Diseases

An Infectious disease is clinically evident disease in humans and animals which

damages or injures the host function, and results from an activity of pathogenic
agent including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and multicellular parasites.
Transmission can occur through several pathways; including through contact with
infected individuals, by water, food, and airborne inhalation.
A Non-infectious disease is something that has been caused by the environment
or from what we eat and don’t eat. Non-infectious diseases are also caused by
genetic factors. Some non-infectious diseases include diabetes, anaemia
(nutritional), heart disease, and cancer from radiation (environment) sickle cell
anaemia and cerebral palsy (genetic).
An antigen is a molecule that stimulates an immune response.
• Tolerogen - An antigen that invokes a specific immune non-responsiveness
due to its molecular form. If its molecular form is changed, a tolerogen can
become an immunogen.
• Allergen - An allergen is a substance that causes the allergic reaction. The
reaction may result after exposure via ingestion, inhalation, injection or contact
with skin.
An antibody or immunoglobulin is a large Y-shaped protein used by the immune
system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. Each
antibody recognizes a specific antigen unique to its target.
A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to establish immunity to a disease.
Vaccines can be prophylactic (e.g. to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future
infection by any natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (e.g. vaccines against
cancer). Vaccines may be living, weakened strains of viruses or bacteria that
intentionally give rise to unapparent-to-trivial infections. Vaccines may also be
killed or inactivated organisms or purified products derived from them.

Reproductive System
Human reproduction
employs internal fertilization,
and depends on the integrated
action of hormones, the
nervous system, and the
reproductive system. Gonads
are sex organs that produce
gametes. Male gonads are the
testes, which produce sperm
and male sex hormones.
Female gonads are the
ovaries, which produce eggs
(ova) and female sex
hormones.

Testes are suspended outside the

abdominal cavity by the scrotum, a
pouch of skin that keeps the testes close
or far from the body at an optimal
temperature for sperm development.
Seminiferous tubules are inside each
testis, and are where sperm are
produced by meiosis. About 250 meters (850 feet) of tubules are packed into each
testis. Spermatocytes inside the tubules divide by meiosis to produce spermatids
that in turn develop into mature sperm.
The female gonads, ovaries, are located within the lower abdominal cavity. The
ovary contains many follicles composed of a developing egg surrounded by an
outer layer of follicle cells. Each egg begins oogenesis as a primary oocyte. At birth
each female carries a lifetime supply of developing oocytes, each of which is in
Prophase I. A developing egg (secondary oocyte) is released each month from
puberty until menopause, a total of 400-500 eggs.
Fertilisation or fertilization (also known as conception), is union of gametes to
form a new organism of the same species. In animals, the method involves a
sperm fusing with an ovum, which eventually leads to the development of an
embryo.
Ovulation occurs when a mature egg is released from the ovary, pushed down the
fallopian tube, and is available to be fertilized.
Menstruation is a woman's monthly bleeding. It is also called menses, menstrual
period, or period. When a woman has her period, she is menstruating. The
menstrual blood is partly blood and partly tissue from the inside of the uterus
(womb). It flows from the uterus through the small opening in the cervix, and
passes out of the body through the vagina. Most menstrual periods last from three
to five days.
Menopause is the time in a woman's life when her period stops. It is a normal
change in a woman's body. A woman has reached menopause when she has not
had a period for 12 months in a row (and there are no other causes, such as
pregnancy or illness, for this change).