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9. Define value.
The term value is used in different ways and, consequently, has different meanings. The
designer equates the value with reliability; a purchase person with price paid for the item;
a production person with what it costs to manufacture and a sales person with what the
customer is willing to pay. Value, in value investigation, refers to economic value,
10. List the four types of economic value.
1. Cost value
2. Exchange value,
3. Use value
4. Esteem value
11. Define performance
The performance of a product is the measure of functional features and properties that
make it suitable for a specific purpose.
12. Define function.
Function is the purpose for which the product is made.
13. List the classification of function.
1. Primary function
2. Secondary function
3. Tertiary function
14. Write a short note on primary and secondary function.
Primary functions: are the basic functions for which the product is specially designed to
achieve. Primary functions, therefore, are the most essential functions whose nonperformance would make the product worthless, e.g. a photo frame exhibits photographs,
a chair supports weight, a fluorescent tube gives light.
Secondary functions: are those which, if not in-built, would not prevent the device from
performing its primary functions, e.g., arms of a chair provided support for hands.
Secondary functions are usually related to convenience. The product can still work and
fulfill its intended objective even if these functions are not in-built and yet they may be
necessary to sell the product.
15. Define aim in economics.
To attempt or intend to reach a certain goal.
UNIT - III
PART - A
1. Define present worth method.
In this method of comparison, the cash flows of each alternative will be reduced to time
zero by assuming an interest rate i. Then, depending on the type of decision, the best
alternative will be selected by comparing the present worth amounts of the alternatives.
2. Draw the revenue dominated cash flow diagram.
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The rate of return of a cash flow pattern is the interest rate at which the present worth of
that cash flow pattern reduces to zero. In this method of comparison, the rate of return for
each alternative is computed.
15. What is cash dominated cash flow diagram?
A cash flow diagram is a tool used by accountants and engineers, to represent the
transactions of cash which will take place over the course of a given project. Transactions
can include initial investments, maintenance costs, projected earnings or savings resulting
from the project, as well as salvage and resale value of equipment at the end of the
project.
UNIT - IV
PART - A
1. Write the different types of maintenance.
1. Corrective
2. scheduled
3. predictive
4. preventive
2. Define prevention maintenance (PM).
Preventive maintenance (PM) is the periodical inspection and service activities which are
aimed to detect potential failures and perform minor adjustments or repairs which will
prevent major operating problems in future.
3. Define Break down maintenance.
Breakdown maintenance is the repair which is generally done after the equipment has
attained down state. It is often of an emergency nature which will have associated penalty
in terms of expediting cost of maintenance and down time cost of equipment.
4. Write the different types of Replacement.
Replacement study can be classified into two categories:
1. Replacement of assets that deteriorate with time (Replacement due to gradual failure,
or wear and tear of the components of the machines).
2. Simple probabilistic model for assets which fail completely (replacement due to
sudden failure).
5. Define economic life of an asset.
Any asset will have the following cost components:
1. Capital recovery cost (average first cost), computed from the first cost (purchase price)
of the machine.
2. Average operating and maintenance cost (O & M cost)
3. Total cost which is the sum of capital recovery cost (average first cost) and average
maintenance cost.
6. What are the types of Replacement policies?
1. A thorough replacement analysis.
2. An understanding of replacement drivers.
3. Evaluation of replacement cost.
7. What is meant by economic life of an asset?
A simple model to calculate Economic Life shows how the impact of Continuous
Improvement on asset life can be readily assessed.
8. Name the types of maintenance.
1. Preventive maintenance
2. Break down maintenance
9. List down the types of replacement problem.
1. Replacement of assets that deteriorate with time.
2. Simple probabilistic model for assets which fails completely
RAJESWARI S-AP/ECE
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RAJESWARI S-AP/ECE
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RAJESWARI S-AP/ECE
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DEPT OF ECE
UNIT- I
PART-A
1. Define Gunn Effect.
Gunn Effect was first observed by Gunn in type GaAs bulk diode. According to Gunn, above
some critical voltage corresponding to an electric field of 2000-4000v/cm, the current in
every specimen became a fluctuating function of time. The frequency of oscillation was
determined mainly by the specimen and not by the external circuit.
2. What is the necessary condition for an IMPATT to produce oscillations?
An IMPATT diode (Impact ionization Avalanche Transit-Time) is a form of highpower diode used in high-frequency electronics and microwave devices.
The IMPATT diode family includes many different junctions and metal semiconductor
devices.
3. List the differences between microwave transistor and TED devices.
Step recovery diodes, transistors, tunnel diodes,& TEDs are active microwave devices that
generate power or amplify microwave signals.
4. What are the advantages of parametric amplifier?
Microwave and audio parametric amplifiers were used as low-noise amplifiers, to process
low-level signals. Therefore their non-linearity probably never occurred in use
5. What is meant by avalanche transit time device?
Negative resistance is achieved by creating a delay (1800 Phase shift) between the voltage
and current. Delay is achieved by, Delay in generating the avalanche current multiplication
& Delay due to transit time through the material So called Avalanche transit time (ATT)
devices
6. Mention the applications of PIN diode.
RF switches,
Attenuators,
Photo detectors,
Phase shifters
7. What is a parametric amplifier?
Parametric amplification is a phenomenon where a signal can be amplified using a
parametric nonlinearity and a pump wave. This focuses on optical amplification, even
though there are also electronic parametric amplifiers, used e.g. for microwaves.
8. What is the theory of a negative resistance amplifier?
A device exhibiting negative resistance can be used to amplify a signal and this is an
especially useful technique at microwave frequencies. Such devices do not present as
pure negative resistance at these frequencies (in the case of the tunnel diode a large
parallel capacitance is also present) and a matching filter is usually required.
The reactive components of the device's equivalent circuit can be absorbed into the filter
design so the circuit can be represented as a pure resistance followed by a bandpass
filter.
The output of this arrangement is fed into one port of a three-port circulator. The other
two ports constitute the input and output of the amplifier with the direction of
circulation.
9. Explain how a tunnel diode can be used as a amplifier.
A circuit showing how a tunnel diode can amplify a signal using negative differential
resistance. The DC voltage Vb biases the tunnel diode TD into its negative resistance region
and also supplies the power used in amplifying the signal. For stability the resistor R must be
less than the diodes negative resistance r. Therefore the total resistance of both devices in
series, r - R is a small negative value.
K.SHIYAMALA-AP/ECE
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S11
S12
S13
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S23 ..
S2n
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K.SHIYAMALA-AP/ECE
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UNIT-III
PART-A
1. What is Bolometer?
It is a power sensor whose resistance change with changed temperature as it absorbs
the microwave power. It is a short thin metallic wire sensor with positive temperature
coefficient of resistance.
2. What is transit time?
It is the time taken by the electro to travel from cathode to the plate of an electrode.
3. State the applications of magnetron.
Pulse work in Radar.
Linear particle accelerators.
4. What are the methods to detect microwave power?
Balometer method
Calorimeter method
5. What is meant by duty cycle?
When you change the power setting on most microwaves, it doesn't change the power output
of the magnetron. It changes the duty cycle, i.e. when the magnetron is on and when it is off.
6. How are microwave measurements different from low frequency measurements?
The low-frequency measurements are direct capacitance measurements performed with an
LCR meter and the capacitance determination at microwave frequencies is done by
extracting the capacitance from S-parameter measurement results. Several discrete and
monolithically integrated Schottky diodes are measured with both techniques and the
differences of the techniques are discussed in the view of the obtained results.
7. State the four types of TWT.
Broadband, Low noise, Low level amplifiers.
CW power TWT
Pulsed TWT
Dual mode TWT
8. How the Klystron amplifier can act as Klystron oscillator?
When the klystron amplifier is given a positive feedback such that the overall phase shift
becomes 0 or 360. Then the klystron amplifier acts as an oscillator.
9. Why magnetron is called as cross field device?
In cavity magnetron, there exist radial electric field and an axial magnetic field
perpendicular to each other and hence magnetron is called as a cross field device.
10. List any two methods of measuring impedance of a terminating load in a microwave
system.
Slotted line
Reflectometer
11. Give the main classifications of magnetron.
Negative resistance
Cyclotron frequency
Travelling wave.
12. What is a VSWR meter?
VSWR meter is a highly sensitive, high gain, high theta, low noise voltage amplifier tuned
normally at fixed frequency of 1KHZ of which microwave signals modulated. This meter
indicates calibrated VSWR reading fir any loads.
K.SHIYAMALA-AP/ECE
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the peak optical power of the pulse and therefore increases the effective attenuation of a
fiber,
8. What is Snells law?
The relationship at the interface is known as Snells law and is given by
n1sin1= n2sin2
9. What are the advantages of LED?
LEDs are less complex circuits than Laser diodes.
Fabrication is easier.
They have long life.
10. What are the two types of LED configuration?
Homo junction
Single and double hetero junction.
11. What are the advantages of Photodiodes?
Small size
Suitable material
High sensitivity
Fast response time
12. What are the types of photodiode?
PIN photo detector
Avalanche photodiode (APD)
13. Define avalanche effect.
The newly created carriers are accelerated by the high electric field, thus gaining enough
energy to cause further impact ionization. This phenomenon is called avalanche effect.
14. What is meant by total internal reflection?
The ray should travel from denser to rarer i.e. from core to clad region of the fiber and the
angle of incidence in the denser medium should be greater than the critical angle of that
medium.
15. Define modal dispersion.
Modal dispersion is a distortion mechanism occurring in multimode fibers and other
waveguides, in which the signal is spread in time because the propagation velocity of the
optical signal is not the same for all modes.
UNIT V
PART-A
1. Draw the block diagram of fiber optic system.
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The maximum angle max with which a ray of light can enter through the entrance end
of the fiber and still be totally internally reflected is called acceptance angle of the fiber.
5. What are step index and graded index fibers?
In the case of graded index fiber, the refractive index of a core is a constant and is larger
than the refractive index of the cladding. The light propagation is mainly by meridional
rays. In the case of graded index fiber (GRIN fiber) the refractive index of the core varies
parabolically from the centre of the core having maximum refractive index to the corecladding interface having constant minimum refractive index. Here the light propagation is
by skew rays.
6. Why do we prefer step index fiber for long distance communication?
Step index single mode fiber has a)low attenuation due to smaller core diameter b) higher
bandwidth and c) very low dispersion.
7. Define WDM.
In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology
which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using
different wavelengths (i.e., colors) of laser light. This technique enables bidirectional
communications over one strand of fiber, as well as multiplication of capacity.
8. What is meant by SONET?
Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are
standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over optical
fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). At low
transmission rates data can also be transferred via an electrical interface.
9. Define AON.
An active optical system uses electrically powered switching equipment, such as a router or
a switch aggregator, to manage signal distribution and direct signals to specific customers.
This switch opens and closes in various ways to direct the incoming and outgoing signals to
the proper place. In such a system, a customer may have a dedicated fiber running to his or
her house.
10. Define PON.
A passive optical network, on the other hand, does not include electrically powered
switching equipment and instead uses optical splitters to separate and collect optical signals
as they move through the network. A passive optical network shares fiber optic strands for
portions of the network. Powered equipment is required only at the source and receiving
ends of the signal.
11. What is meant by Rayleigh scattering?
The index variation causes a Rayleigh type of scattering of light. Rayleigh scattering in
glass in the same phenomenon that scatters light from sun in the atmosphere, giving rise to
blue sky.
12. What is the measure of information capacity in optical waveguide?
It is usually specified by bandwidth distance product in MHz. For a step index fiber the
various distortion effects tend to limit the bandwidth distance product to 20MHz.
13. Mention the losses responsible for attenuation in optical fibers.
Absorption losses, Scattering losses and bending losses
14. What do you meant by extrinsic absorption?
Absorption phenomena due to impurity atoms present in the fiber.
15. Define microscopic bending.
Fibers losses occur due to small bending arise while the fiber is inserted into a cable.
K.SHIYAMALA-AP/ECE
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Signal conditioning
Alarm monitoring
Direct Digital Control
Actuators
Man-Machine Interaction
Informs the operator of the current state of the controlled object
Assists the operator in controlling the system.
10. What are the temporal requirements of the embedded systems?
The temporal requirements of the embedded systems:
Tasks may have deadlines
Minimal latency jitter
Minimal error detection latency
Timing requirements due to tight software control loops
Human interface requirements.
11. What are dependability requirements of an embedded system?
The dependability requirements of an embedded system are as follows
Safety
critical failure modes
certification
Maintainability
MTTR in terms of repairs per hour
Availability
A = MTTF / (MTTF + MTTR)
Security
12. What is a Microprocessor?
A silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers, the terms
microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart of all personal
computers and most workstations sits a microprocessor. Microprocessors also control the
logic of almost all digital devices, from clock radios to fuel-injection systems for
automobiles.
13. What is a Microcontroller?
It is a small and low-cost computer built for the purpose of dealing with specific tasks,
such as displaying information in a microwave LED or receiving information from a
televisions remote control. Microcontrollers are mainly used in products that require a
degree of control to be exerted by the user.
14. What are differences between Microprocessor and Microcontroller?
MICROPROCESSOR
MICROCONTROLLERS
The functional blocks are
It includes functional blocks of
ALU, registers, timing &
microprocessors & in addition
control unit.
has timer, parallel i/o, RAM,
EPROM, and ADC & DAC.
Bit handling instruction is less, Many types of bit handling
one or two type only.
instruction.
Rapid movements of code and Rapid movements of code and
data between external memory data within me.
& MP.
It is used for designing general They are used for designing
purpose digital computers
application specific dedicated
system.
systems.
15. What are the various embedded system designs?
Modeling,Refining (or partitioning)
SATISH S,AP/ECE
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UNIT II
PART-A
1. Give the summary of I/O devices used in embedded system
Program, data and stack memories occupy the same memory space. The total addressable
memory size is 64 KB.
Program memory - program can be located anywhere in memory. Jump, branch and call
instructions use 16-bit addresses, i.e. they can be used to jump/branch anywhere within 64
KB. All jump/branch instructions use absolute addressing.
Data memory - the processor always uses 16-bit addresses so that data can be placed
anywhere. Stack memory is limited only by the size of memory. Stack grows downward.
First 64 bytes in a zero memory page should be reserved for vectors used by RST
instructions.
I/O ports
256 Input ports
256 Output ports
Registers
Accumulator or A register is an 8-bit register used for arithmetic, logic, I/O and load/store
operations.
2. Define bus.
Buses: The exchange of information.
Information is transferred between units of the microcomputer by collections of
conductors called buses. There will be one conductor for each bit of information to be
passed, e.g., 16 lines for a 16 bit address bus. There will be address, control, and data
buses
3. What are the classifications of I/O devices?
i. Synchronous serial input and output
ii. Asynchronous serial UART input and output
iii. Parallel one bit input and output
iv. Parallel port input and output
4. Give the steps for accomplishing input output data transfer
Accomplishing input/output data transfer
There are three main methods used to perform/control input/output data transfers.
Software programming (scanning or polling)
interrupt controlled
Direct memory access (DMA)
5. Give the limitations of polling technique.
The polling technique, however, has limitations.
It is wasteful of the processors time, as it needlessly checks the status of all devices all
the time.
It is inherently slow, as it checks the status of all I/O devices before it comes back to
check any given one again.
When fast devices are connected to a system, polling may simply not be fast enough to
satisfy the minimum service requirements. Priority of the device is determined
6. What do you meant by bus arbitration?
Bus Arbitration
Most processors use special control lines for bus arbitration, ie, controlling the use of the
address and data bus,
An input which the DMAC uses to request the bus
An output(s) indicating the bus status
An output indicating acceptance of the DMAC\'s bus request
7. What are the two characteristics of synchronous communication?
SATISH S,AP/ECE
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Bytes/frames maintain constant phase difference and should not be sent at random time
intervals. No handshaking signals are provided during the communication.
Clock pulse is required to transmit a byte or frame serially. Clock rate information is
transmitted by the transmitter.
8. What do you mean by asynchronous communication?
The most basic way of sharing data is by copying the data in question to each server. This
will only work if the data is changed infrequently and always by someone with
administrative access to all the servers in the cluster.
9. What are the characteristics of asynchronous communication?
Variable bit rate need not maintain constant phase difference
Handshaking method is used
Transmitter need not transmit clock information along with data bit stream.
10. What are the three ways of communication for a device?
i. Separate clock pulse along with data bits
ii. Data bits modulated with clock information
iii. Embedded clock information with data bits before transmitting
11. Expand a) SPI b) SCI
SPI Serial Peripheral Interface
SCI Serial Communication Interface
12. What are the features of SPI?
SPI has programmable clock rates
Full-duplex mode
Crystal clock frequency is 8MHz
Open drain or totempole output from master to slave
13. Define software timer.
A software timer is software that executes the increase/decrease count value on an
interrupt from timer or RTC. Software timer is used as virtual timing device.
14. What are the forms of timer?
Hardware interrupt timer
Software timer
User software controlled hardware timer
RTOS controlled hardware timer
UP/DOWN count action timer
One-shot timer (No reload after overflow and finished states)
16. Define RTC
RTC Stands for Real Time Systems. Once the system starts, do not stop/reset and the
count value cannot be reloaded.
17. What is I2C?
Inter- Integrated Circuit (2-wire/line protocol) which offers synchronous
communication.
Standard speed: 100Kbps and High speed: 400 Kbps
18. What are the bits in I2C corresponding to?
SDA Serial Data Line and SCL Serial Clock line
19. What is a CAN bus? Where is it used?
CAN stands for Controller Area Network. Serial line, bi-directional bus used in
automobiles.Operates at the rate of 1Mbps.
UNIT III
PART-A
1. What are the advantages of Assembly language?
It gives the precise control of the processor internal devices and full use of processor
specific features in its instruction sets and addressing modes.
The machine codes are compact, which requires only small memory.
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2. When a non-atomic operation that function should not operate on the function
declared outside.
3. A function does not call a function by itself when it is not reentrant.
12. Explain pass by reference.
When an argument value to a function is passed through a pointer, then the value can
be changed.
New value in the calling function will be returned from the called function.
13. Write the syntax for function pointer.
Syntax:
void *<function_name> (function arguments)
14. Define queue.
A structure with a series of elements.
Uses FIFO mode.
It is used when an element is not directly accessed using pointer and index but only
through FIFO.
Two pointers are used for insertion and deletion.
15. Define stack.
A structure with a series of elements which uses LIFO mode.
An element can be pushed only at the top and only one pointer is used for POP.
Used when an element is not accessible through pointer and index, but only through
LIFO.
UNIT IV
PART-A
1. What Is An Rtos?
RTOS is an OS for Embedded system for response time and event controlled processes.
2. What Are Rtos Basic Services?
RTOS Services:
Basic OS functions
- PM, RM, MM, DM, FSM, I/o, etc.
RTOS main functions
- RT task scheduling and latency control
Time management
- Time Allocation, time slicing & monitoring for efficiency.
Predictability
- Predicting time behavior and initiation of task
synchronization
Priorities Management - Allocation and Inheritance
IPC
- Synchronization of Tasks using IPC.
3. Why We Need Rtos?
We need RTOS for the following reasons,
When efficient scheduling in needed for multitasks with time constraints.
Task synchronization is needed.
Interrupt latency Control is needed.
4. What Are The Occasions Where We No Need Rtos?
Small scale embedded system never use RTOS.
Instead of functions in RTOS standard lib functions in C can be used. Example:
malloc(), free(), fopen(), fclose(), etc.
5. What Are Rtos Task Scheduling Models?
Control Flow Strategy
Data Flow Strategy
Control Data Flow Strategy
6. What Are The Features Of Control Flow Strategy?
Complete control of i/p and o/ps.
Co-operative scheduler adopts this strategy.
SATISH S,AP/ECE
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C.THIAGARAJAN,AP/ECE
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14.
15.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The input polynomial A(x) and the generator connections polynomial h(x). The maximum period
of the binary sequence generated by the r-stage shift register is limited to 2r1.Abinary sequence
which achieves this maximum period is called maximal-length sequence or simply m-sequence
Give the reasons for use of spread spectrum systems.
i) They aid privacy of the transmission, since the spectral density of the spread spectrum may be less
than the noise spectral density of the receiver.
ii) The de-spreading process in the receiver will spread the spectra of unwanted narrowband signals,
thus improving interference rejection.
iii) The effect on a spread spectrum receiver that receives a spread spectrum from a different spread
spectrum system using the same frequency bands but implementing a different spreading pattern,
approximates to noise in the receiver.
What is lockup state?
The maximum number of states for a shift register of length m is 2m, i.e. for a 7-stage shift register 27
= 128 states. However the all-zero state is not allowable as the pseudo-random generator would lockup as ex-ORing two logic 0 results in yet logic 0 at the input. Therefore a maximal length pseudorandom code generator can produce a pseudo-random sequence 2m-1 bit long before repeating itself.
This is called as Lock up state
UNIT -II
PART-A
What is meant by chernoff bound?
For a given jammer coordinate sequence J, the chernoff bound to the bit error probability is given as,
N-1
Pb(J)1/2 exp{-Eb/(2/N Jk2)}
K=0
This chernoff bound applies for all N and J, assumes the sequence {c (k) is likely to be 1 or -1
What is a jammer?
Jamming is the (usually deliberate) transmission of radio signals that disrupt communications by
decreasing the signal-to-noise ratio
Write about repeat code?
It transmit the rate of 1/m
K= {d1, d2.dn}
ai=di
Where i=1, 2, 3
Describe about pulse jammer
Jammer is occurs in the form of pulse over the transmission occurs, then it is known as pulse jammer
Draw the block diagram of coherent DSSS transmitter
C.THIAGARAJAN,AP/ECE
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C.THIAGARAJAN,AP/ECE
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4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
1.
2.
3.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
1.
2.
The acquisition problem is one of searching throughout a region of time and frequency uncertainty in
order to synchronize the received spread-spectrum signal with the locally generated spreading signal.
Tracking is done after the acquisition. It is used in both transmitter and receiver the local carrier is
called tracking.
Describe Delay locked loop?
In the delayed locked loop, two correlators have been used. This will make a delay to make a loop.
Therefore it is called as delayed locked loop
Enumerate the characteristics of FH SS receiver?
Spread-spectrum signals are highly resistant to deliberate jamming, unless the adversary has
knowledge of the spreading characteristics. These are characteristics of FH SS receiver
What is the need of synchronization in SS receiver?
In coherent reference, PN sequence and reference carrier is required. Similarly in non coherent
receiver reference carrier is required.
What is the need for asynchronization in SS receivers?
Need for asynchronization in SS receivers, coherent reference, PN sequence and reference carrier
is required. Similarly in non coherent receiver reference carrier is required. Therefore these are
necessary things are need in asynchronization in SS receivers.
What are the advantages of CDMA in spread spectrum communication?
Efficient practical utilization of the fixed frequency spectrum
Flexible allocation of resources
Define synchronization
The process of synchronizing the local and received PN signals is ordinarily accomplished in two
stages. Initially, a coarse alignment of the two PN signals is produced to within a small (typically less
than a fraction of a chip) residual relative timing offset.
What is acquisition?
It is defined as the acquisition problem is one of searching throughout a region of time and
frequency uncertainty in order to synchronize the received spread-spectrum signal with the locally
generated spreading signal. Hence it known as acquisition.
What is matched filter
The matched filter is the optimal linear filter for maximizing the signal to noise ratio (SNR) in the
presence of additive stochastic noise. Matched filters are commonly used in radar
What is acquisition in FHSS receiver
The received signal with mixed locally generated frequency then passed to BPF and then passed to
square law detector and then send it to the delay N-1 hop and then to passed comparator to produce
the output.
Describe DLL.
DLL is defined as the two correlators have been used. This will make a delay to make a loop.
Therefore it is called as delayed locked loop
Define coherent detection
A coherent detection is the conversion of the intermediate frequency signal in a Doppler radar to I and
Q channels. This signal is converted so that the phase of the echoes produced is preserved.
What is rapid acquisition
Rapid acquisition by sequential estimation (RASE), system enters its best estimate of the first n
received code chips into the n stages of its local PN generator. The fully loaded register defines a
starting state from which the generator begins its operation.
UNIT -V
PART-A
What are the satellite communication characteristics?
This communication comes under the category of wireless communication. It widely uses the
uplink and downlink frequency. The coverage range is extremely larger when compared to other
communications systems.
Write the working principle of CDMA?
C.THIAGARAJAN,AP/ECE
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
CDMA is an example of multiple access, which is where several transmitters can send information
simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of
frequencies (see bandwidth). To permit this to be achieved without undue interference between the
users, CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme
Give two advantages of spread spectrum?
The several advantages of Spread spectrum are WLAN and High resolution ranging and CDMA
radio.
What is multi path interference?
Multipath interference is a phenomenon in the physics of waves whereby a wave from a source
travels to a detector via two or more paths and, under the right condition; the two (or more)
components of the wave interfere.
What are the concepts of CDMA?
In code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, the narrowband message signal is multiplied
by a very large bandwidth signal called the spreading signal. The spreading signal is a pseudo-noise
code sequence that has a chip rate which is orders of magnitudes greater than the data rate of the
message.
What are the different application of SSC
It is widely used in military, industrial, avionics, scientific and civil uses etc.
List the potential application of SSC
It is majorly used in the place where secret communication is required, a strong secure
communications may be implemented by the usage of SSC. Therefore US military systems were first
used the spread spectrum communications system.
What is the acquisition in FH SS receiver?
The received signal with mixed locally generated frequency then passed to BPF and then passed
to square law detector and then send it to the delay N-1 hop and then to passed comparator to produce
the output.
What is anti jam military communication
One of the key applications of spread spectrum is for anti jam communications in a hostile
environment. The basic mechanism by which a DSSS receiver attenuates a noise jammer.
What are the benefits offered by spread spectrum for satellite communication
Secure communication, DTH, Cellular mobile communication, weather forecasting, military
purpose and unknown planets details exploration etc.
What is the purpose of radiometer?
A radiometer or roentgen meter is a device for measuring the radiant flux (power) of
electromagnetic radiation. Generally, the term radiometer denotes an infrared radiation detector or
Ultraviolet detector yet it also includes detectors operating on any electromagnetic wavelength.
State the need of IS 95
IS abbreviates for Interim Standard 95. This standard employs direct sequence spread spectrum in
order to provide dramatically higher capacity when compared to existing analog systems.
List the different types of interference
There are two different types of interference are available they are, Constructive Interference and
destructive interference
What is cell breathing?
In CDMA-based mobile telephone systems, cell breathing is a mechanism which allows
overloaded cells to offload subscriber traffic to neighboring cells by changing the geographic size of
their service area. Heavily loaded cells decrease in size while neighboring cells increase their service
area to compensate. Thus, some traffic is handed off from the overloaded cell to neighboring cells,
resulting in load balancing
State about GPS
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides
location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is
an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
C.THIAGARAJAN,AP/ECE
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