2010.

1 0 .................................................. 1
1.1 .............................................................. 1
1.2 .............................................................. 1
1.3 (Kronecker ) .......................................... 2
1.4 .............................................................. 2
1.5 ........................................................ 3
1.6 ................................................ 3
1.6.1 ........................................................... 3
1.6.2 ........................................................... 4
1.7 Navier-Stokes................................................... 5
2

................................................. 6

2.1 ................................................ 6
2.2 .......................................... 8
2.3 ........................................................ 8
2.3.1 Darcy ...................................................... 9
2.3.2 Darcy ............................................... 11
2.4 Darcy.......................................................... 11
2.5 ..................................................... 12
2.5.1 ............................................ 12
2.5.2 .............................................. 13
2.5.3 0 ...................................... 14
2.5.4 0 ................................................ 16
2.6

.......................................... 17
2.6.1 .............................................. 17
2.6.2 ............................ 18

.......................................... 21

3.1 ............................................. 21
3.2 ........................................... 22
3.3 ................................................. 22
3.3.1 ........................................ 22
3.3.2 ....................................... 23
3.3.3 .................................................. 23
3.3.4 ................................................ 23
3.3.5 ................................................ 24
3.4 ............................................. 24
3.5 ............................................................. 24
3.5.1 ...................................................... 24
3.5.2 ...................................................... 25
4

............................................ 26

4.1 ....................................... 26
4.2 ......................................................... 28
4.3 ................................................. 29
................................................................. 31

1 1

1.1
x1 x2 ... xn
xi i=1,2,...,n
xyz x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3 xi yi
i=1,2,3i=1,2

1.2
(1)
1 n (2)
1,2,,n
ai bi = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3

i=1,2,3

(11)

ai bi = a j b j = ak bk

(12)

3
1
a1b1 ai bi 2 ai bi ci
3

a1b1c1 + a2b2 c2 + a3b3c3 ai bi ci ai bi ci 3

i =1

xi = aij u j

(13)

i j (13)
1


x1 = a11u1 + a12u2 + a13u3

x2 = a21u1 + a22u2 + a23u3

x = a u + a u + a u
31 1
32 2
33 3
3

(14)

(14)(13)

1.3 (Kronecker )
(Kronecker ) ij
1 i = j
0 i j

ij = {

(15)

r
(16)

r 2 = ij xi x j = x j x j

ij xi = x j
ij xi i j x j

ij Ajk = Aik ij Akj = Aki

(17)

(Kronecker ) ij

r r

ij = ei e j
r
ei i

1.4
ijk i, j , k 123
123

ijk

1 i, j , k

= 1 i, j , k
0

(18)

 123 = 231 = 312 = 1 , 321 = 132 = 213 = 1 , 0

a11

a12

a13

a21

a22

a23 = ijk a1i a2 j a3k

a31

a32

a33

(19)

1.5

ai ,i =

ai a1 a2 a3
=
+
+
xi x1 x2 x3

(110)

a,ii =

a
2a 2a 2a
( )= 2 + 2 + 2
xi xi
x1 x2 x3

(111)

1.6
1.6.1
v
a ai
v
v v
a = ai ei ei i

v v
v
v
v v
a b = ai ei b j e j = ai b j ei e j = ai b j ij = ai bi

v v
e1 e2
v v
a b = a1 a2
b1 b2

(112)

v
e3

v
a3 = kij ai b j ek

(113)

b3

v
a x1 x2 a1 a2
x1 x2 a1 a2

 a1 = a1 cos( x1 , x1 ) + a2 cos( x1 , x2 )

a2 = a1 cos( x2 , x1 ) + a2 cos( x2 , x2 )

(114)

a j = ji ai

(115)

ji = cos( x j , xi )

(116)

a j = ji ai

(117)

(115)(117)

u =

u v u v u v
v
e1 +
e2 +
e3 = u,i ei
x1
x2
x3

(118)

v a a a
a = 1 + 2 + 3 = ai ,i
x1 x2 x3

(119)

1.6.2
(115)(117)

Tijk i,j,k=1,2,...,nn ,
2

Tlm = li mjTij

(120)

Tlmn = li mj nk Tijk

(121)

Tij = T ji

Tij = T ji

Tij = , i = j

T
=
0,
i

j
ij

ij

Tij
xk

= Tij ,k

xs

=
= ks
xk xs xk
xs

Tij ,k = im jn ksTmn, s

(122)

Tij ,k

1.7 Navier-Stokes
Navier-Stokes

u x
1
= Fx

t
1
u y
= Fy

t
u
1
z = Fz

2 u 2u 2 u
p
+ ( 2x + 2x + 2x )
z
x
x
y
2u y 2 u y 2u y
p
+ ( 2 + 2 + 2 )
z
y
x
y

(123)

p
2u z 2u z 2 u z
+ ( 2 + 2 + 2 )
z
x
y
z

(123)

ui
1 p
= Fi
+ ui , jj
xi
t

i,j=1,2,3

(124)

u x u y u z Fx Fy Fz P

2.1

 1 2
A

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

p V Vp
n = V p / V
2
v0
p 1 0
p

n( p ) = lim

vi v0

V pi

(21)

Vi
7

2.2

v = q /(nA)
v = q / A

v = nv
(Streamline)

dx
dy
dz
=
=

V x ( p, t ) V y ( p, t ) V z ( p, t )

2.3

2.3.1 Darcy
1856 H.DarcyDijon
3Darcy:
QA h1 h2 L

3 Darcy

Q = KA

h1 h2
L

22

h1 h2

p
v2
h=
+z+
g
2g

23

p g z
v

v = K (

P
+ z)
g

24

v
x

v = K

1 p
K p
=
g x
x

25

: darcy

K
:

K = g

26

Re=5

Re < 5

v = kJ

5 < Re < 200

Re > 200

v = kJ 0.74
v = kJ 0.5
10

2.3.2 Darcy

vi = K ij (

K ij

p, j

+ z, j ) , i, j = 1, 2, 3

27

i,j

g Z

K ij = K ji

( K ij K ji )n j = 0 i, j = 1, 2, 3

28

n j

kx
K ij = 0
0

0
ky
0

0
0
k z

29

Darcy

k x p

vx = g x

k y p

vy =
g y

k z p
( + g)
v z =
g z

210

2.4 Darcy

Darcy

11

 Darcy

K
(p G ), |p |> G
v=

0, |p | G

211

G K

vn =

p, 1<n<2

212

n 1 2

2.5

2.5.1

12

0C

2.5.2

w
v

213

w V
n

r =

wr
v

214

r wr
V

wy

215

wy

= r +

216

s
13

, s

s=

217

sr =

r
s

218

se

se =

r s sr
=
s r 1 sr

2.5.3

219

d10 d15 d50

d 60 d85 10 d10 d 60 / d10

14

n e

n=

e
1+ e

220

5
n = 0.476 n = 0.259
n

5
15

 1
0.30.6 0.60.8
0.6
1

ne

0.250.35
0.280.35
0.300.38
0.330.40
0.350.45
0.400.55
0.450.65

0.200.25
0.150.20
0.100.15
0.080.12
0.050.10
0.030.08
0.020.05

(cm/s)
310-1510-2
110-1210-2
410-2110-3
210-2110-3
510-3110-4
510-4110-6
<110-6

d d 0 = 0.414d
d 0 = 0.155d d e

d0 =

0.44n
de
1 n

221

wy

2.5.4

16

0.010.1 110-7cm/s 56

n = 1 (1
i =1

bi
)
Bi

222

b B

6
-6
110 cm

6
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

2.6
2.6.1

pc

17

pc = pnw pw

223

pnw pw

pc =

2 cos
r

224

hc =

2 cos
gr

225

hc
2
2

0.030.1

0.10.5

0.52.0

2.05.0

5.010.0

2.6.2
1

Van Genuchtens (1980) (VG)

18

 r + ( s r )(1+ | p |n ) m ,
( p) =
s ,

p<0
p0

226

n , m = 1 1/ n
7clay loam 0.38
0.15 1.82 n2.43
2.5
2
1.5

1
0.5
0
0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

VG Mualems (1976)

k r ( se ) = se1/ 2 [1 (1 se1/ m ) m ]2

227

8
100

10

c
m
/
s

0.1

0.01
0.15

0.2

0.25

19

0.3

0.35

0.4

20

3
3.1

d 9 n

( v)i ni d

( )
( )
d
d

t
t

q d qd
qd

( )
d = qd
( v)i ni d

31

-

( v)i ni d = ( v)i,i d

( )
+ ( v ) i ,i = q
t

32

21

3.2
o w
s

( o so )
+ ( o vo )i ,i = o qo

( w sw ) + ( v ) = q
w w i ,i
w w

33

s0 + sw = 1

B B

vo
qo
so
t ( B ) + ( B )i ,i = B

o
o
o

( sw ) + ( vw ) = qw
i ,i
t Bw
Bw
Bw

34

so kro ( so )
( K ij
( )+
o
t Bo

( sw ) + krw ( sw ) ( K
ij
t Bw
w

po , j
Bo

) ,i =

qo
Bo

35

pw , j

q
)i ,i = w
Bw
Bw

k k
ro
rw

so + sw = 1 pc = po pw

3.3

3.3.1

22

d
=0 =c
dp

(36)

3.3.2

Cl dp =

(37)

Cl

3.3.3

pV = nRT

(38)

V T R n
8.31451 JmolK

pV = z nRT

(39)

3.3.4

C p dp =

dV p

(310)

Vp

V
C
P p p

C =

1 d
dp

(311)

23

3.3.5

:1.2.3.
4.5.

3.4

39

= 0 (1 + Cl ( p p0 ))

310

= 0 (1 + C ( p p0 ))

Ct = Cl + C

= 00 (1 + C ( p p0 )) (1 + Cl ( p p0 ))

311

= 00 (1 + Ct ( p p0 ))
32

( )
p
= 00Ct
t
t

312

00Ct

p
+ ( v ) i ,i = q
t

313

3.5

3.5.1
P

p( x, y, z ) |t =0 = f 0 ( x, y, z )

317
24

 f 0 ( x, y, z )

3.5.2

p( x, y, z ) | = f ( x, y, z , t )

317

f ( x, y, z , t )

p
| = f ( x, y, z , t )
n

318

p
+ hp) | = f ( x, y, z , t )
n

319

25

4
4.1
(Dupuit,1983)
h= 10
(a)

vs = k

dh
dz
= k
= k sin
ds
ds

4-1

10
Q tan =

dh
sin
dx

(b)

v = k

dh
dx

q = kh( x)

4-2

dh
dx

4-3

(x,z) h( x) h( x, z )
43 z
vz = k

vz = 0 vz = k

h
h s
= k
= k sin 2 ()
z
s z

26

 11(a)4-3

k (h12 h22 )
2L

4-4

k (h 2 h22 )
q=
2x

4-5

q=

h1 h2 h x
x

x
h = [h22 + (h12 h22 ) ]1/ 2
L

4-6

(a)

(b)

11 (a) (b)
11(b)

v = k

dh
= kJ
ds

4-7

J H h
H h = H + z i =

J =

dz

ds

dh
dH
=i
ds
ds

4-8

q = Hv = kH (i

dH
)
ds

4-9

i > 0 i = 0 i < 0
27

dH
dH
> 0
< 0
ds
ds

12

12

4.2
13

q=k

M 1 + M 2 H1 H 2
2
L

4-10

M 1 M 2 H1 H 2

28

(a)

(b)
13

14

14

4.3

29

Q = 2 rkh

dh
dr

4-11

dh
Q
=
dr 2 kh

4-12

Q dr
k r

4-13

Q
ln r + C
k

4-14

2hdh =

h2 =

r R,h H

C = H2

Q
ln R
k

4-15

Q =k

H 2 h0 2
R
ln
r0

4-16

Dupuit

30


1. 2005
2. 1999
3. 2003

31