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When we write "n," where n could be any integer, we mean "any multiple of ."
0, , 2, 3, . . .
Problem 1. Which numbers are indicated by the following, where n could be any integer?
a) 2n
The even multiples of :
0, 2, 4, 6, . . .
2n, in algebra, typically signifies an even number.
b) (2n + 1)
The odd multiples of :
, 3, 5, 7, . . .
2n + 1 (or 2n 1) typically signifies an odd number.
Zeros
By the zeros of sin , we mean those values of for which sin will equal 0.
Now, where are the zeros of sin ? That is,
sin = 0 when = ?
We saw in Topic 15 on the unit circle that the value of sin is equal to the y-coordinate. Hence, sin = 0 at =
0 and = -- and at all angles coterminal with them. In other words,
sin = 0 when = n.
This will be true, moreover, for any argument of the sine function. For example,
sin 2x = 0 when the argument 2x = n;
that is, when
x =
n
.
2
, ,
2
0,
3
2
:
2
,...
n
.
3
.
3
The height of the curve at every point is the line value of the sine.
In the language of functions, y = sin x is an odd function. It is symmetrical with respect to the origin.
sin (x) = sin x.
y = cos x is an even function.
The independent variable x is the radian measure. x may be any real
number. We may imagine the unit circle rolled out, in both directions, along the x-axisThe period of a function
When the values of a function regularly repeat themselves, we say that the function is periodic. The values of
sin regularly repeat themselves
<x<
2
formula can easily prove that.
On the other hand, it is possible to see directly that
If a = 3 -y = sin 3x
-- there are 3 periods in that interval:
While if a = -y = sin x
-- there is only half a period in that interval:
The constant a thus signifies how frequently the function oscillates; so many radians per unit of x.
(When the independent variable is the time t, as it often is in physics, then the constant is written as
("omega"): sin t. is called the angular frequency; so many radians per second.)
a) For which values of x are the zeros of y = sin mx?
At mx = n; that is, at x =
n
.
m
2
. Since there are m periods in 2, then one period is 2
m
divided by m. Compare the graphs above.
. y = sin 2x.
a) What does the 2 indicate?
In an interval of length 2, there are 2 periods.
b) What is the period of that function?
2
=
2
c) Where are its zeros?
At x =
n
.
2
. y = sin 6x.
a) What does the 6 indicate?
In an interval of length 2, there are 6 periods.
=
6
3
c) Where are its zeros?
At x =
n
.
6
y = sin x.
a) What does indicate?
In an interval of length 2, there is one fourth of a period.
b) What is the period of that function?
2/ = 2 4 = 8.
c) Where are its zeros?
At x =
n
= 4n.
Why is that the graph? Consider the line value DE of tan x in the 4th and 1st quadrants:
For
<x < ,
2
2
Quadrants IV and I constitute a complete period of y = tan x. In quadrant IV, tan x is negative; in quadrant I, it is
positive; and tan 0 = 0. Again, here is the graph:
The graph of Quadrants IV and I is repeated in Quadrant II (where tan x is negative) and quadrant III (where tan
x is positive), and periodically along the entire x-axis.
. What is the period of y = tan x?
One period is from
R x x n , n Z
2.
7.
{x | - 1 < x > 1}
{x | - 1 < x < 1}
{x | 0 x > 1}
{x < 1}
d) R x x n , n Z
8.
c) R - x x (2n 1) , n Z
2
d) R x x n , n Z
3.
4.
c) R - x x (2n 1) , n Z
2
d) R x x n , n Z
5.
c) R - x x (2n 1) , n Z
2
d) R x x n , n Z
6.
R - x x (2n 1) , n Z
2
c) R - x x (2n 1) , n Z
2
c) R - x x (2n 1) , n Z
2
d) R x x n , n Z
9.
c) R - x x (2n 1) , n Z
2
d) R x x n , n Z
10.
c) R - x x (2n 1) , n Z
2
d) R x x n , n Z
11.
c) R - x x (2n 1) , n Z
2
d) R x x n , n Z
12.
c) R - x x (2n 1) , n Z
2
d) R x x n , n Z
13.
18.
b)
2
2
c)
3
d) 2
a) [-1, 1]
b) R
c) R - x x (2n 1) , n Z
2
e) R x 1 x 1
14.
a)
c) R - x x (2n 1) , n Z
2
d) R x 1 x 1
15.
19.
a)
3
b)
2
2
c)
3
d)
The period of cotx is
b)
2
2
c)
3
d)
a)
a)
b)
c)
d)
16.
17.
f(p)
f(x)
0
P
period of f
period of 2f
period of 3f
period of 4f
21.
b)
2
2
c)
3
d) 2
a)
b)
2
2
c)
3
d) 2
a)
22.
2
2
c)
3
d) 2
b)
23.
27.
b)
2
2
c)
3
d)
a)
b)
2
2
c)
3
d)
a)
24.
28.
a)
29.
The period of tan 2x is
b)
2
2
c)
3
d)
b)
2
2
c)
3
d)
The period of cot2x is
a)
b)
c)
d)
2
2
3
a)
26.
b)
2
2
c)
3
d)
b)
2
2
c)
3
d)
a)
25.
30.
b)
2
2
c)
7
d)
a)
2
3
d)
c)
31.
x
is
3
37.
a)
b) 2
c) 3
d) 6
32.
33.
34.
38.
a)
b) 2
c) 3
d) 6
39.
35.
a)
3
b)
2
2
c)
3
d)
36.
a)
3
b)
2
x
is
3
a)
b) 2
c) 3
d) 6
x
is
3
x
is
3
x
is
3
a)
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
x
is
3
a)
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
x
is
3
a)
b) 2
c) 3
d) 6
40.
15
10
5
2
x
is
5