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Two years ago, when the FBI was stymied by a band of armed robbers known as the "Scarecrow Bandits" that
had robbed more than 20 Texas banks, it came up with a novel method of locating the thieves.
FBI agents obtained logs from mobile phone companies corresponding to what their cellular towers had recorded
at the time of a dozen different bank robberies in the Dallas area. The voluminous records showed that two
phones had made calls around the time of all 12 heists, and that those phones belonged to men named Tony
Hewitt and Corey Duffey. A jury eventually convicted the duo of multiple bank robbery and weapons charges.
Even though police are tapping into the locations of mobile phones
thousands of times a year, the legal ground rules remain unclear, and Most Popular
federal privacy laws written a generation ago are ambiguous at best. On
Friday, the first federal appeals court to consider the topic will hear oral Feds push for tracking cell phones
arguments (PDF) in a case that could establish new standards for locating
wireless devices. FBI wants records kept of Web sites visited
Those claims have alarmed the ACLU and other civil liberties groups, which have opposed the Justice
Department's request and plan to tell the U.S. Third Circuit Court of Appeals in Philadelphia that Americans'
privacy deserves more protection and judicial oversight than what the administration has proposed. Feds push for tracking cell phones
Not long ago, the concept of tracking cell phones would have been the stuff of spy movies. In 1998's "Enemy of the
Google eyes ultrafast broadband to the home
State," Gene Hackman warned that the National Security Agency has "been in bed with the entire
telecommunications industry since the '40s--they've infected everything." After a decade of appearances in "24" What can be done with network
and "Live Free or Die Hard," location-tracking has become such a trope that it was satirized in a scene with Seth speeds of a gigabit per
Rogen from "Pineapple Express" (2008). second? Google wants to find
out through a test network that
Once a Hollywood plot, now 'commonplace' will reach up to a half million
people.
Whether state and federal police have been paying attention to Hollywood, or whether it was the other way around,
cell phone tracking has become a regular feature in criminal investigations. It comes in two forms: police
obtaining retrospective data kept by mobile providers for their own billing purposes that may not be very detailed,
or prospective data that reveals the minute-by-minute location of a handset or mobile device.
About Politics and Law
Obtaining location details is now "commonplace," says Al Gidari, a partner in the Seattle offices of Perkins Coie
who represents wireless carriers. "It's in every pen register order these days." News at the intersection of technology, politics, and
law, ranging from intellectual property to censorship
Gidari says that the Third Circuit case could have a significant impact on police investigations within the court's to tech policy.
jurisdiction, namely Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; it could be persuasive beyond those states. But, he
cautions, "if the privacy groups win, the case won't be over. It will certainly be appealed." Subscribe via RSS
Click this link to view as XML.
CNET was the first to report on prospective tracking in a 2005 news article. In a subsequent Arizona case, agents Add this feed to your online news reader
from the Drug Enforcement Administration tracked a tractor trailer with a drug shipment through a GPS-equipped
Nextel phone owned by the suspect. Texas DEA agents have used cell site information in real time to locate a
Chrysler 300M driving from Rio Grande City to a ranch about 50 miles away. Verizon Wireless and T-Mobile logs
showing the location of mobile phones at the time calls became evidence in a Los Angeles murder trial.
Politics and Law topics
And a mobile phone's fleeting connection with a remote cell tower operated by Edge Wireless is what led
searchers to the family of the late James Kim, a CNET employee who died in the Oregon wilderness in 2006 after Antitrust Privacy
leaving a snowbound car to seek help. Censorship Regulation
Corruption Stupidity
The way tracking works is simple: mobile phones are miniature radio
transmitters and receivers. A cellular tower knows the general direction of "This is a critical question Elections Taxes
a mobile phone (many cell sites have three antennas pointing in different for privacy in the 21st Lessons in economics intellectual property
directions), and if the phone is talking to multiple towers, triangulation century. If the courts do
yields a rough location fix. With this method, accuracy depends in part on side with the government,
the density of cell sites. that means that
everywhere we go, in the
The Federal Communications Commission's "Enhanced 911" (E911) real world and online, will
requirements allowed rough estimates to be transformed into precise be an open book to the
coordinates. Wireless carriers using CDMA networks, such as Verizon government unprotected
Wireless and Sprint Nextel, tend to use embedded GPS technology to fulfill by the Fourth
E911 requirements. AT&T and T-Mobile comply with E911 regulations
Amendment."
using network-based technology that computes a phone's location using --Kevin Bankston, attorney,
signal analysis and triangulation between towers. Electronic Frontier Foundation
T-Mobile, for instance, uses a GSM technology called Uplink Time Difference of Arrival, or U-TDOA, which
calculates a position based on precisely how long it takes signals to reach towers. A company called
TruePosition, which provides U-TDOA services to T-Mobile, boasts of "accuracy to under 50 meters" that's
available "for start-of-call, midcall, or when idle."
A 2008 court order to T-Mobile in a criminal investigation of a marriage fraud scheme, which was originally
sealed and later made public, says: "T-Mobile shall disclose at such intervals and times as directed by (the
Department of Homeland Security), latitude and longitude data that establishes the approximate positions of the
Subject Wireless Telephone, by unobtrusively initiating a signal on its network that will enable it to determine the
locations of the Subject Wireless Telephone."
U.S. Magistrate Judge Lisa Lenihan in Pennsylvania denied the Justice Department's attempt to obtain stored
location data without a search warrant; prosecutors had invoked a different legal procedure. Lenihan's ruling, in
effect, would require police to obtain a search warrant based on probable cause--a more privacy-protective
standard.
Lenihan's opinion (PDF)--which, in an unusual show of solidarity, was signed by four other magistrate judges--
noted that location information can reveal sensitive information such as health treatments, financial difficulties,
marital counseling, and extra-marital affairs.
In its appeal to the Third Circuit, the Justice Department claims that Lenihan's opinion "contains, and relies upon,
numerous errors" and should be overruled. In addition to a search warrant not being necessary, prosecutors said,
because location "records provide only a very general indication of a user's whereabouts at certain times in the
past, the requested cell-site records do not implicate a Fourth Amendment privacy interest."
The Obama administration is not alone in making this argument. U.S. District Judge William Pauley, a Clinton
appointee in New York, wrote in a 2009 opinion that a defendant in a drug trafficking case, Jose Navas, "did not
have a legitimate expectation of privacy in the cell phone" location. That's because Navas only used the cell phone
"on public thoroughfares en route from California to New York" and "if Navas intended to keep the cell phone's
location private, he simply could have turned it off."
(Most cases have involved the ground rules for tracking cell phone users prospectively, and judges have
disagreed over what legal rules apply. Only a minority has sided with the Justice Department, however.)
Cellular providers tend not to retain moment-by-moment logs of when each mobile device contacts the tower, in
part because there's no business reason to store the data, and in part because the storage costs would be
prohibitive. They do, however, keep records of what tower is in use when a call is initiated or answered--and those
records are generally stored for six months to a year, depending on the company.
Verizon Wireless keeps "phone records including cell site location for 12 months," Drew Arena, Verizon's vice
president and associate general counsel for law enforcement compliance, said at a federal task force meeting
in Washington, D.C. last week. Arena said the company keeps "phone bills without cell site location for seven
years," and stores SMS text messages for only a very brief time.
Gidari, the Seattle attorney, said that wireless carriers have recently extended how long they store this information.
"Prior to a year or two ago when location-based services became more common, if it were 30 days it would be
surprising," he said.
The ACLU, EFF, the Center for Democracy and Technology, and University of San Francisco law professor Susan
Freiwald argue that the wording of the federal privacy law in question allows judges to require the level of proof
required for a search warrant "before authorizing the disclosure of particularly novel or invasive types of
information." In addition, they say, Americans do not "knowingly expose their location information and thereby
surrender Fourth Amendment protection whenever they turn on or use their cell phones."
"The biggest issue at stake is whether or not courts are going to accept the government's minimal view of what is
protected by the Fourth Amendment," says EFF's Bankston. "The government is arguing that based on precedents
from the 1970s, any record held by a third party about us, no matter how invasively collected, is not protected by
the Fourth Amendment."
Update 10:37 a.m. PT: A source inside the U.S. Attorney's Office for the northern district of Texas, which
prosecuted the Scarecrow Bandits mentioned in the above article, tells me that this was the first and the only time
that the FBI has used the location-data-mining technique to nab bank robbers. It's also worth noting that the
leader of this gang, Corey Duffey, was sentenced last month to 354 years (not months, but years) in prison.
Another member is facing 140 years in prison.
Declan McCullagh is a contributor to CNET News and a correspondent for CBSNews.com who
has covered the intersection of politics and technology for over a decade. Declan writes a regular
feature called Taking Liberties, focused on individual and economic rights; you can bookmark his
CBS News Taking Liberties site, or subscribe to the RSS feed. You can e-mail Declan at
declan@cbsnews.com.
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Week in review: Of Internet privacy and police
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If the electronic data of our phones' locations are not private, then why should music be so
controlled? Why can someone share with other people my wearabouts, but I can't share a song
that someone wanted to be made public?
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Something tells me that liberals won't complain too loudly about this, though.
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Obama-nuts - the Obama administration thinks it should be able to track where you are at all
times without a warrant. How's that for non-intrusive government and protecting our rights?
Sounds like something they would have done in the Soviet Union. Oh, wait, that's right, that's the
model he's shooting for...
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The government only has power over us if we let them. Stop letting them pull this crap. Wake up, people - silence
is consent. I DO NOT CONSENT.
Wait till some high tech crook (or even someone in the government - I guess that's the same
really) figures out how use such technology to show his location as being somewhere else
while he commits his crime - and I don't mean by giving someone else his phone. I mean by
actually placing a call to show he's somewhere else. It's like photographic evidence. You can't
really consider it to be reliable anymore.
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I'd support everyone having implanted gps chips. How many lives would that save? everyone would know that you
could track where an incident happened and see who was there. no more kidnapping, murders, etc.
I think we're all a little too afraid of Big Brother. Name one thing about this that is "dangerous".
DNA sampling is bad enough, but GPS chip tracking embedded under the skin?
If they introduced that here in UK i'd move overseas, it would be the final straw that would cause
a mass exudous of people to leave the country.
There is no way I would allow myself and my family to be robotically controlled by the
government.
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The government is being ridiculous with their unmeasured response to the perceived threat that
criminals and terrorists pose to society.
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This was written about a people with the same attitude you have. For such a short post you have
said so many idiotic things I don't know where to start. Perhaps I will just leave it at suggesting
you read the Constitution, The Bill of Rights and Common Sense by Thomas Paine.
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Oh, and @protagonistic: Nobody's "coming for" anyone unless, as I said, they've been kidnapped
or involved in a crime. What if someone wanted to leave the country - legally - and just not let
anyone know on purpose? Then they could just tell the authorities in charge of tracking missing
individuals and let them know nothing's wrong. Again, restrictions would need to be put in place.
But overall, nothing is harmful about this idea. I think you and n3td3v both need to take some
clozapine and see if the big, bad Feds are still hiding under your beds.
Really, n3t? "DNA sampling is bad"? Are you planning on committing a murder and objecting to
your DNA being in a system so that you can be profiled and caught? You've got issues.
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I will give you a very good example of how this is wrong... Recently the witch in charge of
Homeland Security approved of a report that named returning veterans as potential terrorist
recruitment threats. With this, the government can decide to track their movements to determine
other potential threats by mere proximity. What is to stop them? No warrant needed. Suddnely
because you were in the same Starbucks for more than 5 minutes with an Iraq War Veteran you
are on a 'list'. How would you know?
Or an NRA member? or a Catholic Right-to-Life activist? Are the lights coming on yet?
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We have surrendered our privacy one slow step at a time, and now we have none left.
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Wake up people, the inability to provide for our own food and shelter, and needing companies to
provide it, is our main problem. It is nothing less that a disability of epic proportions.
In the REAL world (not this giant virtual reality we call the real world.) none of us would last a
week.
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The fact that you can't see the fundamental difference in that is disturbing, though not
unexpected.
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Even the thought or dream that you did something bad will land you in jail.
You think this scenario is weird, well I have a wife in this situation. They call it book club to keep it private. She is a
union rep at the school and the principal is angry at her because he also supervises his wife and daughter that
are teachers at the school. Its against school board policy, but thats okay because the superintendent is a relative.
Other teachers complained that the situation caused problems (because the daughter uses the power to take
petty revenge against other teachers) and my wife the union rep sent the information up the chain. As a result
theyll have to change the policy to allow it so that the questions stop (yep, they aren't going to change the situation
to obey policy). Its just that kind of county here in Suwanee County Florida. Now imagine the principle wants to
take it out on the teachers that complained. How many walls are there in place to stop him if you cant even keep
where you are and who you talk to private when you are even when you are not committing a crime. If it doesnt take
a warrant or there is no expectation of privacy then there is little recourse the person has to fight back against
abuse.
This is bad. This is slippery slope stuff even when it looks good as far as catching criminals is concerned. They'll
just figure out they need to use family radios in the future but you are stuck with a law that tells everyone where you
are at all times.
In reality, cell phone companies are going to keep these logs at least for a billing cycle or two, so
arguing that they shouldn't be kept at all (I don't think anyone has done that yet in this
conversation, but some surely will) is a waste of time. What's important are the circumstances in
which and the procedures through which those logs can be disclosed.
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Also, you don't need to have gps inbuilt to your device for them to be able to track you.
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