unlike partnering, when
the going gets tough the team has to
keep going because they are contractually bound. If a problem arises, the
teams must solve it together because
the exit door is closed.
STEEL
Enabling Behaviors
Getting the structure right sets the stage for a successful
project. Like a skeleton, the IPD project structure supports the
project and makes the muscles more efficient. But like a skeleton,
it does not move by itself. It needs enabling behaviors, such as:
Optimize the whole, not the parts
Trust
Integration of people, processes and systems
Continuous improvement/learning
Appropriate technology
Real collaboration
These enabling behaviors embrace Lean principles and procedures, are driven by high-performance teaming and are built
on earned trust. They bring the project structure to life and, if
adopted by the team, create great outcomes.
But keep in mind that not all corporations are fit to support
IPD projects. If you cannot effectively integrate within your
own four walls, you will not be able to support an IPD contract. If you cannot trust in or execute on Lean principles, you
will have less to offer in an integrated environment. Thats
why the competency-based approach to assessing stakeholders is so important. You may have the right process or contract model in place, but if you have players that are unfamiliar
with identifying and removing waste, you will very likely fall
short of your objective.
Manufacturing companies with the ability to identify and
remove waste from a process are better positioned to support an integrated approach to construction. At the same
time, construction managers and owners who recognize this
ability are more likely to identify competent contractors to
support the objective of maximizing the potential outcome
of a project. The two work hand in hand and no compromises can be made that take the focus off the best possible
project outcome.
IPD is a prescription for an ailing industry. It removes dysfunctions, breaks down silos and encourages good behavior.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION
57
it is also fun.
The New
DuraSquirt DTIs
o f nd out mo ,
vis us a e show
58
FEBRUARY 2015
email: info@appliedbolting.com
THE STEEL
CONFERENCE
incorporating the
MARCH
2527,
2015
3,700
design and
construction
professionals
100+
educational
seminars
200+ exhibitors
PREMIER EVENT
for
EVERYONE
involved
in the
Design and
Construction
of
S TEEL - F R A M E D
Buildings and
Bridges
GEN. AD.
ADVANCE PROGRAM
To view the advance program, visit
www.aisc.org/nascc
NASCC:
THE STEEL CONFERENCE
NASCC:
THE STEEL CONFERENCE
SEAT
ROW
GA
SEC.
GE NE R AL ADMISSION
AISLE
NASCC:
THE STEEL CONFERENCE
GE N. AD.
A I S C
news
People and Firms
NASCC
BRIDGES
FEBRUARY 2015
news
SPECIFICATIONS
tions and retitled Erection Engineering. These updates further refine the
processes that should be in place prior to
field erection to better ensure safety, reliability and economy.
The work was developed by the
AASHTO/NSBA Steel Bridge Collaboration Task Group 10, which is comprised of contributing members from the
design consulting, DOT and fabrication
communities. S10.1s revisions continue
the collaborations mission of distribut-
MARKET NEWS
CERTIFICATION
61
news
ENGINEERING JOURNAL
Q1 EJ Now Available
The first quarter 2015 issue of Engineering
Journal is now available in PDF format at
www.aisc.org/ej. You can view, print and
share the current digital edition.
2013-14
FEBRUARY 2015
2013-28
www.aisc.org/nightschool
Class begins January 26, 2015
AISC
Night School
Stability Design of Steel Structures
Applying Modern Methods of Structural Analysis
Presented by Donald W. White, Ph.D. and Ronald D. Ziemian, P.E., Ph.D.
in collaboration with the
Structural Stability Research Council
marketplace
941.223.4332 jmmoon94@aol.com
Contract Auditor
Quality Management Company, LLC is seeking contractors to
conduct audits for the AISC Certified Fabricator and AISC Certified
Erector Programs. Contractors must have knowledge of quality
management practices as well as knowledge of audit principles,
practices and techniques and knowledge of the steel construction
industry. If you are interested, please submit your statement of
interest contractor@qmconline.org.
Are you looking for software, products, or services for your next project?
You can find it in Modern Steel Constructions online product directory.
http://modernsteel.com/product_categories.php
If youre a provider of software, products, or services and would
like more information about being listed or enhancing your current listing,
contact Louis Gurthet at:
gurthet@modernsteel.com or 231.228.2274
FEBRUARY 2015
Structural Engineers
www.FindYourEngineer.com
employment
RECRUITER IN STRUCTURAL MISCELLANEOUS
STEEL FABRICATION
ProCounsel, a member of AISC, can market your skills
and achievements (without identifying you) to any city
or state in the United States. We communicate with
over 3,000 steel fabricators nationwide. The employer
pays the employment fee and the interviewing and
relocation expenses. If youve been thinking of making
a change, now is the time to do it. Our target, for you,
is the right job, in the right location, at the right money.
Buzz Taylor
PROCOUNSEL
Toll free: 866-289-7833 or 214-741-3014
Fax: 214-741-3019
mailbox@procounsel.net
PROJECT MANAGERS
International Design Services is seeking project
managers to manage all aspects of detailing & connection design, including
coordination with the fabricator, design team, and other suppliers to the
project. Project manager is responsible for maintaining drawing quality,
project schedules and costs, and overall customer satisfaction.
IDS offers benefits package, competitive salary and relocation allowance.
Please call (314) 872-1791 or email your resume to msmith@ids-inc.net.
Visit steelTOOLS.org
Join the conversation at AISCs new
file-sharing, information-sharing website.
Here are just a few of the FREE resources now available:
More than 160 steelTOOLS utilities available for downloading
Discussion blogs where your can connect and share ideas with
your peers
Files posted by your peers in special interest libraries, including:
A Pocket Reference to W Shapes by Depth,
then Flange Width
Welding Capacity Calculator
Moments, Shears and Reactions for Continuous Bridges
Video: Bridge Erection at the SeaTac Airport
Got Questions? Got Answers?
Participate with us at steelTOOLS.org.
www.coicompany.com
65
structurally
sound
CRUISING
THROUGH THE OC
Thornton Tomasetti
Thornton Tomasetti
FEBRUARY 2015
Be part of
the BIM
revolution.
*Free Autodesk software licenses and/or cloud-based services are subject to acceptance of and compliance with the terms and
conditions of the license agreement or terms of service, as applicable, that accompany such software or cloud-based services.
Autodesk, the Autodesk logo, Revit and AutoCAD are registered trademarks or trademarks of Autodesk, Inc., and/or its subsidiaries and/
or affiliates in the USA and/or other countries. All other brand names, product names, or trademarks belong to their respective holders.
Autodesk reserves the right to alter product and services offerings, and specifications and pricing at any time without notice, and is not
responsible for typographical or graphical errors that may appear in this document. 2014 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved.