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00-6
II
II
II
JIB
Figure 6.1
In a series pipe system the same fluid flows through all
the pipes and the head losses are cumulative.
In parallel
pipes the losses are the same in any of the lines and the
discharges are cumulative.
In these situations the basic
electrical analogy using Kirchoff's Laws is applicable.
In analysing parallel pipe systems, if no further information is given, it is assumed that the minor losses are added
into the lengths of each pipe as equivalent lengths. Thus, in
Figure 6.1, the ground condition is that:
J/kg
F.xample
m2
- 1 -
July 1977
123.00-6
II
\
g"
500,."
2.00 0
20-11
15'00 ".,.
/2.
-II
Figure 6.2
This type of question is solved by a proportionality
approach and to this end a flow in one of the legs has to be
assumed.
Assume flow in leg 1 is 0.2 m 3 /s
Thus
=
VDp
]J
6.2 x 8 x 2.54
1.97
6.2 m/s
10 6
(E/D)l
0.00022
fl
0.0145
Substituting
=
=
- 2 -
0.2 X 10 4
322.8
= Qi
x 500
2 x 8 x 2.54
686 J/kg
, n 2
.... u
123.00-6
ELOSS (2)
We know neither
vl
''''In
.&.J.J2
(E~oss
=
\
vi
Thus
f~L2(V~)
(2)
x 2 x 02 ~
f~ Lz
(E In) z
Thus
=
v~
0.000095
lO-~ ~ =
0.012
5.2 mls
'-
3.9
f~l
Thus
Q~
10 6
0.0121
v~
1~_L_lo_S_S....;.(_3....;.)_X_2_X_0_~\ ~
\
f~
L3
- 3 -
123.00-6
/~
C:/~3
R~
Check value of f~
/- - ~bl:lb X 2 x 12 x 2.54 x 10
0.013 x 1500
4.6 m/s
Thus
Thus
Q1
&
0.013
-"'\
10 4
=
f~l
0.00015
V~
Thus
f~
2.2
0.000133
A 3 X V~
10 6
near enough
=
=
722.1
10- 4
x 4.6
0.33 m /s
Qi + Q~ + Q
Qz
Q3
0.2 x 1.2
1. 46
0.93 x 1.2
1.46
0.164 m 3/s
0.764 m 3 /s
0.33 x 1.2
0.271 m 3 /s
1. 46
0.164 X 10 4
322.8
Rl
0.764 X 10 4
1794
=
=
5.1 x 8 x 2.54
10- 2 x 780
10 4
5
1.6
4.3 m/s
=
- 4 -
5.1 m/s
LOSS
10
3.2
10 6
10 4
123.00-6
V3
0.271 X 10 lf
722.1
R3
3.8 m/s
3.8 X 12 x 2.54 x 10- 2 X 780 X 10 lf
5
1.8 X 10 6
(0/
0) ,
0.00022, f
E LOSS (l)
0.0145
0.000093, f 2 =
E LOSS (2)
(%),
0.00015,
ELOSS (3)
Average E
6.P
LOSS
X E
Thus
LOSS
P
2 x 8 x 2.54 X 10- 2
464 J/kg
0/D)2
0.0122
472 J/kg
0.0136
483 J/kg
473 J/kg
=
780 X 473
500
368.9
368.9 kPa
=
=
131. 1 kP a (g)
Split Flow
In the previous example the flow through each section was
determined by the pressure difference. Exactly the same situation applies when the flow is split and reaches different
- 5 -
123.00-6
Thus
P2
p Z/
')
C-:l2
'-.V...J
998.2 +
+ 0 + 4.9
2
2
151.609 kPa(a)
4.9]
998.2
0.3/
872.8 x 10- 4
3.4 m/s
P2/
Thus
Thus
P3
+ v~/
ADD
P[V~/2 _
=
v~/
P 3/
P
P2 +
+ v~/
+ EADD ]
2
3.4 2
+ 600]
- 7 -
123.00-6
e: /
VDp
].1
3.4 x
13.~
, ,
.......
' "v 6
...
0.00014
ID
fLV~
'f'
x 2.54 x 10- 2
1.005 X 10- 3
;;;;
99B.2
0.0138
0.0139 x 70 x 3.4 2
2 x 13.1 x 2.54 x 10- 2
2D
16.9 J/kg
P 3 / p + V3/ 2 + g h 3 + E
ADD
Thus
P 4 / P + V~/ 2 +
P3
748.212
731.342 kPa(a)
P (E
LOSS
h 4 + ELOSS
998.2 x 16.9
=
=
- 8 -
gh s
123.00-6
Thus
631.2
503.7 J/kg
503.7
127.5
VA
E/
'D
[503.7 x 2 x 8 x 2.54 x 10
12.1 mls
0.014 x 100
12.1 x 8 x 2.54
2.4
'J
10- 2 x 998.2
1. 005 x 10- 3
X
0.00022
10 6
f
0.0143
V A
12 x 322.8 x 10- 4
=
P
631. 2 J/kg
VB - [631.: : ~ x 0
9 -
123.00-6
f is 0.0135
L1.2
r-
Thus
VB
VDp
13.0 mls
13.0 x 10 x 2.54
1.005
]..l
3.3
11.
10- 2 x 998.2
10- 3
0.0137
Revised value of VB
10- J~
10 6
0.000175
Ql
0.0135 x 140
=
EI
2 x 10 x 2.54
V A
12.9 mls
0.656 m 3 /s
Ql
=
Similarly
Ql
~A
+ QB)
0.387
0.387 + 0.656 x
Q
B
(0.3)
0.189 m 3 /s
ASSIGNMENT
1.
- 10 -
123.00-6
Line (a)
(b)
(c)
J. Irwin-Childs
- 11 -