India

6/3/2015
IndiaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Coordinates:21N78E
India
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
India( i /ndi/),officiallytheRepublicofIndia
(BhratGaarjya),[12][c]isacountryinSouthAsia.Itis
theseventhlargestcountrybyarea,thesecondmost
populouscountrywithover1.2billionpeople,andthe
mostpopulousdemocracyintheworld.Boundedbythe
IndianOceanonthesouth,theArabianSeaonthesouth
west,andtheBayofBengalonthesoutheast,itshares
landborderswithPakistantothewest[d]China,Nepal,
andBhutantothenortheastandBurma(Myanmar)and
Bangladeshtotheeast.IntheIndianOcean,Indiaisin
thevicinityofSriLankaandtheMaldivesinaddition,
India'sAndamanandNicobarIslandsshareamaritime
borderwithThailandandIndonesia.
HometotheancientIndusValleyCivilisationanda
regionofhistorictraderoutesandvastempires,the
Indiansubcontinentwasidentifiedwithitscommercial
andculturalwealthformuchofitslonghistory.[13]Four
religionsHinduism,Buddhism,Jainism,andSikhism
originatedhere,whereasZoroastrianismandthe
AbrahamicreligionsofJudaism,Christianity,andIslam
arrivedinthe1stmillenniumCEandalsohelpedshape
theregion'sdiverseculture.Graduallyannexedbyand
broughtundertheadministrationoftheBritishEastIndia
Companyfromtheearly18thcenturyandadministered
directlybytheUnitedKingdomaftertheIndian
Rebellionof1857,Indiabecameanindependentnation
in1947afterastruggleforindependencethatwas
markedbynonviolentresistanceledbyMahatma
Gandhi.
TheIndianeconomyistheworld'sseventhlargestby
nominalGDPandthirdlargestbypurchasingpower
parity(PPP).[9]Followingmarketbasedeconomic
reformsin1991,Indiabecameoneofthefastestgrowing
majoreconomiesitisconsideredanewlyindustrialised
country.However,itcontinuestofacethechallengesof
poverty,corruption,malnutrition,inadequatepublic
healthcare,andterrorism.Anuclearweaponsstateanda
regionalpower,ithasthethirdlargeststandingarmyin
theworldandranksninthinmilitaryexpenditureamong
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India
RepublicofIndia
BhratGaarjya
Flag
Emblem
Motto:"SatyamevaJayate" (Sanskrit)
"TruthAloneTriumphs"[1]
Anthem:JanaGanaMana
"Thouarttherulersofthemindsofallpeople"[2][3]
0:00
MENU
Nationalsong:
VandeMataram
"IBowtoThee,Mother"[a][1][3]
AreacontrolledbyIndiashownindarkgreen
claimedbutuncontrolledregionsshowninlightgreen.
Capital
NewDelhi
2836.8N7712.5E
Largestcity
Mumbai
1/41
6/3/2015
nations.Indiaisafederalconstitutionalrepublic
governedunderaparliamentarysystemconsistingof29
statesand7unionterritories.Indiaisapluralistic,
multilingual,andamultiethnicsociety.Itisalsohome
toadiversityofwildlifeinavarietyofprotectedhabitats.
Contents
1Etymology
2History
2.1AncientIndia
2.2MedievalIndia
2.3EarlymodernIndia
2.4ModernIndia
3Geography
4Biodiversity
5Politics
5.1Government
5.2Subdivisions
6Foreignrelationsandmilitary
7Economy
8Demographics
9Culture
9.1Artandarchitecture
9.2Literature
9.3Performingarts
9.4Motionpictures,television
9.5Society
9.6Clothing
9.7Sports
10Seealso
11Notes
12References
13Bibliography
14Externallinks
Etymology
ThenameIndiaisderivedfromIndus,whichoriginates
fromtheOldPersianwordHindu.Thelattertermstems
fromtheSanskritwordSindhu,whichwasthehistorical
localappellationfortheIndusRiver.[14]Theancient
GreeksreferredtotheIndiansasIndoi(),which
translatesas"thepeopleoftheIndus".[15]
ThegeographicaltermBharat(
[bart
]),
Officiallanguages
HindiEnglish
Recognised
regionallanguages
8thSchedule
Nationallanguage
None
Demonym
Indian
Government
Federalparliamentary
constitutionalrepublic[1]
PranabMukherjee
MohammadHamidAnsari
NarendraModi
President
VicePresident
PrimeMinister
ChiefJustice
Speakerofthe
House
Legislature
Upperhouse
Lowerhouse
H.L.Dattu[6]
SumitraMahajan
ParliamentofIndia
RajyaSabha
LokSabha
IndependencefromtheUnitedKingdom
Dominion
15August1947
Republic
26January1950
Area
Total
Water(%)
3,287,590[7]km2[b](7th)
1,269,346sqmi
9.6
Population
2011census
1,210,193,422[8](2nd)
Density
382.9/km2(31st)
991.7/sqmi
GDP(PPP)
Total
2015estimate
$7.997trillion[9](3rd)
Percapita
$6,266[9](124th)
GDP(nominal)
Total
2015estimate
$2.308trillion[9](7th)
Percapita
$1,808[9](141st)
Gini(2010)
33.9[10]
medium79th
HDI(2013)
0.586[11]
medium135th
Currency
Indianrupee()(INR)
Timezone
Summer(DST)
IST(UTC+05:30)
notobserved(UTC+05:30)
Dateformat
ddmmyyyy(CE)
2/41
6/3/2015
ThegeographicaltermBharat(pronounced[bart
]),
whichisrecognisedbytheConstitutionofIndiaasan
officialnameforthecountry,[16]isusedbymanyIndian
languagesinitsvariations.TheeponymofBharatis
Bharata,atheologicalfigurethatHinduscriptures
describeasalegendaryemperorofancientIndia.
Drivesonthe
left
Callingcode
+91
ISO3166code
IN
InternetTLD
.in
otherTLDs
Hindustan([nd
st
an])wasoriginallyaPersianwordthatmeant"LandoftheHindus"priorto1947,it
referredtoaregionthatencompassednorthernIndiaandPakistan.Itisoccasionallyusedtosolelydenote
Indiainitsentirety.[17][18]
History
AncientIndia
TheearliestauthenticatedhumanremainsinSouthAsiadatetoabout30,000yearsago.[19]Nearly
contemporaneousMesolithicrockartsiteshavebeenfoundinmanypartsoftheIndiansubcontinent,
includingattheBhimbetkarocksheltersinMadhyaPradesh.[20]Around7000BCE,thefirstknown
NeolithicsettlementsappearedonthesubcontinentinMehrgarhandothersitesinwesternPakistan.[21]
ThesegraduallydevelopedintotheIndusValleyCivilisation,[22]thefirsturbancultureinSouthAsia[23]it
flourishedduring25001900BCEinPakistanandwesternIndiaalongtherivervalleysofIndusand
Sarasvati.[24]CentredoncitiessuchasMohenjodaro,Harappa,Dholavira,andKalibangan,andrelyingon
variedformsofsubsistence,thecivilisationengagedrobustlyincraftsproductionandwideranging
trade.[23]
Duringtheperiod2000500BCE,intermsofculture,manyregionsof
thesubcontinenttransitionedfromtheChalcolithictotheIronAge.[25]
TheVedas,theoldestscripturesofHinduism,[26]werecomposed
duringthisperiod,[27]andhistorianshaveanalysedthesetoposita
VediccultureinthePunjabregionandtheupperGangeticPlain.[25]
Mosthistoriansalsoconsiderthisperiodtohaveencompassedseveral
wavesofIndoAryanmigrationintothesubcontinent.[28][26]Thecaste
systemaroseduringthisperiod,whichcreatedahierarchyofpriests,
MapofVedicperiod.
warriors,freepeasantsandtraders,andlastlytheindigenouspeoples
whowereregardedasimpureandsmalltribalunitsgradually
coalescedintomonarchical,statelevelpolities.[29][30]OntheDeccanPlateau,archaeologicalevidencefrom
thisperiodsuggeststheexistenceofachiefdomstageofpoliticalorganisation.[25]InsouthernIndia,a
progressiontosedentarylifeisindicatedbythelargenumberofmegalithicmonumentsdatingfromthis
period,[31]aswellasbynearbytracesofagriculture,irrigationtanks,andcrafttraditions.[31]
InthelateVedicperiod,aroundthe6thcenturyBCE,thesmallstatesandchiefdomsoftheGangesPlain
andthenorthwesternregionshadconsolidatedinto16majoroligarchiesandmonarchiesthatwereknown
asthemahajanapadas.[32][33]Theemergingurbanisationandtheorthodoxiesofthisagealsocreated
heterodoxreligiousmovements,twoofwhichbecameindependentreligions.Buddhism,basedonthe
3/41
6/3/2015
teachingsofGautamaBuddhaattractedfollowersfromallsocialclassesexceptingthemiddleclass
chroniclingthelifeoftheBuddhawascentraltothebeginningsofrecordedhistoryinIndia.[34][35][36]
Jainismcameintoprominenceduringthelifeofitsexemplar,Mahavira.[37]Inanageofincreasingurban
wealth,bothreligionshelduprenunciationasanideal,[38]andboth
establishedlonglastingmonastictraditions.Politically,bythe3rdcentury
BCE,thekingdomofMagadhahadannexedorreducedotherstatesto
emergeastheMauryanEmpire.[39]Theempirewasoncethoughttohave
controlledmostofthesubcontinentexceptingthefarsouth,butitscore
regionsarenowthoughttohavebeenseparatedbylargeautonomous
areas.[40][41]TheMauryankingsareknownasmuchfortheirempire
buildinganddeterminedmanagementofpubliclifeasforAshoka's
renunciationofmilitarismandfarflungadvocacyoftheBuddhist
dhamma.[42][43]
PaintingsattheAjantaCaves
inAurangabad,Maharashtra,
6thcentury
TheSangamliteratureoftheTamillanguagerevealsthat,between200BCE
and200CE,thesouthernpeninsulawasbeingruledbytheCheras,the
Cholas,andthePandyas,dynastiesthattradedextensivelywiththeRoman
EmpireandwithWestandSouthEastAsia.[44][45]InNorthIndia,Hinduism
assertedpatriarchalcontrolwithinthefamily,leadingtoincreasedsubordinationofwomen.[46][39]Bythe
4thand5thcenturies,theGuptaEmpirehadcreatedinthegreaterGangesPlainacomplexsystemof
administrationandtaxationthatbecameamodelforlaterIndiankingdoms.[47][48]UndertheGuptas,a
renewedHinduismbasedondevotionratherthanthemanagementofritualbegantoassertitself.[49]The
renewalwasreflectedinafloweringofsculptureandarchitecture,whichfoundpatronsamonganurban
elite.[48]ClassicalSanskritliteraturefloweredaswell,andIndianscience,astronomy,medicine,and
mathematicsmadesignificantadvances.[48]
MedievalIndia
TheIndianearlymedievalage,600CEto1200CE,isdefinedbyregionalkingdomsandcultural
diversity.[50]WhenHarshaofKannauj,whoruledmuchoftheIndoGangeticPlainfrom606to647CE,
attemptedtoexpandsouthwards,hewasdefeatedbytheChalukyaruleroftheDeccan.[51]Whenhis
successorattemptedtoexpandeastwards,hewasdefeatedbythePalakingofBengal.[51]Whenthe
Chalukyasattemptedtoexpandsouthwards,theyweredefeatedbythePallavasfromfarthersouth,whoin
turnwereopposedbythePandyasandtheCholasfromstillfarthersouth.[51]Norulerofthisperiodwas
abletocreateanempireandconsistentlycontrollandsmuchbeyondhiscoreregion.[50]Duringthistime,
pastoralpeopleswhoselandhadbeenclearedtomakewayforthegrowingagriculturaleconomywere
accommodatedwithincastesociety,aswerenewnontraditionalrulingclasses.[52]Thecastesystem
consequentlybegantoshowregionaldifferences.[52]
Inthe6thand7thcenturies,thefirstdevotionalhymnswerecreatedintheTamillanguage.[53]Theywere
imitatedalloverIndiaandledtoboththeresurgenceofHinduismandthedevelopmentofallmodern
languagesofthesubcontinent.[53]Indianroyalty,bigandsmall,andthetemplestheypatronised,drew
citizensingreatnumberstothecapitalcities,whichbecameeconomichubsaswell.[54]Templetownsof
4/41
6/3/2015
varioussizesbegantoappeareverywhereasIndiaunderwentanother
urbanisation.[54]Bythe8thand9thcenturies,theeffectswerefeltinSouth
EastAsia,asSouthIndiancultureandpoliticalsystemswereexportedto
landsthatbecamepartofmoderndayMyanmar,Thailand,Laos,Cambodia,
Vietnam,Philippines,Malaysia,andJava.[55]Indianmerchants,scholars,
andsometimesarmieswereinvolvedinthistransmissionSouthEast
Asianstooktheinitiativeaswell,withmanysojourninginIndian
seminariesandtranslatingBuddhistandHindutextsintotheirlanguages.[55]
Afterthe10thcentury,MuslimCentralAsiannomadicclans,usingswift
horsecavalryandraisingvastarmiesunitedbyethnicityandreligion,
repeatedlyoverranSouthAsia'snorthwesternplains,leadingeventuallyto
theestablishmentoftheIslamicDelhiSultanatein1206.[56]Thesultanate
Thegranitetowerof
wastocontrolmuchofNorthIndia,andtomakemanyforaysintoSouth
BrihadeeswararTemplein
India.AlthoughatfirstdisruptivefortheIndianelites,thesultanatelargely
Thanjavurwascompletedin
leftitsvastnonMuslimsubjectpopulationtoitsownlawsand
1010CEbyRajaRajaChola
[57][58]
I.
customs.
ByrepeatedlyrepulsingMongolraidersinthe13thcentury,
thesultanatesavedIndiafromthedevastationvisitedonWestandCentral
Asia,settingthesceneforcenturiesofmigrationoffleeingsoldiers,learnedmen,mystics,traders,artists,
andartisansfromthatregionintothesubcontinent,therebycreatingasyncreticIndoIslamiccultureinthe
north.[59][60]Thesultanate'sraidingandweakeningoftheregionalkingdomsofSouthIndiapavedtheway
fortheindigenousVijayanagaraEmpire.[61]EmbracingastrongShaivitetraditionandbuildinguponthe
militarytechnologyofthesultanate,theempirecametocontrolmuchofpeninsularIndia,[62]andwasto
influenceSouthIndiansocietyforlongafterwards.[61]
EarlymodernIndia
Intheearly16thcentury,northernIndia,beingthenundermainlyMuslimrulers,[63]fellagaintothe
superiormobilityandfirepowerofanewgenerationofCentralAsianwarriors.[64]TheresultingMughal
Empiredidnotstampoutthelocalsocietiesitcametorule,butratherbalancedandpacifiedthemthrough
newadministrativepractices[65][66]anddiverseandinclusiverulingelites,[67]leadingtomoresystematic,
centralised,anduniformrule.[68]EschewingtribalbondsandIslamicidentity,especiallyunderAkbar,the
Mughalsunitedtheirfarflungrealmsthroughloyalty,expressedthroughaPersianisedculture,toan
emperorwhohadneardivinestatus.[67]TheMughalstate'seconomicpolicies,derivingmostrevenuesfrom
agriculture[69]andmandatingthattaxesbepaidinthewellregulatedsilvercurrency,[70]causedpeasants
andartisanstoenterlargermarkets.[68]Therelativepeacemaintainedbytheempireduringmuchofthe
17thcenturywasafactorinIndia'seconomicexpansion,[68]resultingingreaterpatronageofpainting,
literaryforms,textiles,andarchitecture.[71]NewlycoherentsocialgroupsinnorthernandwesternIndia,
suchastheMarathas,theRajputs,andtheSikhs,gainedmilitaryandgoverningambitionsduringMughal
rule,which,throughcollaborationoradversity,gavethembothrecognitionandmilitaryexperience.[72]
ExpandingcommerceduringMughalrulegaverisetonewIndiancommercialandpoliticalelitesalongthe
5/41
6/3/2015
coastsofsouthernandeasternIndia.[72]Astheempiredisintegrated,many
amongtheseeliteswereabletoseekandcontroltheirownaffairs.[73]The
"singlemostimportantpower"thatemergedintheearlymodernperiodwas
theMarathaconfederacy.[74]
Bytheearly18thcentury,withthelinesbetweencommercialandpolitical
dominancebeingincreasinglyblurred,anumberofEuropeantrading
companies,includingtheEnglishEastIndiaCompany,hadestablished
coastaloutposts.[75][76]TheEastIndiaCompany'scontroloftheseas,
greaterresources,andmoreadvancedmilitarytrainingandtechnologyledit
toincreasinglyflexitsmilitarymuscleandcausedittobecomeattractiveto
aportionoftheIndianeliteboththesefactorswerecrucialinallowingthe
CompanytogaincontrolovertheBengalregionby1765andsidelinethe
otherEuropeancompanies.[77][75][78][79]Itsfurtheraccesstotherichesof
Bengalandthesubsequentincreasedstrengthandsizeofitsarmyenabledit
toannexorsubduemostofIndiabythe1820s.[80]Indiawasthennolonger
Writingthewilland
exportingmanufacturedgoodsasitlonghad,butwasinsteadsupplyingthe
testamentoftheMughal
BritishEmpirewithrawmaterials,andmanyhistoriansconsiderthistobe
kingcourtinPersian,1590
theonsetofIndia'scolonialperiod.[75]Bythistime,withitseconomic
1595
powerseverelycurtailedbytheBritishparliamentanditselfeffectively
madeanarmofBritishadministration,theCompanybegantomore
consciouslyenternoneconomicarenassuchaseducation,socialreform,andculture.[81]
ModernIndia
HistoriansconsiderIndia'smodernagetohavebegunsometime
between1848and1885.Theappointmentin1848ofLord
DalhousieasGovernorGeneraloftheEastIndiaCompanysetthe
stageforchangesessentialtoamodernstate.Theseincludedthe
consolidationanddemarcationofsovereignty,thesurveillanceof
thepopulation,andtheeducationofcitizens.Technologicalchanges
amongthem,railways,canals,andthetelegraphwere
introducednotlongaftertheirintroductioninEurope.[82][83][84][85]
However,disaffectionwiththeCompanyalsogrewduringthistime,
andsetofftheIndianRebellionof1857.Fedbydiverseresentments
andperceptions,includinginvasiveBritishstylesocialreforms,
TheBritishIndianEmpire,fromthe
harshlandtaxes,andsummarytreatmentofsomerichlandowners
1909editionofTheImperial
andprinces,therebellionrockedmanyregionsofnorthernand
GazetteerofIndia.Areasdirectly
[86][87]
governedbytheBritishareshaded
centralIndiaandshookthefoundationsofCompanyrule.
pinktheprincelystatesunderBritish
Althoughtherebellionwassuppressedby1858,itledtothe
suzeraintyareinyellow.
dissolutionoftheEastIndiaCompanyandtothedirect
administrationofIndiabytheBritishgovernment.Proclaiminga
unitarystateandagradualbutlimitedBritishstyleparliamentarysystem,thenewrulersalsoprotected
6/41
6/3/2015
princesandlandedgentryasafeudalsafeguardagainstfutureunrest.[88][89]Inthedecadesfollowing,public
lifegraduallyemergedalloverIndia,leadingeventuallytothefoundingoftheIndianNationalCongressin
1885.[90][91][92][93]
Therushoftechnologyandthecommercialisationofagriculturein
thesecondhalfofthe19thcenturywasmarkedbyeconomic
setbacksmanysmallfarmersbecamedependentonthewhimsof
farawaymarkets.[94]Therewasanincreaseinthenumberoflarge
scalefamines,[95]and,despitetherisksofinfrastructure
developmentbornebyIndiantaxpayers,littleindustrialemployment
wasgeneratedforIndians.[96]Therewerealsosalutaryeffects:
commercialcropping,especiallyinthenewlycanalledPunjab,led
toincreasedfoodproductionforinternalconsumption.[97]The
JawaharlalNehru(left)became
railwaynetworkprovidedcriticalfaminerelief,[98]notablyreduced
India'sfirstprimeministerin1947.
thecostofmovinggoods,[98]andhelpednascentIndianowned
MahatmaGandhi(right)ledthe
industry.[97]AfterWorldWarI,inwhichsomeonemillionIndians
independencemovement.
served,[99]anewperiodbegan.ItwasmarkedbyBritishreformsbut
alsorepressivelegislations,bymorestridentIndiancallsforselfrule,andbythebeginningsofanonviolent
movementofnoncooperation,ofwhichMohandasKaramchandGandhiwouldbecometheleaderand
enduringsymbol.[100]Duringthe1930s,slowlegislativereformwasenactedbytheBritishtheIndian
NationalCongresswonvictoriesintheresultingelections.[101]Thenextdecadewasbesetwithcrises:
IndianparticipationinWorldWarII,theCongress'sfinalpushfornoncooperation,andanupsurgeof
Muslimnationalism.Allwerecappedbytheadventofindependencein1947,buttemperedbythepartition
ofIndiaintotwostates:IndiaandPakistan.[102]
VitaltoIndia'sselfimageasanindependentnationwasitsconstitution,completedin1950,whichputin
placeasecularanddemocraticrepubliconindependencein1947GeorgeVIceasedtobeEmperorof
India,rescindedretroactivelybyanActofParliamenton22June1948,andbecameKingofIndiauntil26
January1950.[103]Inthe60yearssince,Indiahashadamixedrecordofsuccessesandfailures.[104]Ithas
remainedademocracywithcivilliberties,anactiveSupremeCourt,andalargelyindependentpress.[104]
Economicliberalisation,whichwasbeguninthe1990s,hascreatedalargeurbanmiddleclass,transformed
Indiaintooneoftheworld'sfastestgrowingeconomies,[105]andincreaseditsgeopoliticalclout.Indian
movies,music,andspiritualteachingsplayanincreasingroleinglobalculture.[104]Yet,Indiaisalso
shapedbyseeminglyunyieldingpoverty,bothruralandurban[104]byreligiousandcasterelated
violence[106]byMaoistinspiredNaxaliteinsurgencies[107]andbyseparatisminJammuandKashmirand
inNortheastIndia.[108]IthasunresolvedterritorialdisputeswithChina[109]andwithPakistan.[109]The
IndiaPakistannuclearrivalrycametoaheadin1998.[110]India'ssustaineddemocraticfreedomsare
uniqueamongtheworld'snewnationshowever,inspiteofitsrecenteconomicsuccesses,freedomfrom
wantforitsdisadvantagedpopulationremainsagoalyettobeachieved.[111]
Geography
7/41
6/3/2015
IndiacomprisesthebulkoftheIndiansubcontinent,lyingatoptheIndiantectonicplate,andpartofthe
IndoAustralianPlate.[112]India'sdefininggeologicalprocesses
began75millionyearsagowhentheIndianplate,thenpartofthe
southernsupercontinentGondwana,begananortheastwarddrift
causedbyseafloorspreadingtoitssouthwest,andlater,southand
southeast.[112]Simultaneously,thevastTethynoceaniccrust,toits
northeast,begantosubductundertheEurasianplate.[112]Thesedual
processes,drivenbyconvectionintheEarth'smantle,bothcreated
theIndianOceanandcausedtheIndiancontinentalcrusteventually
tounderthrustEurasiaandtouplifttheHimalayas.[112]Immediately
southoftheemergingHimalayas,platemovementcreatedavast
troughthatrapidlyfilledwithriverbornesediment[113]andnow
AtopographicmapofIndia
constitutestheIndoGangeticPlain.[114]Cutofffromtheplainby
theancientAravalliRangeliestheTharDesert.[115]
TheoriginalIndianplatesurvivesaspeninsularIndia,theoldestandgeologicallymoststablepartofIndia.
ItextendsasfarnorthastheSatpuraandVindhyarangesincentralIndia.Theseparallelchainsrunfrom
theArabianSeacoastinGujaratinthewesttothecoalrichChotaNagpurPlateauinJharkhandinthe
east.[116]Tothesouth,theremainingpeninsularlandmass,theDeccanPlateau,isflankedonthewestand
eastbycoastalrangesknownastheWesternandEasternGhats[117]theplateaucontainsthecountry's
oldestrockformations,someoveronebillionyearsold.Constitutedinsuchfashion,Indialiestothenorth
oftheequatorbetween644'and3530'northlatitude[e]and687'and9725'eastlongitude.[118]
India'scoastlinemeasures7,517kilometres(4,700mi)inlengthof
thisdistance,5,423kilometres(3,400mi)belongtopeninsularIndia
and2,094kilometres(1,300mi)totheAndaman,Nicobar,and
Lakshadweepislandchains.[119]AccordingtotheIndiannaval
hydrographiccharts,themainlandcoastlineconsistsofthe
following:43%sandybeaches11%rockyshores,includingcliffs
and46%mudflatsormarshyshores.[119]
MajorHimalayanoriginriversthatsubstantiallyflowthroughIndia
includetheGangesandtheBrahmaputra,bothofwhichdraininto
theBayofBengal.[120]ImportanttributariesoftheGangesinclude
theYamunaandtheKosithelatter'sextremelylowgradientoften
leadstoseverefloodsandcoursechanges.[121]Majorpeninsular
rivers,whosesteepergradientspreventtheirwatersfromflooding,
includetheGodavari,theMahanadi,theKaveri,andtheKrishna,whichalsodrainintotheBayof
Bengal[122]andtheNarmadaandtheTapti,whichdrainintotheArabianSea.[123]Coastalfeaturesinclude
themarshyRannofKutchofwesternIndiaandthealluvialSundarbansdeltaofeasternIndiathelatteris
sharedwithBangladesh.[124]Indiahastwoarchipelagos:theLakshadweep,coralatollsoffIndia'ssouth
westerncoastandtheAndamanandNicobarIslands,avolcanicchainintheAndamanSea.[125]
TheKedarRangeoftheGreater
HimalayasrisesbehindKedarnath
Temple(IndianstateofUttarakhand),
whichisoneofthetwelvejyotirlinga
shrines.
8/41
6/3/2015
TheIndianclimateisstronglyinfluencedbytheHimalayasandtheTharDesert,bothofwhichdrivethe
economicallyandculturallypivotalsummerandwintermonsoons.[126]TheHimalayaspreventcoldCentral
Asiankatabaticwindsfromblowingin,keepingthebulkoftheIndiansubcontinentwarmerthanmost
locationsatsimilarlatitudes.[127][128]TheTharDesertplaysacrucialroleinattractingthemoistureladen
southwestsummermonsoonwindsthat,betweenJuneandOctober,providethemajorityofIndia's
rainfall.[126]FourmajorclimaticgroupingspredominateinIndia:tropicalwet,tropicaldry,subtropical
humid,andmontane.[129]
Biodiversity
IndialieswithintheIndomalayaecozoneandcontainsthree
biodiversityhotspots.[131]Oneof17megadiversecountries,ithosts
8.6%ofallmammalian,13.7%ofallavian,7.9%ofallreptilian,
6%ofallamphibian,12.2%ofallpiscine,and6.0%ofallflowering
plantspecies.[132][133]About21.2%ofthecountry'slandmassis
coveredbyforests(treecanopydensity>10%),ofwhich12.2%
comprisesmoderatelyorverydenseforests(treecanopydensity
>40%).[134]Endemismishighamongplants,33%,andamong
ecoregionssuchasthesholaforests.[135]Habitatrangesfromthe
TheIndianpeafowl(Pavocristatus)
tropicalrainforestoftheAndamanIslands,WesternGhats,and
istheIndiannationalbird.Itroostsin
NorthEastIndiatotheconiferousforestoftheHimalaya.Between
moistanddrydeciduousforests,
theseextremesliethemoistdeciduoussalforestofeasternIndiathe
cultivatedareas,andvillage
drydeciduousteakforestofcentralandsouthernIndiaandthe
precincts. [130]
babuldominatedthornforestofthecentralDeccanandwestern
Gangeticplain.[136]Themedicinalneem,widelyusedinruralIndian
herbalremedies,isakeyIndiantree.Theluxuriantpipalfigtree,shownonthesealsofMohenjodaro,
shadedGautamaBuddhaashesoughtenlightenment.
ManyIndianspeciesdescendfromtaxaoriginatinginGondwana,fromwhichtheIndianplateseparated
morethan105millionyearsbeforepresent.[137]PeninsularIndia'ssubsequentmovementtowardsand
collisionwiththeLaurasianlandmasssetoffamassexchangeofspecies.Epochalvolcanismandclimatic
changes20millionyearsagoforcedamassextinction.[138]MammalsthenenteredIndiafromAsiathrough
twozoogeographicalpassesflankingtherisingHimalaya.[136]Thus,while45.8%ofreptilesand55.8%of
amphibiansareendemic,only12.6%ofmammalsand4.5%ofbirdsare.[133]AmongthemaretheNilgiri
leafmonkeyandBeddome'stoadoftheWesternGhats.Indiacontains172IUCNdesignatedthreatened
animalspecies,or2.9%ofendangeredforms.[139]TheseincludetheAsiaticlion,theBengaltiger,thesnow
leopardandtheIndianwhiterumpedvulture,which,byingestingthecarrionofdiclofenaclacedcattle,
nearlywentextinct.
Thepervasiveandecologicallydevastatinghumanencroachmentofrecentdecadeshascritically
endangeredIndianwildlife.Inresponsethesystemofnationalparksandprotectedareas,firstestablishedin
1935,wassubstantiallyexpanded.In1972,IndiaenactedtheWildlifeProtectionAct[140]andProjectTiger
tosafeguardcrucialwildernesstheForestConservationActwasenactedin1980andamendmentsaddedin
9/41
6/3/2015
1988.[141]Indiahostsmorethanfivehundredwildlifesanctuariesandthirteenbiospherereserves,[142]four
ofwhicharepartoftheWorldNetworkofBiosphereReservestwentyfivewetlandsareregisteredunder
theRamsarConvention.[143]
Politics
Indiaistheworld'smostpopulousdemocracy.[144]Aparliamentary
republicwithamultipartysystem,[145]ithassixrecognisednational
parties,includingtheIndianNationalCongressandtheBharatiya
JanataParty(BJP),andmorethan40regionalparties.[146]The
Congressisconsideredcentreleftor"liberal"inIndianpolitical
culture,andtheBJPcentrerightor"conservative".Formostofthe
periodbetween1950whenIndiafirstbecamearepublicandthe
late1980s,theCongressheldamajorityintheparliament.Since
then,however,ithasincreasinglysharedthepoliticalstagewiththe
BJP,[147]aswellaswithpowerfulregionalpartieswhichhaveoften
forcedthecreationofmultipartycoalitionsatthecentre.[148]
Aparliamentaryjointsessionbeing
heldintheSansadBhavan.
IntheRepublicofIndia'sfirstthreegeneralelections,in1951,1957,
and1962,theJawaharlalNehruledCongresswoneasyvictories.
OnNehru'sdeathin1964,LalBahadurShastribrieflybecameprime
ministerhewassucceeded,afterhisownunexpecteddeathin1966,
byIndiraGandhi,whowentontoleadtheCongresstoelection
victoriesin1967and1971.Followingpublicdiscontentwiththe
stateofemergencyshedeclaredin1975,theCongresswasvoted
outofpowerin1977thethennewJanataParty,whichhadopposed
TheRashtrapatiBhavanistheofficial
theemergency,wasvotedin.Itsgovernmentlastedjustoverthree
residenceofthepresidentofIndia.
years.Votedbackintopowerin1980,theCongresssawachangein
leadershipin1984,whenIndiraGandhiwasassassinatedshewas
succeededbyhersonRajivGandhi,whowonaneasyvictoryinthegeneralelectionslaterthatyear.The
Congresswasvotedoutagainin1989whenaNationalFrontcoalition,ledbythenewlyformedJanataDal
inalliancewiththeLeftFront,wontheelectionsthatgovernmenttooprovedrelativelyshortlived,lasting
justundertwoyears.[149]Electionswereheldagainin1991nopartywonanabsolutemajority.Butthe
Congress,asthelargestsingleparty,wasabletoformaminoritygovernmentledbyP.V.Narasimha
Rao.[150]
Atwoyearperiodofpoliticalturmoilfollowedthegeneralelectionof1996.Severalshortlivedalliances
sharedpoweratthecentre.TheBJPformedagovernmentbrieflyin1996itwasfollowedbytwo
comparativelylonglastingUnitedFrontcoalitions,whichdependedonexternalsupport.In1998,theBJP
wasabletoformasuccessfulcoalition,theNationalDemocraticAlliance(NDA).LedbyAtalBihari
Vajpayee,theNDAbecamethefirstnonCongress,coalitiongovernmenttocompleteafiveyearterm.[151]
Inthe2004Indiangeneralelections,againnopartywonanabsolutemajority,buttheCongressemergedas
thelargestsingleparty,forminganothersuccessfulcoalition:theUnitedProgressiveAlliance(UPA).Ithad
thesupportofleftleaningpartiesandMPswhoopposedtheBJP.TheUPAreturnedtopowerinthe2009
generalelectionwithincreasednumbers,anditnolongerrequiredexternalsupportfromIndia'scommunist
10/41
6/3/2015
parties.[152]Thatyear,ManmohanSinghbecamethefirstprimeministersinceJawaharlalNehruin1957
and1962tobereelectedtoaconsecutivefiveyearterm.[153]Inthe2014generalelection,theBJPbecame
thefirstpoliticalpartysince1984towinamajorityandgovernwithoutthesupportofotherparties.[154]The
currentPrimeMinisterofIndiaisNarendraModi,whowasalsotheformerChiefMinisterofGujarat.
Government
IndiaisafederationwithaparliamentarysystemgovernedundertheConstitutionofIndia,whichservesas
thecountry'ssupremelegaldocument.Itisaconstitutionalrepublicandrepresentativedemocracy,inwhich
"majorityruleistemperedbyminorityrightsprotectedbylaw".FederalisminIndiadefinesthepower
distributionbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates.Thegovernmentabidesbyconstitutionalchecks
andbalances.TheConstitutionofIndia,whichcameintoeffecton26January1950,[155]statesinits
preamblethatIndiaisasovereign,socialist,secular,democraticrepublic.[156]India'sformofgovernment,
traditionallydescribedas"quasifederal"withastrongcentreandweakstates,[157]hasgrownincreasingly
federalsincethelate1990sasaresultofpolitical,economic,andsocialchanges.[158][159]
Thefederalgovernmentcomprisesthreebranches:
Nationalsymbols[1]
Executive:ThePresidentofIndiaistheheadof
Flag
Tiranga
state[161]andiselectedindirectlybyanational
Emblem
SarnathLionCapital
electoralcollege[162]forafiveyearterm.[163]The
PrimeMinisterofIndiaistheheadofgovernment
Anthem
JanaGanaMana
andexercisesmostexecutivepower.[164]
Song
VandeMataram
Appointedbythepresident,[165]theprimeminister
(Indianrupee)
isbyconventionsupportedbythepartyorpolitical Currency
allianceholdingthemajorityofseatsinthelower
Calendar
Saka
houseofparliament.[164]Theexecutivebranchof
Animal
Tiger(land)
theIndiangovernmentconsistsofthepresident,
Riverdolphin(aquatic)
thevicepresident,andtheCouncilofMinisters
thecabinetbeingitsexecutivecommitteeheaded
Bird
Indianpeafowl
bytheprimeminister.Anyministerholdinga
Lotus
portfoliomustbeamemberofoneofthehousesof Flower
Mango
parliament.[161]IntheIndianparliamentarysystem, Fruit
theexecutiveissubordinatetothelegislaturethe
Tree
Banyan
primeministerandhiscouncilaredirectly
River
GangaorGanges
responsibletothelowerhouseofthe
parliament.[166]
Game
Notdeclared[160]
Legislative:ThelegislatureofIndiaisthe
bicameralparliament.Itoperatesundera
WestminsterstyleparliamentarysystemandcomprisestheupperhousecalledtheRajyaSabha
("CouncilofStates")andthelowercalledtheLokSabha("HouseofthePeople").[167]TheRajya
Sabhaisapermanentbodythathas245memberswhoserveinstaggeredsixyearterms.[168]Mostare
electedindirectlybythestateandterritoriallegislaturesinnumbersproportionaltotheirstate'sshare
ofthenationalpopulation.[165]AllbuttwooftheLokSabha's545membersaredirectlyelectedby
popularvotetheyrepresentindividualconstituenciesviafiveyearterms.[169]Theremainingtwo
membersarenominatedbythepresidentfromamongtheAngloIndiancommunity,incasethe
11/41
6/3/2015
presidentdecidesthattheyarenotadequatelyrepresented.[170]
Judicial:Indiahasaunitarythreetierindependentjudiciary[171]thatcomprisestheSupremeCourt,
headedbytheChiefJusticeofIndia,24HighCourts,andalargenumberoftrialcourts.[171]The
SupremeCourthasoriginaljurisdictionovercasesinvolvingfundamentalrightsandoverdisputes
betweenstatesandthecentreithasappellatejurisdictionovertheHighCourts.[172]Ithasthepower
bothtodeclarethelawandtostrikedownunionorstatelawswhichcontravenetheconstitution.[173]
TheSupremeCourtisalsotheultimateinterpreteroftheconstitution.[174]
Subdivisions
Indiaisafederationcomposedof29statesand7unionterritories.[175]Allstates,aswellastheunion
territoriesofPuducherryandtheNationalCapitalTerritoryofDelhi,haveelectedlegislaturesand
governments,bothpatternedontheWestminstermodel.Theremainingfiveunionterritoriesaredirectly
ruledbythecentrethroughappointedadministrators.In1956,undertheStatesReorganisationAct,states
werereorganisedonalinguisticbasis.[176]Sincethen,theirstructurehasremainedlargelyunchanged.Each
stateorunionterritoryisfurtherdividedintoadministrativedistricts.Thedistrictsinturnarefurther
dividedintotehsilsandultimatelyintovillages.
States
1. AndhraPradesh
2. ArunachalPradesh
3. Assam
4. Bihar
5. Chhattisgarh
6. Goa
7. Gujarat
8. Haryana
9. HimachalPradesh
10. JammuandKashmir
11. Jharkhand
12. Karnataka
13. Kerala
14. MadhyaPradesh
15. Maharashtra
16. Manipur
17. Meghalaya
18. Mizoram
19. Nagaland
20. Odisha
21. Punjab
22. Rajasthan
23. Sikkim
24. TamilNadu
25. Telangana
26. Tripura
27. UttarPradesh
12/41
6/3/2015
28. Uttarakhand
29. WestBengal
Unionterritories
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
AndamanandNicobarIslands
Chandigarh
DadraandNagarHaveli
DamanandDiu
Lakshadweep
NationalCapitalTerritoryofDelhi
Puducherry
13/41
6/3/2015
Aclickablemapofthe29statesand7unionterritoriesofIndia
Foreignrelationsandmilitary
Sinceitsindependencein1947,Indiahasmaintainedcordial
relationswithmostnations.Inthe1950s,itstronglysupported
decolonisationinAfricaandAsiaandplayedaleadroleintheNon
AlignedMovement.[177]Inthelate1980s,theIndianmilitarytwice
intervenedabroadattheinvitationofneighbouringcountries:a
peacekeepingoperationinSriLankabetween1987and1990and
anarmedinterventiontopreventa1988coupd'tatattemptin
Maldives.IndiahastenserelationswithneighbouringPakistanthe
twonationshavegonetowarfourtimes:in1947,1965,1971,and
1999.Threeofthesewarswerefoughtoverthedisputedterritoryof
Kashmir,whilethefourth,the1971war,followedfromIndia's
supportfortheindependenceofBangladesh.[178]Afterwagingthe
1962SinoIndianWarandthe1965warwithPakistan,India
pursuedclosemilitaryandeconomictieswiththeSovietUnionby
thelate1960s,theSovietUnionwasitslargestarmssupplier.[179]
NarendraModimeetsVladimirPutin
atthe6thBRICSsummit.Indiaand
Russiashareextensiveeconomic,
defence,andtechnologicalties.
AsidefromongoingstrategicrelationswithRussia,IndiahaswiderangingdefencerelationswithIsraeland
France.Inrecentyears,ithasplayedkeyrolesintheSouthAsianAssociationforRegionalCooperation
andtheWorldTradeOrganisation.Thenationhasprovided100,000militaryandpolicepersonneltoserve
in35UNpeacekeepingoperationsacrossfourcontinents.ItparticipatesintheEastAsiaSummit,theG8+5,
andothermultilateralforums.[180]IndiahascloseeconomictieswithSouthAmerica,[181]Asia,andAfrica
itpursuesa"LookEast"policythatseekstostrengthenpartnershipswiththeASEANnations,Japan,and
SouthKoreathatrevolvearoundmanyissues,butespeciallythoseinvolvingeconomicinvestmentand
regionalsecurity.[182][183]
China'snucleartestof1964,aswellasitsrepeatedthreatstointerveneinsupportofPakistaninthe1965
war,convincedIndiatodevelopnuclearweapons.[184]Indiaconducteditsfirstnuclearweaponstestin1974
andcarriedoutfurtherundergroundtestingin1998.Despitecriticismandmilitarysanctions,Indiahas
signedneithertheComprehensiveNuclearTestBanTreatynortheNuclearNonProliferationTreaty,
14/41
6/3/2015
consideringbothtobeflawedanddiscriminatory.[185]Indiamaintainsa"nofirstuse"nuclearpolicyandis
developinganucleartriadcapabilityasapartofits"minimumcredibledeterrence"doctrine.[186][187]Itis
developingaballisticmissiledefenceshieldand,incollaborationwithRussia,afifthgenerationfighter
jet.[188]Otherindigenousmilitaryprojectsinvolvethedesignand
implementationofVikrantclassaircraftcarriersandArihantclass
nuclearsubmarines.[188]
SincetheendoftheColdWar,Indiahasincreaseditseconomic,
strategic,andmilitarycooperationwiththeUnitedStatesandthe
EuropeanUnion.[189]In2008,aciviliannuclearagreementwas
signedbetweenIndiaandtheUnitedStates.AlthoughIndia
possessednuclearweaponsatthetimeandwasnotpartytothe
INSVikramaditya,theIndianNavy's
NuclearNonProliferationTreaty,itreceivedwaiversfromthe
biggestwarship.
InternationalAtomicEnergyAgencyandtheNuclearSuppliers
Group,endingearlierrestrictionsonIndia'snucleartechnologyand
commerce.Asaconsequence,Indiabecamethesixthdefactonuclearweaponsstate.[190]India
subsequentlysignedcooperationagreementsinvolvingciviliannuclearenergywithRussia,[191]France,[192]
theUnitedKingdom,[193]andCanada.[194]
ThePresidentofIndiaisthesupremecommanderofthenation'sarmedforceswith1.325millionactive
troops,theycomposetheworld'sthirdlargestmilitary.[195]ItcomprisestheIndianArmy,theIndianNavy,
andtheIndianAirForceauxiliaryorganisationsincludetheStrategicForcesCommandandthree
paramilitarygroups:theAssamRifles,theSpecialFrontierForce,andtheIndianCoastGuard.[196]The
officialIndiandefencebudgetfor2011wasUS$36.03billion,or1.83%ofGDP.[197]Forthefiscalyear
spanning20122013,US$40.44billionwasbudgeted.[198]Accordingtoa2008SIPRIreport,India'sannual
militaryexpenditureintermsofpurchasingpowerstoodatUS$72.7billion.[199]In2011,theannual
defencebudgetincreasedby11.6%,[200]althoughthisdoesnotincludefundsthatreachthemilitarythrough
otherbranchesofgovernment.[201]Asof2012,Indiaistheworld'slargestarmsimporterbetween2007and
2011,itaccountedfor10%offundsspentoninternationalarmspurchases.[202]Muchofthemilitary
expenditurewasfocusedondefenceagainstPakistanandcounteringgrowingChineseinfluenceinthe
IndianOcean.[200]
Economy
AccordingtotheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),asofApril2015,theIndianeconomyisnominally
worthUS$2.306trillionitisthe7thlargesteconomybymarketexchangerates,andis,atUS$7.996
trillion,thethirdlargestbypurchasingpowerparity,orPPP.[9]WithitsaverageannualGDPgrowthrateof
5.8%overthepasttwodecades,andreaching6.1%during201112,[203]Indiaisoneoftheworld'sfastest
growingeconomies.[204]However,thecountryranks140thintheworldinnominalGDPpercapitaand
129thinGDPpercapitaatPPP.[205]Until1991,allIndiangovernmentsfollowedprotectionistpoliciesthat
wereinfluencedbysocialisteconomics.Widespreadstateinterventionandregulationlargelywalledthe
economyofffromtheoutsideworld.Anacutebalanceofpaymentscrisisin1991forcedthenationto
liberaliseitseconomy[206]sincethenithasslowlymovedtowardsafreemarketsystem[207][208]by
15/41
6/3/2015
emphasisingbothforeigntradeanddirectinvestmentinflows.[209]
India'srecenteconomicmodelislargelycapitalist.[208]Indiahas
beenamemberofWTOsince1January1995.[210]
The486.6millionworkerIndianlabourforceistheworld'ssecond
largest,asof2011.[196]Theservicesectormakesup55.6%ofGDP,
theindustrialsector26.3%andtheagriculturalsector18.1%.Major
agriculturalproductsincluderice,wheat,oilseed,cotton,jute,tea,
India'sGDPhasincreasedmorethan
sugarcane,andpotatoes.[175]Majorindustriesincludetextiles,
tenfoldaftertheeconomicreforms
telecommunications,chemicals,pharmaceuticals,biotechnology,
in1991.
foodprocessing,steel,transportequipment,cement,mining,
petroleum,machinery,andsoftware.[175]In2006,theshareof
externaltradeinIndia'sGDPstoodat24%,upfrom6%in1985.[207]In2008,India'sshareofworldtrade
was1.68%[211]In2011,Indiawastheworld'stenthlargestimporterandthenineteenthlargest
exporter.[212]Majorexportsincludepetroleumproducts,textilegoods,jewellery,software,engineering
goods,chemicals,andleathermanufactures.[175]Majorimportsincludecrudeoil,machinery,gems,
fertiliser,andchemicals.[175]Between2001and2011,thecontributionofpetrochemicalandengineering
goodstototalexportsgrewfrom14%to42%.[213]IndiawasthesecondlargesttextileexporterafterChina
intheworldincalendaryear2013.[214]
Averaginganeconomicgrowthrateof7.5%forseveralyearspriorto2007,[207]Indiahasmorethan
doubleditshourlywageratesduringthefirstdecadeofthe21stcentury.[215]Some431millionIndians
haveleftpovertysince1985India'smiddleclassesareprojectedtonumberaround580millionby
2030.[216]Thoughranking51stinglobalcompetitiveness,Indiaranks17thinfinancialmarket
sophistication,24thinthebankingsector,44thinbusinesssophistication,and39thininnovation,aheadof
severaladvancedeconomies,asof2010.[217]With7oftheworld'stop15informationtechnology
outsourcingcompaniesbasedinIndia,thecountryisviewedasthesecondmostfavourableoutsourcing
destinationaftertheUnitedStates,asof2009.[218]India'sconsumermarket,currentlytheworld'seleventh
largest,isexpectedtobecomefifthlargestby2030.[216]
India'stelecommunicationindustry,theworld'sfastestgrowing,added227millionsubscribersduringthe
period201011,[219]andafterthefirstquarterof2013,IndiasurpassedJapantobecomethethirdlargest
smartphonemarketintheworldafterChinaandtheU.S.[220]
Itsautomotiveindustry,theworld'ssecondfastestgrowing,increaseddomesticsalesby26%during2009
10,[221]andexportsby36%during200809.[222]Powercapacityis250gigawatts,ofwhich8%is
renewable.Attheendof2011,theIndianITindustryemployed2.8millionprofessionals,generated
revenuesclosetoUS$100billionequalling7.5%ofIndianGDPandcontributed26%ofIndia's
merchandiseexports.[223]
ThepharmaceuticalindustryinIndiaisamongthesignificantemergingmarketsforglobalpharmaindustry.
TheIndianpharmaceuticalmarketisexpectedtoreach$48.5billionby2020.India'sR&Dspending
constitutes60%ofthebiopharmaceuticalindustry.[224][225]Indiaisamongthetop12biotechdestinations
16/41
6/3/2015
oftheworld.[226][227]TheIndianbiotechindustrygrewby15.1%in
201213,increasingitsrevenuesfrom204.4BillionINR(Indian
Rupees)to235.24BillionINR(3.94BUS$exchangerateJune
2013:1US$approx.60INR).[228]Althoughhardly2%ofIndians
payincometaxes.[229]
Despiteimpressiveeconomicgrowthduringrecentdecades,India
continuestofacesocioeconomicchallenges.Indiacontainsthe
largestconcentrationofpeoplelivingbelowtheWorldBank's
internationalpovertylineofUS$1.25perday,[230]theproportion
havingdecreasedfrom60%in1981to42%in2005,and25%in
2011.[231]30.7%ofIndia'schildrenundertheageoffiveare
underweight.[232]AccordingtoaFoodandAgricultureOrganization
reportin2015,15%ofIndianpopulationisundernourished.[233][234]
TheMidDayMealSchemeattemptstolowertheserates.[235]Since
1991,economicinequalitybetweenIndia'sstateshasconsistentlygrown:thepercapitanetstatedomestic
productofthericheststatesin2007was3.2timesthatofthepoorest.[236]CorruptioninIndiaisperceived
tohaveincreasedsignificantly,[237]withonereportestimatingtheillegalcapitalflowssinceindependence
tobeUS$462billion.[238]
Asmallhydroelectricdamonthe
GangesCanalatNaglaKabir,UP.
TheelectricitysectorinIndiahasan
installedcapacityof205.34Gigawatt
(GW),theworld'sfifthlargest.Coal
firedplantsaccountfor56%of
India'selectricitycapacity,renewal
hydropowerfor19%.
Drivenbygrowth,India'snominalGDPpercapitahassteadilyincreasedfromUS$329in1991,when
economicliberalisationbegan,toUS$1,265in2010,andisestimatedtoincreasetoUS$2,110by2016
however,ithasremainedlowerthanthoseofotherAsiandevelopingcountriessuchasIndonesia,Iran,
Malaysia,Philippines,SriLanka,andThailand,andisexpectedtoremainsointhenearfuture.However,it
iscurrentlyhigherthanPakistan,Nepal,Bangladeshandothers.[239]
Accordingtoa2011PricewaterhouseCoopersreport,India'sGDPatpurchasingpowerparitycould
overtakethatoftheUnitedStatesby2045.[240]Duringthenextfourdecades,IndianGDPisexpectedto
growatanannualisedaverageof8%,makingitpotentiallytheworld'sfastestgrowingmajoreconomyuntil
2050.[240]Thereporthighlightskeygrowthfactors:ayoungandrapidlygrowingworkingagepopulation
growthinthemanufacturingsectorbecauseofrisingeducationandengineeringskilllevelsandsustained
growthoftheconsumermarketdrivenbyarapidlygrowingmiddleclass.[240]TheWorldBankcautions
that,forIndiatoachieveitseconomicpotential,itmustcontinuetofocusonpublicsectorreform,transport
infrastructure,agriculturalandruraldevelopment,removaloflabourregulations,education,energy
security,andpublichealthandnutrition.[241]
Demographics
With1,210,193,422residentsreportedinthe2011provisionalcensusreport,[8]Indiaistheworld'ssecond
mostpopulouscountry.Itspopulationgrewby17.64%during20012011,[242]comparedto21.54%growth
inthepreviousdecade(19912001).[242]Thehumansexratio,accordingtothe2011census,is940females
per1,000males.[8]Themedianagewas24.9inthe2001census.[196]Thefirstpostcolonialcensus,
17/41
6/3/2015
conductedin1951,counted361.1millionpeople.[243]Medicaladvancesmadeinthelast50yearsaswellas
increasedagriculturalproductivitybroughtaboutbythe"GreenRevolution"havecausedIndia'spopulation
togrowrapidly.[244]Indiacontinuestofaceseveralpublichealthrelatedchallenges.[245][246]
LifeexpectancyinIndiaisat68yearswithlifeexpectancyforwomenbeing69.6yearsandformenbeing
67.3.[247]Therearearound50physiciansper100,000Indians.[248]ThenumberofIndianslivinginurban
areashasgrownby31.2%between
1991and2001.[249]Yet,in2001,
over70%livedinrural
areas.[250][251]Thelevelof
urbanizationincreasedfrom27.81%
in2001Censusto31.16%in2011
Census.Theslowingdownofthe
overallgrowthrateofpopulation
wasduetothesharpdeclineinthe
growthrateinruralareassince
1991.[252]Accordingtothe2011
census,thereare53millionplus
citiesinIndiaamongthemMumbai,
ApopulationdensityandIndian
Delhi,Bangalore,Hyderabad,
Railwaysconnectivitymap.The
Chennai,Ahmedabad,Puneand
AwomaninBundi,
alreadydenselysettledIndoGangetic
Kolkataareinorderofthemost
Rajasthan
PlainisthemaindriverofIndian
populousmetropolitanareas.The
populationgrowth.
literacyratein2011was74.04%:
65.46%amongfemalesand82.14%amongmales.[253]Therural
urbanliteracygapwhichwas21.2percentagepointsin2001,droppedto16.1percentagepointsin2011.
Theimprovementinliteracyrateinruralareaistwotimesthatinurbanareas.[252]Keralaisthemost
literatestatewith93.91%literacywhileBihartheleastwith63.82%.[253]
Indiaishometotwomajorlanguagefamilies:IndoAryan(spokenbyabout74%ofthepopulation)and
Dravidian(24%).OtherlanguagesspokeninIndiacomefromtheAustroasiaticandTibetoBurman
languagefamilies.Indiahasnonationallanguage.[254]Hindi,withthelargestnumberofspeakers,isthe
officiallanguageofthegovernment.[255][256]Englishisusedextensivelyinbusinessandadministrationand
hasthestatusofa"subsidiaryofficiallanguage"[257]itisimportantineducation,especiallyasamediumof
highereducation.Eachstateandunionterritoryhasoneormoreofficiallanguages,andtheconstitution
recognisesinparticular22"scheduledlanguages".TheConstitutionofIndiarecognises212scheduled
tribalgroupswhichtogetherconstituteabout7.5%ofthecountry'spopulation.[258]The2001census
reportedthatHinduism,withover800millionadherents(80.5%ofthepopulation),wasthelargestreligion
inIndiaitisfollowedbyIslam(13.4%),Christianity(2.3%),Sikhism(1.9%),Buddhism(0.8%),Jainism
(0.4%),Judaism,Zoroastrianism,andtheBah'Faith.[259]Indiahastheworld'slargestHindu,Sikh,Jain,
Zoroastrian,andBah'populations,andhasthethirdlargestMuslimpopulationandthelargestMuslim
populationforanonMuslimmajoritycountry.[260][261]
Culture
18/41
6/3/2015
Indianculturalhistoryspansmorethan4,500years.[262]Duringthe
Vedicperiod(c.1700500BCE),thefoundationsofHindu
philosophy,mythology,theologyandliteraturewerelaid,andmany
beliefsandpracticeswhichstillexisttoday,suchasdhrma,krma,
yga,andmoka,wereestablished.[15]Indiaisnotableforits
religiousdiversity,withHinduism,Buddhism,Sikhism,Islam,
Christianity,andJainismamongthenation'smajorreligions.[263]
Thepredominantreligion,Hinduism,hasbeenshapedbyvarious
historicalschoolsofthought,includingthoseoftheUpanishads,[264]
theYogaSutras,theBhaktimovement,[263]andbyBuddhist
philosophy.[265]
AWarlitribalpaintingbyJivya
SomaMashefromThane,
Maharashtra
Artandarchitecture
MuchofIndianarchitecture,includingtheTajMahal,otherworksofMughalarchitecture,andSouth
Indianarchitecture,blendsancientlocaltraditionswithimportedstyles.[266]Vernaculararchitectureisalso
highlyregionalinitflavours.Vastushastra,literally"scienceofconstruction"or"architecture"and
ascribedtoMamuniMayan,[267]exploreshowthelawsofnatureaffecthumandwellings[268]itemploys
precisegeometryanddirectionalalignmentstoreflectperceivedcosmicconstructs.[269]AsappliedinHindu
templearchitecture,itisinfluencedbytheShilpaShastras,aseriesoffoundationaltextswhosebasic
mythologicalformistheVastuPurushamandala,asquarethatembodiedthe"absolute".[270]TheTaj
Mahal,builtinAgrabetween1631and1648byordersofEmperorShahJahaninmemoryofhiswife,has
beendescribedintheUNESCOWorldHeritageListas"thejewelofMuslimartinIndiaandoneofthe
universallyadmiredmasterpiecesoftheworld'sheritage."[271]IndoSaracenicRevivalarchitecture,
developedbytheBritishinthelate19thcentury,drewonIndoIslamicarchitecture.[272]
Literature
TheearliestliterarywritingsinIndia,composedbetween1700BCEand1200CE,wereintheSanskrit
language.[273][274]ProminentworksofthisSanskritliteratureincludeepicssuchastheMahbhrataand
theRamayana,thedramasofKlidsasuchastheAbhijnakuntalam(TheRecognitionofakuntal),
andpoetrysuchastheMahkvya.[275][276][277]Kamasutra,thefamousbookaboutsexualintercoursealso
originatedinIndia.Developedbetween600BCEand300CEinSouthIndia,theSangamliterature,
consistingof2,381poems,isregardedasapredecessorofTamilliterature.[278][279][280][281]Fromthe14th
tothe18thcenturies,India'sliterarytraditionswentthroughaperiodofdrasticchangebecauseofthe
emergenceofdevotionalpoetssuchasKabr,Tulsds,andGuruNnak.Thisperiodwascharacterisedbya
variedandwidespectrumofthoughtandexpressionasaconsequence,medievalIndianliteraryworks
differedsignificantlyfromclassicaltraditions.[282]Inthe19thcentury,Indianwriterstookanewinterestin
socialquestionsandpsychologicaldescriptions.Inthe20thcentury,Indianliteraturewasinfluencedbythe
worksofBengalipoetandnovelistRabindranathTagore.[283]
Performingarts
19/41
6/3/2015
Indianmusicrangesovervarioustraditionsandregionalstyles.
Classicalmusicencompassestwogenresandtheirvariousfolk
offshoots:thenorthernHindustaniandsouthernCarnatic
schools.[284]Regionalisedpopularformsincludefilmiandfolk
musicthesyncretictraditionofthebaulsisawellknownformof
thelatter.Indiandancealsofeaturesdiversefolkandclassical
forms.Amongthebetterknownfolkdancesarethebhangraof
Punjab,thebihuofAssam,thechhauofOdisha,WestBengaland
Jharkhand,garbaanddandiyaofGujarat,ghoomarofRajasthan,
andthelavaniofMaharashtra.Eightdanceforms,manywith
narrativeformsandmythologicalelements,havebeenaccorded
SarodperformanceattheMuse
classicaldancestatusbyIndia'sNationalAcademyofMusic,Dance,
Guimet,Paris
andDrama.Theseare:bharatanatyamofthestateofTamilNadu,
kathakofUttarPradesh,kathakaliandmohiniyattamofKerala,
kuchipudiofAndhraPradesh,manipuriofManipur,odissiofOdisha,andthesattriyaofAssam.[285]
TheatreinIndiameldsmusic,dance,andimprovisedorwrittendialogue.[286]OftenbasedonHindu
mythology,butalsoborrowingfrommedievalromancesorsocialandpoliticalevents,Indiantheatre
includesthebhavaiofGujarat,thejatraofWestBengal,thenautankiandramlilaofNorthIndia,tamasha
ofMaharashtra,burrakathaofAndhraPradesh,terukkuttuofTamilNadu,andtheyakshaganaof
Karnataka.[287]
Motionpictures,television
TheIndianfilmindustryproducestheworld'smostwatchedcinema.[288]Establishedregionalcinematic
traditionsexistintheAssamese,Bengali,Bhojpuri,Hindi,Kannada,Malayalam,Punjabi,Gujarati,
Marathi,Oriya,Tamil,andTelugulanguages.[289]SouthIndiancinemaattractsmorethan75%ofnational
filmrevenue.[290]
TelevisionbroadcastingbeganinIndiain1959asastaterunmediumofcommunication,andhadslow
expansionformorethantwodecades.[291][292]Thestatemonopolyontelevisionbroadcastendedinthe
1990sand,sincethen,satellitechannelshaveincreasinglyshapedpopularcultureofIndiansociety.[293]
Today,televisionisthemostpenetrativemediainIndiaindustryestimatesindicatethatasof2012there
areover554millionTVconsumers,462millionwithsatelliteand/orcableconnections,comparedtoother
formsofmassmediasuchaspress(350million),radio(156million)orinternet(37million).[294]
Society
TraditionalIndiansocietyissometimesdefinedbysocialhierarchy.TheIndiancastesystemembodies
muchofthesocialstratificationandmanyofthesocialrestrictionsfoundintheIndiansubcontinent.Social
classesaredefinedbythousandsofendogamoushereditarygroups,oftentermedasjtis,or"castes".[295]
Indiadeclareduntouchabilitytobeillegal[296]in1947andhassinceenactedotherantidiscriminatorylaws
andsocialwelfareinitiatives.AttheworkplaceinurbanIndiaandininternationalorleadingIndian
companies,thecasterelatedidentificationhasprettymuchlostitsimportance.[297][298]Familyvaluesare
importantintheIndiantradition,andmultigenerationalpatriarchaljointfamilieshavebeenthenormin
India,thoughnuclearfamiliesarebecomingcommoninurbanareas.[299]Anoverwhelmingmajorityof
20/41
6/3/2015
Indians,withtheirconsent,havetheirmarriagesarrangedbytheirparentsorotherfamilymembers.[300]
Marriageisthoughttobeforlife,[300]andthedivorcerateisextremelylow.[301]Childmarriagesare
common,especiallyinruralareasmanywomeninIndiawedbeforereaching18,whichistheirlegal
marriageableage.[302]FemaleinfanticideinIndiaandfemalefoeticideinIndiahavecausedadiscrepancy
inthesexratio,asof2005itwasestimatedthattherewere50millionmoremalesthanfemalesinthe
nation.[303][304]Howevertherecentreportfrom2011shownimprovementamongthegenderratio.[305]The
paymentofdowry,althoughillegal,remainswidespreadacrossclasslines.[306]Deathsresultingfrom
dowry,mostlyfrombrideburning,areontherise.[307]
ManyIndianfestivalsarereligiousinoriginamongthemare
Chhath,Christmas,Diwali,DurgaPuja,BakrId,EidulFitr,Ganesh
Chaturthi,Holi,MakarSankrantiorUttarayan,Navratri,Thai
Pongal,andVaisakhi.Indiahasthreenationalholidayswhichare
observedinallstatesandunionterritories:RepublicDay,
IndependenceDay,andGandhiJayanti.Othersetsofholidays,
varyingbetweennineandtwelve,areofficiallyobservedin
individualstates.
ThroughoutIndia,manypeoplepracticecustomsandreligious
rituals,suchas"Saskra,"whichisaseriesof"personal
sacramentsandritesconductedatvariousstagesthroughout
life."[308]
Clothing
Top:ANorthIndianhomecooked
CottonwasdomesticatedinIndiaby4000BCE.TraditionalIndian
tiffinlunchasdeliveredtoanoffice
dressvariesincolourandstyleacrossregionsanddependson
byadabbawala.Bottom:ASouth
variousfactors,includingclimateandfaith.Popularstylesofdress
Indianthalistyledinnerasservedin
includedrapedgarmentssuchasthesariforwomenandthedhotior
arestaurant.
lungiformen.Stitchedclothes,suchastheshalwarkameezfor
womenandkurtapyjamacombinationsorEuropeanstyletrousers
andshirtsformen,arealsopopular.[309]Useofdelicatejewellery,modelledonrealflowersworninancient
India,ispartofatraditiondatingbacksome5,000yearsgemstonesarealsoworninIndiaastalismans.[310]
Sports
InIndia,severaltraditionalindigenoussportsremainfairlypopular,suchaskabaddi,khokho,pehlwaniand
gillidanda.SomeoftheearliestformsofAsianmartialarts,suchaskalarippayattu,mustiyuddha,
silambam,andmarmaadi,originatedinIndia.Chess,commonlyheldtohaveoriginatedinIndiaas
chaturaga,isregainingwidespreadpopularitywiththeriseinthenumberofIndiangrandmasters.[311][312]
Pachisi,fromwhichparcheesiderives,wasplayedonagiantmarblecourtbyAkbar.[313]
TheimprovedresultsgarneredbytheIndianDavisCupteamandotherIndiantennisplayersintheearly
2010shavemadetennisincreasinglypopularinthecountry.[314]Indiahasacomparativelystrongpresence
inshootingsports,andhaswonseveralmedalsattheOlympics,theWorldShootingChampionships,and
21/41
6/3/2015
Indianchessgrandmasterand
formerworldchampion
VishwanathanAnandcompetesat
achesstournamentin2005.Chess
iscommonlybelievedtohave
originatedinIndiainthe5th
century.
theCommonwealth
Games.[315][316]Othersportsin
whichIndianshavesucceeded
internationallyinclude
badminton[317](SainaNehwalis
thetoprankedfemale
badmintonplayerintheworld),
boxing,[318]andwrestling.[319]
FootballispopularinWest
Bengal,Goa,TamilNadu,
Kerala,andthenortheastern
states.[320]
GirlsplayhopscotchinJuara,
MadhyaPradesh.
FieldhockeyinIndiaisadministeredbyHockeyIndia.TheIndian
nationalhockeyteamwonthe1975HockeyWorldCupandhave,asof
2012,takeneightgold,onesilver,andtwobronzeOlympicmedals,
makingitthesport'smostsuccessfulteamintheOlympics.
Indiahasalsoplayedamajorroleinpopularisingcricket.Thus,
cricketis,byfar,themostpopularsportofIndia.TheIndian
nationalcricketteamwonthe1983and2011CricketWorld
Cupevents,the2007ICCWorldTwenty20,sharedthe2002
ICCChampionsTrophywithSriLanka,andwon2013ICC
ChampionsTrophy.CricketinIndiaisadministeredbythe
BoardofControlforCricketinIndia(BCCI)theRanjiTrophy,
theDuleepTrophy,theDeodharTrophy,theIraniTrophy,and
theNKPSalveChallengerTrophyaredomesticcompetitions.
TheBCCIisalsoresponsibleforconductinganannual
Twenty20competitionknownastheIndianPremierLeague.
Duringatwentyfouryearcareer,Sachin
Tendulkarhassetmanybattingrecords,
includingmostrunsinbothtestsandODIs
andmostnumberofcenturiesinbothtests
andODIs,makinghimoneofthemost
successfulcricketersever.
Indiahashostedorcohostedseveralinternationalsporting
events:the1951and1982AsianGamesthe1987,1996,and
2011CricketWorldCuptournamentsthe2003AfroAsian
Gamesthe2006ICCChampionsTrophythe2010Hockey
WorldCupandthe2010CommonwealthGames.Major
internationalsportingeventsheldannuallyinIndiaincludetheChennaiOpen,theMumbaiMarathon,the
DelhiHalfMarathon,andtheIndianMasters.ThefirstIndianGrandPrixfeaturedinlate2011.[321]
IndiahastraditionallybeenthedominantcountryattheSouthAsianGames.Anexampleofthisdominance
isthebasketballcompetitionwhereTeamIndiawonthreeoutoffourtournamentstodate.[322]TheRajiv
GandhiKhelRatnaandtheArjunaAwardarethehighestformsofgovernmentrecognitionforathletic
achievementtheDronacharyaAwardisawardedforexcellenceincoaching.
Seealso
OutlineofIndia
22/41
6/3/2015
Notes
a. "[...]JanaGanaManaistheNationalAnthemofIndia,subjecttosuchalterationsinthewordsasthe
GovernmentmayauthoriseasoccasionarisesandthesongVandeMataram,whichhasplayedahistoricpartin
thestruggleforIndianfreedom,shallbehonouredequallywithJanaGanaManaandshallhaveequalstatuswith
it."(ConstituentAssemblyofIndia1950).
b. "Thecountry'sexactsizeissubjecttodebatebecausesomebordersaredisputed.TheIndiangovernmentliststhe
totalareaas3,287,260km2(1,269,220sqmi)andthetotallandareaas3,060,500km2(1,181,700sqmi)the
UnitedNationsliststhetotalareaas3,287,263km2(1,269,219sqmi)andtotallandareaas2,973,190km2
(1,147,960sqmi)."(LibraryofCongress2004).
c. Seealso:OfficialnamesofIndia
d. TheGovernmentofIndiaregardsAfghanistanasaborderingcountry,asitconsidersallofKashmirtobepartof
India.However,thisisdisputed,andtheregionborderingAfghanistanisadministeredbyPakistan.Source:
"MinistryofHomeAffairs(DepartmentofBorderManagement)"
(http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro1011.pdf)(PDF).Retrieved1September2008.
e. ThenorthernmostpointunderIndiancontrolisthedisputedSiachenGlacierinJammuandKashmirhowever,the
GovernmentofIndiaregardstheentireregionoftheformerprincelystateofJammuandKashmir,includingthe
NorthernAreasadministeredbyPakistan,tobeitsterritory.Itthereforeassignsthelongitude376'toits
northernmostpoint.
References
1. NationalInformaticsCentre2005.
2. Wolpert2003,p.1.
3. "NationalSymbols|NationalPortalofIndia"(http://india.gov.in/indiaglance/nationalsymbols).India.gov.in.
Retrieved6July2013.
4. "Profile|NationalPortalofIndia"(http://india.gov.in/indiaglance/profile).India.gov.in.Retrieved23August
2013.
5. "EighthSchedule"(http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/EIGHTHSCHEDULE.pdf)(PDF).Retrieved1July2013.
6. "JusticeHLDattusworninaschiefjusticeofSupremeCourt"(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Justice
HLDattusworninasChiefJusticeofIndia/articleshow/43703266.cms).IANS.TimesofIndia.Retrieved
29September2014.
7. "Profile"(http://india.gov.in/indiaglance/profile).india.gov.in.
8. ProvisionalPopulationTotals,Census2011,p.160.
9. "ReportforSelectedCountriesandSubjects"
(http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?
pr.x=83&pr.y=16&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=193%2C273%2C223%2
C156%2C924%2C922%2C132%2C184%2C134%2C534%2C536%2C136%2C158%2C112%2C111%2C542&s
=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP&grp=0&a=).WorldEconomicOutlookDatabase,InternationalMonetaryFund.April
2015.Retrieved14April2015.
10. "GiniIndex"(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/).WorldBank.Retrieved2March2011.
11. "HumanDevelopmentReport2014Summary"(http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14summaryen.pdf)
(PDF).TheUnitedNations.Retrieved24July2014.
12. "Dunlopillustratedencyclopediaoffacts",p.91,byNorrisMcWhirter,RossMcWhirter
13. Stein1998,pp.1617.
14. OxfordEnglishDictionary.
15. Kuiper2010,p.86.
16. MinistryofLawandJustice2008.
17. Kaye1997,pp.639640.
18. EncyclopdiaBritannica.
19. Petraglia,Allchin&2007,p.6.
23/41
6/3/2015
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
Petraglia,Allchin&2007,p.6.
Singh2009,pp.8993.
Possehl2003,pp.2425.
Kulke&Rothermund2004,pp.2123.
Singh2009,p.181.
Possehl2003,pp.1,69.
Singh2009,p.255.
Singh2009,pp.186187.
Witzel2003,pp.6869.
Kulke&Rothermund2004,p.31.
Singh2009,p.200.
Singh2009,pp.250251.
Singh2009,pp.260265.
Stein1998,p.21.
Stein1998,pp.6768.
Singh2009,pp.312313.
Singh2009,p.300.
Singh2009,p.319.
Stein1998,pp.7879.
Singh2009,p.367.
Stein1998,pp.8990.
Singh2009,pp.408415.
Stein1998,pp.9295.
Singh2009,p.545.
Stein1998,pp.9899.
Stein1998,p.132.
Stein1998,pp.119120.
Stein1998,pp.121122.
Stein1998,p.123.
Stein1998,p.124.
Stein1998,pp.127128.
Ludden2002,p.68.
Asher&Talbot2008,p.47.
Metcalf&Metcalf2006,p.6.
Ludden2002,p.67.
Asher&Talbot2008,pp.5051.
Robb2001,p.80.
Stein1998,p.164.
Robb2001,pp.9091.
Stein1998,p.169.
Metcalf&Metcalf2006,pp.2324.
24/41
6/3/2015
73. Asher&Talbot2008,p.256.
74. "Regionalstates,c.17001850"(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46984/Politicaland
economicdecentralizationduringtheMughaldecline#toc46986).EncyclopdiaBritannica,Inc.
76. Metcalf&Metcalf2006,pp.4449.
77. Robb2001,pp.98100.
78. Ludden2002,pp.128132.
82. Robb2001,pp.151152.
84. Brown1994,p.83.
85. Peers2006,p.50.
87. Brown1994,pp.8586.
88. Stein1998,p.239.
90. Robb2001,p.183.
91. Sarkar1983,pp.14.
92. Copland2001,pp.ixx.
93. Metcalf&Metcalf2006,p.123.
94. Stein1998,p.260.
95. Bose&Jalal2011,p.117.
96. Stein1998,p.258.
105. UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture.
112. Ali&Aitchison2005.
113. Dikshit&Schwartzberg,p.7.
114. Prakashetal.2000.
117. Dikshit&Schwartzberg,pp.910.
118. MinistryofInformationandBroadcasting2007,p.1.
119. Kumaretal.2006.
121. Duff1993,p.353.
126. Chang1967,pp.391394.
25/41
6/3/2015
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
Chang1967,pp.391394.
Posey1994,p.118.
Wolpert2003,p.4.
Heitzman&Worden1996,p.97.
Ali,Ripley&Dick1996,p.90.
ConservationInternational2007.
ZoologicalSurveyofIndia2012,p.1.
Puri.
ForestSurveyofIndia2013,pp.1114.
Basak1983,p.24.
Tritsch2001.
Crame&Owen2002,p.142.
Karanth2006.
Mace1994,p.4.
MinistryofEnvironmentsandForests1972.
DepartmentofEnvironmentandForests1988.
MinistryofEnvironmentandForests.
SecretariatoftheConventiononWetlands.
UnitedNationsPopulationDivision.
Burnell&Calvert1999,p.125.
ElectionCommissionofIndia.
Sarkar2007,p.84.
Chander2004,p.117.
Bhambhri1992,pp.118,143.
TheHindu2008.
Dunleavy,Diwakar&Dunleavy2007.
BusinessStandard2009.
"BJPfirstpartysince1984towinparliamentarymajorityonitsown"(http://www.dnaindia.com/india/reportbjp
firstpartysince1984towinparliamentarymajorityonitsown1988981).DNA.IANS.16May2014.
Retrieved20May2014.
Pylee&2003a,p.4.
Dutt1998,p.421.
Wheare1980,p.28.
EcheverriGent2002,pp.1920.
Sinha2004,p.25.
"InRTIreply,CentresaysIndiahasnonationalgame"(http://www.deccanherald.com/content/268727/inrti
replycentresays.html).Retrieved4August2012.
Sharma2007,p.31.
Sharma2007,p.138.
Gledhill1970,p.112.
Sharma1950.
Sharma2007,p.162.
Mathew2003,p.524.
Gledhill1970,p.127.
Sharma2007,p.161.
Sharma2007,p.143.
Sharma2007,p.360.
Neuborne2003,p.478.
Sharma2007,pp.238,255.
Sripati1998,pp.423424.
Pylee&2003b,p.314.
LibraryofCongress2004.
Sharma2007,p.49.
Rothermund2000,pp.48,227.
26/41
6/3/2015
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
Rothermund2000,pp.48,227.
Gilbert2002,pp.486487.
Sharma1999,p.56.
Alford2008.
Heine,JorgeR.Viswanathan(2011)."TheOtherBRICinLatinAmerica:India"
(http://www.americasquarterly.org/indialatinamerica).AmericasQuarterly.Retrieved29December2013.
Ghosh2009,pp.282289.
Sisodia&Naidu2005,pp.18.
Perkovich2001,pp.6086,106125.
Kumar2010.
Nair2007.
Pandit2009.
TheHindu2011.
Europa2008.
TheTimesofIndia2008.
BritishBroadcastingCorporation2009.
Rediff2008a.
Reuters2010.
Curry2010.
Ripsman&Paul2010,p.130.
CentralIntelligenceAgency.
Behera2011.
Behera2012.
StockholmInternationalPeaceResearchInstitute2008,p.178.
Miglani2011.
Shukla2011.
StockholmInternationalPeaceResearchInitiative2012.
InternationalMonetaryFund2011,p.2.
Nayak,Goldar&Agrawal2010,p.xxv.
InternationalMonetaryFund.
Wolpert2003,p.xiv.
OrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment2007.
Gargan1992.
Alamgir2008,pp.23,97.
WTO1995.
WorldTradeOrganisation2010.
Economist2011.
UNComtrade(4February2015)."Indiaworld'ssecondlargesttextilesexporter"
(http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/20140602/news/50272849_1_textilesexportsindiacalender
year).TechCrunch.economictimes.Retrieved2June2014.
Bonner2010.
Farrell&Beinhocker2007.
Schwab2010.
Sheth2009.
TelecomRegulatoryAuthority2011.
NatashaLomas(26June2013)."IndiaPassesJapanToBecomeThirdLargestGlobalSmartphoneMarket,After
China&U.S."(http://techcrunch.com/2013/06/26/indiathirdinsmartphoneworld/?ncid=tcdaily).TechCrunch.
AOLInc.Retrieved27June2013.
BusinessLine2010.
ExpressIndia2009.
Nasscom20112012.
VishalDutta,ETBureau10Jul2012,03.14PMIST(10July2012)."Indianbiotechindustryatcriticaljuncture,
globalbiotechstabilises:Report"(http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/201207
10/news/32618700_1_biotechindustryglobalbiotechnologyrdspending).EconomicTimes.Retrieved
27/41
6/3/2015
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
240.
241.
242.
243.
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
256.
257.
258.
259.
260.
261.
10/news/32618700_1_biotechindustryglobalbiotechnologyrdspending).EconomicTimes.Retrieved
31October2012.
"Indianpharmaceuticalindustrygrowthstorytocontinue"
(https://web.archive.org/web/20130116214756/http://pharma.financialexpress.com/20120115/market03.shtml).
ExpressPharma.15January2012.Archivedfromtheoriginal
(http://www.expresspharmaonline.com/20120115/market03.shtml)on13January2013.Retrieved31October
2012.
BiotechnologyandPharmaceuticalSectorinIndia:sectorbriefingbytheUKTradeandInvestment2011,
utki.gov.uk
Yep2011.
"DifferdingConsultingPubli6"
(http://www.differding.com/page/biotechnology_in_india_2013_biospectrum_able_survey/f1.html).
Differding.com.20140211.Retrieved20140404.
"HowManyPeopleInIndiaPayIncomeTax?HardlyAnyone"(http://www.ibtimes.com/howmanypeopleindia
payincometaxhardlyanyone1294887).6June2013.
WorldBank2006.
WorldBanka.
"India'srankimprovesto55thpositiononglobalhungerindex"
(http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/20141013/news/54970880_1_nutritionmissionindiaghi).India
times.October13,2014.
Indiatopsworldhungerlistwith194millionpeople(http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indiaishometo
194millionhungrypeopleun/article7255937.ece)
SecondSource(http://www.dawn.com/news/1184959/indiahometoworldslargestnumberofhungrypeople
report)
Drze&Goyal2008,p.46.
Pal&Ghosh2007.
TransparencyInternational2010.
BritishBroadcastingCorporation2010c.
InternationalMonetaryFund2011.
PricewaterhouseCoopers2011.
WorldBank2010.
ProvisionalPopulationTotals,Census2011,p.165.
"CensusPopulation"(http://indiabudget.nic.in/es200607/chapt2007/tab97.pdf)(PDF).CensusofIndia.Ministry
ofFinanceIndia.
Rorabacher2010,pp.3539.
WorldHealthOrganisation2006.
BostonAnalytics2009.
"LifeexpectancyinIndia"(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/LifeexpectancyinIndiagoesupby5years
inadecade/articleshow/29513964.cms)(PDF).newspaper.TimesofIndia.
Dev&Rao2009,p.329.
Garg2005.
Dyson&Visaria2005,pp.115129.
Ratna2007,pp.271272.
Chandramouli2011.
ProvisionalPopulationTotals,Census2011,p.163.
Dharwadker2010,pp.168194,186.
Ottenheimer2008,p.303.
Mallikarjun2004.
MinistryofHomeAffairs1960.
Bonner1990,p.81.
MinistryofHomeAffairs20102011.
GlobalMuslimpopulationestimatedat1.57billion(http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday
review/religion/globalmuslimpopulationestimatedat157billion/article30568.ece).TheHindu(8October2009)
IndiaChapterSummary2012
(http://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/resources/2012ARChapters/india%202012%20twopager.pdf)
28/41
6/3/2015
262.
263.
264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
269.
270.
271.
272.
273.
274.
275.
276.
277.
278.
279.
280.
281.
282.
283.
284.
285.
286.
287.
288.
289.
290.
291.
292.
293.
294.
295.
296.
297.
298.
299.
300.
301.
302.
303.
304.
305.
306.
307.
308.
309.
(http://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/resources/2012ARChapters/india%202012%20twopager.pdf)
Kuiper2010,p.15.
Heehs2002,pp.25.
Deutsch1969,pp.3,78.
Nakamura1999.
Kuiper2010,pp.296329.
Silverman2007,p.20.
Kumar2000,p.5.
Roberts2004,p.73.
Lang&Moleski2010,pp.151152.
UnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,andCulturalOrganisation.
Chopra2011,p.46.
Hoiberg&Ramchandani2000.
Sarma2009.
Johnson2008.
MacDonell2004,pp.140.
Klidsa&Johnson2001.
Zvelebil1997,p.12.
Hart1975.
EncyclopdiaBritannica2008.
Ramanujan1985,pp.ixx.
Das2005.
Datta2006.
Massey&Massey1998.
EncyclopdiaBritannicab.
Lal2004,pp.23,30,235.
Karanth2002,p.26.
Dissanayake&Gokulsing2004.
Rajadhyaksha&Willemen1999,p.652.
TheEconomicTimes.
SunetraSenNarayan,GlobalizationandTelevision:AStudyoftheIndianExperience,19902010(Oxford
UniversityPress,2015)307pages
Kaminsky&Long2011,pp.684692.
Mehta2008,pp.110.
MediaResearchUsersCouncil2012.
Schwartzberg2011.
"SpiritualTerrorism:SpiritualAbusefromtheWombtotheTomb",p.391,byBoydC.Purcell
Messner2009,p.5153.
Messner2012,p.2728.
Makar2007.
Medora2003.
Jones&Ramdas2005,p.111.
CullenDupont2009,p.96.
Bunting2011.
Agnivesh2005.
CensusofIndiaGenderComposition(http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/gender_composition.aspx)
2011
"Womankilledoverdowry'everyhour'inIndia"
(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10280802/Womankilledoverdowryeveryhourin
India.html).telegraph.com.2September2013.Retrieved10February2014.
"RisingnumberofdowrydeathsinIndia:NCRB"(http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/risingnumberof
dowrydeathsinindiancrb/article4995677.ece).thehindu.com.7August2013.Retrieved10February2014.
"India(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/273190/Housing)".EncyclopdiaBritannica.
EncyclopdiaBritannicaOnline.EncyclopdiaBritannicaInc.,2014.Web.Retrieved20Jan.2014.
Tarlo1996,pp.xii,xii,11,15,28,46.
29/41
6/3/2015
309.
310.
311.
312.
313.
314.
315.
316.
317.
318.
319.
320.
321.
322.
Tarlo1996,pp.xii,xii,11,15,28,46.
Eraly2008,p.160.
Wolpert2003,p.2.
Rediff2008b.
Binmore2007,p.98.
TheWallStreetJournal2009.
BritishBroadcastingCorporation2010b.
BritishBroadcastingCorporation2010a.
Mint2010.
Xavier2010.
Majumdar&Bandyopadhyay2006,pp.15.
Dehejia2011.
"Basketballteamnamedfor11thSouthAsianGames"(http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistannewsnewspaper
dailyenglishonline/lahore/02Jan2010/Basketballteamnamedfor11thSouthAsianGames).Nation.com.pk.2
January2010.Retrieved8March2013.
Bibliography
Overview
"India"(https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworldfactbook/geos/in.html),TheWorldFactbook(Central
IntelligenceAgency),retrieved4October2011
"CountryProfile:India"(http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf)(PDF),LibraryofCongressCountry
Studies(5thed.)(LibraryofCongressFederalResearchDivision),December2004,retrieved30September2011
Heitzman,J.Worden,R.L.(August1996),India:ACountryStudy,AreaHandbookSeries,Washington,D.C.:
LibraryofCongress,ISBN9780844408330
India(http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?
sy=2009&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=534&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPG
DP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=88&pr1.y=9),InternationalMonetaryFund,retrieved14October
2011
ProvisionalPopulationTotals,Paper1Census2011(http://censusindia.gov.in/2011prov
results/prov_results_paper1_india.html),OfficeoftheRegistrarGeneralandCensusCommissioner,2011,lay
summary(http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011provresults/indiaatglance.html)
"ConstituentAssemblyofIndiaVolumeXII"(http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm),
ConstituentAssemblyofIndia:Debates(NationalInformaticsCentre,GovernmentofIndia),24January1950,
retrieved17July2011
There'sNoNationalLanguageinIndia:GujaratHighCourt(http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010
0125/india/28148512_1_nationallanguageofficiallanguagehindi),TheTimesOfIndia,6January2007,
retrieved17July2011
"Table1:HumanDevelopmentIndexanditsComponents"
(http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf)(PDF),HumanDevelopmentReport2011,United
Nations,2011
Etymology
Hindustan(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266465/Hindustan),EncyclopdiaBritannica,retrieved
17July2011
Kaye,A.S.(1September1997),PhonologiesofAsiaandAfrica(http://books.google.com/books?
id=T6jmziooEk0C&pg=PA639),Eisenbrauns,ISBN9781575060194
Kuiper,K.,ed.(July2010),CultureofIndia(http://books.google.com/?id=LiqloV4JnNUC),RosenPublishing
Group,ISBN9781615302031
ConstitutionofIndia(http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf)(PDF),MinistryofLawandJustice,29July
30/41
6/3/2015
ConstitutionofIndia(http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf)(PDF),MinistryofLawandJustice,29July
2008,retrieved3March2012,"Article1(1):"India,thatisBharat,shallbeaUnionofStates.""
"India"(http://www.oed.com/),OxfordEnglishDictionary,OxfordUniversityPress,retrieved17July2011
History
Asher,C.B.Talbot,C(1January2008),IndiaBeforeEurope(1sted.),CambridgeUniversityPress,
ISBN9780521517508
Bose,S.Jalal,A.(11March2011),ModernSouthAsia:History,Culture,PoliticalEconomy(3rded.),
Routledge,ISBN9780415779425
Brown,J.M.(26May1994),ModernIndia:TheOriginsofanAsianDemocracy
(http://books.google.com/books?id=PaKdsF8WzbcC),TheShortOxfordHistoryoftheModernWorld(2nded.),
OxfordUniversityPress,ISBN9780198731139
Copland,I.(8October2001),India18851947:TheUnmakingofanEmpire(http://books.google.com/?
id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ)(1sted.),Longman,ISBN9780582381735
Kulke,H.Rothermund,D.(1August2004),AHistoryofIndia(http://books.google.com/books?
id=V73N8js5ZgAC),4th,Routledge,ISBN9780415329200
Ludden,D.(13June2002),IndiaandSouthAsia:AShortHistory,OneWorld,ISBN9781851682379
Metcalf,B.Metcalf,T.R.(9October2006),AConciseHistoryofModernIndia
(http://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C)(2nded.),CambridgeUniversityPress,ISBN9780521
682251
Peers,D.M.(3August2006),IndiaunderColonialRule17001885(http://books.google.com/?
id=6iNuAAAAMAAJ)(1sted.),PearsonLongman,ISBN9780582317383
Petraglia,MichaelD.Allchin,Bridget(2007),"HumanevolutionandculturechangeintheIndiansubcontinent",
inMichaelPetraglia,BridgetAllchin,TheEvolutionandHistoryofHumanPopulationsinSouthAsia:Inter
disciplinaryStudiesinArchaeology,BiologicalAnthropology,LinguisticsandGenetics
(http://books.google.com/?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA6),Springer,ISBN9781402055621
Possehl,G.(January2003),TheIndusCivilization:AContemporaryPerspective
(http://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC),RowmanAltamira,ISBN9780759101722
Robb,P.(2001),AHistoryofIndia,London:Palgrave,ISBN9780333691298
Sarkar,S.(1983),ModernIndia:18851947(http://books.google.com/?id=rVxuAAAAMAAJ),Delhi:
MacmillanIndia,ISBN9780333904251
Singh,U.(2009),AHistoryofAncientandMedievalIndia:FromtheStoneAgetothe12thCentury
(http://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC),Delhi:Longman,ISBN9788131716779
Sripati,V.(1998),"TowardFiftyYearsofConstitutionalismandFundamentalRightsinIndia:LookingBackto
SeeAhead(19502000)",AmericanUniversityInternationalLawReview14(2):413496
Stein,B.(16June1998),AHistoryofIndia(http://books.google.com/books?id=SXdVS0SzQSAC)(1sted.),
Oxford:WileyBlackwell,ISBN9780631205463
Stein,B.(27April2010),Arnold,D.,ed.,AHistoryofIndia(http://books.google.com/books?
id=QY4zdTDwMAQC)(2nded.),Oxford:WileyBlackwell,ISBN9781405195096
"BriefingRooms:India"(https://web.archive.org/web/20110520002800/http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/India/),
EconomicResearchService(UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture),17December2009
Thapar,Romila(2003),PenguinhistoryofearlyIndia:fromtheoriginstoA.D.1300
(http://books.google.com/books?id=O2OgAAAAMAAJ),PenguinBooks,retrieved13February2012
Witzel,Michael(2003),"VedasandUpaniads",inGavinD.Flood,TheBlackwellcompaniontoHinduism
(http://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C),JohnWiley&Sons,ISBN9780631215356,retrieved
15March2012
Wolpert,S.(25December2003),ANewHistoryofIndia(7thed.),OxfordUniversityPress,ISBN978019
5166781
Geography
Ali,J.R.Aitchison,J.C.(2005),"GreaterIndia",EarthScienceReviews72(34):170173,
31/41
6/3/2015
Ali,J.R.Aitchison,J.C.(2005),"GreaterIndia",EarthScienceReviews72(34):170173,
doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2005.07.005)
Chang,J.H.(1967),"TheIndianSummerMonsoon",GeographicalReview57(3):373396,
doi:10.2307/212640(https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F212640)
Forest(Conservation)Act,1980withAmendmentsMadein1988(http://forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf)(PDF),
DepartmentofEnvironmentandForests,GovernmentoftheAndamanandNicobarIslands,1988,retrieved
25July2011
Dikshit,K.R.Schwartzberg,JosephE.,"India:Land"
(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India),EncyclopdiaBritannica:129
Duff,D.(29October1993),HolmesPrinciplesofPhysicalGeology(http://books.google.com/books?
id=E6vknq9SfIIC&pg=PT353)(4thed.),Routledge,ISBN9780748743810
Kumar,V.S.Pathak,K.C.Pednekar,P.Raju,N.S.N.(2006),"CoastalprocessesalongtheIndiancoastline"
(http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/350/1/Curr_Sci_91_530.pdf)(PDF),CurrentScience91(4):530536
IndiaYearbook2007,NewDelhi:PublicationsDivision,MinistryofInformationandBroadcasting,Government
ofIndia,2007,ISBN9788123014234
Posey,C.A.(1November1994),TheLivingEarthBookofWindandWeather,Reader'sDigest,ISBN9780
895776259
Prakash,B.Kumar,S.Rao,M.S.Giri,S.C.(2000),"HoloceneTectonicMovementsandStressFieldinthe
WesternGangeticPlains"(http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252000/prakash.pdf)(PDF),CurrentScience79(4):
438449
Biodiversity
Ali,S.Ripley,S.D.Dick,J.H.(15August1996),APictorialGuidetotheBirdsoftheIndianSubcontinent
(2nded.),Mumbai:OxfordUniversityPress,ISBN9780195637328
AnimalDiscoveries2011:NewSpeciesandNewRecords
(http://zsi.gov.in/right_menu/Animal_disc/Animal%20Discovery%202011.pdf)(PDF),ZoologicalSurveyofIndia,
2012,retrieved20July2012
Basak,R.K.(1983),BotanicalSurveyofIndia:AccountofItsEstablishment,Development,andActivities
(http://books.google.com/books?id=yXAVcgAACAAJ),retrieved20July2011
"HotspotsbyRegion"(http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/hotspots_by_region/Pages/default.aspx),
BiodiversityHotspots(ConservationInternational),2007,retrieved28February2011
Crame,J.A.Owen,A.W.(1August2002),PalaeobiogeographyandBiodiversityChange:TheOrdovicianand
MesozoicCenozoicRadiations(http://books.google.com/books?id=YswVy5YolYsC&pg=PA142),Geological
SocietySpecialPublication(194),GeologicalSocietyofLondon,ISBN9781862391062,retrieved
8December2011
"ForestCover(http://fsi.nic.in/cover_2013/sfr_forest_cover.pdf)".StateofForestReport2013
(http://fsi.nic.in/details.php?pgID=mn_93).Dehradun:ForestSurveyofIndia.2013.
Griffiths,M.(6July2010),TheLotusQuest:InSearchoftheSacredFlower(http://books.google.com/books?
id=f2cbyTCeqEC),St.Martin'sPress,ISBN9780312641481
Karanth,K.P.(25March2006),"OutofIndiaGondwananOriginofSomeTropicalAsianBiota"
(http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/789.pdf)(PDF),CurrentScience(IndianAcademyofSciences)90
(6):789792,retrieved18May2011
Mace,G.M.(March1994),"1994IUCNRedListofThreatenedAnimals"(http://books.google.com/books?
id=dyy0HilL9ecC&pg=PR4),WorldConservationMonitoringCentre(InternationalUnionforConservationof
Nature),ISBN9782831701943
"BiosphereReservesofIndia"(http://www.cpreec.org/pubbookbiosphere.htm),C.P.R.EnvironmentEducation
Centre(MinistryofEnvironmentandForests,GovernmentofIndia),retrieved17July2011
IndianWildlife(Protection)Act,1972(http://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html),Ministryof
EnvironmentsandForests(http://moef.nic.in/index.php),GovernmentofIndia,9September1972,retrieved
25July2011
Puri,S.K.,BiodiversityProfileofIndia(http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/cesmg/indiabio.html),retrieved20June2007
TheListofWetlandsofInternationalImportance
32/41
6/3/2015
TheListofWetlandsofInternationalImportance
(https://web.archive.org/web/20070621011113/http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf)(PDF),TheSecretariatofthe
ConventiononWetlands,4June2007,p.18,archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf)
(PDF)on21June2007,retrieved20June2007
Tritsch,M.F.(3September2001),WildlifeofIndia(http://books.google.com/books?id=aNRQAAAACAAJ),
London:HarperCollins,ISBN9780007110629
Politics
Bhambhri,C.P.(1May1992),PoliticsinIndia,19911992(http://books.google.com/books?
id=pf5HAAAAMAAJ),Shipra,ISBN9788185402178,retrieved20July2011
Burnell,P.J.Calvert,P.(1May1999),TheResilienceofDemocracy:PersistentPractice,DurableIdea
(http://books.google.com/books?id=hv6TkML5_HAC&pg=PA271)(1sted.),Taylor&Francis,ISBN9780
SecondUPAWin,ACrowningGloryforSonia'sAscendancy(http://www.business
standard.com/india/news/secondupawincrowninggloryforsonia%5Csascendancy/61892/on),Business
Standard,16May2009,retrieved13June2009
Chander,N.J.(1January2004),CoalitionPolitics:TheIndianExperience(http://books.google.com/books?
id=G_QtMGIczhMC&pg=PA117),ConceptPublishingCompany,ISBN9788180690921,retrieved20July
2011
Dunleavy,P.Diwakar,R.Dunleavy,C.(2007),TheEffectiveSpaceofPartyCompetition
(http://www2.lse.ac.uk/government/research/resgroups/PSPE/pdf/PSPE_WP5_07.pdf)(PDF)(5),LondonSchool
ofEconomicsandPoliticalScience,retrieved27September2011
Dutt,S.(1998),"IdentitiesandtheIndianState:AnOverview",ThirdWorldQuarterly19(3):411434,
EcheverriGent,J.(January2002),"PoliticsinIndia'sDecentredPolity",inAyres,A.Oldenburg,P.,Quickening
thePaceofChange,IndiaBriefing,London:M.E.Sharpe,pp.1953,ISBN9780765608123
"CurrentRecognisedParties"
(http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/Symbols_Sep_2009.pdf)(PDF),Election
CommissionofIndia,14March2009,retrieved5July2010
Gledhill,A.(30March1970),TheRepublicofIndia:TheDevelopmentofitsLawsandConstitution
(http://books.google.com/books?id=cHAjPQAACAAJ),Greenwood,ISBN9780837128139,retrieved21July
2011
NarasimhaRaoPassesAway(http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/24/stories/2004122408870100.htm),TheHindu,
24December2004,retrieved2November2008
Mathew,K.M.(1January2003),ManoramaYearbook(http://books.google.com/books?id=jDaLQwAACAAJ),
MalayalaManorama,ISBN9788190046183,retrieved21July2011
"NationalSymbolsofIndia"(http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php),KnowIndia(National
InformaticsCentre,GovernmentofIndia),retrieved27September2009
Neuborne,B.(2003),"TheSupremeCourtofIndia",InternationalJournalofConstitutionalLaw1(1):476
510,doi:10.1093/icon/1.3.476(https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2F1.3.476)
Pylee,M.V.(2003),"TheLongestConstitutionalDocument",ConstitutionalGovernmentinIndia
(http://books.google.com/?id=veDUJCjr5U4C)(2nded.),S.Chand,ISBN9788121922036
Pylee,M.V.(2003),"TheUnionJudiciary:TheSupremeCourt",ConstitutionalGovernmentinIndia
(http://books.google.com/?id=veDUJCjr5U4C&pg=PA314)(2nded.),S.Chand,ISBN9788121922036,
retrieved2November2007
Sarkar,N.I.(1January2007),SoniaGandhi:TrystwithIndia(http://books.google.com/books?
id=26flsWUf8fkC),Atlantic,ISBN9788126907441,retrieved20July2011
Sharma,R.(1950),"CabinetGovernmentinIndia",ParliamentaryAffairs4(1):116126
Sharma,B.K.(August2007),IntroductiontotheConstitutionofIndia(http://books.google.com/books?
id=srDytmFE3KMC&pg=PA161)(4thed.),PrenticeHall,ISBN9788120332461
Sinha,A.(2004),"TheChangingPoliticalEconomyofFederalisminIndia",IndiaReview3(1):2563,
33/41
6/3/2015
World'sLargestDemocracytoReachOneBillionPersonsonIndependenceDay
(http://www.un.org/esa/population/pubsarchive/india/ind1bil.htm),UnitedNationsPopulationDivision,retrieved
5October2011
Wheare,K.C.(June1980),FederalGovernment(4thed.),OxfordUniversityPress,ISBN9780313227028
Foreignrelationsandmilitary
Alford,P.(7July2008),G8Plus5EqualsPowerShift(http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/g8plus5equals
powershift/storye6frg6t61111116838759),TheAustralian,retrieved21November2009
Behera,L.K.(7March2011),BudgetingforIndia'sDefence:AnAnalysisofDefenceBudget20112012
(http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasDefenceBudget201112_lkbehera_070311),InstituteforDefenceStudies
andAnalyses,retrieved4April2011
Behera,L.K.(20March2012),India'sDefenceBudget201213
(http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasDefenceBudget201213_LaxmanBehera_200312),InstituteforDefence
StudiesandAnalyses,retrieved26March2012
"RussiaAgreesIndiaNuclearDeal"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7883223.stm),BBCNews(British
BroadcastingCorporation),11February2009,retrieved22August2010
Curry,B.(27June2010),CanadaSignsNuclearDealwithIndia
(http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8g20/news/canadasignsnucleardealwith
india/article1620801/),TheGlobeandMail,retrieved13May2011
"India,EuropeStrategicRelations"
(http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/external_relations/relations_with_third_countries/asia/r14100_en.htm),
Europa:SummariesofEULegislation(EuropeanUnion),8April2008,retrieved14January2011
Ghosh,A.(1September2009),India'sForeignPolicy(http://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC),
Pearson,ISBN9788131710258
Gilbert,M.(17December2002),AHistoryoftheTwentiethCentury(http://books.google.com/books?
id=jhwY1j8Ao3kC&pg=PA486),WilliamMorrow,ISBN9780060505943,retrieved22July2011
India,RussiaReviewDefenceTies(http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2514142.ece),TheHindu,5
October2009,retrieved8October2011
Kumar,A.V.(1May2010),"ReformingtheNPTtoIncludeIndia"(http://thebulletin.org/reformingnptinclude
india),BulletinofAtomicScientists,retrieved1November2010
Miglani,S.(28February2011),WithAnEyeonChina,IndiaStepsUpDefenceSpending
(http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/28/indiabudgetmilitaryidUSSGE71R02Y20110228),Reuters,retrieved
6July2011
Nair,V.K.(2007),NoMoreAmbiguity:India'sNuclearPolicy
(https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041401/http://www.afsa.org/fsj/oct02/nair.pdf)(PDF),archivedfromthe
original(http://www.afsa.org/fsj/oct02/nair.pdf)(PDF)on27September2007,retrieved7June2007
Pandit,R.(27July2009),NSubmarinetoGiveIndiaCrucialThirdLegofNukeTriad
(http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/20090727/india/28212143_1_nuclearpoweredsubmarineins
arihantnuclearsubmarine),TheTimesofIndia,retrieved10March2010
Perkovich,G.(5November2001),India'sNuclearBomb:TheImpactonGlobalProliferation
(http://books.google.com/books?id=UDA9dUryS8EC),UniversityofCaliforniaPress,ISBN9780520232105,
retrieved22July2011
India,FranceAgreeonCivilNuclearCooperation(http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jan/25france.htm),Rediff,
25January2008,retrieved22August2010
UK,IndiaSignCivilNuclearAccord(http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/13/usindiabritainnuclear
idUSTRE61C21E20100213?type=politicsNews),Reuters,13February2010,retrieved22August2010
Ripsman,N.M.Paul,T.V.(18March2010),GlobalizationandtheNationalSecurityState
(http://books.google.com/books?id=7P87HIh9ajMC&pg=PA130),OxfordUniversityPress,ISBN978019
Rothermund,D.(17October2000),TheRoutledgeCompaniontoDecolonization
(http://books.google.com/books?id=ez37H0UPt_YC),RoutledgeCompanionstoHistory(1sted.),Routledge,
ISBN9780415356329
34/41
6/3/2015
ISBN9780415356329
IndiaGetsItsFirstHomegrownFighterJet(http://en.rian.ru/world/20110110/162090932.html),RIANovosti,
10January2011,retrieved1April2009
Sharma,S.R.(1January1999),IndiaUSSRRelations19471971:FromAmbivalencetoSteadfastness
(http://books.google.com/books?id=vTEge1JWK8oC)1,Discovery,ISBN9788171414864
Shukla,A.(5March2011),ChinaMatchesIndia'sExpansioninMilitarySpending(http://www.business
standard.com/india/news/chinamatchesindia%5Csexpansioninmilitaryspending/427365/),BusinessStandard,
retrieved6July2011
Sisodia,N.S.Naidu,G.V.C.(2005),ChangingSecurityDynamicinEasternAsia:FocusonJapan
(http://books.google.com/books?id=jSgfLG3Ib9wC),Promilla,ISBN9788186019528
"SIPRIYearbook2008:Armaments,Disarmament,andInternationalSecurity"(http://books.google.com/books?
id=EAyQ9KCJE2gC&pg=PA178),StockholmInternationalPeaceResearchInstitute(OxfordUniversityPress),
8August2008,ISBN9780199548958,retrieved22July2011
"RiseininternationalarmstransfersisdrivenbyAsiandemand,saysSIPRI"(http://archive.is/ml62T),
StockholmInternationalPeaceResearchInitiative,19March2012,archivedfromtheoriginal
(http://www.sipri.org/media/pressreleases/riseininternationalarmstransfersisdrivenbyasiandemandsays
sipri)on13January2013,retrieved26March2012
India,USSign123Agreement(http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/20081011/india/27905286_1_indian
nuclearmarketsignlandmarkcivilnuclearfield),TheTimesofIndia,11October2008,retrieved21July2011
Economy
Alamgir,J.(24December2008),India'sOpenEconomyPolicy:Globalism,Rivalry,Continuity
(http://books.google.com/books?id=JL7QfWJ5Yk0C),Taylor&Francis,ISBN9780415776844,retrieved
23July2011
Bonner,B(20March2010),MakeWay,World.IndiaIsontheMove(http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/The
DailyReckoning/2010/0320/Makewayworld.Indiaisonthemove),ChristianScienceMonitor,retrieved
23July2011
"IndiaLost$462bninIllegalCapitalFlows,SaysReport"(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldsouthasia
11782795),BBCNews(BritishBroadcastingCorporation),18November2010,retrieved23July2011
"IndiaSecondFastestGrowingAutoMarketAfterChina"(http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays
paper/article988689.ece),BusinessLine,9April2010,retrieved23July2011
Drze,JeanSen,Amartya(2013),AnUncertainGlory:IndiaandItsContradictions,AllenLane
India'sEconomy:NotJustRubiesandPolyesterShirts(http://www.economist.com/node/21531527),The
Economist,8October2011,retrieved9October2011
"IndianCarExportsSurge36%"(http://archive.is/DUoe6),ExpressIndia,13October2009,archivedfromthe
original(http://www.expressindia.com/latestnews/Indiancarexportssurge36/528633/)on2January2013,
retrieved23July2011
ReportforSelectedCountriesandSubjects:India,Indonesia,IslamicRepublicofIran,Malaysia,Philippines,
SriLanka,Thailand(http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?
pr.x=20&pr.y=6&sy=1991&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=548%2C566%2C524%2C
578%2C534%2C536%2C429&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=),InternationalMonetaryFund,April2011,retrieved
23July2011
Farrell,D.Beinhocker,E.(19May2007),NextBigSpenders:India'sMiddleClass
(http://www.mckinsey.com/Insights/MGI/In_the_news/Next_big_spenders_Indian_middle_class),McKinsey&
Company,retrieved17September2011
Gargan,E.A.(15August1992),IndiaStumblesinRushtoaFreeMarketEconomy
(http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/15/world/indiastumblesinrushtoafreemarketeconomy.html),TheNew
YorkTimes,retrieved22July2011
WorldEconomicOutlookUpdate(http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/update/02/pdf/0611.pdf)(PDF),
InternationalMonetaryFund,June2011,retrieved22July2011
Nayak,P.B.Goldar,B.Agrawal,P.(10November2010),India'sEconomyandGrowth:EssaysinHonourof
V.K.R.V.Rao(http://books.google.com/books?id=N1Ho2SGXUHwC),SAGEPublications,ISBN97881321
35/41
6/3/2015
V.K.R.V.Rao(http://books.google.com/books?id=N1Ho2SGXUHwC),SAGEPublications,ISBN97881321
04520
EconomicSurveyofIndia2007:PolicyBrief(http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/52/39452196.pdf)(PDF),
OrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment,October2007,retrieved22July2011
Pal,P.Ghosh,J(July2007),"InequalityinIndia:ASurveyofRecentTrends"
(http://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2007/wp45_2007.pdf)(PDF),EconomicandSocialAffairs:DESAWorking
PaperNo.45(UnitedNations),retrieved23July2011
PricewaterhouseCoopers(January2011),TheWorldin2050:TheAcceleratingShiftofGlobalEconomicPower:
ChallengesandOpportunities(http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/psrc/pdf/world_in_2050_jan2011.pdf)(PDF),
retrieved23July2011
Schwab,K.(2010),TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport20102011
(http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_201011.pdf)(PDF),WorldEconomic
Forum,retrieved10May2011
Sheth,N.(28May2009),"OutlookforOutsourcingSpendingBrightens"
(http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124344190542659025.html#articleTabs_comments%3D%26articleTabs%3Dartic
le),TheWallStreetJournal,retrieved3October2010
Srivastava,V.C.(2008),"Introduction",inV.C.Srivastava,LallanjiGopal,D.P.Chattopadhyaya,Historyof
AgricultureinIndia(ptoc1200AD)(http://books.google.com/books?id=FvjZVwYVmNcC&pg=PR30),History
ofScience,PhilosophyandCultureInIndianCivization,V(Part1),ConceptPublishingCo,ISBN8180695212
InformationNotetothePress(PressReleaseNo.29/2011)
(http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/trai/upload/PressReleases/816/Press_release_feb%2011.pdf)(PDF),
TelecomRegulatoryAuthorityofIndia,6April2011,retrieved23July2011
ExportersGetWiderMarketReach(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/indiabusiness/Exportersget
widermarketreach/articleshow/4942892.cms?referral=PM),TheTimesofIndia,28August2009,retrieved
23July2011
CorruptionPerceptionIndex2010IndiaContinuestobeCorrupt
(http://transparencyindia.org/resource/press_release/Corruption%20Perception%20Index%20(CPI)%202010.pdf)
(PDF),TransparencyInternational,26October2011,retrieved23July2011
NewGlobalPovertyEstimatesWhatItMeansforIndia
(http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,content
MDK:21880725~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html),WorldBank,retrieved23July2011
"India:UndernourishedChildrenACallforReformandAction"
(http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~p
agePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html),WorldBank,retrieved23July2011
InclusiveGrowthandServiceDelivery:BuildingonIndia'sSuccess
(http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/DPR_FullReport.pdf)(PDF),WorldBank,29
May2006,retrieved7May2009
IndiaCountryOverviewSeptember2010
(http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,content
MDK:20195738~menuPK:295591~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html),WorldBank,
September2010,retrieved23July2011
TradetoExpandby9.5%in2010AfteraDismal2009,WTOReports
(http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres10_e/pr598_e.htm),WorldTradeOrganisation,26March2010,
retrieved23July2011
Yep,E.(27September2011),ReNewWindPowerGets$201MillionGoldmanInvestment
(http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204422404576595972728958728.html),TheWallStreet
Journal,retrieved27September2011
IndianITBPOIndustry(http://www.nasscom.org/indianitbpoindustry),NASSCOM,20112012,retrieved
22June2012
UNDERSTANDINGTHEWTO:THEORGANIZATIONMembersandObservers
(http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm),WTO,1995,retrieved23June2012
Demographics
36/41
6/3/2015
Bonner,A.(1990),AvertingtheApocalypse:SocialMovementsinIndiaToday(http://books.google.com/books?
id=uxJlAgRemHgC),DukeUniversityPress,ISBN9780822310488,retrieved24July2011
HealthcareinIndia:ReportHighlights
(http://bostonanalytics.com/india_watch/Healthcare%20in%20India%20Executive%20Summary.pdf)(PDF),
BostonAnalytics,January2009,retrieved23July2011
Dev,S.M.Rao,N.C.(2009),India:PerspectivesonEquitableDevelopment(http://books.google.com/books?
id=adhKjRoTjcIC),AcademicFoundation,ISBN9788171886852
Dharwadker,A.(28October2010),"RepresentingIndia'sPasts:Time,Culture,andProblemsofPerformance
Historiography",inCanning,C.M.Postlewait,T.,RepresentingthePast:EssaysinPerformance
Historiography(http://books.google.com/books?id=Rgf0gbml2ocC),UniversityofIowaPress,ISBN9781
Drze,J.Goyal,A.(9February2009),"TheFutureofMidDayMeals",inBaru,R.V.,SchoolHealthServices
inIndia:TheSocialandEconomicContexts(http://books.google.com/books?id=aQ39RO9OET4C&pg=PA46),
SAGEPublications,ISBN9788178298733
Dyson,T.Visaria,P.(7July2005),"MigrationandUrbanisation:RetrospectandProspects",inDyson,T.
Casses,R.Visaria,L.,TwentyFirstCenturyIndia:Population,Economy,HumanDevelopment,andthe
Environment(http://books.google.com/books?id=bqU9T5c0wlYC),OxfordUniversityPress,ISBN978019
9283828
Garg,S.C.(19April2005),MobilizingUrbanInfrastructureFinanceinIndia
(http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMF/Resources/3397471105651852282/Garg.pdf)(PDF),WorldBank,
retrieved27January2010
Mallikarjun,B(November2004),"FiftyYearsofLanguagePlanningforModernHindiTheOfficialLanguage
ofIndia"(http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2004/mallikarjunmalaysiapaper1.html),LanguageinIndia
(http://www.languageinindia.com/index.html)4(11),ISSN19302940(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1930
2940),retrieved24July2011
NotificationNo.2/8/60O.L(http://rajbhasha.nic.in/UI/pagecontent.aspx?pc=Mzc%3d),MinistryofHome
Affairs,GovernmentofIndia,27April1960,retrieved13May2011
"ReligiousComposition"(http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/religion.aspx),
OfficeoftheRegistrarGeneralandCensusCommissioner(MinistryofHomeAffairs,GovernmentofIndia),
"CensusData2001"
(http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/National_Summary/National_Summary_DataPage.aspx),
OfficeoftheRegistrarGeneralandCensusCommissioner(MinistryofHomeAffairs,GovernmentofIndia),
Ottenheimer,H.J.(2008),TheAnthropologyofLanguage:AnIntroductiontoLinguisticAnthropology
(http://books.google.com/books?id=d4QHsORbZs4C),Cengage,ISBN9780495508847
Ratna,U.(2007),"InterfaceBetweenUrbanandRuralDevelopmentinIndia",inDutt,A.K.Thakur,B,City,
Society,andPlanning(http://books.google.com/books?id=QDmZeW1H37IC)1,Concept,ISBN978818069
4592
Robinson,S.(1May2008),"India'sMedicalEmergency"
(http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1736516,00.html),Time,retrieved23July2011
Rorabacher,J.A.(2010),HungerandPovertyinSouthAsia(http://books.google.com/books?
id=u6hriMcSsE4C),Gyan,ISBN9788121210270
CountryCooperationStrategy:India
(http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_ind_en.pdf)(PDF),WorldHealthOrganisation,
November2006,retrieved23July2011
Chandramouli,C.(15July2011),RuralUrbanDistributionOfPopulation(http://censusindia.gov.in/2011prov
results/paper2/data_files/india/Rural_Urban_2011.pdf)(PDF),MinistryofHomeAffairs(India),retrieved
24January2015
Culture
Agnivesh,SwamiRamaManiAngelikaKsterLossack(25November2005)."Missing:50millionIndian 37/41
6/3/2015
Agnivesh,SwamiRamaManiAngelikaKsterLossack(25November2005)."Missing:50millionIndian
girls"(http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/24/opinion/24ihtedswami.html?_r=0).NewYorkTimes.Retrieved
30December2013.
Bunting,Madeleine(22July2011)."India'smissingwomen"(http://www.theguardian.com/global
development/povertymatters/2011/jul/22/indiasexselectionmissingwomen).TheGuardian.Retrieved
30December2013.
Binmore,K.G.(27March2007),PlayingforReal:ATextonGameTheory(http://books.google.com/books?
id=eY0YhSk9ujsC&pg=PA98),OxfordUniversityPress,ISBN9780195300574
Bladholm,L.(12August2000),TheIndianGroceryStoreDemystified(http://books.google.com/books?
id=nCCEmAIo7HAC&pg=PA64)(1sted.),MacmillanPublishers,ISBN9781580631433
"SainaNehwal:India'sBadmintonStarand"NewWoman" "(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldsouthasia
10725584),BBCNews,1August2010,retrieved5October2010
"CommonwealthGames2010:IndiaDominateShootingMedals"
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9068886.stm),BBCNews,7October2010,
retrieved3June2011
Chopra,P.(18March2011),AJointEnterprise:IndianElitesandtheMakingofBritishBombay
(http://books.google.com/books?id=jhTiCnh6RqAC&pg=PA46),UniversityofMinnesotaPress,ISBN9780
816670376
CullenDupont,K.(July2009),HumanTrafficking(http://books.google.com/books?id=B2GeSNXy5CoC)(1st
ed.),InfobasePublishing,ISBN9780816075454
Das,S.K.(1January2005),AHistoryofIndianLiterature,5001399:FromCourtlytothePopular,Sahitya
Akademi,ISBN9788126021710
Datta,A.(2006),TheEncyclopaediaofIndianLiterature2,SahityaAkademi,ISBN9788126011940
Dehejia,R.S.(7November2011),"IndianGrandPrixVs.Encephalitis?"
(http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/07/economicsjournalindiangrandprixvsencephalitis/),TheWall
StreetJournal,retrieved20December2011
Deutsch,E.(30April1969),AdvaitaVednta:APhilosophicalReconstruction(http://books.google.com/books?
id=63gdKwhHeV0C),UniversityofHawaiiPress,ISBN9780824802714
Dissanayake,W.K.Gokulsing,M.(May2004),IndianPopularCinema:ANarrativeofCulturalChange
(http://books.google.com/?id=_plssuFIar8C&dq)(2nded.),TrenthamBooks,ISBN9781858563299
SouthernMoviesAccountforover75%ofFilmRevenues(http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/200911
18/news/27638208_1_filmindustrysmallbudgetmoviesfarokhbalsara),TheEconomicTimes,18November
2009,retrieved18June2011
"SouthAsianArts:IndianDance"(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556016/SouthAsian
arts/65246/Indiandance),EncyclopdiaBritannica,retrieved17July2011
"TamilLiterature"(http://original.britannica.com/eb/article9071111/Tamilliterature),EncyclopdiaBritannica,
Eraly,A.(2008),India(http://books.google.com/books?id=HUdHHuFZN_8C&pg=PA160),PenguinBooks,
ISBN9780756649524,retrieved24July2011
Hart,G.L.(August1975),PoemsofAncientTamil:TheirMilieuandTheirSanskritCounterparts
(http://books.google.com/books?id=a5KwQwAACAAJ)(1sted.),UniversityofCaliforniaPress,ISBN9780
520026728
Heehs,P.,ed.(1September2002),IndianReligions:AHistoricalReaderofSpiritualExpressionand
Experience(http://books.google.com/books?id=JgsuaIm3ncC),NewYorkUniversityPress,ISBN97808147
Henderson,C.E.(2002),CultureandCustomsofIndia(http://books.google.com/books?
id=CaRVePXX6vEC&pg=PA102),GreenwoodPublishingGroup,ISBN9780313305139
Hoiberg,D.Ramchandani,I.(2000),Students'BritannicaIndia:SelectEssays,PopularPrakashan,ISBN9780
852297629
Johnson,W.J.,ed.(1September2008),TheSauptikaparvanoftheMahabharata:TheMassacreatNight,
OxfordWorld'sClassics(2nded.),OxfordUniversityPress,ISBN9780192823618
Jones,G.Ramdas,K.(2005),(Un)tyingtheKnot:IdealandRealityinAsianMarriage
(http://books.google.com/books?id=IttiQ3QdJ6YC),NationalUniversityofSingaporePress,ISBN97898105
14280
KlidsaJohnson,W.J.(15November2001),TheRecognitionofakuntal:APlayinSevenActs,Oxford 38/41
6/3/2015
KlidsaJohnson,W.J.(15November2001),TheRecognitionofakuntal:APlayinSevenActs,Oxford
UniversityPress,ISBN9780192839114
Kaminsky,ArnoldP.Long,RogerD.(30September2011),IndiaToday:AnEncyclopediaofLifeinthe
Republic:AnEncyclopediaofLifeintheRepublic(http://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C),ABC
CLIO,ISBN9780313374623,retrieved12September2012
Karanth,S.K.(October2002),Yakagna,AbhinavPublications,ISBN9788170173571
Kiple,K.F.Ornelas,K.C.,eds.(2000),TheCambridgeWorldHistoryofFood,Cambridge:Cambridge
UniversityPress,ISBN9780521402163
Kuiper,K.,ed.(1July2010),TheCultureofIndia(http://books.google.com/books?id=LiqloV4JnNUC),
BritannicaEducationalPublishing,ISBN9781615302031,retrieved24July2011
Kumar,V.(January2000),Vastushastra,AllYouWantedtoKnowAboutSeries(2nded.),SterlingPublishing,
ISBN9788120721999
Lal,A.(2004),TheOxfordCompaniontoIndianTheatre(http://books.google.com/books?
id=DftkAAAAMAAJ),OxfordUniversityPress,ISBN9780195644463,retrieved24July2011
Lang,J.Moleski,W.(1December2010),FunctionalismRevisited(http://books.google.com/books?
id=rOCaSn8ZboC&pg=PA151),AshgatePublishing,ISBN9781409407010
MacDonell,A.A.(2004),AHistoryofSanskritLiterature,KessingerPublishing,ISBN9781417906192
Majumdar,B.Bandyopadhyay,K.(2006),ASocialHistoryofIndianFootball:StrivingToScore,Routledge,
ISBN9780415348355
Makar,E.M.(2007),AnAmerican'sGuidetoDoingBusinessinIndia(http://books.google.com/books?
id=ujYmdNVIr7QC),Adams,ISBN9781598692112
Massey,R.Massey,J(1998),TheMusicofIndia(http://books.google.com/books?id=yySNDP9XVggC),
AbhinavPublications,ISBN9788170173328
Medora,N.(2003),"MateSelectioninContemporaryIndia:LoveMarriagesVersusArrangedMarriages",in
Hamon,R.R.Ingoldsby,B.B.,MateSelectionAcrossCultures,SAGEPublications,pp.209230,ISBN978
0761925927
Messner,W.(2009),WorkingwithIndia.TheSofterAspectsofaSuccessfulCollaborationwiththeIndianIT&
BPOIndustry(http://www.globusresearch.com/knowledgebooks.com#workingwithindia),Springer,ISBN978
3540890775
Messner,W.(2012),EngagingwithIndia.HowtoManagetheSofterAspectsofaGlobalCollaboration
(http://www.globusresearch.com),Createspace,ISBN9781466244900
"IndianReadershipSurvey2012Q1:ToplineFindings"(http://mruc.net/irs2012q1toplinefindings.pdf)(PDF).
MediaResearchUsersCouncil.Growth:Literacy&MediaConsumption.Retrieved12September2012.
Mehta,Nalin(30July2008),TelevisioninIndia:Satellites,PoliticsandCulturalChange
(http://books.google.com/books?id=RBsSzSjnTYC),Taylor&FrancisUS,ISBN9780415447591,retrieved
12September2012
IsBoxingtheNewCricket?(http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/1jxksEgRhUYXq0ezp1iixM/Isboxingthenew
cricket.html),Mint,24September2010,retrieved5October2010
Nakamura,H.(1April1999),IndianBuddhism:ASurveywithBibliographicalNotes
(http://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC),BuddhistTraditionSeries(12thed.),Motilal
Banarsidass,ISBN9788120802728
PuskarPasewicz,M.(16September2010),CulturalEncyclopediaofVegetarianism
(http://books.google.com/books?id=scpwmjE3TWYC&pg=PA39),GreenwoodPublishingGroup,ISBN9780
313375569
Raghavan,S.(23October2006),HandbookofSpices,Seasonings,andFlavorings
(http://books.google.com/books?id=m4vvs87XiucC&pg=PA3)(2nded.),CRCPress,ISBN9780849328428
Raichlen,S.(10May2011),ATandoorOvenBringsIndia'sHeattotheBackyard
(http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/11/dining/atandoorovenbringsindiasheattothebackyard.html),TheNew
YorkTimes,retrieved14June2011
Rajadhyaksha,A.Willemen,P.,eds.(22January1999),EncyclopaediaofIndianCinema(2nded.),British
FilmInstitute,ISBN9780851706696
Ramanujan,A.K.(translator)(15October1985),PoemsofLoveandWar:FromtheEightAnthologiesandthe
TenLongPoemsofClassicalTamil(http://books.google.com/?id=nIybE0HRvdQC),NewYork:Columbia
UniversityPress,pp.ixx,ISBN9780231051071
Rawat,RamnarayanS(23March2011),ReconsideringUntouchability:ChamarsandDalitHistoryinNorth 39/41
6/3/2015
Rawat,RamnarayanS(23March2011),ReconsideringUntouchability:ChamarsandDalitHistoryinNorth
India(http://books.google.com/books?id=bz5dKC81O3IC&pg=PA3),IndianaUniversityPress,ISBN9780
253222626
AnandCrownedWorldChampion(http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/oct/29anand.htm),Rediff,29October
2008,retrieved29October2008
Roberts,N.W.(12July2004),BuildingTypeBasicsforPlacesofWorship(http://books.google.com/books?
id=hOxOAAAAMAAJ)(1sted.),JohnWiley&Sons,ISBN9780471225683
Sarma,S.(1January2009),AHistoryofIndianLiterature1(2nded.),MotilalBanarsidass,ISBN97881208
02643
Schoenhals,M.(22November2003),IntimateExclusion:RaceandCasteTurnedInsideOut
(http://books.google.com/books?id=922nG03giDwC&pg=PA119),UniversityPressofAmerica,ISBN9780
761826972
Schwartzberg,J.(2011),"India:Caste"(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46404/Caste),
EncyclopdiaBritannica,retrieved17July2011
Sen,A.(5September2006),TheArgumentativeIndian:WritingsonIndianHistory,Culture,andIdentity
(http://books.google.com/books?id=agk63AlLmIgC&pg=PA132)(1sted.),Picador,ISBN9780312426026
Seymour,S.C.(28January1999),Women,Family,andChildCareinIndia:AWorldinTransition
(http://books.google.com/books?id=ClkaIF3KzLIC&pg=PA81),CambridgeUniversityPress,ISBN9780521
598842
Silverman,S.(10October2007),Vastu:TranscendentalHomeDesigninHarmonywithNature
(http://books.google.com/books?id=iwaryJd3fD8C&pg=PA20),GibbsSmith,ISBN9781423601326
Tarlo,E.(1September1996),ClothingMatters:DressandIdentityinIndia(http://books.google.com/books?
id=ByoTXhXCuyAC)(1sted.),UniversityofChicagoPress,ISBN9780226789767,retrieved24July2011
SawantShootsHistoricGoldatWorldChampionships(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more
sports/shooting/SawantshootshistoricgoldatWorldChampionships/articleshow/6274795.cms?referral=PM),
TheTimesofIndia,9August2010,retrieved25May2011
TajMahal(http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252),UnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,andCulturalOrganisation,
retrieved3March2012
IndiaAimsforCenterCourt
(http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970203440104574406704026883502?mg=reno64
wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052970203440104574406704026883502.h
tml),TheWallStreetJournal,11September2009,retrieved29September2010
Wengell,D.L.Gabriel,N.(1September2008),EducationalOpportunitiesinIntegrativeMedicine:TheAtoZ
HealingArtsGuideandProfessionalResourceDirectory(http://books.google.com/books?
id=BNR1KGJXX9cC&pg=PA158)(1sted.),TheHunterPress,ISBN9780977655243
"IntergenerationalMobilityforDalitsIsVisible,AlbeitLimited"(http://www
wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/05/05/000356161_20110505044659/Ren
dered/PDF/574280PUB0Pers1351B0Extop0ID0186890.pdf)(PDF).WorldBankReport2011.doi:10.1596/9780
821386897(https://dx.doi.org/10.1596%2F9780821386897).Retrieved6September2012.
Xavier,L.(12September2010),SushilKumarWinsGoldinWorldWrestlingChampionship
(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/moresports/wrestling/SushilKumarwinsgoldinWorldWrestling
Championship/articleshow/6542488.cms?referral=PM),TheTimesofIndia,retrieved5October2010
Yadav,S.S.McNeil,D.Stevenson,P.C.(23October2007),Lentil:AnAncientCropforModernTimes
(http://books.google.com/?id=VfT6hZHpXPkC&pg=PA174),Springer,ISBN9781402063121
Zvelebil,K.V.(1August1997),CompanionStudiestotheHistoryofTamilLiterature
(http://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC),BrillPublishers,ISBN9789004093652
Externallinks
NationalPortal(http://india.gov.in/)oftheGovernmentofIndia
India(https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworldfactbook/geos/in.html)entryatTheWorld
Factbook
40/41
6/3/2015
India(https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India)atDMOZ
Indiaprofile(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldsouthasia12557384)fromtheBBCNews
India(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India)EncyclopdiaBritannicaentry
India(http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/india.htm)attheUCBGovernmentInformation
Library
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India&oldid=665162131"
Categories: India Commonwealthrepublics Federalconstitutionalrepublics FormerBritishcolonies
G15nations G20nations Liberaldemocracies MemberstatesoftheCommonwealthofNations
MemberstatesoftheSouthAsianAssociationforRegionalCooperation
MemberstatesoftheUnitedNations SouthAsiancountries Statesandterritoriesestablishedin1947
Hindustanispeakingcountriesandterritories Englishspeakingcountriesandterritories
BRICSnations
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon2June2015,at11:52.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmay
apply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisa
registeredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.
41/41

India

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

India

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

6/3/2015

You might also like