Lab Tools - Chemical Hand Book-MERC130119 w280111 MM Labtools 2013 Low

LabTools
Tables for laboratory use
LabTools
LabTools offers you tables with all
the information you need while working
with chemicals. Moreover, our tables
which are compiled in this booklet, will
help you to communicate the basic
rules in your laboratory in an easy and
comprehensive manner.
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www.merckmillipore.com/labtools
Merck at a glance
Merck is the oldest pharmaceutical and chemical company in the world.
Its roots date back to the year 1668.
Around 39,000 people in 66 countries develop pharmaceutical, chemical
and life science innovations.
Merck manages its operating activities under the umbrella of Merck KGaA,
which was listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in 1995 and was admitted to the DAX in June 2007.
Around 30 % of the total capital is publicly traded, while the Merck family, as general partner, indirectly holds around 70 %.
Merck operates in four divisions:
Merck Millipore With the Merck Millipore division, Merck is a leading
life science company. The portfolio comprises products and services for
the life science industry: test systems, biomarkers and target solutions, as
well as bioprocessing, lab water purification and filtration systems. These
are used by customers working in research and analytical laboratories
as well as in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Additionally, the division
supplies specialty chemicals mainly to regulated markets, for example the
pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries. Analytical and scientific
laboratories use the reagents and test kits supplied by the division. In
total, the Merck Millipore portfolio comprises more than 40,000 products
and processes.
Performance Materials Merck is the global leader in the liquid crystals
market. They are used around the globe: in LCD televisions, monitors,
tablet computers, notebooks and mobile phones. The Performance Materials division additionally focuses on materials for energy-saving lighting
using LEDs (light-emitting diodes) and OLEDs (organic LEDs), as well as for
OLED smartphone displays. Pigments for the coatings, plastics and printing
industries as well as for cosmetic applications are another part of the
Performance Materials portfolio.
Merck Serono Merck Serono is the largest division of Merck. It focuses
on specialist therapeutic areas such as oncology, multiple sclerosis, growth
disorders, and the treatment of infertility. The division offers innovative
prescription drugs of chemical and biotechnological origin.
Consumer Health The division produces and markets over-the-counter
(OTC) drugs mainly focusing on the health topics mobility, everyday health
protection, womens health, cough and cold, and allergies.
Contents
01 Safety in the laboratory
Proper behavior inside a laboratory
Hazard and precautionary statements
Storage of chemicals in safety cabinets
GHS the first-ever globally uniform basis
Hazard pictograms
Incompatible chemicals
Safety Data Sheet
Safety in the laboratory
Label information
Safety in daily solvents handling | Electrostatic charging
page
8
10
18
19
20
22
24
27
28
30
02 Chemical and physical properties of elements and inorganic compounds

Table of elements
Hardness scale according to MOHS
Electrochemical series of some nonmetals
Covalent single-bond radiuses
34
38
39
39
03 Solutions aqueous systems

General mixing formulas for liquids
Conversion table for water hardness
Mixture rule
Preparation of dilute solutions
Solubility of inorganic compounds in water in relation to temperature
Solubility products of slightly soluble inorganic compounds
Acids | Sulfuric acid
Phosphoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Nitric acid
Sodium hydroxide solution
Potassium hydroxide solution
Ammonia
Commercially available concentrations of some acids and alkalis
42
43
44
45
46
54
58
60
60
62
64
66
68
69
04 Indicators and buffers

pH-indicators
Buffer solutions
pKa values of selected biological buffers
Buffer ranges
72
76
78
79
05 Analytical chromatography
Thin-layer chromatography
Analytical HPLC
Specification of column sorbents
LC Troubleshooting
Sample preparation
page
82
84
86
90
94
06 Organic solvents
Organic solvents properties and drying
Ethanol-water mixtures
Drying agents
Vapor pressure of water
Solvents for organic instrumental analysis
Solvents for infrared spectroscopy | Transmittances
100
104
105
105
106
108
07 Physical methods for the determination of elements

Flame photometry
Wavelength and wave number
Photometry: Transmission rate and absorbance
Calculation of the standard deviation
Direct-current polarography
Cathode ray polarography
112
112
112
112
113
113
08 Conversion factors and units

Energy dimensions conversion factors
Pressure dimensions conversion factors
Decimal units multiples and subdivisions
Concentrations
Basic units
Derived units
US and British measures units
116
116
117
117
117
118
122
09 Other useful tables

Physical constants
Creation constant air humidity in closed vessels
Greek alphabet
Greek numerals / Roman numbers
Freezing mixtures
Extran laboratory cleaning agents
Particle sizes
NMR: Carbon (13C) chemical shifts
NMR: Proton chemical shifts
Miscibility table
Periodic table of the elements
126
127
128
129
130
130
132
134
136
138
140
01

Proper behavior inside a laboratory
Hazard pictograms
Safety Data Sheet
Label information
8
10
18
19
20
22
24
27
28
30
Proper behavior inside the laboratory

Chemistry is a fascinating thing for many beginners in related jobs.
Handling chemicals is not only fascinating, but also risky, especially if
processes are not performed adequately due to insufficient knowledge of the
properties of the used substances. Therefore it is absolutely necessary
to inform oneself prior to its first use about any possible hazards of a certain
chemical.
Each manufacturer of laboratory reagents is obliged to label reagents in
accordance with the Global Harmonized System (GHS) and provide the
respective Safety Data Sheets (SDS).
The use of hazardous chemicals demands special know-how, carefulness
and adequate precautions. The handling has to be performed in such a way
that exposure to e.g. hazardous gases, vapors or suspended particles
are as far as technically possible minimized and the substance is not
released into the environment.
If necessary, appropriate measures have to be taken. When reaching the

specific occupational exposure limits, special safety measures become
necessary such as safe and practical personal protective equipment (PPE).
The following rules apply to provide safety during the working process:
When working in a laboratory or a warehouse wear safety glasses, special
working clothes or lab coat, suitable lab shoes and, where necessary,
suitable gloves.
2.
In any case avoid contact with skin, eyes and mucous membranes.
3.
In case of contact with a chemical, rinse off any splashes on the skin
with plenty of cold water; in the case of lipophilic substances rinse off
with polyglycol. Due to the danger of absorption, never use other
organic solvents. In doubt consult a physician as soon as possible.
4.
Thoroughly rinse chemically burned eyes under a gentle stream of

water or with a special eye shower. Rinse with your eyes wide open
and roll your eyes in all directions. Subsequently, an eye examination
must be performed. It is absolutely necessary to inform the eye
specialist of the chemical used. It is also recommended to state its
hazardous properties in order to decide on adequate treatment.
5.
Take off immediately any clothing contaminated with chemicals.
6.
In case of accidents or if you feel unwell, consult a physician and state

the cause of accident including the name of the chemical involved.
7.
Do not smoke, eat and drink in laboratory rooms or while working

with chemicals.
1.
Safety carrier for glass bottles

Chemicals in glass bottles have hazard potential; glass can break!
Our solution is the Merck Millipore safety carrier a carrier with
PE-foam inlay with high compression strength and a leak proof top
cover. In case of accident the PE-foam of the falling carrier protects
the bottle from breaking. In the unlikely event that the bottle should
break the leak proof top cover ensures that no glass splinters or
harmful solvent vapors escape.
H200
H201
H202
H203
H204
H205
H220
H221
H222
H223
H224
H225
H226
H228
H240
H241
H242
H250
H251
H252
H260
Hazard statements
Unstable explosives.
Explosive; mass explosion hazard.
Explosive, severe projection hazard.
Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard.
Fire or projection hazard.
May mass explode in fire.
Extremely flammable gas.
Flammable gas.
Extremely flammable aerosol.
Flammable aerosol.
Extremely flammable liquid and vapor.
Highly flammable liquid and vapor.
Flammable liquid and vapor.
Flammable solid.
Heating may cause an explosion.
Heating may cause a fire or explosion.
Heating may cause a fire.
Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air.
Self-heating: may catch fire.
Self-heating in large quantities; may catch fire.
In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite
spontaneously.
H261
H270
H271
H272
H280
H281
H290
H300
H300 + H310
H300 + H330
H300 + H310
+ H330
In contact with water releases flammable gases.

May cause or intensify fire; oxidiser.
May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidiser.
May intensify fire; oxidiser.
Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated.
Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury.
May be corrosive to metals.
Fatal if swallowed.
Fatal if swallowed or in contact with skin.
Fatal if swallowed or if inhaled.
Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled.
H301
H301 + H311
H301 + H331
H301 + H311
+ H331
Toxic if swallowed.
Toxic if swallowed or in contact with skin.
Toxic if swallowed or if inhaled.
Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled.
H302
Harmful if swallowed.
H302 + H312 Harmful if swallowed or in contact with skin.
10
www.merckmillipore.com/ghs
H304
H310
H311
H312
H314
H315
H317
H318
H319
H330
H331
H332
H334
May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.

Fatal in contact with skin.
Toxic in contact with skin.
Harmful in contact with skin.
Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Causes skin irritation.
May cause an allergic skin reaction.
Causes serious eye damage.
Causes serious eye irritation.
Fatal if inhaled.
Toxic if inhaled.
Harmful if inhaled.
May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if
inhaled.
H335
H336
H340
May cause respiratory irritation.

May cause drowsiness or dizziness.
May cause genetic defects <state route of exposure if it is conclusively proven that no other routes of exposure cause the hazard>.
H341
Suspected of causing genetic defects <state route of exposure

if it is conclusively proven that no other routes of exposure cause
the hazard>.
H350
May cause cancer <state route of exposure if it is conclusively

proven that no other routes of exposure cause the hazard>.
H350i
H351
May cause cancer by inhalation.

Suspected of causing cancer <state route of exposure if it is conclusively proven that no other routs of exposure cause the hazard>.
H360
May damage fertility or the unborn child <state specific effect if

known> <state route of exposure if it is conclusively proven that no
other routes of exposure cause the hazard>.
H360D
H360Df
H360F
H360FD
H360Fd
H361
May damage the unborn child.

May damage the unborn child. Suspected of damaging fertility.
May damage fertility.
May damage fertility. May damage the unborn child.
May damage fertility. Suspected of damaging the unborn child.
Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child <state specific
effect if known> <state route of exposure if it is conclusively proven
that no other routes of exposure cause the hazard>.
H361d
H361f
H361fd
Suspected of damaging the unborn child.

Suspected of damaging fertility.
Suspected of damaging fertility. Suspected of damaging the unborn
child.
11
H302 + H332 Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled.

H302 + H312 Harmful if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled.
+ H332

H362
H370
May cause harm to breast-fed children.

Causes damage to organs <or state all organs affected, if known>
<state route of exposure if it is conclusively proven that no other
routes of exposure cause the hazard>.
H371
May cause damage to organs <or state all organs affected, if

known> <state route of exposure if it is conclusively proven that no
other routes of exposure cause the hazard>.
H372
Causes damage to organs <or state all organs affected, if known>

through prolonged or repeated exposure <state route of exposure
if it is conclusively proven that no other routes of exposure cause
the hazard>.
H373
May cause damage to organs <or state all organs affected, if

known> through prolonged or repeated exposure <state route of
exposure if it is conclusively proven that no other routes of exposure
cause the hazard>.
H400
H410
H411
H412
H413
H420
Very toxic to aquatic life.

Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life.
Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the
upper atmosphere.
EUH 001
EUH 006
EUH 014
EUH 018
EUH 019
EUH 029
EUH 031
EUH 032
EUH 044
EUH 066
EUH 070
EUH 071
EUH 201
EU hazard statements
Explosive when dry.
Explosive with or without contact with air.
Reacts violently with water.
In use may form flammable / explosive vapor-air mixture.
May form explosive peroxides.
Contact with water liberates toxic gas.
Contact with acids liberates toxic gas.
Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas.
Risk of explosion if heated under confinement.
Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking.
Toxic by eye contact.
Corrosive to the respiratory tract.
Contains lead. Should not be used on surfaces liable to be chewed or
sucked by children.
EUH 201A
EUH 202
Warning! Contains lead.

Cyanoacrylate. Danger. Bonds skin and eyes in seconds. Keep out of
the reach of children.
EUH 203
EUH 204
Contains chromium (VI). May produce an allergic reaction.

Contains isocyanates. May produce an allergic reaction.
12
Contains epoxy constituents. May produce an allergic reaction.

Warning! Do not use together with other products. May release
dangerous gases (chlorine).
EUH 207
Warning! Contains cadmium. Dangerous fumes are formed during

use. See information supplied by the manufacturer. Comply with the
safety instructions.
EUH 208
Contains <name of sensitising substance>. May produce an allergic

reaction.
EUH 209
EUH 209A
EUH 210
EUH 401
Can become highly flammable in use.

Can become flammable in use.
Safety data sheet available on request.
To avoid risks to human health and the environment, comply with
the instructions for use.
P101
P102
P103
P201
P202
Precautionary statements
If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand.
Keep out of reach of children.
Read label before use.
Obtain special instructions before use.
Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and
understood.
P210
Keep away from heat / sparks / open flames / hot surfaces. No

smoking.
P211
P220
P221
P222
P223
Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source.

Keep/Store away from clothing / / combustible materials.
Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles
Do not allow contact with air.
Keep away from any possible contact with water, because of violent
reaction and possible flash fire.
P230
P231
P232
P233
P234
P235
P240
P241
P242
P243
P244
P250
P251
P260
Keep wetted with

Handle under inert gas.
Protect from moisture.
Keep container tightly closed.
Keep only in original container.
Keep cool.
Ground/bond container and receiving equipment.
Use explosion-proof electrical / ventilating / lighting / / equipment.
Use only non-sparking tools.
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
Keep reduction valves free from grease and oil.
Do not subject to grinding / shock / / friction.
Pressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use.
Do not breathe dust / fume /gas / mist / vapors / spray.
13
EUH 205
EUH 206

P261
P262
P263
P264
P270
P271
P272
Avoid breathing dust / fume / gas / mist / vapors / spray.

Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing.
Avoid contact during pregnancy / while nursing.
Wash thoroughly after handling.
Do no eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the
workplace.
P273
P280
Avoid release to the environment.

Wear protective gloves / protective clothing / eye protection / face
protection.
P281
P282
P283
P284
P285
P231 + P232
P235 + P410
P301
P302
P303
P304
P305
P306
P307
P308
P309
P310
P311
P312
P313
P314
P315
P320
P321
P322
P330
P331
P332
P333
P334
P335
P336
P337
Use personal protective equipment as required.

Wear cold insulating gloves / face shield / eye protection.
Wear fire / flame resistant / retardant clothing.
Wear respiratory protection.
In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection.
Handle under inert gas. Protect from moisture.
Keep cool. Protect from sunlight.
IF SWALLOWED:
IF ON SKIN:
IF ON SKIN (or hair):
IF INHALED:
IF IN EYES:
IF ON CLOTHING:
IF exposed:
IF exposed or concerned:
IF exposed or if you feel unwell:
Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor / physician.
Call a POISON CENTER or doctor / physician.
Call a POISON CENTER or doctor / physician if you feel unwell.
Get medical advice / attention.
Get medical advice / attention if you feel unwell.
Get immediate medical advice / attention.
Specific treatment is urgent (see on this label).
Specific treatment (see on this label).
Specific measures (see on this label).
Rinse mouth.
Do NOT induce vomiting.
If skin irritation occurs:
If skin irritation or rash occurs:
Immerse in cool water / wrap in wet bandages.
Brush off loose particles from skin.
Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do no rub affected area.
If eye irritation persists:
14
Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable
for breathing.
P341
If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in

a position comfortable for breathing.
P342
P350
P351
P352
P353
P360
If experiencing respiratory symptoms:

Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
Wash with plenty of soap and water.
Rinse skin with water / shower.
Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of
water before removing clothes.
P361
P362
P363
P370
P371
P372
P373
P374
P375
P376
P377
Remove / Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.

Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.
Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
In case of fire:
In case of major fire and large quantities:
Explosion risk in case of fire.
DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives.
Fight fire with normal precautions from a reasonable distance.
Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
Stop leak if safe to do so.
Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped
safely.
P378
P380
P381
P390
P391
P301 + P310
Use for extinction.

Evacuate area.
Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so.
Absorb spillage to prevent material damage.
Collect spillage.
IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor /
physician.
P301 + P312
IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor / physician if you

feel unwell.
P301 + P330
+ P331
IF SWALLOWED: rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.
P302 + P334
P302 + P350
P302 + P352
P303 + P361
+ P353
IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water / wrap in wet bandages.

IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of soap and water.
IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove / Take off immediately all contaminated
clothing. Rinse skin with water / shower.
P304 + P340
IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position

comfortable for breathing.
P304 + P341
IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and

keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P338
P340
15

P305 + P351
+ P338
IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove

contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P306 + P360
IF ON CLOTHING: rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin

with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P307 + P310
P307 + P311
P308 + P313
P309 + P310
IF exposed: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor / physician.

IF exposed: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor / physician.
IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice / attention.
IF exposed or if you feel unwell: Immediately call a POISON CENTER
or doctor / physician.
P309 + P311
IF exposed or if you feel unwell: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor /

physician.
P332 + P313
P333 + P313
P335 + P334
If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice / attention.

If skin irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice / attention.
Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water / wrap in
wet bandages.
P337 + P313
P342 + P311
If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice / attention.

If experiencing respiratory symptoms: Call a POISON CENTER or
doctor / physician.
P370 + P376
P370 + P378
P370 + P380
P370 + P380
+ P375
In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to do so.

In case of fire: Use for extinction.
In case of fire: Evacuate area.
In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of
explosion.
P371 + P380
+ P375
In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire
remotely due to the risk of explosion.
P401
P402
P403
P404
P405
P406
P407
P410
P411
P412
P413
Store
Store in a dry place.
Store in a well-ventilated place.
Store in a closed container.
Store locked up.
Store in corrosive resistant / container with a resistant inner liner.
Maintain air gap between stacks / pallets.
Protect from sunlight.
Store at temperatures not exceeding C / F.
Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50C / 122F.
Store bulk masses greater than kg / lbs at temperatures not
exceeding C / F.
P420
P422
P402 + P404
P403 + P233
P403 + P235
P410 + P403
Store away from other materials.

Store contents under
Store in a dry place. Store in a closed container.
Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.
Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place.
16
P410 + P412
Protect from sunlight. Do no expose to temperatures exceeding

50C / 122F.
P411 + P235
P501
Store at temperatures not exceeding C / F. Keep cool.

Dispose of contents/container to
Hazard statements coming into force with the first adaptation (2010)
Precautionary statements combined by Merck Millipore
Chemizorb absorbents for spilled liquids

Mishaps and accidents happen every day and nearly in every lab!
With Chemizorb you can remove spilled liquids quickly and safely. Chemizorb
is capable of taking up 100 to 400 percent (depending on the type) of
their own weight in liquid material. Merck offers you specific absorbents for
each problem:
the allrounders, Chemizorb powder and granules,
the specialists, Chemizorb Alkalis, Acid, Hydrofluoric Acid, and also
the all-in-one Chemizorb Mercury set
17

Inappropriate storage of different chemicals in a safety cabinet might cause
accidents. The following storage rules will help to reduce the risks. The storage
table for small quantities shows, by means of GHS pictograms, combinations
of products which may be stored together (+) or not (). There are no exceptions
for explosive substances, gases, organic peroxides, self-reactive substances
and radioactive substances; the mixed storage table of the StoreCard still applies.
Please refer to our StoreCard for more information:
www.merckmillipore.com/safe-storage
none
none
Flammable liquids and aerosols

Flammable solids
Substances liable to spontaneous combustion
Substances that form flammable gases in contact with water
18

GHS stands for the Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling
of Chemicals. In December 2002, the United Nations published the GHS
in the so-called Purple Book with a description of harmonised classification
and labelling criteria.
The goal of GHS is to harmonise the various existing classification and labelling
systems all over the world. Because of the various evaluation criteria in
different countries, it has long been the case that one and the same substance
can be classified as poisonous, harmful to health, or even not harmful.
This leads to different levels of protection in terms of occupational health
and safety, consumer protection, and environmental protection. GHS offers the
first-ever globally uniform basis for the evaluation of substance properties.
GHS establishes the requirement for a globally high protection level for human
health and the environment.
The resulting harmonised hazard communication includes criteria for classification
and labelling as well as requirements for the creation of Safety Data Sheets.
For more information please visit our website:
www.merckmillipore.com/safety
19
Hazard pictograms
GHS Hazard pictograms and examples for associated hazard classes

Physical Hazards
Explosives
Flammable liquids
Oxidising liquids
Gases under pressure
Corrosive to metals
20
www.merckmillipore.com/regulatory-support
Acute toxicity
Skin corrosion
Skin irritation
CMR1), STOT2), Aspiration hazard
Environmental hazards
Health Hazards
1) CMR: carcinogenic, mutagenic,

toxic to reproduction
2) STOT: specific target organ toxicity
Hazardous to the aquatic environment

21
The chemicals listed below may react violently with one another. They must be kept
apart and must never come into contact with one another. The objective of this list
is to give information on how to avoid accidents in the laboratory.
Due to the great number of hazardous materials, this list includes only the most
important examples.
Substance
Incompatible with
Acetylene
Aniline
halogen, copper, silver, mercury, air, oxidant, oxygen,

silver compound, mercury compound, copper compound
and heavy metal salts
chromium (VI) oxide, nitric acid, alcohols, ethylene
glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates, alkali,
base, cyanide
calcium hypochlorite, oxidizing agents, alcohols, acids,
organic nitro compound and oxidant
water, carbon tetrachloride and other halogenated
alkanes, carbon dioxide, halogens
water, alcohols, oxidant and acids
mercury (e.g. in pressure gauges), calcium hypochlo
rite, hydrogen fluoride, halogen, acids, air and oxygen
acids, powdered metals, flammable liquids, chlorates,
sulfur, fine-particulate organic or combustible
materials, alkali metals, base, oils, reducing agent,
potassium dichromate
nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, oxidant, acid
Bromine
see chlorine
Chlorine
ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane,

propane, hydrogen, petroleum benzine, benzene,
powdered metals, phosphor
ammonium salts, acids, powdered metals, sulfur,
fine-particulate organic or combustible substances, azide,
picrate and picric acid
acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, petroleum
benzine, alcohols, flammable liquids
acetylene, hydrogen peroxide
acids, both organic and inorganic
acids
Acetic acid
Activated carbon
Alkali metals
Aluminum alkyls
Ammonia (laboratory
gas or solutions)
Ammonium nitrate
Chlorates
Chromium (VI) oxide
Copper
Cumene hydroperoxide
Cyanides
Flammable liquids
Fluorine
Hydrocarbon
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen sulfide
22
ammonium nitrate, chromium (VI) oxide, hydrogen

peroxide, nitric acid, sodium peroxide, halogens, oxidant
extremely aggressive; store separately!
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, (butane, propane, chromium
(VI) oxide, sodium peroxide benzene etc.)
ammonia (laboratory gas or solutions), alkali metals, base
copper, chromium, iron, metals and metal salts, alcohols,
acetone, organic substances, aniline, nitro-methane,
combustible substances (solid or liquid), manganese
dioxid, permanganate, ether
fuming nitric acid, oxidizing gases, oxygen
Mercury
acetylene, ammonia (laboratory gas or solutions), alkali

metals and ammonium compound
acetylene, ammonia, aluminium
Nitric acid
acetic acid, aniline, chromium (VI) oxide,prussic acid,

(concentrated) hydrogen sulfide, flammable liquids and
gases, flammable substances, dichloromethane, organic
solvents
Oxalic acid
silver, mercury, oxidant, alkalis
Perchloric acid
acetic anhydride, bismuth and its alloys, alcohols,

paper, wood, flammable and organic substances,
dichloromethane and organic solvents
sulfur, compounds containing oxygen, e.g. chlorates,
oxidant and chlorate
see alkali metals
see chlorate
see chlorate
glycerol, ethylene glycol, benzaldehyde, sulfuric acid
permanganate
Phosphorus
Potassium
Potassium chlorate
Potassium perchlorate
Potassium
Silver
Sodium
Sodium peroxide
Sulfuric acid
acetylene, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, ammonium

compounds, acetylide and azide
see alkali metals
methanol, ethanol, glacial acetic acid, acetic
anhydride, benzaldehyde, carbon disulfide, glycerol,
ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate,
furfural, flammable substances, metals in powder form
and acids
chorate, perchlorate, potassium permangangate, cyanide,
permanganate, alkali metals, alkali compounds and base
Acid in Safebreak bottle
23
Iodine
Safety Data Sheet

The Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is the most important document when talking about
product safety. With the information given in the SDS it is possible to protect human
health and the environment as well as to ensure workplace safety.
Users of chemicals can find significant information in the following sections
of the SDS:
Section 2:
Section 7:
Section 8:
Section 10:
24
Hazards identification
Handling and storage
Exposure controls / personal protection
Stability and reactivity
Section 2: Hazards identification
Section 7: Handling and storage
25
Safety Data Sheet

Section 8: Exposure controls / personal protection
26
Section 10: Stability and reactivity

The video guides you through a wide range of important
topics but basic rules for lab safety are trained as well.
View this video as a one-stop
refresher course!
www.merckmillipore.com/videos
27
Label information
For the first time, the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) introduces globally
harmonized criteria for the classification of physical, health and environmental
hazards. It establishes the requirements for a high level of environmental and
health protection by introducing the following elements:
Hazard classes and categories
Hazard pictograms
Signal words
Hazard statements
Precautionary statements
As mentioned before this essential information is displayed in the Safety Data Sheet
of a hazardous chemical. Some European examples of hazard classes and categories
are shown on page 24.
The label of a packed chemical displays also the

GHS information. The figure on page 29 explains
where to find the key information on the label:
Hazard pictograms
Signal word
H (hazard) and
P (precautionary)
statements
28
H (hazard) and P (precautionary) statements

and other US requirements
NFPA
Diamond
Signal word
Hazard
pictograms
Name and address

of supplier (US/EU)
Country of orgin
29

If flammable liquids (e.g. solvents) are to be used, the container (10l and more) must
be properly earthed according to valid safety regulations to avoid explosion and fire
risks. Appropriate measures must be taken to discharge static electricity.
The fire and explosion triangle

Oxidizer
Planned introduction of air,
inadvertent introduction of oxygen,
release of hydrocarbons into air,
weathered fluids, oxidizers
AT
OX
YG
E
HE
Ignition source
Heat, electricity, static electricity,
friction, chemical reactions,
spontaneous combustion, dieseling,
pyrophors, sudden decompression,
catalytic reactions
FUEL
Heavy and light gases, hydrocarbon
liquids and vapors, vapors of
chemicals / lubricants / solvents, frac oils,
flammable materials
Removing at least one of the component avoids the fire / explosion.
30
General warnings and safety instructions must be observed.

All components (e.g. container and withdrawal system) must be grounded
separately in accordance with the applicable safety regulations.
Grounding clamps must have metallic contact with both the container and
the withdrawal system, and a safe ground connection.
The grounding of the container and the grounding of the withdrawal system
must be installed before opening the container.
The user must always wear conductive personal protective equipment,
especially shoes and gloves, to avoid electrostatic charges. Therefore, the user
must always wear conductive personal protective equipment, especially
shoes and gloves.
Sampling vessels made of insulating material with a volume greater than
1 liter should not be used.
Before using organic solvents, the user must ensure that there are no additional
ignition hazards caused by process-specific parameters, such as increased
ignitability of the substances due to changed environmental conditions or when
sampling in combination with highly charge-generating processes.
These measures reduce the risk of electrostatic separation of charges to
increase safety in daily solvents handling dramatically.
31
The floor has to be conductive.
02
Chemical and physical properties

of elements and
inorganic compounds
Table of elements
Hardness scale according to MOHS
Electrochemical series of some nonmetals
Covalent single-bond radiuses
34
38
39
39
* Gases in [g/l] at C and normal pressure
** longest-lived isotope in brackets
*** Earths crust
Table of elements
Element
name
Symbol
Ordinalnumber
Atomic
mass**
Actinium
Aluminium
Americium
Antimony
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Barium
Berkelium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Cesium
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Curium
Dysprosium
Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium
Fermium
Fluorine
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Hafnium
Helium
Holmium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iod
Iridium
Iron
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
5
35
48
55
20
98
6
58
17
24
27
29
96
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
227.028
26.98154
(243)
121.76
39.948
74.9216
(210)
137.33
(247)
9.01218
208.9804
10.81
79.904
112.41
132.9054
40.078
(251)
12.011
140.115
35.4527
51.996
58.9332
63.546
(247)
162.50
(254)
167.26
151.96
(257)
18.9984
(223)
157.25
69.723
72.61
196.966
178.49
4.00260
164.93
1.00794
114.82
126.9045
192.22
55.847
83.80
138.9055
(260)
207.2
6.941
174.967
24.305
54.93805
34
Density
d 20
4
10.1
2.70
11.7
6.68
*1.784
5.73
3.7
1.86
9.80
2.34
3.14
8.64
1.90
1.55
2.25
6.8
*3.214
7.19
8.83
8.93
8.54
9.05
5.26
*1.70
7.90
6.0
5.36
19.3
13.3
*0.178
8.80
*0.0899
7.31
4.94
22.6
7.86
*3.708
6.1
11.4
0.53
9.84
1.74
7.3
Meltingpoint
[C]
1050
660.37
994 4
630.74
-189.2
817 (28 bar)
302
725
1278 5
271.3
2300
-7.2
320.9
28.40 0.01
839 2
~ 3550
798 3
-100.98
1857 20
1495
1083.4 0.2
1340 40
1409
1522
822 5
-219.62
(27)
1311 1
29.78
937.4
1064.4
2227 20
-272.2
1470
-259.14
156.61
113.5
2410
1535
-156.6
920 5
327.5
180.54
1656 5
648.8 0,5
1244 3
Occurrence of
the elements***
[%]
8.1
0.0001
0.0005
0.025
0.0006
0.00002
0.0003
0.00016
0.000015
0.0007
3.6
0.03
0.0046
0.031
0.02
0.0023
0.007
0.00045
0.00025
0.00011
0.03
0.00064
0.0015
0.0007
0.00000005
0.00045
0.00000003
0.00012
0.14
0.00001
0.00003
0.00000001
5.0
0.0018
0.0016
0.0065
0.00008
0.21
0.1
Atomic
radiuses
[pm]
143
145
191
125
217
112
155
97
119
149
262
196
77
182
107
125
125
128
71
144
145
46
136
124
175
152
160
118
Ionic radiuses
[pm]
118 (III)
51 (III)
107 (III), 92 (IV)
76 (III), 62 (V)
58 (III), 46 (V)
62 (VII)
134 (II)
35 (II)
96 (III), 74 (V)
23 (III)
196 (I), 47 (V), 39 (VII)
97 (II)
167 (I)
99 (II)
16 (IV)
107 (III), 94 (IV)
181 (I), 34 (V), 27 (VII)
63 (III), 52 (VI)
72 (II), 63 (III)
96 (I), 72 (II)
92 (III)
89 (III)
124 (II), 98 (III)
133 (I), 8 (VII)

180 (I)
97 (III)
62 (III)
73 (II), 53 (IV)
137 (I), 85 (III)
78 (IV)
91 (III)
154 (I)
81 (III)
220 (), 62 (V), 50 (VII)
68 (IV)
74 (II), 64 (III)
114 (III)
215 (II), 120 (II), 84 (IV)

68 (I)
85 (III)
66 (II)
80 (II), 66 (III), 60 (IV), 46 (VII)
Electronegativity
1.00
1.47
~ 1.2
1.82
2.20
1.96
0.97
~ 1.2
1.47
1.67
2.01
2.74
1.46
0.86
1.04
~ 1.2
2.50
1.06
2.83
1.56
1.70
1.75
~ 1.2
1.10
~ 1.2
1.11
1.01
~ 1.2
4.10
0.86
1.11
1.82
2.02
1.42
1.23
1.10
2.20
1.49
2.21
1.55
1.64
1.08
1.55
0.97
1.14
1.23
1.60
35
Chemical and physical properties of elements and inorganic compounds
www.merckmillipore.com/periodictable
Boilingpoint
[C]
3200 300
2467
2607
1750
-185.7
613 (sub.)
337
1640
2970 (5 mm)
1560 5
2550 (sub.)
58.78
765
678.4
1484
4827
3257
-34.6
2672
2870
2567
2335
2510
1597
-188.14
(677)
3233
2403
2830
2807
4602
-268.934
2720
-252.87
2080
184.35
4130
2750
-152(3)
3454
1740
1347
3315
1090
1962
* Gases in [g/l] at C and normal pressure
** longest-lived isotope in brackets
*** Earths crust
Table of elements
Element
name
Symbol
Ordinalnumber
Atomic
mass**
Mendelevium
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorous, white
Platinum
Plutonium
Polonium
Potassium
Praseodymium
Promethium
Protactinium
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silver
Silicium
Sodium
Strontium
Sulphur
Tantalum
Technetium
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungston
Uranium
Vanadium
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirkonium
Md
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rb
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Ag
Si
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
101
80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
37
44
62
21
34
47
14
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
92
23
54
70
39
30
40
(258)
200.59
95.94
144.24
20.1797
237.0482
58.69
92.9064
14.0067
(259)
190.23
15.9994
106.42
30.97376
195.08
(244)
(209)
39.0983
140.908
(145)
231.036
226.0254
(222)
186.207
102.905
85.4678
101.07
150.36
44.9559
78.96
107.8682
28.0855
22.98977
87.62
32.066
180.9479
(97)
127.60
158.92534
204.3833
232.0381
168.9342
118.71
47.88
183.84
238.029
50.9415
131.29
173.04
88.90585
65.39
91.224
36
Density
d 20
4
13.55
10.2
7.0
*0.90
19.5
8.90
8.5
*1.251
22.5
*1.429
12.0
1.83
21.45
19.7
9.32
0.86
6.7
~6
*9.96
20.9
12.4
1.53
12.4
7.5
3.0
4.8
10.5
2.4
0.97
2.6
2.0
16.7
11.5
6.2
8.3
11.85
11.7
9.33
7.3
4.51
19.30
19.1
6.1
*5.89
6.5
4.5
7.2
6.5
Meltingpoint
[C]
-38.87
2617
1010
-248.7
640 1
1453
2468 10
-209.86
3045 30
-218.4
1552
44.1
1.772
641
254
63.65
931 4
~ 1080
< 1600
700
-71
3180
1966 3
38.89
2310
1072 5
1539
217
961.93
1410
97.81 0.03
769
112.8
2996
2172
449.5 0.3
1360 4
303.5
1750
1545 15
231.9681
1660 10
3410 20
1132.3 0.8
1890 10
-111.9
824 5
1523 8
419.58
1852 2
Atomic
Occurrence of
the elements*** radiuses
[pm]
[%]
0.00005
150
0.0015
0.0024
0.008
124
0.0024
0.0046
71
0.00000001
46.6
65
0.0000001
1.2
0.00000005
138
2.6
231
0.00055
0.00000001
0.00000001
0.03
243
0.00000001
0.00065
0.0005
0.000009
0.00001
144
27.7
117
2.8
186
0.03
0.05
104
0.00021
0.00000002
0.00009
0.00006
0.0012
0.00002
0.004
140
0.45
0.007
136
0.0004
138
0.015
0.00027
0.0028
0.013
133
0.022
Ionic radiuses
[pm]
110 (II)
70 (IV), 62 (VI)
104 (III)
110 (III), 95 (IV), 71 (VII)

69 (II)
74 (IV), 69 (VI)
16 (III), 13 (V)
67 (IV), 69 (VI)
132 (II), 10 (VI)
80 (II), 65 (IV)
44 (III), 35 (V)
80 (II), 65 (IV)
108 (III), 93 (IV)
133 (I)
106 (III), 92 (IV)
106 (III)
113 (III), 98 (IV), 89 (V)
143 (II)
72 (IV), 56 (VII)
68 (III)
147 (I)
67 (IV)
100 (III)
81 (III)
191 (II), 83 (III), 50 (IV), 42 (VI)
126 (I), 89 (II)
221 (IV), 42 (IV)
97 (I)
112 (II)
174 (II), 37 (IV), 30 (VI)
68 (V)
56 (VII)
211 (II), 70 (IV), 56 (VI)
93 (III), 89 (IV)
147 (I), 95 (III)
102 (IV)
87 (III)
294 (IV), 93 (II), 71 (IV)
80 (II), 76 (III), 68 (IV)
70 (IV), 62 (VI)
97 (IV), 80 (VI)
88 (II), 74 (III), 63 (IV), 59 (V)
86 (III)
92 (III)
74 (II)
79 (IV)
Electronegativity
~ 1.2
1.44
1.30
1.07
1.22
1.75
1.23
3.07
1.52
3.50
1.35
2.06
1.44
1.22
1.76
0.91
1.07
1.07
1.14
0.97
1.46
1.45
0.89
1.42
1.07
1.20
2.48
1.42
1.74
1.01
0.99
2.44
1.33
1.36
2.01
1.10
1.44
1.11
1.11
1.72
1.32
1.40
1.22
1.45
1.06
1.11
1.66
1.22
37
Boilingpoint
[C]
356.58
4612
3127
-246.05
3902
2732
4742
-195.8
5027 100
-182.962
3140
280
3827
3232
962
774
3212
1140
-61.8
3727 100
688
3000
1778
2832
684.9 1.0
2212
2355
882.9
1384
444.674
5425 100
4877
989.8 3.8
3041
1457 10
ca. 4790
1727
2270
3287
5660
3818
3380
-107.1 3
1193
3337
907
4377
Hardness scale acc. to MOHS

Hardness
Mineral
Talcum
Mg3 [(OH)2 / Si4O10]
Gypsum
CaSO4 2H2O
Calcite
CaCO3
Fluorspar
CaF2
Apatite
Ca5 [(F, CI, OH) / (PO4)3]
Feldspar
KAISi3O8
Quartz
SiO2
Topaz
AI2 [F2 / SiO4]
Corundum
AI2O3
10
Diamond
38
Formula
Electrochemical series of some nonmetals (alkaline solution)

Red
Ox + e
e [Volt]
Red
Te2
Te + 2e
1.14
2 I I2 + 2e
Se2
Se + 2e
0.92
2 Br Br2 + 2e
+ 1.07
0.48
2 CI Cl2 + 2e
+ 1.36
2 F F2 + 2e
+ 2.87
Element
Radius [pm]
S2
S + 2e
Ox + e
e [Volt]
+ 0.54
Covalent single-bond radiuses (in pm)

Element
Radius [pm]
H*
28
66
77
104
Si
117
Se
117
Ge
122
Te
137
Sn
140
64
70
CI
99
110
Br
114
As
121
133
Sb
141
* Determined from H-X bond distances
39
03
Solutions aqueous systems

General mixing formulas for liquids
Conversion table for water hardness
Mixture rule
Solubility of inorganic compounds in water
in relation to temperature
Solubility products of slightly soluble inorganic compounds
Acids | Sulfuric acid
Phosphoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Nitric acid
Ammonia
Commercially available concentrations
of some acids and alkalis
42
43
44
45
46
54
58
60
60
62
64
66
68
69
General formulas for mixing liquids
A=cb
B=
C (a c)
ab
C=
B (a b)
ac
With:
A = weight of the original liquid
B = weight of the diluent
C = weight of the prepared mixture
For water as diluent: b = 0
a = its content in % by weight

b = its content in % by weight
c = its content in % by weight
Example
10 l of battery sulfuric acid with a density of
d 20
4 = 1.28. 1.28 is required.
Available: concentrated sulfuric acid with a density of d 20
4 = 1.84 (= 97.5 weight%).
How much sulfuric acid and how much water are needed to
prepare 10 l (= 12.8 kg) of battery sulfuric acid?
Calculation
In the table Sulfuric acid on page 58 we find:
d 20
4 = 1.28 equivalent to 37.36 weight%.
C (a c)
B= ab
12.80 (97.50 37.36)

= 7.895 kg diluent
97.50 0
(water)
Consequently, 4.905 kg (= 2.666 l) of concentrated sulfuric acid with a

density of d 20
4 = 1.84 must be added to 7.895 kg (= l) of water to yield
10 l of battery acid with a density of d 20
4 = 1.28.
42
Alkaline
earth ions
[mmol/l]
Alkaline
earth ions
[mval/l]
German
degree
[d]
ppm
CaCO3
English
degree
[e]
French
degree
[f]
1 mmol/l
Alkaline earth ions
1.00
2.00
5.60
100.00
7.02
10.00
1 mval/l
Alkaline earth ions
0.50
1.00
2.80
50.00
3.51
5.00
1 German degree
0.18
0.357
1.00
17.80
1 ppm CaCO3
0.01
0.020
0.056
1.00
1.25
1.78
0.0702
0.10
1 English degree
0.14
0.285
0.798
1 French degree
0.10
0.200
0.560
14.30
1.00
1.43
10.00
0.702
1.00
With MQuant Total Hardness strips you can easily and

quickly check the water hardness in the following ranges:
< 4 26e
< 6 31e
soft medium hard
www.merckmillipore.com/ph-tests
43
Convention table for water hardness units
Mixture rules
Example
Sulfuric acid with a density of d 20
4 = 1.520 is to be prepared
from sulfuric acid with a density of d 20
4 = 1.435 and sulfuric
acid of d 20
4 = 1.824.
1.435
1.520
1.824
Calculation
The table Sulfuric acid (page 58) informs that sulfuric acid with a density
of d 20
4 = 1.435 = 54.00 weight% H2SO4 contains sulfuric acid with
a density of d 20
4 = 1.824 = 92.00 weight% H2SO4 and that of
d 20
4 = 1.520 = 62.00 weight% H2SO4.
From this, form the mixing cross:
54
30
62
92
i.e. 30 parts by weight of 54.00 % sulfuric acid must be mixed with 8 parts by
weight of 92.00 % sulfuric acid to yield sulfuric acid of 62.00 weight% H2SO4,
equivalent to D20
4 = 1.520.
44
Slowly stir the stated quantity of concentrated solution or solid KOH or NaOH,
respectively, into water.
Caution! Strong development of heat may occur! Cool to room temperature,

then make up to 1 liter with water. Store alkaline solutions in polyethylene bottles,
because they attack glass. As a rule of thumb, more concentrated solutions can
be prepared by taking a multiple of the stated quantity.
Example
6 mol/l HNO3 from 6/2 x 140 ml = 420 ml 65 % HNO3.
Solution to be prepared
weight%
Original quantity to prepare

1 l of dilute solution
density
mol/l
weight%
ml
Acetic acid
12
1.01
100
115
Nitric acid
12
1.07
65
140
Hydrochloric
acid
1.03
36
165
Sulfuric acid
9.5
1.06
96
56
Ammonia
3.5
0.98
30
115
Potassium
hydroxide
solution
10.5
1.09
113 g solid KOH
(85 %)
Sodium
hydroxide
solution
7.5
1.08
80 g solid NaOH
(100 %)
45

46
Name
Cat. No.
Formula
Aluminum ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate
101031
AINH4(SO4)2 12H2O
Aluminum chloride hexahydrate

Aluminum nitrate nonahydrate
Aluminum potassium sulfate dodecahydrate
101084
101063
101047
AICI3 6H2O
AI(NO3)3 9H2O
AIK(SO4)2 12H2O
Aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate

Ammonium bromide
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
Ammonium hydrogen carbonate
di-Ammonium hydrogen phosphate
101102
101125
101145
101126
101131
101207
AI2(SO4)3 18H2O
NH4Br
NH4CI
NH4H2PO4
NH4HCO3
(NH4)2HPO4
Ammonium iron(II) sulfate hexahydrate

Ammonium monovanadate
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium thiocyanate
Antimony(III) chloride
Barium acetate
Barium chloride dihydrate
Barium hydroxide octahydrate
Barium nitrate
di-Boron trioxide
Boric acid
Cadmium sulfate hydrate
Calcium acetate
Calcium chloride dihydrate
Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate
Calcium sulfate dihydrate
Cesium chloride
Cesium nitrate
Chromium(VI) oxide
103792
101226
101188
101217
101213
107838
101704
101719
101737
101729
100163
100165
102027
109325
102382
102121
102161
102038
102856
100229
(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 6H2O
NH4VO3
NH4NO3
(NH4)2SO4
NH4SCN
SbCI3
Ba(CH3COO)2
BaCI2 2H2O
Ba(OH)2 8H2O
Ba(NO3)2
B2O3
H3BO3
3CdSO4 8H2O
Ca(CH3COO)2
CaCI2 2H2O
Ca(NO3)2 4H2O
CaSO4 2H2O
CsCI
CsNO3
CrO3
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt nitrate hexahydrate
Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate
Copper(I) chloride
802540
102539
102536
102556
102739
CoCI2
CoCl2 6H2O
Co(NO3)2 6H2O
CoSO4 7H2O
CuCl
Copper(II) chloride dihydrate

Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
Copper sulfate
Iron(III) chloride
Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate
102733
102753
102790
102791
803945
103943
CuCl2 2H2O
Cu(NO3)2 3H2O
CuSO4 5H2O
CuSO4
FeCl3
FeCl3 6H2O
Content of
the total
solution at
20C [%]
6.2
20
40
60
80
100
2.6
6.6
12.4
21.1
35.2
44.9
61.0
2.96
45.6
75.4
6.01
46.3
89.0
13.6
47.7
108.0
33.3
47.7
72.0
31.2
60.6
29.7
22.7
11.9
57.5
36.4
75.5
37.6
36.8
21.2
68.6
45.6
91.1
46.0
56.7
36.6
81.8
58.0
107.8
55.3
82.9
59.2
97.6
73.0
126.7
65.6
120.7
109.2
(115.5)
109.2
(95C)
109.0
(90C)
89.0
145.6
77.3
174.0
355.0
17.8
118.5
70.4
115.0
601.6
58.0
30.7
1.5
5.0
1.1
2.7
75.5
37.4
101.0
0.18
161.0
9.3
163.0
26.9
4.8
187.7
75.4
163.0
931.5
72.0
35.7
3.5
9.1
2.2
5.04
76.7
34.7
129.4
0.20
187.0
23.0
166.7
38.5
13.2
283.0
81.2
235.0
1368.0
79.0
40.8
8.2
14.4
4.0
8.7
79.3
33.2
128.1
196.0
0.21
208.0
47.2
171.0
53.4
415.0
87.4
347.0
4531.0
74.0
46.4
21.0
20.3
6.2
14.8
82.0
32.7
136.8
0.20
230.0
83.8
176.0
72.0
610.0
94.1
74.0
52.5
27.2
9.5
23.6
84.6
33.5
147.0
0.19
250.0
134.0
189.0
1000.0
102.0
74.0
58.7
34.2
15.7
39.7
29.7
159.0
0.16
271.0
197.0
199.0
21.2
65.0
43.0
62.0
90.3
26.3
3.4
8.3
2.15
4.8
43.4
56.4
0.20
62.50
74.5
41.9
91.9
62.35
53.6
1.5
(25C)
77.0
20.8
36.2
36.3
100.0
68.6
69.5
78.3
525.1
537.0
83.8
160.0
29.0
48.0
49.9
126.0
91.2
179.0
39.1
60.0
169.5
99.2
208.0
53.6
70.0
107.9
(257.0)
73.6
83.0
47.9
38.4
34.9
1.497
(25C)
43.5
17.2
26.6
50.0
70.65
14.8
25.5
25.5
83.5
31.3
43.0
5.67
26.7
43.9
27.3
26.9
17.5
40.70
Density of
the total
solution at
20C [%]
1.0459
(15.5C)
1.053
1.308
1.075
1.07
1.3436
(14.5C)
1.18
1.308
1.247
1.28
1.04
1.069
1.015
1.616
1.001
1.7100
(16.5C)
1.52
1.49
Solubility in g/100 g H2O at C
1. 55
1.1965
47

48
Name
Cat. No.
Formula
Iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate
103861
FeCl2 4H2O
Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate

Iron(II) sulfate monohydrate
Lead chloride
Lead nitrate
Lithium bromide
Lithium carbonate
Lithium chloride monohydrate
Lithium iodide
Lithium nitrate
Lithium sulfate monohydrate
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate
Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate
103965
103967
807383
107398
105669
105680
105677
818287
112230
105694
105833
105853
FeSO4 7H2O
FeSO4 H2O
PbCI2
Pb(NO3)2
LiBr
Li2CO3
LiCl H2O
Lil
LiNO3
LiSO4 H2O
MgCl2 6H2O
Mg(NO3)2 6H2O
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate

Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate
105886
105927
MgSO4 7H2O
MnCl2 4H2O
Manganese(II) chloride dihydrate

Manganese(II) sulfate monohydrate
Mercury(II) bromide
105934
105941
104421
MnCl2 2H2O
MnSO4 H2O
HgBr2
Mercury(II) chloride
Nickel chloride hexahydrate
Nickel nitrate hexahydrate
Nickel sulfate hexahydrate
Potassium acetate
Potassium bromate
Potassium bromide
Potassium carbonate
Potassium chlorate
Potassium chloride
Potassium chromate
Potassium cyanide
104419
106717
106721
106727
104820
104912
104905
104928
104944
104936
104952
104967
HgCl2
NiCl2 6H2O
Ni(NO3)2 6H2O
Ni2SO4 6H2O
KCH3COO
KBrO3
KBr
K2CO3
KClO3
KCl
K2CrO4
KCN
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
Potassium disulfite
Potassium hexachloroplatinate(IV)
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) trihydrate
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)
Potassium hydrogen carbonate
di-Potassium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate
104864
104873
105057
119238
104984
104973
104854
105099
K2Cr2O7
KH2PO4
K2S2O5
K2 [Pt(Cl)6]
K4 [Fe(CN)6] 3H2O
K3 [Fe(CN)6]
KHCO3
K2HPO4 3H2O
di-Potassium hydrogen phosphate

Potassium hydrogen sulfate
Potassium hydroxide monohydrate
105104
104885
105002
K2HPO4
KHSO4
KOH H2O
20
40
60
80
100
100.0
107.5
15.6
0.67
36.4
143.0
151.0
48.0
36.2
52.8
63.9
26.6
0.99
52.2
177.0
1.3
82.8
165.0
76.0
34.8
54.6
70.1
40.3
1.45
69.4
205.0
90.4
180.0
33.5
57.5
81.8
(90.5)
(56C)
47.6
1.98
88.0
224.0
100.0
32.3
60.7
93.7
Content of
the total
solution at
20C [%]
43.8
2.6
107.5
245.0
113.0
31.5
65.9
(31.6)
3.3
127.3
266.0
(127.5)
480.0
227.0
31.0
72.7
21.0
0.98
34.3
1.31
45.3
25.6
35.3
41.2
63.6
35.6
73.6
45.4
88.7
26.25
42.4
60.0
(0.96)
110.5
45.5
2.8
115.0
35.5
4.9
4.7
14.3
27.5
0.74
15.0
29.9
22.6
0.62
(25C)
6.6
55.3
94.1
256.0
6.8
65.8
110.0
7.3
34.2
63.7
71.6
(25C)
12.5
22.7
44.9
1.1
28.9
46.0
33.3
159.0
(106.0)
(58.1C)
58.6
1.7
51.4
24.2
33.9
95.3
140.0
39.7
51.0
75.1
(95.0)
(75C)
73.0
68.0
108.0
3.8
68.9
81.8
(75C)
160.0
54.1
380.0
49.7
104.9
156.0
56.2
56.2
79.2
122.0
(103.3C)
103.0
133.0
5.2
(82.7)
91.6
36.3
13.9
57.0
350.0
22.0
85.9
127.0
25.9
45.6
70.9
81.0
(50C)
45.6
48.6
85.0
2.6
56.0
70.9
60.0
(50C)
266.0
147.0
0.62
(25C)
6.2
35.6
48.5
6.4
39.7
6.8
25.5
38.9
41.73
(25C)
11.1
18.5
30.99
22.4
31.5
24.98
61.4
121.6
178.0
33.95
4.29
51.7
79.2
217.0
3.1
54.0
106.0
3.3
28.2
59.0
(63.0)
9.6
118.8
323.0
13.1
76.1
117.0
14.5
40.3
67.0
26.3
33.9
63.9
1.7
42.7
59.5
45.3
212.5
67.3
136.4
Density of
the total
solution at
20C [%]
1.225
1.007
1.40
1.29
1.23
1.331
1.388
(25C)
1.31
1.499
1.052
1.46
1.048
1.370
1.042
1.174
1.378
1.077
1.16
1.18
1.18
49

50
Name
Cat. No.
Formula
Potassium iodate
Potassium iodide
Potassium nitrate
di-Potassium oxalate monohydrate
Potassium permanganate
Potassium peroxodisulfate
Potassium sulfate
Potassium thiocyanate
Rubidium chloride
Sodium acetate trihydrate
105051
105043
105063
105073
105076
105082
105091
105153
105125
107615
106267
KlO3
Kl
KNO3
K2C2O4 H2O
KClO4
KMnO4
K2S2O8
K2SO4
KSCN
RbCl
NaCH3COO 3H2O
Sodium bromide
Sodium carbonate decahydrate
Sodium carbonate monohydrate
Sodium carbonate
Sodium chlorate
Sodium chloride
Sodium dichromate dihydrate
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
tetra-Sodium diphosphate decahydrate
Sodium disulfite
Sodium fluoride
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate
di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate
di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate
di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate
Sodium hydroxide monohydrate
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium iodate
Sodium iodide
Sodium nitrate
Sodium nitrite
Sodium perchlorate monohydrate
tri-Sodium phosphate dodecahydrate
Sodium sulfate decahydrate
Sodium sulfate
Sodium sulfite
di-Sodium tetraborate
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate
Silver nitrate
Silver sulfate
106363
106391
106386
106392
106420
106404
106336
106342
106370
106591
106528
106449
106329
106579
106575
106580
106586
106466
106498
106525
106523
106537
106549
106564
106578
106648
106649
106657
106310
106516
101512
101509
NaBr
Na2CO3 10H2O
Na2CO3 H2O
Na2CO3
NaClO3
NaCl
Na2Cr2O7 2H2O
NaH2PO4 2H2O
NaH2PO4
Na4P2O7 10H2O
Na2S2O5
NaF
NaHCO3
Na2HPO4 12H2O
Na2HPO4 7H2O
Na2HPO4 2H2O
Na2HPO4
NaOH H2O
NaOH
NalO3
Nal
NaNO3
NaNO2
NaClO4 H2O
Na3PO4 12H2O
Na2SO4 10H2O
Na2SO4
Na2SO3
Na2B4O7
Na2S2O3 5H2O
AgNO3
Ag2SO4
20
40
60
80
100
4.7
127.8
13.3
0.76
2.8
0.18
7.3
177.0
70.6
36.3
8.1
144.5
31.7
35.9
1.7
6.4
0.5
11.1
218.0
83.6
46.4
12.9
161.0
63.9
3.6
12.6
1.1
14.8
65.4
6.86
7.1
80.5
163.2
57.7
2.7
(3.6)
6.89
1.63
2.5
70.7
73.0
167.0
1.5
4.56
1.2
52.5
115.0
0.57
21.7
21.4
98.8
35.9
180.2
85.2
5.5
65.3
4.1
9.6
7.7
109.2
9.1
88.3
84.5
181.0
12.1
19.2
2.7
70.1
219.2
0.79
48.9
48.5
115.2
36.4
220.5
138.2
12.5
71.1
12.7
55.0
126.0
104.9
95.7
243.0
31.0
48.1
37.0
6.0
102.6
334.8
0.98
18.5
176.2
109.9
7.2
22.4
18.2
138.0
(58C)
118.0
46.2
46.5
(138.0)
37.1
283.0
179.3
21.9
79.9
16.0
83.0
178.0
23.0
124.7
112.3
55.0
45.3
33.2
20.3
471.0
1.15
24.8
191.5
169.0
13.4
21.3
65.9
118.3
44.5
45.8
(167.0)
38.1
385.0
207.3
30.0
88.7
19.7
92.4
313.7
27.0
295.0
148.0
135.5
81.0
43.1
29.0
31.5
652.0
1.3
32.3
208.0
245.2
22.2
24.1
128.0
72.7
121.2
44.5
45.5
204.0
39.2
284.4
40.3
(100.0)
23.6
104.1
341.0
32.8
303.0
176.0
163.0
108.0
42.3
26.6
52.5
1024.0
1.5
Content of
the total
solution at
20C [%]
7.5
59.1
24.1
26.4
1.7
6.0
0.468
10.0
68.55
31.7
35.3
17.8
49.7
26.4
64.3
46.0
5.2
39.5
3.94
8.76
7.2
52.2
46.8
45.8
64.4
10.8
16.1
41.2
68.6
0.75
Density of
the total
solution at
20C [%]
1.064
1.71
1.16
1.008
1.04
1.0807
1.42
1.17
1.331
1.1941
1.201
1.05
1.04
1.08
1.08
1.55
1.38
1.33
1.757
1.106
1.150
1.39
2.18
51

T
Z
Name
Cat. No.
Formula
Strontiumchlorid-Hexahydrat
Strontiumhydroxid-Octahydrat
Strontiumnitrat
Tin(II) chloride
107865
107876
107872
818150
SrCl2 6H2O
Sr(OH)2 8H2O
Sr(NO3)2
SnCl2
Zinc bromide
Zinc chloride
Zinc nitrate tetrahydrate
Zinc sulfate heptahydrate
Zinc sulfate monohydrate
818631
108816
108833
108883
108882
ZnBr2
ZnCl2
Zn(NO3)2 4H2O
ZnSO4 7H2O
ZnSO4 H2O
Our range of Inorganic Salts EMSURE contains a wide assortment

of inorganic salts for analytical use in the qualitative and
quantitative analysis of various substances and substance mixtures
in the analytical laboratory.
Inorganic Salts EMSURE are manufactured under strictly
controlled conditions at Merck KGaA in Darmstadt, Germany.
The key feature of these salts is their analytical purity
(their assay and trace element content are precisely known).
52
20
40
60
80
100
44.1
0.35
83.9
53.9
0.7
269.8
(15C)
440.0
53.8
66.6
1.5
91.2
85.2
3.1
94.2
7.0
97.2
24.2
101.2
453.0
211.5
620.0
488.0
76.5
640.0
541.0
66.7
670.0
60.5
390.0
41.6
Content of
the total
solution at
20C [%]
35.0
0.69
72.96
(15C)
35.0
Density of
the total
solution at
20C [%]
1.39
2.07
1.47
53
Solubility products of slightly soluble

inorganic compounds
Substance
Formula
Solubility product
at given temperature
[mol/l]
Aluminum hydroxide
Al(OH)3
4.00 x 1013
1.50 x 1015
3.70 x 1015
(15)
(18)
(25)
Arsenic(III) sulfide
Barium carbonate
As2S3
BaCO3
4.00 x 1029
7.00 x 109
8.10 x 109
1.60 x 1010
2.40 x 1010
1.60 x 106
1.70 x 106
1.20 x 107
8.70 x 1011
1.08 x 1010
1.98 x 1010
(18)
(16)
(25)
(18)
(28)
(10)
(18)
(18)
(18)
(25)
(50)
2.70 x 1019
4.30 x 1031
1.60 x 1031
1.60 x 1072
2.50 x 1014
1.53 x 108
3.60 x 1029
4.80 x 109
3.40 x 1011
3.95 x 1011
5.47 x 106
1.78 x 109
2.57 x 109
1.00 x 1025
6.10 x 105
2.45 x 105
7.70 x 107
1.00 x 1012
1.90 x 1027
4.15 x 108
1.37 x 1010
1.02 x 106
5.60 x 1020
5.06 x 1012
2.00 x 1047
8.00 x 1045
1.60 x 1011
2.50 x 1011
1.64 x 1014
1.10 x 1036
~
1020
3.90 x 105
3.30 x 1014
(25)
(18)
(25)
(18)
(25)
(18)
(18)
(25)
(18)
(26)
(18)
(18)
(25)
(25)
(10)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(20)
(18 20)
(25)
(18 20)
(25)
(18 20)
(18)
(18)
(18)
(20)
(18)
(18)
(25)
(25)
(18)
54
Barium chromate
BaCrO4
Barium fluoride
BaF2
Barium oxalate
Barium sulfate
BaC2O4 2H2O
BaSO4
Beryllium hydroxide
Bismuth hydroxide
Bismuth oxide chloride
Bismuth sulfide
Cadmium carbonate
Cadmium oxalate
Cadmium sulfide
Calcium carbonate
Calcium fluoride
Be(OH)2
Bi(OH)3
BiOCl
Bi2S3
CdCO3
CdC2O4 3H2O
CdS
CaCO3
CaF2
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium oxalate
Ca(OH)2
CaC2O4 H2O
Calcium phosphate
Calcium sulfate
Ca3(PO4)2
CaSO4
Calcium tartrate
Cobalt(II) carbonate
Cobalt(II) sulfide
Copper(I) bromide
Copper(II) carbonate
Copper(I) chloride
Copper(II) hydroxide
Copper(I) iodide
Copper(I) sulfide
Copper(II) sulfide
Copper(I) thiocyanate
Iron(II) carbonate
Iron(II) hydroxide
Iron(III) hydroxide
Lanthanum hydroxide
Lead bromide
Lead carbonate
CaC4H4O6 2H2O
CoCO3
CoS
CuBr
CuCO3
CuCI
Cu(OH)2
Cul
Cu2S
CuS
CuSCN
FeCO3
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
La(OH)3
PbBr2
PbCO3
Substance
Formula
Solubility product
[mol/l]
Lead chloride
Lead chromate
Lead fluoride
PbCl2
PbCrO4
PbF2
Lead iodate
Pb(IO3)2
2.12 x 105
1.77 x 1014
2.70 x 108
3.20 x 108
5.30 x 1014
1.20 x 1013
2.60 x 1013
(25)
(25)
(9)
(18)
(9.2)
(18)
(25.8)
Lead iodide
Pbl2
Lead oxalate
Lead sulfate
Lead sulfide
Lithium carbonate
Magnesium ammonium
phosphate
Magnesium carbonate
Magnesium fluoride
Magnesium hydroxide
Manganese carbonate
Manganese sulfide
Mercury(I) bromide
Mercury(I) chloride
Mercury(I) chromate
Mercury(I) cyanide
Mercury(I) iodide
Mercury(II) iodide
Mercury(I) oxide
Mercury(II) oxide
Mercury(I) sulfide
Mercury(II) sulfide
Nickel(II) carbonate
Nickel(II) hydroxide
Nickel(II) sulfide
Potassium
hexachloroplatinate (IV)
Potassium hydrogen
tartrate
Silver arsenate
Silver bromide
PbC2O4
PbSO4
PbS
Li2CO3
MgNH4PO4
7.50 x 109
1.40 x 109
2.74 x 1011
1.06 x 108
3.40 x 1028
1.70 x 103
2.50 x 1013
(15)
(25)
(18)
(18)
(18)
(25)
(25)
MgCO3
MgF2
Mg(OH)2
MnCO3
MnS
Hg2Br2
Hg2Cl2
Hg2CrO4
Hg2(CN)2
Hg2I2
HgI2
Hg2O
HgO
Hg2S
HgS
NiCO3
Ni(OH)2
NiS
K2PtCl6
2.60 x 105
7.10 x 109
1.20 x 1011
8.80 x 1010
7.00 x 1016
1.30 x 1021
2.00 x 1018
2.00 x 109
5.00 x 1040
1.20 x 1028
3.20 x 1029
1.60 x 1023
1.70 x 1026
1.00 x 1047
3.00 x 1054
1.35 x 107
1.60 x 1014
1.00 x 1026
1.10 x 105
(12)
(18)
(18)
(18)
(18)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(18)
(18)
(25)
(25)
(20)
(18)
KHC4H4O6
3.80 x 104
(18)
KCIO4
Ag3AsO4
AgBr
Silver chloride
AgCl
1.07 x 10
1.00 x 1019
4.10 x 1013
7.70 x 1013
0.21 x 1010
0.37 x 1010
1.56 x 1010
13.2 x 1010
215 x 1010
(25)
(25)
(18)
(25)
(4.7)
(9.7)
(25)
(50)
(100)

inorganic compounds
55

inorganic compounds
56
Substance
Formula
Solubility product
[mol/l]
Silver chromate
Ag2CrO4
1.20 x 1012
9.00 x 1012
0.32 x 1016
1.50 x 1016
1.60 x 1049
0.49 x 1012
1.16 x 1012
1.60 x 109
2.80 x 109
5.60 x 108
2.80 x 107
3.80 x 107
3.90 x 106
1.90 x 104
5.80 x 108
1.40 x 1053
9.00 x 1023
2.30 x 104
6.00 x 1011
1.00 x 1017
6.90 x 1026
1.10 x 1024
Silver iodide
Agl
Silver sulfide
Silver thiocyanate
Ag2S
AgSCN
Strontium carbonate
Strontium fluoride
Strontium oxalate
Strontium sulfate
SrCO3
SrF2
SrC2O4
SrSO4
Thallium(I) bromide
Thallium(I) chloride
Thallium(I) iodide
Thallium(III) hydroxide
Thallium(II) sulfide
Thallium(I) thiocyanate
Zinc carbonate
Zinc hydroxide
Zinc sulfide, alpha
Zinc sulfide, beta
TlBr
TlCl
Tll
Tl(OH)3
Tl2S
TlSCN
ZnCO3
Zn(OH)2
ZnS
ZnS
(14.8)
(25)
(13)
(25)
(18)
(18)
(25)
(25)
(18)
(18)
(2.9)
(17.4)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(25)
(20)
(25)
57
Sulfuric acid
H2SO4 , M = 98.08 g/mol
Density
d 20
4
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195
1.200
1.205
1.210
1.215
1.220
1.225
1.230
1.235
58
H2SO4 content
weight%
0.2609
0.9855
1.731
2.485
3.242
4.000
4.746
5.493
6.237
6.956
7.704
8.415
9.129
9.843
10.56
11.26
11.96
12.66
13.36
14.04
14.73
15.41
16.08
16.76
17.43
18.09
18.76
19.42
20.08
20.73
21.38
22.03
22.67
23.31
23.95
24.58
25.21
25.84
26.47
27.10
27.72
28.33
28.95
29.57
30.18
30.79
31.40
32.01
mol/l
0.0266
0.101
0.1783
0.2595
0.3372
0.4180
0.4983
0.5796
0.6613
0.7411
0.8250
0.9054
0.9865
1.066
1.152
1.235
1.317
1.401
1.484
1.567
1.652
1.735
1.820
1.905
1.990
2.075
2.161
2.247
2.334
2.420
2.507
2.594
2.681
2.768
2.857
2.945
3.033
3.122
3.211
3.302
3.302
3.481
3.572
3.663
3.754
3.846
3.938
4.031
H2SO4 content
Density
d 20
4
1.240
1.245
1.250
1.255
1.260
1.265
1.270
1.275
1.280
1.285
1.290
1.295
1.300
1.305
1.310
1.315
1.320
1.325
1.330
1.335
1.340
1.345
1.350
1.355
1.360
1.365
1.370
1.375
1.380
1.385
1.390
1.395
1.400
1.405
1.410
1.415
1.420
1.425
1.430
1.435
1.440
1.445
1.450
1.455
1.460
1.465
1.470
1.475
weight%
32.61
33.22
33.82
34.42
35.01
35.60
36.19
36.78
37.36
37.95
38.53
39.10
39.68
40.25
40.82
41.39
41.95
42.51
43.07
43.62
44.17
44.72
45.26
45.80
46.33
46.86
47.39
47.92
48.45
48.97
49.48
49.99
50.50
51.01
51.52
52.02
52.51
53.01
53.50
54.00
54.49
54.97
55.45
55.93
56.41
56.89
57.36
57.84
mol/l
4.123
4.216
4.310
4.404
4.498
4.592
4.686
4.781
4.876
4.972
5.068
5.163
5.259
5.356
5.452
5.549
5.646
5.743
5.840
5.938
6.035
6.132
6.229
6.327
6.424
6.522
6.620
6.718
6.817
6.915
7.012
7.110
7.208
7.307
7.406
7.505
7.603
7.702
7.801
7.901
8.000
8.099
8.198
8.297
8.397
8.497
8.598
8.699
Sulfuric acid
H2SO4 , M = 98.08 g/mol
H2SO4 content
weight%
mol/l
58.31
58.78
59.24
59.70
60.17
60.62
61.08
61.54
62.00
62.45
62.91
63.36
63.81
64.26
64.71
65.15
65.59
66.03
66.47
66.91
67.35
67.79
68.23
68.66
69.09
69.53
69.96
70.39
70.82
71.25
71.67
72.09
72.52
72.95
73.37
73.80
74.22
74.64
75.07
75.49
75.92
76.34
76.77
77.20
77.63
78.06
78.49
78.93
8.799
8.899
9.000
9.100
9.202
9.303
9.404
9.506
9.608
9.711
9.8136
9.916
10.02
10.12
10.23
10.33
10.43
10.54
10.64
10.74
10.85
10.96
11.06
11.16
11.27
11.38
11.48
11.59
11.70
11.80
11.91
12.02
12.13
12.24
12.43
12.45
12.56
12.67
12.78
12.89
13.00
13.12
13.23
13.34
13.46
13.57
13.69
13.80
H2SO4 content
Density
d 20
4
1.720
1.725
1.730
1.735
1.740
1.745
1.750
1.755
1.760
1.765
1.770
1.775
1.780
1.785
1.790
1.795
1.800
1.805
1.810
1.815
1.820
1.821
1.822
1.823
1.824
1.825
1.826
1.827
1.828
1.829
1.830
1.831
1.832
1.833
weight%
mol/l
79.37
79.81
80.25
80.70
81.16
81.62
82.09
82.57
83.06
83.57
84.08
84.61
85.16
85.74
86.35
86.99
87.69
88.43
89.23
90.12
91.11
91.33
91.56
91.78
92.00
92.25
92.51
92.77
93.03
93.33
93.64
93.94
94.32
94.72
13.92
14.04
14.16
14.28
14.40
14.52
14.65
14.78
14.90
15.04
15.17
15.31
15.46
15.61
15.76
15.92
16.09
16.27
16.47
16.68
16.91
16.96
17.01
17.06
17.11
17.17
17.22
17.28
17.34
17.40
17.47
17.54
17.62
17.70
Density
d 20
4
1.480
1.485
1.490
1.495
1.500
1.505
1.510
1.515
1.520
1.525
1.530
1.535
1.540
1.545
1.550
1.555
1.560
1.565
1.570
1.575
1.580
1.585
1.590
1.595
1.600
1.605
1.610
1.615
1.620
1.625
1.630
1.635
1.640
1.645
1.650
1.655
1.660
1.665
1.670
1.675
1.680
1.685
1.690
1.695
1.700
1.705
1.710
1.715
59
Hydrochloric acid
HCl, M = 36.47 g/mol
Phosphoric acid
H3PO4 , M = 97.99 g/mol
Density
d 20
4
1.0038
1.0092
1.0146
1.0200
1.0255
1.0309
1.0365
1.0420
1.0476
1.0532
1.0590
1.0647
1.0705
1.0764
1.0824
1.0884
1.0946
1.1008
1.1071
1.1134
1.1199
1.1263
1.1329
1.1395
1.1462
1.1529
1.1597
1.1665
1.1735
1.1805
1.216
1.254
1.293
1.335
1.379
1.426
1.476
1.526
1.579
1.633
1.689
1.746
1.770
1.794
1.819
1.844
1.870
60
H3PO4 content
weight%
mol/l
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
92
94
96
98
100
0.102
0.206
0.312
0.416
0.523
0.631
0.740
0.851
0.962
1.074
1.189
1.304
1.420
1.538
1.657
1.777
1.899
2.021
2.147
2.272
2.400
2.529
2.659
2.791
2.924
3.059
3.195
3.333
3.473
3.614
4.333
5.118
5.938
6.811
7.740
8.731
9.784
10.90
12.08
13.33
14.65
16.03
16.61
17.20
17.82
18.44
19.08
Density
d 20
4
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195
1.198
HCl content
weight%
mol/l
0.3600
1.360
2.364
3.374
4.388
5.408
6.433
7.464
8.490
9.510
10.52
11.52
12.51
13.50
14.495
15.485
16.47
17.45
18.43
19.41
20.39
21.36
22.33
23.29
24.25
25.22
26.20
27.18
28.18
29.17
30.14
31.14
32.14
33.16
34.18
35.20
36.23
37.27
38.32
39.37
40.00
0.09872
0.3748
0.6547
0.9391
1.227
1.520
1.817
2.118
2.421
2.725
3.029
3.333
3.638
3.944
4.253
4.565
4.878
5.192
5.5095
5.829
6.150
6.472
6.796
7.122
7.449
7.782
8.118
8.459
8.809
9.159
9.505
9.863
10.225
10.595
10.97
11.34
11.73
12.11
12.50
12.90
13.14
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Our products underlie strict quality
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61
Nitric acid
HNO3 , M = 63.02 g/mol
Density
d 20
4
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195
1.200
1.205
1.210
1.215
1.220
1.225
1.230
1.235
62
HNO3 content
weight%
mol/l
0.3333
1.255
2.164
3.073
3.982
4.883
5.784
6.661
7.530
8.398
9.259
10.12
10.97
11.81
12.65
13.48
14.31
15.13
15.95
16.76
17.58
18.39
19.19
20.00
20.79
21.59
22.38
23.16
23.94
24.71
25.48
26.24
27.00
27.76
28.51
29.25
30.00
30.74
31.47
32.21
32.94
33.68
34.41
35.16
35.93
36.70
37.48
38.25
0.05231
0.2001
0.3468
0.4950
0.6445
0.7943
0.9454
1.094
1.243
1.393
1.543
1.694
1.845
1.997
2.148
2.301
2.453
2.605
2.759
2.913
3.068
3.224
3.381
3.539
3.696
3.854
4.012
4.171
4.330
4.489
4.649
4.810
4.970
5.132
5.293
5.455
5.618
5.780
5.943
6.107
6.273
6.440
6.607
6.778
6.956
7.135
7.315
7.497
HNO3 content
Density
d 20
4
1.240
1.245
1.250
1.255
1.260
1.265
1.270
1.275
1.280
1.285
1.290
1.295
1.300
1.305
1.310
1.315
1.320
1.325
1.330
1.335
1.340
1.345
1.350
1.355
1.360
1.365
1.370
1.375
1.380
1.385
1.390
1.395
1.400
1.405
1.410
1.415
1.420
1.425
1.430
1.435
1.440
1.445
1.450
1.455
1.460
1.465
1.470
1.475
weight%
mol/l
39.02
39.80
40.58
41.36
42.14
42.92
43.70
44.48
45.27
46.06
46.85
47.63
48.42
49.21
50.00
50.85
51.71
52.56
53.41
54.27
55.13
56.04
56.95
57.87
58.78
59.69
60.67
61.69
62.70
63.72
64.74
65.84
66.97
68.10
69.23
70.39
71.63
72.86
74.09
75.35
76.71
78.07
79.43
80.88
82.39
83.91
85.50
87.29
7.679
7.863
8.049
8.237
8.426
8.616
8.808
9.001
9.195
9.394
9.590
9.789
9.990
10.19
10.39
10.61
10.83
11.05
11.27
11.49
11.72
11.96
12.20
12.44
12.68
12.93
13.19
13.46
13.73
14.01
14.29
14.57
14.88
15.18
15.49
15.81
16.14
16.47
16.81
17.16
17.53
17.90
18.28
18.68
19.09
19.51
19.95
20.43
Nitric acid
HNO3 , M = 63.02 g/mol
HNO3 content
weight%
mol/l
89.07
91.13
93.49
95.46
96.73
96.98
97.23
97.49
97.74
97.99
98.25
98.50
98.76
99.01
99.26
99.52
99.77
100.0
20.92
21.48
22.11
22.65
23.02
23.10
23.18
23.25
23.33
23.40
23.48
23.56
23.63
23.71
23.79
23.86
23.94
24.01
Density
d 20
4
1.480
1.485
1.490
1.495
1.500
1.501
1.502
1.503
1.504
1.505
1.506
1.507
1.508
1.509
1.510
1.511
1.512
1.513
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63

NaOH, M = 40.01 g/mol
Density
d 20
4
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195
1.200
1.205
1.210
1.215
1.220
1.225
1.230
1.235
64
H2SO4 content
weight%
mol/l
0.159
0.602
1.0455
1.49
1.94
2.39
2.84
3.29
3.745
4.20
4.655
5.11
5.56
6.02
6.47
6.93
7.38
7.83
8.28
8.74
9.19
9.64
10.10
10.55
11.01
11.46
11.92
12.37
12.83
13.28
13.73
14.18
14.64
15.09
15.54
15.99
16.44
16.89
17.34
17.80
18.25
18.71
19.16
19.62
20.07
20.53
20.98
21.44
0.0398
0.151
0.264
0.378
0.494
0.611
0.731
0.851
0.971
1.097
1.222
1.347
1.474
1.602
1.731
1.862
1.992
2.123
2.257
2.391
2.527
2.664
2.802
2.942
3.082
3.224
3.367
3.510
3.655
3.801
3.947
4.095
4.244
4.395
4.545
4.697
4.850
5.004
5.160
5.317
5.476
5.636
5.796
5.958
6.122
6.286
6.451
6.619
Density
d 20
4
1.240
1.245
1.250
1.255
1.260
1.265
1.270
1.275
1.280
1.285
1.290
1.295
1.300
1.305
1.310
1.315
1.320
1.325
1.330
1.335
1.340
1.345
1.350
1.355
1.360
1.365
1.370
1.375
1.380
1.385
1.390
1.395
1.400
1.405
1.410
1.415
1.420
1.425
1.430
1.435
1.440
1.445
1.450
1.455
1.460
1.465
1.470
1.475
NaOH content
weight%
mol/l
21.90
22.36
22.82
23.275
23.73
24.19
24.645
25.10
25.56
26.02
26.48
26.94
27.41
27.87
28.33
28.80
29.26
29.73
30.20
30.67
31.14
31.62
32.10
32.58
33.06
33.54
34.03
34.52
35.01
35.505
36.00
36.495
36.99
37.49
37.99
38.49
38.99
39.495
40.00
40.515
41.03
41.55
42.07
42.59
43.12
43.64
44.17
44.695
6.788
6.958
7.129
7.302
7.475
7.650
7.824
8.000
8.178
8.357
8.539
8.722
8.906
9.092
9.278
9.466
9.656
9.875
10.04
10.23
10.43
10.63
10.83
11.03
11.24
11.45
11.65
11.86
12.08
12.29
12.51
12.73
12.95
13.17
13.39
13.61
13.84
14.07
14.30
14.53
14.77
15.01
15.25
15.49
15.74
15.98
16.23
16.48

NaOH, M = 40.01 g/mol
NaOH content
weight%
mol/l
45.22
45.75
46.27
46.80
47.33
47.85
48.38
48.905
49.44
49.97
50.50
16.73
16.98
17.23
17.49
17.75
18.00
18.26
18.52
18.78
19.05
19.31
Density
d 20
4
1.480
1.485
1.490
1.495
1.500
1.505
1.510
1.515
1.520
1.525
1.530
65

KOH, M = 56.11 g/mol
Density
d 20
4
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
1.130
66
KOH content
weight%
mol/l
0.197
0.743
1.295
1.84
2.38
2.93
3.48
4.03
4.58
5.12
5.66
6.20
6.74
7.28
7.82
8.36
8.89
9.43
9.96
10.49
11.03
11.56
12.08
12.61
13.14
13.66
14.19
0.0351
0.133
0.233
0.333
0.4355
0.536
0.6395
0.774
0.848
0.954
1.06
1.17
1.27
1.38
1.49
1.60
1.71
1.82
1.94
2.05
2.16
2.28
2.39
2.51
2.62
2.74
2.86
Density
d 20
4
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195
1.200
1.205
1.210
1.215
1.220
1.225
1.230
1.235
1.240
1.245
1.250
1.255
1.260
1.265
KOH content
weight%
mol/l
14.705
15.22
15.74
16.26
16.78
17.29
17.81
18.32
18.84
19.35
19.86
20.37
20.88
21.38
21.88
22.38
22.88
23.38
23.87
24.37
24.86
25.36
25.85
26.34
26.83
27.32
27.80
2.975
3.09
3.21
3.33
3.45
3.58
3.70
3.82
3.945
4.07
4.195
4.32
4.45
4.57
4.70
4.83
4.955
5.08
5.21
5.34
5.47
5.60
5.74
5.87
6.00
6.135
6.27

KOH, M = 56.11 g/mol
KOH content
weight%
mol/l
28.29
28.77
29.25
29.73
30.21
30.68
31.15
31.62
32.09
32.56
33.03
33.50
33.97
34.43
34.90
35.36
35.82
36.28
36.735
37.19
37.65
38.105
38.56
39.01
39.46
39.92
40.37
6.40
6.54
6.67
6.81
6.95
7.08
7.22
7.36
7.49
7.63
7.77
7.91
8.05
8.19
8.335
8.48
8.62
8.76
8.905
9.05
9.19
9.34
9.48
9.63
9.78
9.93
10.07
Density
d 20
4
1.405
1.410
1.415
1.420
1.425
1.430
1.435
1.440
1.445
1.450
1.455
1.460
1.465
1.470
1.475
1.480
1.485
1.490
1.495
1.500
1.505
1.510
1.515
1.520
1.525
1.530
KOH content
weight%
mol/l
40.82
41.26
41.71
42.155
42.60
43.04
43.48
43.92
44.36
44.79
45.23
45.66
46.095
46.53
46.96
47.39
47.82
48.25
48.675
49.10
49.53
49.95
50.38
50.80
51.22
51.64
10.22
10.37
10.52
10.67
10.82
10.97
11.12
11.28
11.42
11.58
11.73
11.88
12.04
12.19
12.35
12.50
12.66
12.82
12.97
13.13
13.29
13.45
13.60
13.76
13.92
14.08
Density
d 20
4
1.270
1.275
1.280
1.285
1.290
1.295
1.300
1.305
1.310
1.315
1.320
1.325
1.330
1.335
1.340
1.345
1.350
1.355
1.360
1.365
1.370
1.375
1.380
1.385
1.390
1.395
1.400
67
Ammonia
NH3 , M = 17.03 g/mol
Density
d 20
4
0.998
0.996
0.994
0.992
0.990
0.988
0.986
0.984
0.982
0.980
0.978
0.976
0.974
0.972
0.970
0.968
0.966
0.964
0.962
0.960
0.958
0.956
0.954
0.952
0.950
0.948
0.946
0.944
0.942
0.940
0.938
0.936
0.934
68
NH3 content
weight%
mol/l
0.0465
0.512
0.977
1.43
1.89
2.35
2.82
3.30
3.78
4.27
4.76
5.25
5.75
6.25
6.75
7.26
7.77
8.29
8.82
9.34
9.87
10.405
10.95
11.49
12.03
12.58
13.14
13.71
14.29
14.88
15.47
16.06
16.65
0.0273
0.299
0.570
0.834
1.10
1.365
1.635
1.91
2.18
2.46
2.73
3.01
3.29
3.57
3.84
4.12
4.41
4.69
4.98
5.27
5.55
5.84
6.13
6.42
6.71
7.00
7.29
7.60
7.91
8.21
8.52
8.83
9.13
NH3 content
Density
d 20
4
0.932
0.930
0.928
0.926
0.924
0.922
0.920
0.918
0.916
0.914
0.912
0.910
0.908
0.906
0.904
0.902
0.900
0.898
0.896
0.894
0.892
0.890
0.888
0.886
0.884
0.882
0.880
weight%
mol/l
17.24
17.85
18.45
19.06
19.67
20.27
20.88
21.50
22.125
22.75
23.39
24.03
24.68
25.33
26.00
26.67
27.33
28.00
28.67
29.33
30.00
30.685
31.37
32.09
32.84
33.595
34.35
9.44
9.75
10.06
10.37
10.67
10.97
11.28
11.59
11.90
12.21
12.52
12.84
13.16
13.48
13.80
14.12
14.44
14.76
15.08
15.40
15.71
16.04
16.36
16.69
17.05
17.40
17.75
Commercially available concentrations

of some acids and alkalis
Acetic acid
Acetic acid (glacial acetic acid)
Acetic acid, dilute
Ammonia solution
Ammonia solution
Ammonia solution
Formic acid
Hydriodic acid
Hydrobromic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid, concentration (1.16)
Hydrochloric acid, fuming
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Nitric acid, concentration
Nitric acid, fuming
Perchloric acid
Perchloric acid
Phosphoric acid, concentration (1.71)
Sulfuric acid, concentration
Sulfuric acid, dilute
weight%
Density
96
99 100
30
32
30
25
98 100
57
47
25
32
37
48
40
65
100
70
60
85
47
30
32
10
45
50
95 97
25
d 20
4
1.06
1.05
1.04
0.88
0.9
0.91
1.22
1.7
1.49
1.12
1.16
1.19
1.16
1.13
1.39
1.51
1.68
1.53
1.71
1.48
1.29
1.35
1.11
1.48
1.53
1.84
1.18
Density
(mol/l*)
17
17.5
5
16.5
15.5
13.5
26
7.5
8.5
7.5
10
12
28
22.5
14.5
24
11.5
9
15
12.5
7
11
3
16.5
19
18
3
Name
* rounded off
Baum degrees (B) and density
B = 145 145
density
Example
Sodium hydroxide solution 40 % with a density of 1.430 g/cm3
145 145 = 43.60B
density
69
04
Indicators and buffers

pH indicators
Buffer solutions
Buffer ranges
72
76
78
79
pH-indicators
0
Malachite green oxalate
green
green-blue
Brilliant green
yellow
green
Eosin Y
yellow
Erythrosine B
orange
Methyl violet
yellow
Cresol red
green flourescence
red
violet
yellow
red
Crystal violet
blue-violet
yellow
m-Cresol purple
yellow
red
Thymol blue
yellow
red
Eosin B
colorless
Quinaldine red
colorless
4-(Dimethylamino) azobenzenel
Bromophenol blue
Congo red
pink flourescence
pink
red
yellow
yellow
bl
blue
Methyl orange
red
Methyl orange solution
red
yello
yello
Bromocresol green
yellow
Bromocresol green sodium salt
yellow
Mixed indicator 4.5 acc. to Mortimer

Methyl red
Methyl red sodium salt
red
red
red
Mixed indicator 5
red-viole
Chlorophenol red
yell
Bromocresol purple
Bromophenol red
4-Nitrophenol
Bromothymol blue sodium salt
Bromothymol blue
Phenol red
Phenol red sodium salt
3-Nitrophenol
Neutral red
1-Naphtholphthalein
The pH ranges and color shades shown are approximations
72
yello
col
10
11
12
blue
orange
13
14 pH
colorless
purple
yellow
purple
blue
yellow
w-orange
lue-violet
yellow-orange
ow-orange
ow-orange
blue
blue
blue
yellow-orange
yellow-orange
green
et
low
purple
yellow
purple
ow-orange
purple
yellow
lorless
yellow
blue
yellow
blue
yellow
violet-red
yellow
violet-red
colorless
blue-red
brown
yellow-orange
yellow-orange
blue-green
73
pH-indicators
0
Phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein solution (1 % in ethanol)
Phenolphthalein solution (0.375 % in methanol)
Thymolphthalein
Indigo carmine
Titan yellow
The pH ranges and color shades shown are approximations
74
10
11
colorless
red-violet
colorless
red-violet
colorless
12
13
14 pH
red-violet
colorless
blue
blue
yellow
yellow
red
For more information please visit:

than choose pH-Indicator Selector
75
Buffer solutions
Prepare stock and buffer solutions with distilled, boiled, CO2-free water.
No.
Stock solutions and their content of buffer substance

A
1
2
Glycine 0.1 mol/l + NaCI 0.1 mol/l

[Glycine: 7.507 g/l + NaCI: 5.844 g/l]
di-Sodium citrate 0.1 mol/l
[Citric acid monohydrate:
21.014 g/l + 200 ml NaOH 1 mol/l]
B
HCI 0.1 mol/l
HCI 0.1 mol/l
HCI 0.1 mol/l
Composition
of buffer
solution
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
50 ml A + x ml B
make up to 100 ml*
50 ml A + x ml B,
make up to 100 ml*
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
Potassium hydrogen phthalate l

0.1 mol/l [C8H5KO4: 20.42 g/l]
As No. 3
NaOH 0.1 mol/l
As No. 2
NaOH 0.1 mol/l
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate

1/15 mol/l [KH2PO4: 9.073 g/l]
[Na2HPO4 2 H2O: 11.87 g/l]
di-Sodium hydrogen
phosphate
1/15 mol/l
5.5-Diethylbarbituric acid
sodium salt 0.1 mol/l
[Barbital-Na: 20.62 g/l]
HCI 0.1 mol/l
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
Borax solution 0.05 mol/l

[H3BO3:
12.37 g/l + 100 ml NaOH 1 mol/l]
HCI 0.1 mol/l
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
As No. 1
NaOH 0.1 mol/l
10
Citric acid 0.1 mol/l

[Citric acid monohydrate: 21.014 g/l]
[Na2HPO4 2 H2O: 35.60 g/l]
di-Sodium hydrogen
phosphate 0.2 mol/l
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
11
Sodium acetate 0.1 mol/l

[C2H3O2Na: 8.204 g/l or
C2H3O2Na 3 H2O: 13.61 g/l]
Acetic acid 0.1 mol/l
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
12
Imidazole 0.2 mol/l

[C3H4N2: 13.62 g/l]
Triethanolamine 0.5 mol/l +
Titriplex III
[C6H15NO3: 74.60 g/l +
Titriplex III: 20 g/l]
HCI 0.1 mol/l
25 ml A + x ml B,
make up to 100 ml*
10 ml A + x ml B,
make up to 100 ml*
13
14
15
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
0.2 mol/l [TRIS: 24.23 g/l]
Sodium carbonate 0.1 mol/l (10.60 g/l)
[Na2CO3: 10.60 g/l]
[NaHCO3: 8.401 g/l]
Number of the buffer solution
76
HCI 0.05 mol/l
HCI 0.1 mol/l

Sodium hydrogen
carbonate 0.1 mol/l
25 ml A + x ml B,
make up to 100 ml*
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
* fill up with dissolution

CertiPUR-Buffer Sachets for
calibration of pH instruments!
77

Buffer
ACES
pKa [4C]
7.22
pKa [20C]
pKa [25C]
pKa [37C]
6.90
6.80
6.56
pKa/C
0.020
ADA
6.80
6.62
6.56
6.43
0.011
BES
7.41
7.15
7.07
6.88
0.016
BICIN
8.64
8.35
8.26
8.04
0.018
BIS-TRIS
6.88
6.56
6.46
6.22
0.020
0.011
CHES
9.73
9.55
9.50
9.36
Citrat pKa2
4.79
4.77
4.76
4.74
0.0016
Glycin pKa2
10.32
9.91
9.78
9.47
0.026
Gly-Gly
8.85
8.40
8.26
7.92
0.028
HEPES
7.77
7.55
7.48
7.32
0.014
HEPPS
8.18
8.00
7.95
7.82
0.011
Imidazole
7.37
7.05
6.95
6.71
0.020
MES
6.33
6.15
6.10
5.97
0.011
MOPS
7.41
7.20
7.14
6.98
0.013
0.0085
PIPES
6.94
6.80
6.76
6.66
Phosphate pKa2
7.26
7.21
7.20
7.17
0.0028
TAPS
8.02
8.31
8.40
8.62
+ 0.018
TES
7.82
7.50
7.40
7.16
0.020
TRICIN
8.49
8.15
8.05
7.79
0.021
TRIS
8.75
8.30
8.08
7.82
0.028
78
Buffer ranges
Buffer
Glycine / HCI
Citric acid / Na-citrate
Acetic acid / Na-acetate
KH2PO4 / Na2HPO4
MES
BIS-TRIS
ADA
ACES
PIPES
Imidazole / HCL
BES
MOPS
HEPES
TES
TRIS / HCI
HEPPS
TRICIN
Gly-Gly
BICIN
Na-borate / HCI
Glycine / NaOH
CHES
AMP / HCL
Na2CO3 / NaHCO3
Na-borate / NaOH
9 10 11 12 13 14
79
05
Analytical chromatography
Analytical HPLC
Specification of column sorbents
LC Troubleshooting
Sample preparation
82
84
86
90
94
Thin-layer chromatography is a simple, fast and highly versatile separation tool
for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The field of application covers
virtually all classes of substances including pesticides, steroids, alkaloids, lipids,
nucleotides, glycosides, carbohydrates, fatty acids and many others.
Cheap separation method without the need for sophisticated instruments
No cumbersome sample preparation step needed because plates are
disposable
Sample components are stored on the plate allowing to repeat the analysis
several times
Multiple samples (up to 72) can be run simultaneously under identical
conditions
Easy 2 dimensional separation by using two distinct mobile phases in
different directions
Thin-layer chromatography can be a manual method as in classical TLC,

or automated as in instrumented high-performance thin-layer chromatography
(HPTLC). Furthermore, it can be easily extended to preparative scale for PLC.
Unmodified silica gel covers more than 80 % of thin-layer chromatography

applications for both adsorption- and partition thin-layer chromatography. It
allows separating a large range of different substances such as aflatoxins,
alkaloids, anabolics, benzodiazepins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, glycosides, lipids,
mycotoxins, nucleotides, peptides, pesticides, steroids, sulfonamids, surfactants,
tetracyclines and many others making it suitable for:
In-process control in drugs
Purity checks of synthesis steps
Identity testing of pharmaceutical compounds
HPTLC Premium Purity plate is designed for high performance, completely
contamination free separations especially in demanding pharmacopoeia
applications.
Highly pure, exhibiting minimal background even with middle-polar
solvent systems
Identical separation performance as the related HPTLC plate product
Especially suited for pharmacopoeia applications
www.merckmillipore.com/chromatography
82
Aluminium and plastic backed plates

can be cut to smaller size to reduce the
cost of analysis.
Comparison of the separation of dansyl

amino acids on a
(A) classical TLC silica gel 60 plate or
(B) HPTLC silica gel 60 plate under
identical conditions. The comparison
clearly demonstrates that the HPTLC
plate delivers sharper zones with
shorter migration distances and hence
running times. In addition the HPTLC
plate allows the separation of twice
the number of samples simultaneously.
Compounds:
1. N-alpha-dansyl-L-arginine
2. alpha-dansyl-L-arginine
3. Dansyl-L-cysteic acid
4. N-Dansyl-glycine
5. Dansyl-glycine
6. N-N-Didansyl-L-tyrosine
Sample volume:
Mobil phase:
TLC 4 l; HPTLC 0,3 l

Ethyl acetat / methanol /
propionic acid (22/10/3)
Migration distance: TLC 10 cm; HPTLC 5 cm
Analysis time:
TLC 42 min;
HPTLC 13 min 45 sec
Detection:
UV 366
83
Analytical HPLC
Analytical HPLC has taken on a position of central importance in research and

development, in pharmaceutical quality control and in environmental analysis.
Merck is among the major suppliers of HPLC products worldwide.
Our extensive portfolio comprises products for analytical and preparative HPLC.
With our series of very widely used HPLC sorbents, which includes LiChrosorb,
LiChrospher, Superspher, Purospher and SeQuantTM ZIC-HILIC, we offer you
the most suitable products for your application. With Chromolith an HPLC
column based on monolithic technology we have established and maintained
technology leadership in chromatography to ideally fulfill your requirements.
LiChrospher is a reliable and versatile traditionally produced spherical silica
carrier with a particle size of 5 m or 10 m, providing well balanced
pressure / separation performance ratio. A broad range of modifications on
LiChrospher are very widely used by HPLC-users all over the world for
a broad range of applications. LiChrospher sorbents are available as reversed
phase derivatives (RP-8, RP-18 endcapped, RP-18, RP-18 endcapped
and RP-select B), medium polar (NH2, CN, DIOL) and polar derivatives (Si 60).
Furthermore LiChrospher PAH is highly efficient and selective for the
separation of PAH; LiChrospher WP is very well suited for the separation of
peptides and low molecular weight proteins.
www.merckmillipore.com/analytical-hplc
84
Purospher HPLC columns are based upon a high-purity silica for excellent
separations with very good peak symmetry. The base material for Purospher
high-purity HPLC columns consists of tetra-alkoxysilane.
Due to the absence of heavy metals in the silica matrix and in combination
with a complete coverage of the silica surface, this stationary phase enables
tailing-free chromatography of acidic, basic and chelating compounds. This
is of particular advantage for method development.
Thanks to its outstanding performance and stability, Purospher STAR RP-18
endcapped is the most versatile column in the Purospher range.
Robust methods can be developed across the entire pH spectrum from 1.5
to 10.5 enabling the use of the complete range of mobile phases and
temperatures. In addition Purospher STAR RP-18 endcapped, 2 m and 3 m
UHPLC columns speed separation up to 10 times and save up to 84.5 % solvent.
SeQuantTM ZIC-HILIC HPLC columns provides excellent selectivity for
separation of strongly polar and hydrophilic compounds, which often
have little or no retention on reversed phase columns. Mercks unique
ZIC-HILIC technology is based on a stationary phase with a covalently
bonded, highly polar zwitterionic functional group that provides higher
stability and more robust HILIC separations than conventional silica or
amino phases.
IC
RPLC
Schematic illustration demonstrating
how ZIC-HILIC complements other
areas of chromatography and extends
the separation capabilities.
ZIC-HILIC
NPLC
Chromolith HPLC columns provide excellent separations in a fraction of the

time that a standard particulate column will take typically four times
faster, because they are made from highly porous monolithic rods of silica with
a bimodal pore structure. The column is no longer packed with small particles
but instead consists of a single piece of high-purity silica gel. Longer lifetime
and lower matrix sensitivity with biological samples are additional advantages
of Chromolith columns. Multiple Chromolith columns coupled together
provide separation efficiencies of 100,000 plates / column at normal pressure.
New Chromolith HighResolution has around 50 % higher efficiency,
excellent peak symmetry and still more than 30 % longer lifetime compared
with particulate columns.
85
Specifications of column sorbents

Polar stationary phases (normal phase chromatography)
(shipping eluent: n-Heptane / Dioxane (99/1))
Designation
Sorbent characteristics
LiChrosorb Si 60
irregular particles of silica
LiChrosorb Si 100
LiChrospher Si 60
spherical particles of silica
LiChrospher Si 100
LiChrospher Si 300
LiChrospher Si 1000
LiChrospher Si 4000
Superspher Si 60
Purospher STAR Si
spherical particles of high purity silica
Chromolith Si
Monolithic high purity silica

Medium solar stationary phases
(shipping eluent: n-Heptane / Dioxane (99/1))
Designation
LiChrosorb CN

with -Cyanopropyl function
with -Aminopropyl function
with DIOL function on carbonchains
with -Cyanopropyl function
with DIOL function on carbonchains
LiChrosorb NH2
LiChrosorb DIOL
LiChrospher CN
LiChrospher NH2
LiChrospher DIOL
Purospher STAR NH2
86
Pore
size
Pore
volume
Spec. surface area
5, 7, 10 m
60
0.75 ml/g
500 m2/g
5, 7, 10 m
100
1.0 ml/g
300 m2/g
5, 10 m
60
0.85 ml/g
700 m2/g
5, 10 m
100
1.25 ml/g
400 m2/g
10 m
300
0.78 ml/g
60 m2/g
10 m
1000
0.78 ml/g
30 m2/g
10 m
4000
0.78 ml/g
10 m2/g
60
0.85 ml/g
700 m2/g
4 m
5 m
120
1.1 ml/g
330 m2/g
monolithic
130
1 ml/g
300 m2/g
Particle
size
Particle
size
Pore
size
Pore
volume
Spec.
surface
%C
5, 10 m
100
1.0 ml/g
300 m2/g
6.1 %
3.82 mol/m2
5, 10 m
100
1.0 ml/g
300 m /g
3.5 %
3.54 mol/m2
5, 10 m
100
1.0 ml/g
300 m2/g
7.1 %
3.91 mol/m2
5, 10 m
100
1.25 ml/g
350 m /g
6.6 %
3.52 mol/m2
5, 10 m
100
1.25 ml/g
350 m2/g
4.6 %
5, 10 m
100
1.25 ml/g
350 m /g
8.0 %
3.87 mol/m2
5 m
120
1.1 ml/g
330 m2/g
3.5 %
3 mol/m2
Surface
coverage
41 mol/m2
87

Non-polar stationary phases (reversed phase chromatography)
(shipping eluent: acetronitrile / water)
Designation
LiChrosorb RP-8
irregular particles of silica with

octyl derivative
octyl derivative
octyl derivative
spherical particles of silica with
octyl derivative
octyl derivative endcapped
octyl derivative
octadecyl derivative
octadecyl derivative endcapped
octyl derivative
octyl derivative endcapped
octyl derivative
with octadecyl derivative polar endcapped
with octadecyl derivative
with octyl derivative
Monolithic high purity silica with
octyl derivative
Monolithic high purity silica with
LiChrosorb RP-select B
LiChrosorb RP-18
LiChrospher RP-8
LiChrospher RP-8 endcapped
LiChrospher RP-select B
LiChrospher RP-18
LiChrospher RP-18 endcapped
LiChrospher WP 300 RP-18
LiChrospher PAH
Superspher RP-8
Superspher RP-8 endcapped
Superspher RP-select B
Superspher RP-18
Superspher RP-18 endcapped
Purospher RP-18
Purospher RP-18 endcapped
Purospher STAR RP-8 endcapped
Purospher STAR RP-18 endcapped
Purospher HC
Chromolith RP-8 endcapped
Chromolith RP-18 endcapped
88
Pore
size
Pore
volume
Spec.
surface
%C
Surface
coverage
5, 7, 10 m
100
1.0 ml/g
300 m2/g
9.5 %
3.4 mol/m2
5, 7, 10 m
60
0.75 ml/g
300 m2/g
11.4 %
4.21 mol/m2
5, 7, 10 m
100
1.0 ml/g
300 m /g
16.2 %
3.0 mol/m2
5, 10 m
100
1.25 ml/g
350 m2/g
12.5 %
4.04 mol/m2
5, 10 m
100
1.25 ml/g
350 m2/g
13.0 %
4.44 mol/m2
5, 10 m
60
0.9 ml/g
360 m /g
11.5 %
3.55 mol/m2
5, 10 m
100
1.25 ml/g
350 m2/g
21.0 %
3.61 mol/m2
5, 10 m
100
1.25 ml/g
350 m /g
21.6 %
4.09 mol/m2
5, 12, 15 m
300
1.0 ml/g
80 m2/g
n.a.
n.a.
5 m
150
n.a.
200 m /g
20 %
4.04 mol/m2
4 m
60
1.25 ml/g
350 m2/g
12.5 %
4.44 mol/m2
4 m
60
1.25 ml/g
350 m /g
13.0 %
3.55 mol/m2
4 m
60
0.9 ml/g
360 m2/g
11.5 %
3.61 mol/m2
4 m
100
1.25 ml/g
350 m /g
21.0 %
4.09 mol/m2
4 m
100
1.25 ml/g
350 m2/g
21.6 %
5 m
90
1.05 ml/g
480 m2/g
17.0 %
5 m
90
1.05 ml/g
480 m /g
18.0 %
2, 3, 5 m
120
1.1 ml/g
330 m2/g
11.2 %
2, 3, 5 m
120
1.1 ml/g
330 m /g
17.0 %
90
1.05 ml/g
470 m2/g
18.0 %
5 m
monolithic
130
1 ml/g
300 m /g
11.0 %
monolithic
130
1 ml/g
300 m2/g
18.0 %
Particle
size
3 mol/m2
89
LC Troubleshooting
Problem
Possible cause
High pressure
Precolumn blocked
Column head blocked
No peaks; changing peakhight
Noise or drift problems
Capillary blocked
No flow; leak
Sample injection is not reproducible
Column is not in equilibrium
Impurities elute slowly from the column
Enrichment of impurities
Differentces in temperature
(column or detector)
Air bubbles
Detector lamp
Electrical interferences
Ghost peaks
Peaks from previous injection
Unknown sample compunds

Column contamination
Peaks with shoulders; Fronting
Solvent impurities
Mixing problems of mobile phase
Oxidation of TFA (peptinde mapping)
Precolumn defective or soiled
Cavity at column head (dead-volume) or
channels in column packing
Sample dissolved in wrong solvents
Interfering compounds; Impurities
Peaks are broad
90
Column overload
Extra column effects
Precolumn or column defective or soiled
Column overload; injection volume too large
Sample dissolved in wrong solvent
Too weak buffer
Extra column effects
Solution
Change precolumn
Change filter of column head; flush column;
change column
Change capillary
Checkpump; check frit; check mobil phase
composition; fix leak
Check sample injection system
Flush column
Flush colum with strong eluent
Flush column; improve sample cleanup;
use HPLC-grade solvents
Use column thermostat
Degas mobile phase; use back-pressure regulator
Replace UV lamp (expected life time: 1,000 h)
Use voltage stabilizer; check for local
interference sources
Use longer run-time; flush column with strong
solvent after each run; improve sample cleanup;
use gradient elution
Improve sample cleanup
Flush column with strong solvent after each run;
improve sample cleanup
Use HPLC-grade solvents
Dissolve sample in mobil phase
Prepare fresh daily; use antioxidant
Change precolumn
Change column
Dissolve sample in mobil phase or (if not possible)
inject very small sample volume (1 l)
Improve sample cleanup; check column with test
mixture; use HPLC-grade solvents
Dilute sample
Check capillary connections
Change precolumn or column
Reduce sample volume; dilute sample
Dissolve sample in mobile phase
Use higher concentration or different buffer
91
LC Troubleshooting
Problem
Possible cause
Peaks are broad
Leak between column and detector;

large detector cell
Too low column temperature; high mobile
phase viscosity
Too low column temperature; high mobile
phase viscosity
Too long capillary connections
Peak tailing
Poor column efficiency

Column overload
Interfering peaks; Impurities
Silanol interactions
Peak doubling or splitting
Blocked column frit

Extra column effects; dead-volume
Column void or channeling
Sample volume too large; column overload
Increasing retention times
Column void or channeling

Blocked column frit
Unswept injector flowpath
Flow rate is decreasing
Active sites on silica packing
Loss of bonded stationary phase
Mobile phase composition changing
Decreasing retention times
Temperature decreasing
Flow rate is increasing
Column overload
Loss of bonded stationary phase
Mobile phase composition changing
Temperature increasing
Column ageing
92
Solution
Fix leak; use smaller cell
Increase column temperature
Increase column temperature
Use shorter capillaries with smaller i.D.;

check for dead volume
Use column with smaller particles
Decrease sample size; increase column diameter;
use higher capacity stationary phase
Improve sample cleanup; adjust mobile phase;
check column with test mixture; use HPLC-grade solvents
Use modifier (triethylamine); increase buffer or salt
concentration (ion-pair-chromatography); lower mobil
phase pH; use base deactivated column
Replace frit; add in-line filter; filter samples
Replace column; use less aggressive conditions
Reduce sample volume; dilute sample; inject
sample prepared in mobil phase
Dissolve sample in mobile phase or (if not possible)
Replace column; use less aggressive conditions
Replace frit; add in-line filter; filter samples
Replace injecto rotor
Fix leaks; replace pump seals; remove bubbles;
check for cavitation
Use mobile phase modifier; add triethylamine;
use base-deactivated column
Keep mobile phase pH between 2 and 7.5
Check pump; check frit; avoid evaporation or
degradation of mobile phase
Check pump; check flow
Decrease sample size
Keep mobile phase pH between 2 and 7.5
Replace column; use guard column
93
LC Troubleshooting
Problem
Retention times changing
Possible cause
Flow rate varying
Insufficient column equilibration
Insufficient buffer capacity
Mobile phase composition changing;
poor mixing
Column temperature varying
Contamination build up
Change in column activation
Differences in selectivity
Different in mobile phase composition

Too weak solvent
Decreasing column life; contamination
Temperature varying
Column to column reproducibility
94
Solution
Fix leaks; replace pump seals; remove bubbles;

check for phase
Equilibrate with at least 10 column volume of
mobile phase
Use buffer concentration > 20 mM and < 50 mM
Use solumn thermostat
Flush column
Condition column with initial injection of
concentrated of mobile
Check pump; check frit;
avoid evaporation or degradation of mobile
Use buffer or ion-pair system
Dissolve sample in mobile phase or (if not possible)
Replace column; improve sample cleanup;
check column with test mixture;
use HPLC-grade solvent
Replace column; check with manufacturer
95
Sample preparation
The more complicated the matrix, the more important the sample preparation!
The better the sample preparation, the simpler the subsequent chromatographic
separation!
The consequence of these two statements is:
Sample preparation is a must!
Best performance with Merck Millipore products:

Digestion systems and ultrapure digestion media for more difficult
dissolutions or processes to be performed in accordance with DIN
(German Institute of Standardization) standards
An extensive range of different reagents and solvents for improved
precipitation, distribution and extraction
The Extrelut product range a porous kieselguhr and corresponding
prepacked columns provide not only quicker but also better results
than the conventional liquid-liquid extraction of aqueous matrices in
the separation funnel
LiChrolut extraction columns for rapid, convenient and efficient
extractions, enrichments and selective elutions
LiChroCART range of precolumns, which are an excellent alternative
for online sample preparation for HPLC
Inorganic membrane filters avoiding clogging of your HPLC columns
by particles
Derivatization substances for gas chromatography, i.e. for samples which
are volatile by definition
Sample preparation with Merck Millipore for reliable performance!
96
Routine laboratory work involves purifying, enriching or separating for subsequent

analysis. The number of samples to be analysed is constantly on the increase:
Comprehensive control of the most important parameters helps to ensure product
quality, prevent damage and maintain quality of life. In order to be able to
utilise the possibilities offered by instrument analysis, the sample must be optimally
prepared. This is often the most time consuming and critical step of the entire
analysis. Selective and specific sample preparation ensures rational, economic and
meaningful analysis.
The removal of interfering sample components

Selective enrichment of the substances to be analysed
If no sample preparation is carried out, the HPLC as well as the GC column may
become blocked and in extreme cases this can lead to the irreversible adsorption of
substances onto the column.
Analyte enrichment can increase the detection sensitivity of the detector by a
factor of 100 to 5,000. Only then can the substances be identified and quantitatively
determined in the required concentration range.
Merck Millipore offers a wide range of products with absorptive,
filtration and clarification properties.
LiChrolut for solid-phase extraction: as sorbents and
extraction columns available
Extrelut NT for liquid-liquid extraction: as sorbents
and columns specially for preparation of aqueous
matrices available
LiChrospher ADS only as column available
for LC-integrated solid-phase extraction
97
The goals of sample preparation are:
06
Organic solvents
Drying agents
Vapor pressure of water
100
104
105
105
106
108

Solvent
Acetone
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetonitrile
Aniline
Anisole
Benzene
1-Butanol
2-Butanol
tert-Butanol
n-Butyl acetate
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Cyclohexane
Decahydronaphthalene (Dekalin)
Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride)
Diethyl carbonate
Diethylene
Diethylene
Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether
Diethyl ether
Diisopropyl ether
Dimethyl formamide
Dimethyl sulfoxide
1.4-Dioxane
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether
Ethylene glycol monomethyl
Ethyl formate
Formamide
Glycerol
Hexafluoroacetone (sesqui-hydrate)
n-Hexane
Isobutanol
Isobutyl methyl ketone
Methanol
Methyl acetate
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Nitrobenzene
100
Boiling
point [C]
56
118
136
82
184
154
80
117
100
82
127
46
77
132
62
81
189/191
40
126
255
188
155/165
34
68
153
189
101
79
77
197
135
125
54
211
290
69
108
117
65
57
202
80
211
Density
d 20
4
0.791
1.049
1.082
0.782
1.022
0.995
0.879
0.810
0.808
0.786
0.882
1.263
1.594
1.106
1.486
0.779
0.886
1.325
0.975
0.885
0.906
0.945
0.714
0.726
0.950
1.101
1.034
0.791
0.901
1.109
0.930
0.965
0.924
1.134
1.260
1.685
0.659
0.803
0.801
0.792
0.933
1.0260
0.806
1.204
20
n
D
Flash
1.359
1.372
1.390
1.344
1.586
1.518
1.501
1.399
1.398
1.384
1.394
1.626
1.460
1.525
1.448
1.426
1.48
1.424
1.384
1.423
1.412
1.407
1.353
1.368
1.430
1.478
1.422
1.361
1.372
1.432
1.408
1.402
1.360
1.447
1.475
18
+ 40
+ 49
+6
+ 76
+ 51
10
+ 29
+ 24
+ 11
+ 33
30
non-flammable
+ 29
non-flammable
17
< 54
non-flammable
+ 25
+ 118
+ 82.5
+ 70
40
23
+ 62
+ 95
+ 11.8
+ 12
4
+ 111
+ 41
+ 52
20
155
+ 176
non-flammable
23
+ 28
+ 15.5
+ 11
10
+ 95
4.4
+ 92
1.375
1.396
1.396
1.329
1.362
1.4684
1.379
1.556
point [C]
MAC (2)
500
10
5
40
Drying agent (1)

mg/m3
1200
25
20
69
8
H.A
100
100
100
100
H5
H 10 B
10
B 10
200
B 100
400
500
H 10
H.B20
1000
400
H5
H5
100
310
310
310
480
16
65
47
50
700
350
1200
2100
30
73
1900
1500
20
15
300
50
100
20
H 200
5
20
200
H1
180
300
83
270
20
80
600
5
K2CO3; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm

P2O5; CuSO4
CaCl2
CaCl2; P2O5; K2CO3; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm
KOH; BaO
CaCl2; Distillation; Na
CaCl2; Na; Pb/Na; Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
K2CO3; Distillation
K2CO3; Distillation
CaO; Freezing
MgSO4
CaCl2; P2O5
CaCl2; P2O5; Pb/Na; Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
CaCl2; Distillation
CaCl2; P2O5; Pb/Na; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
Na; Na/Pb; LiAIH4; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
CaCl2; Na; Pb/Na
CaCl2; Pb/Na; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
K2CO3; Na2SO4
CaCl2; Na; Glycoldibutyl ether
CaCl2; Na; Glycoldiethyl ether
CaCl2; Na
CaCl2; Na; Pb/Na; LiAIH4; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
CaCl2; Na; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm
CaCl2; Na; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
CaO; Mg; MgO; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm
K2CO3; P2O5; Na2SO4; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
Distillation; Na2SO4
Distillation
Distillation
MgSO4; Na2SO4
Na2SO4; CaO
Distillation
Organic solvents
ppm
Na; Pb/Na; LiAIH4; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm

K2CO3; CaO; Mg; Ca
K2CO3
Mg; CaO; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm
K2CO3; CaO
Distillation; Na2SO4; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
K2CO3
CaCl2; P2O5; Distillation
101

Solvent
n-Pentane
1-Propanol
2-Propanol
Pyridine
Tetrahydrofuran
Tetrahydronaphthalene (Tetralin)
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Xylene (isomeric mixture)
Boiling
point [C]
36
97
82
116
66
208
111
87
137/140
Density
d 20
4
20
n
D
Flash
0.626
0.804
0.785
0.982
0.887
0.973
0.867
1.462
~ 0.86
1.358
1.385
1.378
1.510
1.405
1.541
1.496
1.477
~ 1.50
49
+ 15
+ 12
+ 20
17.5
+ 78
+4
non-flammable
+ 25
point [C]
(1) For details of drying methods please refer to the brochure

Drying in the laboratory and pilot plant
(2) MAC values
S = Danger of absorption through the skin.
A = This substance is definitely known to be a carcinogenic;
no MAC values can be quoted.
B = There are grounds to suppose that this substance has
carcinogenic potential.
Substances for which no MAC value is given have not been classified by the German
Senate Commission on hazardous materials, though this fact is not to be construed as
meaning that the substances carry no risk.
102
MAC (2)
1000
200
5
50
50
B.
100
Drying agent (1)

mg/m3
3000
500
15
150
190
440
Na; Pb/Na
CaO; Mg
CaO; Mg; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm
KOH; BaO; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
CaCl2; Na
Distillation; Ca; CaCl2; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
Distillation; Na2SO4; K2CO3
Distillation; Na; CaCl2; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
Organic solvents
ppm
103
Density
20
d 20
%
by weight
ethanol
%
by volume
ethanol
Density
20
d 20
%
by weight
ethanol
%
by volume
ethanol
1.00000
0.99813
0.99629
0.99451
0.99279
0.99113
0.98955
0.98802
0.98653
0.98505
0.98361
0.98221
0.98084
0.97948
0.97560
0.97687
0.97687
0.97431
0.97301
0.97169
0.97036
0.96901
0.96763
0.96624
0.96483
0.96339
0.96190
0.96037
0.95880
0.95717
0.95551
0.95381
0.95207
0.95028
0.94847
0.94662
0.94432
0.94281
0.94086
0.93886
0.93648
0.93479
0.93272
0.93062
0.92849
0.92636
0.92421
0.92204
0.91986
0.91766
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
0
1.3
2.5
3.8
5.0
6.2
7.5
8.7
10.0
11.2
12.4
13.6
14.8
16.1
17.3
18.5
19.7
20.9
22.1
23.3
24.5
25.7
26.9
28.1
29.2
30.4
31.6
32.7
33.9
35.1
36.2
37.4
38.5
39.6
40.7
41.9
43.0
44.1
45.2
46.3
47.4
48.43
49.51
50.6
51.6
52.6
53.7
54.7
55.8
56.8
0.91546
0.91322
0.91097
0.90872
0.90645
0.90418
0.90191
0.89962
0.89733
0.89502
0.89271
0.89040
0.88807
0.88574
0.88339
0.88104
0.87869
0.87632
0.87396
0.87158
0.86920
0.86680
0.86440
0.86200
0.85958
0.85716
0.85473
0.85230
0.84985
0.84740
0.84494
0.84245
0.83997
0.83747
0.83496
0.83242
0.82987
0.82729
0.82469
0.82207
0.81942
0.81674
0.81401
0.81127
0.80848
0.80567
0.80280
0.79988
0.79688
0.79383
0.79074
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
57.8
58.8
59.8
60.8
61.8
62.8
63.8
64.8
65.8
66.8
67.7
68.6
69.9
70.5
71.5
72.4
73.3
74.2
75.1
76.0
76.9
77.8
78.6
79.5
80.4
81.2
82.1
83.0
83.8
84.6
85.4
86.2
87.1
87.9
88.7
89.5
90.2
91.0
91.8
92.5
93.2
94.0
94.7
95.4
96.1
96.7
97.4
98.1
98.7
99.3
100.0
104
Drying agents
Formula
Water content of
air in equilibrium,
in mg/l [at 25C]
Aluminium oxide
Calcium chloride
Calcium hydride
Calcium oxide
Calcium sulfate
Copper sulfate
Magnesium oxide
Magnesium perchlorate
Magnesium sulfate
Molecular sieves
Phosphorus pentoxide
Potassium hydroxide
Sicacide
Sicapent
Silica gel, orange gel
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium sulfate
Sulfuric acid
Al2O3
CaCl2
CaH2
CaO
CaSO4
CuSO4
MgO
Mg(ClO4)2
MgSO4
P2O5
KOH
H2SO4*
P2O5*
SiO2
NaOH
Na2SO4
H2SO4
0.003
< 0.00001
0.14
0.003
0.004 0.07
1.4
0.008
0.0005 0.002
1.0
0.0001 0.5
0.00002
0.002
0.003 0.3
< 0.000025
0.003
0.002
1.0
0.005 0.3
Organic solvents
Name
Vapor pressure of water over

H2SO4 [at 20C]
% H2SO4
p [mbar]
% H2SO4
p [mbar]
10
22.9
65
2.1
20
20.5
70
1.1
30
17.6
75
0.4
40
13.0
80
0.1
50
8.2
85
0.04
55
5.9
90
0.007
60
3.7
105

Elutropic series
n-Heptane
n-Hexane
Cyclohexane
Isohexane
Isooctane
Toluene
tert-Butyl methyl
ether
Benzene
1-Chlorobutane
Chloroform
Dichloromethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
1-Butanol
Tetrahydrofuran
2-Propanol
Ethylacetate
1,4-Dioxane
Ethanol
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Methanol
Water
Trifluoro acetic acid
Total
Molar Refractive Boiling Vapor
polarity mass
index
point pressure
index
acc. to
[g/mol] [n 20/D] [C]
[hPa]
Snyder (1)
20C
[mPa s]
22C
40C
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
2.3
2.9
100.21
86.18
84.16
86.18
114.23
92.14
88.15
1,388
1,375
1,427
1,376
1,392
1,496
1,369
98.4
68.9
80.7
55 62
99.2
110.6
55
48
160
104
160 190
51
29
268
0.40
0.31
0.94
0.32 (20C)
0.51
0.58
0.36 (20C)
0.33
0.26
0.71
0.27
0.50
0.47
3.0
3.4
3.4
3.7
3.9
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.8
5.2
5.4
6.2
6.6
9.0
78.12
92.57
119.38
84.93
98.97
74.12
72.11
60.10
88.10
88.11
46.07
58.08
41.05
32.04
18.01
114.02
1,501
1,402
1,446
1,424
1,445
1,399
1,405
1,378
1,372
1,422
1,361
1,359
1,344
1,329
1,333
1,2855
80.0
78
61.7
40.0
83.4
117.2
66.0
82.4
77.1
101.0
78.5
56.2
81.6
65.0
100.0
72
101
110
210
453
87
67
200
43
97
41
59
233
97
128
23
141
0.65 (20C)
0.47 (20C)
0.56
0.43
0.80
2.95
0.47
2.27
0.44
1.21
1.20
0.32
0.39
0.52
0.95
0.47
0.36
0.65
1.78
0.38
1.35
0.36
0.92
0.83
0.27
0.45
0.65
Dynamic
viscosity
LD = median lethal dose | LC = median lethal concentration | No responsibility is taken for the
correctness of the details provided.
(1) L.R. Snyder, J.J. Kirkland; Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography, John Wiley & Sons. Inc.,
New York, (1979)
(2) Detailed solvents tables acc. to H. Halpaap can be found in: Einfhrung in HDPE, ed. R.E. Kaiser,
(1979); HPTLC, ed. A. Zlatkis, R.E. Kaiser Elsevier and IfC (1977)
(3) Detailed information: Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) provided by Merck Millipore
106
Flow coefficient (2)

x [mm2/s] DC-(silica gel 60
precoated plate) 22C
UV
cutoff
Cat. No.
Migration distance
50 mm 70 mm 100 mm
[nm]
LiChrosolv
Uvasol
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
1.9
2.4
0
0
0
0
0
0.36
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.09
0.01
0.29
0.2
9.2
12.5
5.4
12.5
7.9
8.3
10.6
13.9
6.3
13.9
8.3
9.3
11.4
14.6
6.7
14.6
8.7
11.0
200
195
200
195
215
284
210
104390
104391
102827
104335
104717
108327
101845
104366
104372
102822
104718
108331
101984
2.28
7.15
4.8
9.1
10.6
17.8
7.4
18.3
6.0
2.2
24.3
20.7
37.5
32.6
80.2
42.1
0
1.74
1.01
1.60
1.75
1.66
1.63
1.66
1.78
0.40
1.70
2.88
3.92
1.70
1.85
0.32
0.26
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.7
0.57
0.82
0.59
0.56
0.88
0.56
0.65
0.95
9.0
10.1
7.6
10.9
2.1
9.2
5.2
3.4
12.7
12.6
5.6
5.1
10.5
11.8
8.4
11.9
2.3
10.9
6.0
3.9
14.7
14.0
6.5
5.7
11.6
13.2
8.9
12.6
2.5
12.1
6.5
4.2
16.2
15.4
7.1
5.8
280
220
245
232
230
265
212
205
256
215
210
330
190
205
101768
101692
102444
106044
113713
101988
108101
101040
100868
103132
111727
100020
100030
106007
115333
102447
106048
101989
108110
100993
100863
100980
100022
100016
106002
108262
LiChrosolv Acetonitrile gradient grade

for liquid chromatography
in 1, 2.5 and 4 l glass bottles.
107
Organic solvents
Dielectric Dipole
against
constant moment Al2O3
acc. to acc. to
Snyder Snyder (1)
[DK]
20/25C

The colored bars mark the windows in the IR range in which the transmittance
of the solvent is higher than 25 %.
Product
Uvasol
Cat. No.
Acetone
100022
Acetonitrile
100016
Benzol
1-Butanol
101989
Carbon disulfide
102210
Chloroform
102447
Cyclohexane
102822
Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
106048
Dimethyl formamide
102937
Dioxane
n-Hexane
104372
Paraffin liquid
n-Pentane
107179
Potassium bromide
104907
Tetrachloroethene
Tetrachloroethylene
100965
Tetrahydrofurane
108110
Trichloromethane
Trichlorotrifluoroethane 108239
4000
108
3500
3000
2500
2000
Organic solvents
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
cm-1
109
07
Physical methods for

the determination of elements
Flame photometry
Photometry: Transmission rate and absorbance
112
112
112
112
113
113
Flame photometry
Important emission lines in the flame spectra of some elements
Element
Wavelength l [nm]
Ag
Ba
B
Ca
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
Fe
K
Li
Mg
Mn
Na
Ni
Pb
Rb
Sr
Ti
328.1
553.6
452
422.7
346.6
360.5
455.5
324.8
373.7
404.7
670.8
285.2
403.3
330.3
341.5
368.4
420.2
460.7
377.6
(B)
(G)
(G)
(D)
(G)
(D)
(G)
(D)
338.3
744
548
554
353.0
427.5
852.1
327.4
386.0
766.5
460.3
371
543.3
589.3
352.5
405.8
780.0
821
535.0
(B)
(B)
(B)
(G)
(G)
(D)
(B)
(D)
(G)
(B)
(B) = Band of the oxide

(D) = Dual line, the center point between the two lines is given
(G) = Group of lines in the region of the stated wavelength

Wavelength l [nm] and wave number n [cm-1]
v=1;
400 nm
25,000 cm-1
Photometry transmission rate and absorbance

A = IgT
(e.g. A = 23.6 % = 0.236
T = 0.627)

A=
112
F2
873
345
622
387.4
425.5
894.3
520
385.6
344.6
323.3
383
279.5
818.3
385.8
261.4
794.8
407.8
276.8
(B)
(B)
(B)
(B)
(G)
(D)
(B)
(D)
(G)
(D)
Half-wave potentials of some important metals
Half-wave potential [V]
Support electrolyte / concentration
Cu2+
Pb2+
Cd2+
Ni2+
Zn2+
Co2+
Fe2+
Mn2+
Cu2+
0.42
0.48
0.64
1.00
1.06
1.30
1.41
1.55
0.32
Pb2+
Co2+
Zn2+
Mn2+
0.52
0.86
1.08
1.40
NH4 CH3 COO 0.85 mol/l

KSCN 0.0025 mol/l
Saturated CaCl2 solution

about 10 12 mol/l
Physical methods for the determination of elements
Metal

Peak potentials of some important metals (1)
Metal
Peak potential [V]
Support electrolyte / concentration
Interference by
Zn2+
Cd2+
Cu2+
Pb2+
Ni2+
Bi3+
Co2+
Sb3+
Sn2+
Cr6+
Cr3+
1.03
0.63
0.15
0.40
0.80
0.08
1.05
0.13
0.50
0.75
1.10
Pyridine hydrochloride
HCI
HCI
HCI
HCI
HCI
HCI
LiOH
LiCI
Co2+
0.1 mol/l
0.2 mol/l
0.2 mol/l
0.2 mol/l
0.1 mol/l
0.5 mol/l
0.1 mol/l
0.5 mol/l
5 mol/l
0.5 mol/l
0.5 mol/l
Sb3+
Sn2+
Cu2+
Zn2+
Cu2+
Pb2+, TI+
Zn2+
(1) measured against a silver / silver chloride reference electrode
113
08
Conversion factors and units

Concentrations
Basic units
Derived units
US and British measures units
116
116
117
117
117
118
122

Given
dimension
Unit
1J
(1)
1 kWh (1)
1 MeV (1)
1 mkp
1 kcal15
1 erg
Required dimension with conversion factor (2)

J
kWh
MeV
mkp
kcal15
erg
1
3600000
1.6021013
9.80665
4185.5
107
2.77778107
1
4.451020
2.72407106
1.16264103
2.777781014
6.2421012
2.2471019
1
6.1241013
2.6131016
6.242105
0.1019716
367097.8
1.6341014
1
426.80
0.1019716107
2.38920104
860.11
3.8271017
2.34301103
1
2.389201011
107
3.61013
1.602106
9.80665107
4.18551010
1
(1) Legal measurement units

(2) Examples: 1 J = 2.38920104 kcal 1 MeV = 1.60210 13J

Given
dimension
Unit
1 Nm-2
1 Pa
(1)
1 bar (1)
1 atm
1 kpm2
1 Torr
(1 mm Hg)
10 Ibs/sq.in.
(psi)
Required dimension with conversion factor (2)

N m-2
(Pa)
bar
atm
kpm-2
Torr
(mm HG)
Ibs/sq.in.
(psi)
105
9.869210-6
1.01971010-1
7.50062103
1.4503810-4
10
101325
9.80665
133.3224
1
101325
9.80665105
1.333224103
9.8692
1
9.6784110-5
1.3157910-3
10197.16
10332.27
1
13.5951
750.062
759.9988
7.35559102
1
14.5038
14.6960
1.4223410-3
1.9336810-2
68948
0.68948
0.68046
7030.68
517.148
10
(1) Legal measurement units

(2) Examples: 1 Pa = 7.50062103 Torr 10 psi = 0.68046 atm
116

Prefix
1018
1015
1012
109
106
103
102
10
Exa
Peta
Tera
Giga
Mega
Kilo
Hecto
Deca
Symbol
Prefix
E
P
T
G
M
k
h
da
101
102
103
106
109
1012
1015
1018
Symbol
Deci
Centi
Milli
Micro
Nano
Piko
Femto
Atto
d
c
m
n
p
f
a
Proportion
1 : 100
1 : 1 000
1 : 10 000
1 : 100 000
1 : 1 million
1 : 10 million
1 : 100 million
1 : 1 milliard
1 : 10 milliard
1 : 100 milliard
1 : 1 billion
ppm
ppb
ppt
g/kg
mg/g
g/mg
mg/kg
g/g
ng/mg
g/kg
ng/g
pg/mg
ng/kg
pg/g
fg/mg
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000 1
0.000 01
0.000 001
10 000
1 000
100
10
1
1 000
0.1
100
0.01
10
0.001
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
Potency %
1 x 102
1 x 103
1 x 104
1 x 105
1 x 106
1 x 107
1 x 108
1 x 109
1 x 1010
1 x 1011
1 x 1012
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000 1
0.000 01
0.000 001
0.000 000 1
1 000
100
10
1
The tables on pages 96 to 101 were reprinted with permission of the Deutsches
Institut fr Normung e.V. (DIN, German Institute of Standardization).
They contain excerpts from DIN 1301. Always use the most current version of
the norm to be obtained from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstrae 410,
10772 Berlin, Germany.
Basic units
Dimension
Basic unit
Name
Symbol
Length
Mass
Time
Electric current
Temperature
Luminous intensity
Amount of substance
Meter
Kilogram
Second
Ampere
Kelvin
Candela
Mole
m
kg
s
A
K
cd
mol
117
Mass and weight
Concentrations
Derived units
with conversion of previous units
Size
SI unit
Name
Symbol
Further units
Relationship
Name
Symbol
Liter
1 l = 103 m3
1 t = 103 kg
1 u = 1.66053
1027 kg
Length, surface, volume

Length
Surface
Volume
Meter
m
Square meter m2
Cubic meter m3
Mass
Mass
Kilogram
kg
Metric
ton
Atomic
mass unit
Density
Specific
volume
Kilogram
per
cubic meter
Cubic meter
per
kilogram
kgm3
m3kg1
Amount of substance
Amount of
substance
Molar
mass
Concentration
of a substance
Molality
Mole
Mass
per amount
of substance
Amount of
substance
in given
volume
of solvent
Amount of
substance
per mass
of solvent
mol
kgmol1
gmol1
molm3
moll1
molkg1
molg1
Temperature
Temperature
118
Kelvin
Degree
centigrade
Derived units
Size
SI unit
Name
Symbol
second
Further units
Relationship
Name
Symbol
minute
hour
day
min
h
d
1 min = 60 s
1 h = 60 min
1 d = 24 h
1 Hz = 1 s-1
Kilometer
per
hour
kmh-1
1 kmh-1
= 1 ms-1
3.6
Time
Frequency
Velocity
Hertz
Meter
per
second
Hz
ms1
Viscosity
Dynamic
viscosity
Kinematic
viscosity
Pascalsecond
Square
meters
per
second
Pas
m2s-1
Poise
Centipoise
cP
Stokes
St
Centistoke
cSt
1 Pas = 1 Nsm-2
= 1 kgm-1s-1
1P
= 0.1 Pas
1 cP
= 0.01 Pas
= 0.001 Pas
= mPas
1 St
= 1 cm2s-1
1 cSt
= 1 mm2s-1
119
Mass and weight
Time
Time interval
Derived units
Size
SI unit
Name
Symbol
Force
Newton
Pressure
Newton
per
square
meter
Pascal
Nm-2
Pa
Joule
Further units
Name
Relationship
Symbol
Force, energy, power
Energy, work
heat quantity
Power
Watt
Electric
current
Electric
potential
Electric
conductance
Electric
resistance
Ampere
Volt
Siemens
Ohm
Electric
charge
Coulomb
Electric
capacitance
Farad
Candela
Lumen
Lux
cd
lm
lx
1N
= 1 kgms-2
Bar
bar
Kilowatthour
kWh
1 Pa
= 1 Nm-2
1 bar
= 105 Pa
1J
= 1 Nm
= 1 Ws
= 1 kgm2s-2
1 kWh
= 3.6 MJ
1W
= 1 Js-1
= 1 Nms-1
= 1 VA
Electrical measures
Amperehour
Axh
1S
= 1 AV-1
1V
= 1 VA-1
= 1 S-1
1C
= 1 As
1 Ah
= 3600 As
1F
= 1 CV-1
Luminous intensity
Luminous intensity
Luminous flux
Illuminance
120
1 lm = 1 cdsr
1 lx = 1 lmm-2
1 cdsrm-2
Derived units
Size
SI unit
Name
Symbol
Becquerel
Bq
Further units
Name
Symbol
Curie
Ci
Relationship
Ionizing radiation
Activity
1 Bq = 1 s-1
1 Ci = 37 G Bq
Enzymatic
activity
Katal
kat
Enzyme
unit
1 kat
= 1 mols-1
= 60 molmin-1
1U
= 1 mols-1
= 1 kat
60
= 16.67 nkat
121
Mass and weight
Enzymatic activity
US and British measuring units

Conversion to metric units
Volume
Liters
US gallons
Imperial gallons
Imperial gallons
US gallons
Cubic meters
Cubic feet
Cubic meters
US gallons
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
0.2642
3.785
1.201
4.546
0.8327
35.31
0.0283
264.2
0.00379
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3.281
0.3048
39.37
0.0254
0.3937
2.540
0.0394
25.4
= US gallons
= Liters
= US gallons
= Liters
= Imperial gallons
= Cubic feet
= Cubic meters
= US gallons
= Cubic meters
Length
Meters
Feet
Meters
Inches
Centimeters
Inches
Millimeters
Inches
= Feet
= Meters
= Inches
= Meters
= Inches
= Centimeters
= Inches
= Millimeters
Weight
Kilograms
Pounds
Tons (long)
Tons (long)
Tonnes (metr.)
Tonnes (metr.)
Tons (short)
Tons (short)
Grams
Grains
Grams
Ounces (US)
Ounces (troy)
122
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
2.2046
0.4536
1016.05
2240
1000
2204.6
907.185
2000
15.432653
0.0647989
0.0352740
28.349527
31.1035
= Pounds
= Kilograms
= Kilograms
= Pounds
= Kilograms
= Pounds
= Kilograms
= Pounds
= Grains
= Grams
= Ounces (US)
= Grams
= Grams
US and British measuring units

Conversion to metric units
Temperature
required in
a Centigrade
Centigrade
Raumur
Fahrenheit
a8
10
a 8 + 32
10
b 10 + 32
8
b 10
8
(c 32) 10
18
b Raumur
c Fahrenheit
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
40
31
22
13
4
+5
14
23
32
+5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
41
50
59
68
77
86
95
104
113
C
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
(c 32) 8
18
122
131
140
149
158
167
176
185
194
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
203
212
221
230
239
248
257
266
275
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
284
293
302
311
320
329
338
347
356
185
190
195
200
210
365
374
383
392
410
123
Mass and weight
given in
09
Other useful tables

Physical constants
Greek alphabet
Greek numerals / Roman numbers
Freezing mixtures
Particle sizes
Miscibility table
126
127
128
129
130
130
132
134
136
138
140
Physical constants
Constant
Symbol
Value
Atomic mass unit

Avogadro constant
Bohr magneton
Bohr radius
Boltzmann constant
Compton wavelength (e)
Compton wavelength (n)
Compton wavelength (p)
Electric field
constant in vacuo
Electron radius
Elementary charge
Faraday constant
Fine structure constant
Gas constant
Gravitation constant
Intrinsic impedance
Light velocity
in vacuo
Loschmidt constant
Magnetic field
constant in vacuo
Molar volume of ideal
gases 298 K, 101.325 kPa
Normal acceleration of fall
Planck constant
Rest mass of the electron
Rest mass of the neutron
Rest mass of the proton
Rotational quantum
ydberg constant
mU
NA
1.660540
6.022137
9.274015
5.291771
1.380662
2.426311
1.319591
1.321410
8.854188
1027
1023
1024
1011
1023
1012
1015
1015
1012
kg
mol1
JT1
m
JK1
m
m
m
Fm1
1015
1019
104
103
m
C
Cmol1
2.817941
1.602177
9.648531
7.297353
8.31451
6.672590
3.767301
2.997924
1011
102
108
Jmol1K1
Nm2kg2
V
ms1
NL
2.686763
1025
m3
nm
1.256637
2.445294
10
102
Hm1
m3mol1
g
h
me
mn
mp
h/(2 )
R
9.80665
6.626075
9.109390
1.674929
1.672623
1.054588
1.097373
1034
1031
1027
1027
1034
107
ms2
Js
kg
kg
kg
Js
m1
126
B
O
kB
Ce
Cn
Cp
O
re
e
F
R
f

% relative air humidity
above the solution
[at 20C]
di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate

Sodium carbonate
Zinc sulfate
Potassium chloride
Ammonium sulfate
Sodium chloride
Sodium nitrite
Ammonium nitrate
Calcium nitrate
Potassium carbonate
Zinc nitrate
Calcium chloride
Lithium chloride
Na2HPO4 12 H2O
Na2CO3 10 H2O
ZnSO4 7 H2O
KCl
(NH4)2SO4
NaCl
NaNO2
NH4NO3
Ca (NO3)2 4 H2O
K2CO3
Zn (NO3)2 6 H2O
CaCl2 6 H2O
LiCl H2O
95
92
90
86
80
76
65
63
55
45
42
32
15
Other useful tables
Saturated aqueous
solution with
considerable precipitates
127
Greek alphabet
Letter
Name
Pronunciation
lpha
bta
gmma
dlta
psilon
zta
ta
thta
ita
kppa
lmbda
m
n
xi
micron
pi
rho
sigma
tau
y psilon
phi
chi
psi
mega
a
b
g
d
e (short)
z
e (long)
th
i
k
l
m
n
x
o (short)
p
r
s
t
y
ph
ch
ps
o (long)
1 At the beginning and in the middle of a word

2 At the end of a word
128
Greek numbers / Roman numbers

hemi
mono
sesqui
di , bi
hemipenta
tri
tetra
penta
hexa
hepta
octa
nona , ennea
deca
hendeca , undeca
dodeca
trideca
tetradeca
pentadeca
hexadeca
heptadeca
octadeca
nonadeca
eicosa
tetraconta
pentaconta
hexaconta
nonaconta
hecta
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XL
L
LX
XC
IC
C
CC
CD
D
DC
CM
XM
M
Other useful tables
1
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
40
50
60
90
99
100
200
400
500
600
900
990
1000
129
Freezing mixtures
The numbers represent weight proportions
4 water
1 water
1 water
3 ice ground
1,2 ice ground
1,2 ice ground
1,4 ice ground
Methanol or acetone
Diethyl ether
+ 1 potassium chloride
+ 1 ammonium nitrate
+ 1 sodium nitrate + 1 ammonium chloride
+ 1 sodium chloride
+ 1 magnesium chloride (MgCl2 7 H2O)
+ 2 calcium chloride (CaCl2 6 H2O)
+ 2 calcium chloride (CaCl2 6 H2O)
+ dry ice
+ dry ice
Lowering
temperature
from [C] to
+ 10
+ 10
+ 8
0
0
0
0
+ 15
+ 15
12
15
24
21
34
39
55
77
100

Name
Cat. No.
Notes on use
Extran MA 01
alkaline / liquid
107555
Universal cleaning agent for heavy contamination.

For hard water even up to 40 d. For cleaning tables,
tiles, and floors in the laboratory.
Suitable for ultrasonic cleaning.
Extran MA 02
neutral / liquid
107553
Special cleaner for precision instruments of glass,

quartz and sensitive metals. Suitable for ultrasonic
cleaning.
Extran MA 05
liquid / alkaline /
phosphatefree
concentrate
140000
Universal cleaning agent for heavy contamination. With

very hard water also usable without restrictions.
Environmentally friendly as it contains no phosphate and
NTA*. Suitable for ultrasonic cleaning.
Extran AP 11
mildly alkaline /
powder
107558
Universal cleaning agent for cleaning alkali

sensitive materials.
Extran AP 12
alkaline / powder
107563
Powerful cleaning action. Particularly with starch

and protein residues.
Extran AP 13
alkaline with
detergents /
powder
107565
Powerful cleaning action. Particularly with

fat residues.
Extran AP 16
liquid / mildly
alkaline
concentrate
140001
Gentle cleaning action for machines with liquid dosing;

e.g. in the analytical laboratory.
Environmentally friendly as it contains no phosphate and
NTA*. Cleaning action equivalent to that of AP 11 powder.
Extran AP 17
alkaline
concentrate
liquid
140006
Universal cleaning agent for cleaning alkali

sensitive materials.
130
Name
Cat. No.
Notes on use
Extran AP 21
acidic with
phosphoric acid
liquid
107559
Universal cleaning agent for cleaning heavy

contaminated materials.
Extran AP 22
acidic with
citric acid liquid
107561
Gentle prerinse or final rinse with neutralizing

action. Prevents the formation of calcareous deposits.
Environmentally friendly as it contains no phosphate.
Extran AP 33
liquid / antifoaming agent /
formaldehydefree
140007
Additive for foam-forming residues: proteins, fats,

emulsifiers of all types. Environmentally friendly as it
contains no formaldehyde.
Extran AP 41
enzymatic /
powder
107570
For medical and dental practices, anaesthetic equipment.

For the removal of mucus, saliva, blood etc. Temperature:
55 65C.
* NTA = Nitrilotriacetic Acid
Extran cleaning agents in renowned Merck quality

are the key to reliable cleaning of your labware.
Merck provides its high-quality Extran cleaning
agents for more than 25 years now.
The benefits to you:
Extran cleans reliably without leaving any residues
performed.
Extran is free from scented materials, colorants,
chlorine and toxic ingredients.
Its active ingredients are biodegradable, so environmental demands are met.
www.merckmillipore.com/extran
131
Other useful tables
Particle sizes
Mesh size w
DIN 4188
(D)
[mm]
ASTM
E1170
(USA)
[mesh]
ASTM
E16170
(USA)
[m]
BS
410 : 1969
(GB)
[m]
Tyler
[mesh]
5
10
15
0.02
0.022
0.025
22
27
0.028
0.032
0.036
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.056
0.063
0.071
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.112
0.125
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
0.224
0.25
0.28
0.315
0.355
0.4
132
32
400
38
38
400
325
45
45
325
270
53
53
270
230
63
63
250
200
75
75
200
170
90
90
170
140
106
106
150
120
125
125
115
100
150
150
100
80
180
80
70
212
65
60
250
60
50
300
48
45
355
42
Particle sizes
Mesh size w
(D)
[mm]
0.45
0.5
0.56
0.63
0.71
0.8
0.9
1
1.12
1.18
1.25
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.24
2.5
2.8
3.15
3.55
4
4.5
5
5.6
ASTM
E1170
(USA)
[mesh]
ASTM
E16170
(USA)
[m]
BS
410 : 1969
(GB)
[m]
Tyler
[mesh]
40
425
35
35
500
32
30
600
28
25
710
24
20
850
20
18
1000
16
16
1180
14
14
1400
12
12
1700
10
10
2000
2360
2800
3350
4000
4750
5600
Other useful tables
DIN 4188
133

TMS = 0 ppm
H3C C -
220
200
180
220
200
180
220
200
180
C primary
H3C Halogen
H3C O
H3C N
H3C S
CH2 C -
C secondary
CH2 Halogen
CH2 O
CH2 N
CH2 S
CH C -
C tertiary
CH Halogen
CH O
CH N
CH S
CC-
C quaternary
C Halogen
CO
CS
CC-
Alkanes
C C
Alkynes
C=C
Alkenes
C=C
Aromatics
C=C
Heteroaromatics
OC N
Cyanates
SC N
Thiocyanates
C N
Cyanides
C=N
Azomethines
( CO)2O
Anhydrides
COOR
Esters
( CO)2NR
Imides
CONHR
Amides
COOH
Acids
COCI
Acid Chlorides
C=O
Aldehyde
C=O
134
Ketone
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
20
40
Cl
aliphates cyclopropanes
I
Cl
Cl
Other useful tables
Cl
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
20
40
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
20
40
135

TMS = 0 ppm
H3C CR3
13
12
11
10
13
12
11
10
13
12
11
10
Methyl protons
H3C Halogen
H3C O
H3C N
H3C
C=C
H3C
C=O
H3C Ar
CH2 CR3
Methylene protons
CH2 Halogen
CH2 O
CH2 N
CH2
C=C
CH2
C=O
CH2 Ar
CH CR3
Methine protons
CH Halogen
CH O
CH N
CH
C=O
CH Ar
C CH
CCH
CCH
Alkynes
Alkenes, nonconjugated
Alkenes, conjugated
Ar H
Aromatics
Ar H
Heteroaromatics
OCH
Aldehydes
ROH*
Alcohols, very dilute solution
ROH*
Alcohols, 0.1 0.9 mol/l
RCO2H*
Carboxylic acids, dimer
SO3H
Sulfonic acids
RSH*
Thiols
ArSH*
Thiophenols
RNH2*
Amines, 0.1 0.9 mol/l
R2NH*
Amines, 0.1 0.9 mol/l
ArNH-(H, R, Ar)*
Aromatic amines, primary, secondary
RNH3+, R2NH2+, R3NH+
in TFA solution
ArNH3+, ArRNH2+, ArR2NH+
in TFA solution
* The chemical shifts of these groups are concentration-dependent and are shifted to lower
ppm values in more dilute solutions
136
Other useful tables
(ppm)
137
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Chloroform
Cyclohexane
1,2-Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Diethyl ether
Dimethyl formamide
Dimethyl sulfoxide
1,4-Dioxane
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
Heptane
Hexane
Methanol
Methyl-tert-butyl ether
Pentane
1-Propanol
2-Propanol
Tetrahydrofuran
Toluene
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
Water
miscible
immiscible
138
Dimethyl formamide
Diethyl ether
Dichloromethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
Cyclohexane
Chloroform
Acetonitrile
Acetone
Miscibility tables
139
Other useful tables
Water
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
Toluene
Tetrahydrofuran
2-Propanol
1-Propanol
Pentane
Methyl-tert-butyl ether
Methanol
Hexane
Heptane
Ethyl acetate
Ethanol
1,4-Dioxane
Dimethyl sulfoxide
1
1
Li
Na
Fr
40.078 21
44.956 22
47.867 23
50.942 24
51.996 25
54.938 26
55.845 27
58.933
842
1541
1668
1910
1907
1246
1538
1495
1484
2836
3287
3407
2671
2061
2861
2927
1.04
1.20
1.32
1.45
1.56
1.60
1.64
1.70
2
3
3, 4
0, 2, 3, 4, 5
0, 2, 3, 6 -1, 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7
-2, 0, 2, 3, 6
-1, 0, 2, 3
[Ar] 4s2
[Ar] 3d14s2
[Ar] 3d24s2
[Ar] 3d34s2
[Ar] 3d54s1
[Ar] 3d54s2
[Ar] 3d64s2
[Ar] 3d74s2
85.468 38
39.31
688
0.89
1
[Kr] 5s1
87.62 39
88.906 40
91.224 41
92.906 42
95.94 43
*97.907 44
101.07 45
102.91
777
1526
1855
2477
2623
2157
2334
1964
1382
3336
4409
4744
4639
4265
4150
3695
0.99
1.11
1.22
1.23
1.30
1.36
1.42
1.45
2
3
4
3, 5
0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
7 -2, 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2
1
2
2
2
4
1
5
1
5
2
7
1
[Kr] 5s
[Kr] 4d 5s
[Kr] 4d 5s
[Kr] 4d 5s
[Kr] 4d 5s
[Kr] 4d 5s
[Kr] 4d 5s
[Kr] 4d85s1
132.91 56
28.44
671
0.86
1
[Xe] 6s1
137.33
727
1897
0.97
2
[Xe] 6s2
*223.02 88
27
677
0.86
1
[Rn] 7s1
*226.03
700
1737
0.97
2
[Rn] 7s2
Ca
Sr
Ba
Ra
Sc
Y
Lanthanides
Cr
Nb
Mn
Mo
Tc
Fe
Co
Ru
Rh
178.49 73
180.95 74
183.84 75
186.21 76
190.23 77
192.22
2233
3017
3422
3186
3033
2446
4603
5458
5555
5596
5012
4428
1.23
1.33
1.40
1.46
1.52
1.55
4
5
0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
0, 2, 4, 6, 7 -2, 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
14
2
2
14
3
2
14
4
2
14
5
2
14
6
2
14
[Xe] 4f 5d 6s
[Xe] 4f 5d 6s
[Xe] 4f 5d 6s
[Xe] 4f 5d 6s
[Xe] 4f 5d 6s
[Xe] 4f 5d76s2
72
Hf
89103
104
Actinides
Rf
Ta
*261.11 105
*262.11 106
Db
138.91 58
140.12 59
920
795
3464
3443
1.08
1.08
3
3, 4
[Xe] 5d16s2
[Xe] 4f15d16s2
Re
*266.12 107
Sg
Ir
Bh
*277 109
Hs
*268.14
Mt
*144.91 62
1042
3000
1.07
3
[Xe] 4f56s2
150.36 63
1072
1794
1.07
2, 3
[Xe] 4f66s2
151.96
826
1529
1.01
2, 3
[Xe] 4f76s2
*227.03 90
*232.04 91
*231.04 92
*238.03 93
1050
1842
1568
1132
3198
4788
4027
4131
1.00
1.11
1.14
1.22
3
4
4, 5
3, 4, 5, 6
[Rn] 6d17s2
[Rn] 6d27s2
[Rn] 5f26d17s2
[Rn] 5f36d17s2
*237.05 94
644
4000
1.22
3, 4, 5, 6
*244.06 95
639.4
3228
1.22
3, 4, 5, 6
*243.06
1176
2607
1.20
3, 4, 5, 6
Actinides
Ac
Ce
Th
*3
4
5
6
7
8
1 Atomic number
2 Element symbol
3 Relative atomic mass [g/mol]
* most stable isotope
4 Melting point [C]
5 Boiling point [C]
6 Electronegativity [Allred, Rochow]
7 Oxidation states
8 Electron configuration
140.91 60
935
3520
1.07
3, 4
[Xe] 4f36s2
Os
*264.12 108
144.24 61
1024
3074
1.07
3
[Xe] 4f46s2
La
89
Ti
Zr
5771
57
Mg
Lanthanides
39.098 20
63.38
759
0.91
1
[Ar] 4s1
Rb
87
24.305
650
1090
1.23
2
[Ne] 3s2
37
Cs
22.990 12
97.72
883
1.01
1
[Ne] 3s1
19
9.0122
1287
2469
1.47
2
[He] 2s2
Be
11
55
6.941 4
180.54
1342
0.97
1
[He] 2s1
1.0079
259.14
252.87
2.20
1, 1
1s1
Pr
Pa
Nd
Pm
Np
Nonmetals
Halogens
Inert gases
Alkaline-earth metals
Alkali metals
Transition metals
Lanthanides
Actinides
Other metals
Semi metals
Sm
Pu
Eu
Am
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
2
4.0026
272.2
268.93
He
1s2
B
13
10.811 6
2075
3927
2.01
3
[He] 2s22p1
15.999 9
218.79
182.96
3.50
2, 1
[He] 2s22p4
18.998 10
20.18
219.62
248.59
188.12
246.08
4.10
1
[He] 2s22p5
[He] 2s22p6
Ne
26.982 14
28.086 15
30.974 16
32.065 17
35.453 18
39.948
660.32
1414
44.15
115.21
101.5
189.35
34.04
2519
3265
277
444.6
185.85
2.83
1.47
1.74
2.06
2.44
3
-4, 4
3, 3, 5
2, 2, 4, 6
1, 1, 3, 5, 7
[Ne] 3s23p1
[Ne] 3s23p2
[Ne] 3s23p3
[Ne] 3s23p4
[Ne] 3s23p5
[Ne] 3s23p6
Al
28
12.011 7
14.007 8
3550
210
4827
195.8
2.50
3.07
4, 2, 4
3, 2, 3, 4, 5
[He] 2s22p2
[He] 2s22p3
Si
Cl
Ar
58.693 29
63.546 30
65.409 31
69.723 32
72.64 33
74.922 34
78.96 35
79.904 36
83.798
1455
1084.62
419.53
29.76
938.25
subl. 615
221
7.3
157.36
2913
2562
907
2204
2833
subl. 615
685
58.8
153.22
1.75
1.75
1.66
1.82
2.02
2.20
2.48
2.74
0, 2, 3
1, 2
2
3
4
3, 3, 5
2, 4, 6
1, 1, 3, 5, 7
2, 4
[Ar] 3d84s2
[Ar] 3d104s1
[Ar] 3d104s2 [Ar] 3d104s24p1 [Ar] 3d104s24p2 [Ar] 3d104s24p3 [Ar] 3d104s24p4 [Ar] 3d104s24p5 [Ar] 3d104s24p6
Ni
46
Pd
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Kr
Br
106.42 47
107.87 48
112.41 49
114.82 50
118.71 51
121.76 52
127.60 53
126.90 54
131.29
1554.9
961.78
321.07
156.6
231.93
630.63
449.51
113.7
111.7
2963
2162
767
2072
2602
1587
988
184.3
108.12
1.30
1.42
1.46
1.49
1.72
1.82
2.01
2.21
0, 2, 4
1, 2
2
3
2, 4
3, 3, 5
2, 4, 6
1, 1, 3, 5, 7
2, 4, 6
10
10
1
10
2
10
2
1
10
2
2
10
2
3
10
2
4
10
2
5
10
[Kr] 4d
[Kr] 4d 5s
[Kr] 4d 5s
[Kr] 4d 5s 5p
[Kr] 4d 5s 5p
[Kr] 4d 5s 5p
[Kr] 4d 5s 5p
[Kr] 4d 5s 5p
[Kr] 4d 5s25p6
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
Xe
195.08 79
196.97 80
200.59 81
204.38 82
207.2 83
208.98 84
*208.98 85
*209.99 86
*222.02
1768.3
1064
38.83
304
327.46
271.5
254
302
71
3825
2856
356.73
1473
1749
1564
962
337
61.7
1.42
1.42
1.44
1.44
1.55
1.67
1.76
1.96
0, 2, 4
1, 3
1, 2
1, 3
2, 4
3, 5
2, 4, 6
1, 1, 3, 5, 7
2
14
9
1
14
10
1
14
10
2
14
10
2
1
14
10
2
2
14
10
2
3
14
10
2
4
14
10
2
5
14
10
[Xe] 4f 5d 6s
[Xe] 4f 5d 6s
[Xe] 4f 5d 6s [Xe] 4f 5d 6s 6p [Xe] 4f 5d 6s 6p [Xe] 4f 5d 6s 6p [Xe] 4f 5d 6s 6p [Xe] 4f 5d 6s 6p [Xe] 4f 5d 6s26p6
78
Pt
Au
Rg
Ds
157.25 65
1312
3273
1.11
3
[Xe] 4f75d16s2
64
Gd
96
Hg
*280 112
*281 111
110
Cm
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
Cn
158.93 66
162.50 67
164.93 68
167.26 69
168.93 70
173.04 71
174.97
1356
1407
1461
1529
1545
824
1652
3230
2567
2720
2868
1950
1196
3402
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.11
1.11
1.06
1.14
3, 4
3
3
3
2, 3
2, 3
3
[Xe] 4f96s2
[Xe] 4f106s2
[Xe] 4f116s2
[Xe] 4f126s2
[Xe] 4f136s2
[Xe] 4f146s2
[Xe] 4f145d16s2
Tb
*247.07 97
1340
3110
1.20
3, 4
Tl
*285
Bk
Dy
*247.07 98
1050
1.20
3, 4
Cf
Ho
*251.08 99
900
1.20
3, 4
Es
Er
*252.08 100
860
1.20
3
Tm
*257.1 101
1527
Fm
1.20
3
Yb
*258.10 102
827
Md
1.20
3
Lu
*259.10 103
827
No
1.20
2, 3
Lr
*262.11
1627
3
Other useful tables
Notes
For any further information

please contact your local agent
We provide information and advice to our customers to the best of our knowledge and
ability, but without obligation or liability. Existing laws and regulations are to be observed
in all cases by our customers. This also applies in respect to any rights of third parties.
Our information and advice do not relieve our customers of their own responsibility for
checking the suitability of our products for the envisaged purpose.
W280111
Merck KGaA
64271 Darmstadt, Germany
E-mail: contact@merckgroup.com
2013 Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. All rights reserved.
06/13
For further information on Merck Millipore

and our products contact:

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Tables for laboratory use

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02 Chemical and physical properties of elements and inorganic compounds

03 Solutions aqueous systems

04 Indicators and buffers

07 Physical methods for the determination of elements

08 Conversion factors and units

09 Other useful tables

Safety in the laboratory

Proper behavior inside the laboratory

If necessary, appropriate measures have to be taken. When reaching the

Thoroughly rinse chemically burned eyes under a gentle stream of

Take off immediately any clothing contaminated with chemicals.

In case of accidents or if you feel unwell, consult a physician and state

Do not smoke, eat and drink in laboratory rooms or while working

Safety in the laboratory

Safety carrier for glass bottles

Hazard and precautionary statements

In contact with water releases flammable gases.

May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.

May cause respiratory irritation.

Suspected of causing genetic defects <state route of exposure

May cause cancer <state route of exposure if it is conclusively

May cause cancer by inhalation.

May damage fertility or the unborn child <state specific effect if

May damage the unborn child.

Suspected of damaging the unborn child.

Safety in the laboratory

H302 + H332 Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled.

Hazard and precautionary statements

May cause harm to breast-fed children.

May cause damage to organs <or state all organs affected, if

Causes damage to organs <or state all organs affected, if known>

May cause damage to organs <or state all organs affected, if

Very toxic to aquatic life.

Warning! Contains lead.

Contains chromium (VI). May produce an allergic reaction.

Contains epoxy constituents. May produce an allergic reaction.

Warning! Contains cadmium. Dangerous fumes are formed during

Contains <name of sensitising substance>. May produce an allergic

Can become highly flammable in use.

Keep away from heat / sparks / open flames / hot surfaces. No

Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source.

Keep wetted with

Safety in the laboratory

Hazard and precautionary statements

Avoid breathing dust / fume / gas / mist / vapors / spray.

Avoid release to the environment.

Use personal protective equipment as required.

If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in

If experiencing respiratory symptoms:

Remove / Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.

Use for extinction.

IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor / physician if you

IF SWALLOWED: rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.

IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water / wrap in wet bandages.

IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position

IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and

Safety in the laboratory

Hazard and precautionary statements

IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove

IF ON CLOTHING: rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin