Effect of Acoustic Vibration On The Satellite Structure at Launch Stage

Kurdistan Regional Government Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Researches

University of Salahddin-Hawler
EFFECT OF ACOUSTIC VIBRATION ON

THE SATELLITE STRUCTURE
AT LAUNCH STAGE
A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE COUNCIL OF THE COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF SALAHADDIN-HAWLER
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING/APPLIED MECHANIC
By
AbdulRahman Bahaddin Shakir

B.Sc./Mechanical Engineering /2002
Supervised by
Dr.Safeen Y.Al-Qassab
Assistant Professor
July 2009
Rejeb 1430
Poshpar 2709
Kurdistan Regional Government Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Researches
University of Salahddin-Hawler
EFFECT OF ACOUSTIC VIBRATION ON

THE SATELLITE STRUCTURE
AT LAUNCH STAGE
A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE COUNCIL OF THE COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF SALAHADDIN-HAWLER
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING/APPLIED MECHANIC
By
AbdulRahman Bahaddin Shakir

B.Sc./Mechanical Engineering /2002
Supervised by
Dr.Safeen Y.Al-Qassab
Assistant Professor
July 2009
Rejeb 1430
Poshpar 2709
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DEDICATION
To my
Father and Mother
To my
Brother and Sister
To all
those Whom I love
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, thank you God for all the incredible blessings you have
always given me through my whole life and especially during my thesis years.
I would like to thank my advisor, Ass.Professor " Dr. Safeen Y. AlQassab", for his invaluable guidance. His encouragement and support were
instrumental to the successful completion of this project. I was indeed very
fortunate to have him as my project guide.
My special thanks are for my age friends "Mr. Azher Kareem" and
"Mr. Nyaz Taher", master students for the invaluable discussions and help
during the course of this work.
I like to express my special thanks to "Mr. Dlawar Ali" in Ministry of
Electricity for the help on creating the experimental work. And also wish to
express my deeply thankful to Engineers " Hussain Hamad " and " Karaman
Maulud" in the Ministry of Electricity.
I like to thank the members of the mechanical workshop to disturbance
them with high noise during my project tests, and I would like to thank
"Mr.Emad Odish" in mechanical department.
Also, I would like to thank my mother, my brothers, and all family. They
provided me with great love and encouragement to continue whenever I meet
difficulties in life.
AbdulRahman
ABSTRACT
The launch of satellite generates extreme conditions, such as vibrations and
acoustics that can affect the launch pad, satellite, and their payloads. The noise at
launch and liftoff causes intense acoustic loads. These acoustic loads are the result
of an intense acoustic environment generated by the interaction of the rocket-engine
exhaust stream mixing with the atmosphere.
Acoustic load among the most critical quantity measures before all the satellites
when launches to space. Vibrations that produced by use one side of the satellite
structure can contain valuable information about the state of acoustic on the
satellite. This work was planned and carried out in such a way to provide detailed
information on effect of the acoustic vibration on the plate of satellite structure.
The focus of this study is to find a correlation between acoustic and the plate
vibration. A Vibrometer measurement device was used to measure displacement
and velocity in horizontal directions to obtain the vibration information. Stress in
(x , y)-directions on the plate are measured by applying a strain gage technique.
The ranges of acoustic parameters in the present study were quite limited:
starting sound pressure level (80, 90, 100, and 108 dB), frequency of sound (31.5,
63,125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 Hz) and strain gage directions
(horizontal, and vertical).
The pressures of the sound and pressure spectral density are calculated by
sound pressure level (dB).
In this study also the finite element technique were used by software ANSYS to
appearance acoustic parameters, to analytical predictions. Structural modeshapes
and assessed with ANSYS. The plate was completed initially to define the
procedure and a method required in ANSYS to complete a plate assessment, and by
ANSYS was showed high level and low level of deformation and stress at each
place on the plate.
List of Symbols
A
Amplitude
CTE
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
DC
Direct current
Modulus of Elasticity (GPa)
e.g.
"Exemplum gratia" (Latin) = for example
ELV
Expendable launch vehicles
EM
The electrical model
EGSE
Electrical Ground Support Equipment
Etc.
Et cetera (Latin) = and so on
Frequency (Hz)
FEA
Finite element analysis
FM
The Flight model
fx
Frequency in any octave band
f ref
Frequency in reference level
i.e.
"id est" (Latin) = that's it/in other words
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Sound pressure (Pa)
Pref
Reference pressure (Pa)
Ps
Pressure spectral density
Prms
The root-mean-square pressure
Quality factor
QM
The qualification model
RLV
Reusable Launch Vehicles
RMS
Root main square
RSLVF
Representative Small Launch Vehicle Fairing
II
SM
The Structural model
SPL
The sound pressure level (dB)
Time (sec)
T3
Solution Heat Treatment ,cold worked and Natural

Aging
T6
Solution Heat Treatment ,artificially aged
T7
Solution Heat Treatment ,stabilized
VRMS
Voltage root main square
fc
Center frequency (Hz)
f max
Maximum frequency (Hz)
f min
Minimum frequency (Hz)
Natural frequency
Period (sec)
Displacement (m)
x&
Velocity (m/sec)
&x&
Acceleration (m/sec2 )
yield
Yield stress (MPa)
Ultimate
Ultimate stress (MPa)
Stress (MPa)
Strain (m/m)
III
Contents
Subject
Page
Abstract ....
List of Abbreviations ...
II
Contents ...
IV
List of Figures .
VII
List of Tables ...
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW

1-1 Introduction ..
1-2 Payload ....
4
x&
1-3 Design satellite .
4
x&
x &
1- 4 Materials .....
1-5 Vibration Frequency..
1-6 Acoustic Noise .
1-7 Acoustic Vibration ...
1-8 Random Vibration
1-9 Sound Pressure Level ..
10
1-10 Launch Vehicle Systems .
12
1-11 Vehicle Launch Loads .
13
1-12 Vibration modes ..
18
1-13 Literature review of acoustic vibration ...
19
1-14 The aim of this study ...
24
CHAPTER TWO: THEORITICAL AND FINITE ELEMENT OF

ACOUSTIC VIBRATION
2-1 Introduction ..
25
2-2 Decibels ....
25
IV
Subject
Page
2-3 Octaves ..
26
2-4 Pressure spectral density ...
29
2-5 Analysis of vibration data .
30
2-6 Finite Element Analysis ...
33
2-7 Procedure of software programming ....
34
CHAPTER THREE: EXPERIMENTAL WORK

3-1 Introduction ..
43
3-2 Materials and equipment apparatus ...
44
3-2-1 The plates material
44
3-2-2 Vibrometer ..
45
3-2-3 Strain measuring device setup ....
46
3-2-4 Determination of the modulus elasticity of tool holder by

using the tensile test method ..
47
3-2-5 Oscillator
48
3-2-6 Oscilloscope ...
48
3-2-7 Sound level meter ...
49
3-2-8 Loudspeaker.
50
3-3 Experimental work ....
53
3-4 Experimental results .
56
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4-1 Introduction ...
72
4-2 Data groups ...
72
4-3 Relationship between frequency and sound pressure level...
77
4-4 Relationship between frequency and displacement ..
79
4-5 Relationship between frequency and velocity ...
85
Subject
Page
4-6 Relationship between frequency and acceleration
91
4-7 Determination of stress .
97
4-8 Relationship between frequency and stress ..
100
4-9 Pressure spectral density ...
105
4-10 Relationship between frequency and pressure spectral density ..
108
4-11 Relationship between frequency and pressure
109
4-11 Finite element analysis ...
111
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

FOR FUTURE WORKS
5-1 CONCLUSION .
113
5-2 Future works .
114
REFERENCES ...
115
VI
List of Figures
Figures
Page
Figure (1-1)
Indicate acoustic vibration and random vibration
Figure (1-2)
Sketch of the rocket flow and contour overall
11
sound- pressure level for flight and launch cases

Figure (1-3)
Launch Vehicle and satellite
14
Figure (1-4)
Sketch of loads at lunch stage
15
Figure (1-5)
First and second harmonic modes for a simply
19
supported beam
Figure (2-1)
Harmonic motion
30
Figure (2-2)
Harmonic motion as projection of a point moving
31
on a circle
Figure (2-3)
In harmonic motion the velocity and acceleration

lead the displacement by
/2
and
31
Figure (2-4)
indicate mesh of the model
35
Figure (2-5)
Indicated ten modeshape of plate by using ANSYS
38
Workbench programs
Figure (2-6)
Indicated deformation of plate at different frequency
40
and pressures by using ANSYS Workbench

programs
Figure (2-7)
Indicated stress of plate at different frequency and
42
pressures by using ANSYS Workbench programs

Figure (3-1)
Vibroacoutic testing system
43
Figure (3-2)
Vibrometer device
45
Figure (3-3)
Indicate place of reading of vibration in the plate
46
Figure (3-4)
Insulation of strain measurement instrument on the
46
plate (A: horizontal, B: vertical)
VII
Figures
Figure (3-5)
Page
Digital strain indicator and switch balance unit
47
strain measuring device

Figure (3-6)
Electronic Oscillator
48
Figure (3-7)
Tektronix type Oscilloscope
49
Figure (3-8)
BK Precision's (model 732A) Sound Level Meter
50
Figure (3-9)
Structure of loudspeaker
52
Figure (3-10)
ECHO JASCO amplifiers and loudspeakers
52
Figure (3-11)
Screen of Ulead video studio program
54
Figure (3-12)
The reading the record data
54
Figure (3-13)
Experimental Procedure describes input variables
55
and output investigation

Figure (3-14)
Indicates the direction of foil strain gage on the
67
plate (A: Vertical , B: Horizontal)

Figure (4-1)
Variation of level sound values with frequency for
78
average condition
Figure (4-2)
Variation of high level sound values with frequency
79
Figure (4-3)
Displacement versus frequency in border of the
80
plate with starting sound pressure level at

(80,90,100, and 108 dB)
Figure (4-4)
Displacement versus frequency in center of the plate
82
with starting sound pressure level at (80,90,100, and

108 dB)
Figure (4-5)
Velocity versus frequency in border of the plate
86

108 dB)
Figure (4-6)
velocity versus frequency in center of the plate with

starting sound pressure level at (80,90,100, 108 dB)
VIII
88
Figures
Page
Acceleration versus frequency in border of the plate

Figure (4-7)
92
108 dB)
Figure (4-8)
Acceleration versus frequency in center of the plate
94

108 dB)
Figure (4-9)
Stress versus frequency at (horizontal direction and
100
vertical direction) in the plate at starting sound

pressure level (80 ,90 ,100 , and 108 dB)
Figure (4-10)
Variation of pressure spectral density with
108
frequency
Figure (4-11)
Variation of pressure of sound with frequency
IX
110
List of Tables
Tables
Page
Table (1-1) Distribution of dynamic loads at launch stages
14
Table (2-1) Some example on band centers
27
Table (2-2) Relative bandwidth
28
Table (2-3) Centre frequencies octave and one-octave frequency
29
Table (2-4) Indicate ten modeshape of plate
35
Table (3-1) Conditions of test and experimental results
56
Table (3-2) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different
57
frequency on the left side in the plate

59
frequency on the right side in the plate

61
frequency on the center side in the plate

63
frequency on the bottom side in the plate

65
frequency on the top side in the plate

Table (3-7) values of strain and sound pressure level with different
67
frequency in vertical direction in plate

Table (3-8) values of strain and sound pressure level with different
69
frequency in horizontal direction in plate

Table (4-1) average values in x , x& , &x& and sound pressure level
with different frequency in each side of border of the
plate
74
Tables
Page
Table (4-2) Values in center of plate acceleration parameters
80
Table (4-3) Indicate value of stress at horizontal direction (x-
98
direction) position of plate

Table (4-4)
Indicate value of stress at vertical direction (y-
99
direction) position of plate

Table (4-5) Show the result of the pressure , and pressure spectral
density
XI
107
Chapter
INTRODUCTION AND
LITERATURE REVIEW
Chapter one: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW

1-1 Introduction
Spacecraft is a craft or machine designed for spaceflight. On a sub-orbital
spaceflight, for an orbital spaceflight, a spacecraft enters a closed orbit around the
planetary body. A spacecraft orbiting the earth, another planet in our solar system or
even beyond that, is a part of a complex infrastructure consisting of the launch
vehicle, which positions the spacecraft in a certain orbit and ground based stations
that cater for the communications. A spacecraft is generally divided into two parts
(Payload and Service modules), the payload carries out the set task, i.e. the radio
communications in a communication satellite. The spacecraft bus consists of several
support systems (subsystems), such as attitude control, propulsion, power supply,
thermal control, structure, deployable mechanisms (solar arrays) and telemetry.
Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, earth
observation, meteorology, navigation, planetary exploration and space tourism.
Spacecraft and space travel are common themes in works of science fiction.
Practical applications of space flight have become part of our lives in the form
of weather and environmental satellites as well as communication satellites. The
latter usually circle in a geostationary orbit at 36000 km above the equator.
Space flight produces new technologies and has become economically viable. There
is, for example, a great need for communication satellites as well as rockets to carry
them into orbit. Space flight is a comprehensive and innovative part of technology.
It encompasses many fields of technology [1].
The widespread use of satellite telecommunication technology in both the civil
and military sectors has increased the competition between a growing number of
satellite launch providers , Satellites used today for many purposes from
communications to reconnaissance to weather prediction, and much more. Like all
other products, satellites undergo design, fabrication, test, and shipment.
1
However, the shipment of a satellite to its final destination in orbit is far more
complicated than for all other products. Launching satellites is the launch vehicleinduced vibration and shock environment that a satellite must endure on its trip to
orbit. Excessive dynamic and shock loads can be a satellite killer causing permanent
damage to electronics, optics, and other sensitive equipment. To compensate for the
harsh dynamic environment, payloads must be designed and tested to very high
dynamic levels, greatly increasing the cost of many payload components. An
excellent alternative is to reduce the launch dynamic loads through the use of wholespacecraft passive vibration isolation [2].
At the end of the 20th century, remarkable progress had been made in design,
analysis, and fabrication of advanced composite structures. Structures and
mechanisms are integral parts of any satellite, and the launch vehicle is required to
place the satellite into orbit. The structures and mechanisms subsystem serves as the
physical backbone supporting all other subsystems. Although other subsystems are
not directly affected by the launch vehicle [3].
During the launch of space vehicles, there is a large external excitation
generated by acoustic and structural vibration. This is due to acoustic pressure
fluctuations on the vehicle fairing caused by the engine exhaust gases. This external
excitation drives the fairing structure and produces large acoustic pressure
fluctuations inside the fairing cavity. The acoustic pressure fluctuations not only
produce high noise levels inside the cavity but also cause damage such as structural
fatigue, and damage to, or destruction of, the payload inside the fairing. This is an
important problem because one trend of the aerospace industry is to use composite
materials for the construction of launch vehicle fairings. The use of these materials
has resulted in large-scale weight reductions of launch vehicles, but one of its
potential disadvantages is the increase of noise transmission with a resulting
increase in acoustic levels inside the fairing [4].
Rocket motors generate tremendous acoustic energy at liftoff. Turbulent mixing
of the hot exhaust gas with the surrounding air is the dominant acoustic source. The
2
exhaust gas may also have aerodynamic shock waves, which further add to the noise.
Combustion instability and rough burning may also contribute to the noise Consider
a rocket vehicle which has a payload enclosed in a nose cone firing [5].
The acoustic energy propagates to the payload fairing. The energy is then
transmitted through the fairing wall to the enclosed air volume. The payload may be
sensitive to the transmitted acoustic excitation, especially if the payload has solar
panels or delicate instruments. Excessive vibration and shock can cause permanent
damage to satellite electronics, optics, and other sensitive equipment. To
compensate for the environment, payloads must be designed and tested to high
vibration and shock levels, greatly increasing the cost of many components. An
excellent alternative is to reduce the launch loads through the use of isolation
systems. Because, the primary source of structural vibrations and internal loads
during launch is due to these acoustic loads. Once the vehicle achieves supersonic
speed, the effect of rocket exhaust noise are generally minimal compared with the
turbulent flow noise excitation [5, 6].
The rocket engines produce noise throughout the whole frequency range of
interest, but the high frequency content is particularly intense. High frequency noise
remains a matter of concern in space vehicles, since during launch it can be
enhanced due to deflected jet flow noise and associated acoustical reflections. High
frequency noise adds concern because it causes a large number of stress reversals in
space vehicles structures, space station payloads, satellites, and electronic packages.
These stress reversals can cause fatigue failure during launch and the two-minute
flight phase through the atmosphere.
Excessive noise levels inside the payload bays of launch vehicles are blamed for
as many as 60% of first day satellite failures. It is claimed that 40% of the mass of a
satellite is present just to enable the satellite to survive the harsh vibro-acoustic
launch environment. If payload bay interior noise levels could be reduced, the
probability of satellite survival would increase and the mass of a satellite could be
reduced, which has obvious financial benefits for both the cost of a satellite and the
associated launch costs [7].
1-2 Payloads
The payload is dependent upon the mission of the satellite, and is typically
regarded as the part of the satellite "that pays the bills". Typical payloads could
include scientific instruments (cameras, telescopes, or particle detectors, for
example), cargo, or a human crew [8].
1-3 Design satellite

Based on the design and development plan, the design specifications are further
tested and elaborated on during the design process by means of design studies,
computer simulations, analyses, trade-off studies, detailed testing, as well as
designing and testing test models.
During each step of the process the level of detail is increased in such a way
that, through design drawings, the design can be finalized in production documents
(drawings, manufacturing sheets), test plans and procedures.
Testing and studying certain aspects by means of test models form an important part
of the design process.
These are not complete models. In most cases the following will be used:
The structural model (SM, dynamic aspects).
The thermal model (TM, thermal behavior in vacuum).
The electrical model (EM, the electrical behavior of all systems combined and in
relation to the ground testing equipment or EGSE: Electrical Ground Support
Equipment).
The qualification model (QM, qualification of the design for production of the
flight model, FM).
For the development of attitude control systems an attitude control model is added.
Tests on the test models may lead to changes in the design. Deviations from the
design specifications need to be approved by the client [1].
1-4 Materials
Mechanics of materials describes how structural members react to environmental
loads. Since the satellite structure is by function a load-bearing structure, the stresses
and deformations must be modeled for strength verification. The structures ability
to withstand normal and shearing stresses as well as in-plane and out-of-plane
deformations should be adequate for the structures desired lifetime [9].
Materials used in the fabrication of satellite hardware shall be selected by
considering the operational requirements for the particular application and the
engineering properties of the candidate materials. Satellite structural designs also
use several different materials. Materials are chosen based on their properties, cost,
and complexity. There are two typical materials used in satellite applications: metals
and fiber composites [10].
Aluminum alloys are the most widely used metallic materials in satellite
manufacturing. The advantages include high strength to weight ratios, high ductility
and ease of machining. The stiffness to weight ratio is comparable to steel; however,
the strength to weight ratio is typically higher. The disadvantages include low
hardness and a high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE).
The alloys are typically tempered to increase the material strengths. Two typical
alloys used in manufacturing are 6061-T6 and 7075-T7. Aluminum 6061-T6
contains silicon and magnesium which strengthens the alloy during tempering. This
alloy has good machinability and corrosion resistance. Aluminum 7075-T7 contains
zinc and trace amounts of magnesium. The alloy exhibits higher strength than
(6061-T6), but is more difficult to machine [11].
Beryllium is used for very high-stiffness aerospace applications. It has a
specific modulus 6.2 times the specific modulus of aluminum. The material is nonisotropic and therefore exhibits low ductility and fracture toughness in its short grain
5
direction. It is low CTE and high thermal conductivity. However, beryllium is

expensive, difficult to machine, and sparsely available in the US. Beryllium must be
machined in a controlled environment because its powder is a known carcinogen
when inhaled. The parts may be safely handled once machined.
Steel is mainly used in aerospace applications where low-volume strength and
stiffness are important. Steel provides high wear resistance; however it is generally
difficult to machine and is not efficient for structural stability. Steels are combined
with many trace elements to address a wide range of needs. Austentic stainless steel
is by far the most abundant steel alloy used in satellite. It contains 12% chromium
which results in a tough chromium-oxide coating that protects parts from corrosion.
Stainless steel is non-magnetic and certain low carbon alloys can be welded without
sensitization. Stainless steels are generally used for fasteners and mechanisms
whereas many heat-resistant alloys are used for heat shields, rocket nozzles, and
other high-temperature applications [12].
Titanium and titanium alloys are used for applications requiring very high
strength materials. The materials exhibit high strength to weight ratios, low
coefficients of thermal expansion, and excellent corrosion resistance. However, they
are difficult to machine and some alloys exhibit poor fracture toughness. Ti-6Al-4V,
which contains 6% aluminum and 4% vanadium, is the most popular titanium alloy
used in aerospace applications. The alloy has heritage in wings and missile bodies.
Perhaps its most famous applications are the castings used to connect the external
fuel tank to the Space Shuttle and its boosters [11].
Fiber Composite structures consist of a matrix and reinforcement. The matrix
(metal, epoxy) binds the reinforcing fibers (carbon, graphite) together into a
continuous system. The efficiency of composite structures is due its high specific
modulus and unique load path. The flexural shear loads are transferred from the
matrix to axial loads on the high-strength fibers, creating a structure 3 to 5 times as
stiff as aluminum at 60% of the mass [12].
1-5 Vibration Frequency

Acoustic excitation is often referred to as a high frequency test because, as
previously mentioned, it covers the frequency range from 30 to 10000 Hz. Random
vibration is often considered a low or mid frequency test because excitation
occurs typically in the range from 20 to 2000 Hz. At frequencies above 2000 Hz, the
acoustic noise field contains considerable energy, while random vibration occurs
only as a result of harmonics.
The higher frequency content in acoustic vibration is also due to differences in
the input location. Since random vibration is input at the base of a component,
excitation frequencies above the fundamental mode begin to be attenuated. At higher
frequencies, more vibration modes from the initial input become filtered out. For
acoustic vibration, the input is along the surface of the structure. High frequency
energy is not attenuated because no soft spring low pass filter exists between the
structure and the excitation source [13].
1-6 Acoustic Noise

Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of sound,
ultrasound and infrasound (all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids). The
application of acoustics in technology is called acoustical engineering [8].
The largest acoustic noise excitation occurs at point of lift-off when the reflected
noise from the launch pad and ambient air pressure are greatest. Acoustic noise can
be critical for the design of lightweight structures with large area and low mass such
as dish type antenna reflectors and solar array panels. When the resonant frequency
of such items is known .the sound pressure level (SPL) at the corresponding centre
band frequency can be used to calculate the magnitude of response. Acoustic test
results from similar previous designs are often used to estimate the responses of
complex structures. Structural response to acoustic noise is predicted and measured
in terms of random vibration [14].
Acoustic noise is generated by engine noise, buffeting and boundary layer

noise. The level is highest at lift-off (137.9 dB) and in the transonic phase (135 dB)
with a reference pressure of ( 2 10 -5 Pa = 0 dB). Noise is substantially lower outside
these periods. During the lift-off and ascent flight phases, significant acoustic energy
will be imparted onto payload hardware. For payloads which are susceptible to
acoustic impingement (those with large surface areas or low mass density) [15]. The
satellite has a mode or natural frequency that is the same as that generated by the
launch vehicle. These loads are significant from frequencies of 20 Hz to well over
1000 Hz [16].
1-7 Acoustic Vibration

The object of structural acoustics is to model and analyze the propagation of
structural borne acoustic vibration in order to predict and design for the overall
acoustic behavior of the structure. It is important to perform an acoustic vibration
analysis to predict the satellites response to a worst case acoustic load and ensure the
structure is designed to satisfactory levels and will maintain integrity throughout all
cycles of the mission.
The acoustic vibration analysis for this structure was simplified. Only the
simple case of a plate with fixed boundary conditions was treated; due to the
complexity of the problem [17], as shown in figure (1-1).
1-8 Random Vibration

It is a physical reality that the satellite will be exposed to loading conditions
that are not known, and at best can only be predicted. These predictions are based on
experience and statistical analysis and are considered to be the random vibration of
the structure. There is no way to ensure that the predicted random excitation will
actually take place, and at best it can only be hoped that the actual excitation of the
satellite will not deviate too much from the predicted case. Therefore it should be
apparent that the actual response of the structure can not be evaluated any better then
the excitation can be predicted [17], as shown in figure (1-1).
Figure (1-1) Indicate acoustic vibration and random vibration [13]
1-9 Sound Pressure Level (SPL)

The sound pressure level (SPL) is generally given in decibels. The SPL gives
an indication of the strength of the noise source but nothing about the direction. In
fact, a noise field is governed by two quantities: the sound pressure level and the
direction. In a free space, a vibrating sphere will radiate sound in all directions,
while in a closed space the noise field will reflect off the walls from several sides. A
noise field is called reverberant or diffuse when the noise strength is equally high
from all directions. In the case of a reverberant noise field, the direction of sound is
insignificant and only the noise strength is important. The sound in a room consists
of that coming directly from the source plus sound reflected or scattered by the walls
and by objects in the room. Sound is called reverberant after having undergone one
or more reflections. Relative noise levels around a launch vehicle during lift-off and
flight are shown in Figure (1-2).
The exhaust noise of the engines causes considerable acoustic loads within the
nose cone of the launch vehicle. The highest acoustic loads occur during lift-off and
in transonic flight. Generally, a reverberant noise field is assumed. The strength of
the noise field (SPL) is expressed in (dB), depending on the frequency. The
frequency band is the octave- or one-third octave band.
The sound pressure level (SPL) is defined in the following way:
P2
SPL = 10 log 2
P
ref
..................................................................................... (1.1)
5
where the reference value of the sound pressure, Pref = 2 10 Pa and P is the
effective value of the occurring sound pressure.

The sound pressure is measured in a certain centre frequency with associated
bandwidth. In acoustics it is common to work with a constant relative bandwidth
(the so called octave or one-third octave band filters) [1].
10
Figure (1-2) Sketch of the rocket flow and contour overall sound-pressure level
for flight and launch cases [18]
11
1-10 Launch Vehicle Systems

Much of the design of a satellite will be constrained by the size and weight
restrictions particular to the launch system. In general, there are five steps to
selecting a launch system for a particular mission. First step involves defining the
requirements and constraints for the mission. At this point, issues such as mission
timeline, funding constraints, and satellite dimensions are addressed. Second step
involves identifying and analyzing acceptable configurations for the launch system.
During this step the reliability, performance, and lifting capacity are considered in
addition to other factors including acceleration imparted to the satellite and vehicle
vibration. Third step is the selection of the potential launch system. A potential
launch system will be evaluated using the following criteria: lifting capability, cost,
performance margin available, reliability, and schedule versus vehicle availability.
Fourth step is the environments created by the launch system are determined, as well
as the satellite design envelope. This step is required to determine how the launch
system may negatively affect the satellite. Fifth step, for selecting a launch system is
to iterate the previous four steps in an effort to meet constraints on performance,
cost, risk, and schedule. [9]
The launch vehicle is used to propel the satellite from the Earth's surface,
through the atmosphere, and into an orbit, the exact orbit being dependent upon
mission configuration. The launch vehicle may be expendable or reusable a launch
system is a launch vehicle comprised of one or more stages, and the infrastructure
for support from the ground [8].The launch vehicle positions the satellite in the
required orbit and attitude. During launch, the satellite is exposed to loads and
protected from the environment by the nose cone (fairing).
Therefore the choice of the launch vehicle is of course dependent on the satellite
mission, the launch vehicle sets restrictions for the satellite, such as the possible
launch mass and the available volume. Launch vehicles can be divided into two
groups: Expendable launch vehicles (ELV) (where the rocket is used once) and
Reusable Launch Vehicles, (RLV) (where parts can be used several times).
12
In Europe the ARIANE 5 and SOYUZ launch vehicles are well known while in
the USA the Shuttle, the DELTA family, the ATLAS family and the TITAN family
of launch vehicles are well known [1].
1-11 Vehicle Launch Loads

During flight, the payload is subjected to static and dynamic loads induced by
the launch vehicle. Such excitation may be of aerodynamic origin (wind, gusts,
buffeting at transonic velocity), or may be due to loading induced by the propulsion
systems (longitudinal acceleration, thrust build-up or tail-off transients, structurepropulsion coupling, attitude control operation, etc.).
The various types of mechanical environment experienced by the payload are
described in the following paragraphs. Typical data are given for sine, acoustic,
random and shock environments. If not explicitly stated all mechanical loads in this
Users are defined as maximum operational loads. For the launch vehicle and
payload coordinate system, refer to Figure (1-3) [15].
Launch vehicle and satellite low frequency loads are driven by transients such
as engine ignition, engine shutdowns, wind gusts or wind shears, and quasi-static
loads. Other environments are acoustics, random vibration, sine vibration, and shock,
as shown in table (1-1).The maximum loads (flight limit loads) at any stage in the
life cycle of a satellite or other space system are used to design and dimension the
primary, secondary and other parts [1].
13
Table (1-1) Distribution of dynamic loads at launch stages [1]

Stage of launched
Acoustics
Random
Vibration
Lift-off
Aerodynamics /Buffet
Sine
Vibration
Separation (stage, fairing,
Shock
satellite)
Motor burn /Combustion/
POGO
Figure (1-3) Launch Vehicle and satellite [15]
The dynamic mechanical loads are occurring along the lifetime of a satellite as
shown in figures (1-4).
14
Launch loads
Handling
loads
Transportation
loads
Vibration tests required

for the qualification of
the satellite structure
Sinusoidal
vibrations
Random
vibrations
Acoustic
pressures
Re-entry
loads
Dynamic loads
during launch
(Emergency)
landing loads
Loads following
launch
Loads/influences on
the satellite in orbit
(In-service loads)
Transfer orbit
loads
Steady-state
acceleration
Extension of
folded elements,
Sinusoidal
vibrations
Temperature
gradients
Random
vibrations
Micrometeorites /
Acoustic
pressures
0g loads
Pressure
variations
Shock loads
Figure (1-4) Sketch of loads at launch stage [1, 19]
15
1-11-1 Steady-state static loads

The maximum steady-state acceleration in the launch direction occur at the end
of the propulsion phase of a rocket stage. The acceleration increases because the
mass of the launch vehicle decreases, while the overall thrust remains the same.
The vibrations are superimposed on the steady state acceleration. The lateral steadystate accelerations are usually much smaller than the acceleration in the launch
direction.
(Longitudinal acceleration > Lateral acceleration)
Steady-state static loads as a result of:

The propulsion of the engine
Crosswind loads
Manoeuvres [1].
1-11-2 Mechanical Dynamic loads

The mechanical dynamic loads during launch can subdivided into:
Low frequency sinusoidal vibrations in a frequency domain of 5100 Hz.
Random vibrations in a frequency range of 20 2000 Hz [1].
Sinusoidal loads
Low frequency sinusoidal vibrations occur as a result of the interaction between
launch vehicle mode forms and loads occurring during.
Lift-off, the fast build-up of thrust causes a shock load that excites the low
frequency domain.
Combustion of the engines, during combustion of the engines sinusoidal vibrations
occur, both in, and adjacent to, the launch direction [20].
16
Random load
Acoustic loads and boundary layer turbulence are transformed into mechanical
vibrations in the launch vehicle, which affect the satellite at its base. It is assumed
that the acoustic loads will cover the random mechanical vibrations [1].
Acoustic loads
The noise of the launch vehicle engines, the separation of the airflow along the
launch vehicle and the aerodynamic noise generate acoustic loads in a broad
frequency spectrum from 20-10000 Hz. This acoustic environment generates
random vibration loads due to the sound pressure acting on the surfaces of the
satellite. Acoustic loads are developed during powered ascent, the first 3 to 4
minutes of ascent. Compression waves are particularly significant for structures with
a ratio of high cross-sectional area to low mass [16].
Shock load
Shock loads as a result of the separation of the stages and the separation of the
satellite from the launch vehicle, the ignition and the stopping of the engines. The
separation of the satellite results in the highest shock load [1].
Pressure variations (Pressure changes)

The absolute pressure decreases during launch, which can influence the
systems unless suitable ventilation systems have been fitted [1].
Micro-meteorites/Debris
Space surrounding Earth is full of millions of micro meteoroids and man-made
orbital debris. Orbital debris consists not only of large redundant stages of rockets
and old satellite but, also small parts such as bits of paint and other fragments. Even
minute parts can seriously damage a satellite because these parts move at very high
velocities. Orbital debris flies with a velocity of 7.5 km/s (27000 km/h) in an orbit
around the earth [1].
17
1-12 Vibration modes

A standard manner in which a particular system can vibrate is known as a
vibration mode. Each vibration mode is associated with a particular natural
frequency and represents a degree of freedom. A single-degree-of-freedom system
will have only one vibration mode and only one resonant frequency [21].
In the study of vibration in engineering, a mode shape describes the expected
curvature (or displacement) of a surface vibrating at a particular mode. To determine
the vibration of a system, the mode shape is multiplied by a function that varies with
time, thus the mode shape always describes the curvature of vibration at all points in
time, but the magnitude of the curvature will change. The mode Shape is dependent
on the shape of the surface as well as the boundary conditions of that surface [8].
The fundamental resonant mode of a vibrating system is usually called the
natural frequency or the resonant frequency of the system. Sometimes it is called the
first harmonic mode of the system. For example, a simply supported uniform beam
vibrating at its fundamental resonant frequency has the mode shape of a half sine
wave as shown in Figure (1-5 a). When this beam is vibrating at its second natural
frequency, in its second harmonic mode, it has the mode shape of the full sine wave
shown in Figure (1-5 b).
The first harmonic mode of a system, with the lowest natural frequency, is the
fundamental resonant mode; this often has the greatest displacement amplitudes and
usually the greatest stresses. The second harmonic mode, or second resonance,
usually has a smaller displacement than the first harmonic mode, so the stresses are
usually smaller. The displacements continue to decrease for the higher resonant
modes [21].
18
Figure (1-5) first and second harmonic modes for a simply supported beam [21]
1-13 Literature review of acoustic vibration

Some key background references and their contributions to the force limited
acoustic vibration technology described in this monograph are summarized in
chronological order in this section, There exists both published and unpublished
material that is of particular relevance to the successful completion of this project.
Presented below is a sample of the most relevant literature
Salter J. P., [1964] calls for two test improvements to alleviate overtesting: 1)
multi-point control to reduce the impact of fixture resonances and 2) force limiting
to account for the vibration absorber effect at test item resonances. It proposes a
very simple method of computing the force limit, i.e. the force is limited to 1.5 times
the mass times the peak acceleration, i.e. the acceleration specification. His
approach, in conjunction with a review of the force data obtained in the system
acoustic tests of the Cassini spacecraft, provides the impetus for what in this
monograph is called the semiempirical method of predicting force limits [22].
Kurng Y. Chang , Terry D. Scharton, [1996] describe the force limited vibration
test of the Cassini spacecraft. Over a hundred acceleration responses were monitored
in the spacecraft vibration test, but only the total axial force is used in the control
loop to notch the input acceleration. The force limit specified in the spacecraft
19
vibration test plan is used in the test without any modifications. The force limit for
the complete spacecraft vibration test, as well as the limits for many of the Cassini
instrument vibration tests, are developed using a simple, semi-empirical method
which requires only the acceleration specification and data from a low level pre-test
to determine the apparent mass of the test item. The instrument force limits derived
with the semi-empirical method are generally equal to or less than those derived
with the two-degree-of-freedom method, but are still conservative with respect to the
interface force data measured in the acoustic test [23].
John C. Forgrave, Kin F. Man , et al.,[1997] This paper describes a method for
optimizing acoustic and random vibration trials to reduce cost and schedule, without
incurring undue risk to the hardware depending on the surface area, mass, and
geometry of the test object, one vibration test is normally more effective as a failure
screening mechanism. Random vibration is found to be more effective in springmass systems with input frequencies ranging from 20 to 2,000 Hz, whereas acoustic
testing is more effective for plate-like structures with input frequencies ranging from
30 to 10,000 Hz. By calculating a test article response in each environment and
comparing the relative response magnitudes. Investigation the effects sound pressure
level and frequencies on the spacecraft when become acoustic vibration and random
vibration, when there was used sound pressure level to 135 dB [13].
Terry Scharton , [1998] Instead of conducting the acoustic test with the spacecraft
in a reverberant room, as is the usual practice, the test was conducted with the
spacecraft mounted on a shaker slip-table in a nearly anechoic, vibration test cell.
The spacecraft was surrounded with a three-meter high ring of large, large, electrodynamic speaker, spaced approximately 1.3 meters away from the two-meter
diameter, 900 kg spacecraft. The thirty-one speaker cabinets were driven audio
amplifier power, the acoustic specification, with an overall sound pressure level of
135 dB. This study was presented a detailed experimental investigation for the effect
of maximum displacement with low frequency [24].
20
Craig L. Stevens, [2002] The purpose of this thesis was to design, analyze,
fabricate, and test a nanosatellite for flight qualification aboard the NASA STS.
Investigated several materials and methods used to optimize the structural properties
of spacecraft assemblies. chose aluminum isogrid as the most efficient design for
this program. This thesis was described the design of the spacecraft and the entire
satellite configuration, and applied the theory to results of the finite element analysis
to arrive at the design. Thesis was verified the models using modal analysis
techniques, and performed environmental testing on the satellite assembly at NASA
Wallops Flight Facility, and was devised integration methods to raise the
fundamental frequency of the structure and reduce the dynamic amplification of the
loading on critical components [11].
Deyu Li., [2003] this work has focused on the goal of better characterization of the
noise transmission into advanced composite cylindrical structures, which leads to
better noise transmission controls. The task is by no means complete, but all the
theoretical models and design schemes can be used for full size composite
cylindrical structures for characterizing their noise transmission behavior and
conducting noise transmission control. In this thesis was used four speaker with
amplifier and frequency range was used between (0- 2000 Hz) and sound level range
to 110 dB, finally there was analyzed the cylinder shape by finite element was
obtained mode shapes and relation between frequency and sound level [3].
Peter Davidsson , [2004] investigates structure-acoustic systems by using of finite
element analysis. The systems studied here are limited to those that consist of an
enclosed acoustic fluid cavity, which is coupled to a flexible structure and/or a
porous sound absorbing material domain.
The typical procedure of structure-acoustic analysis is discussed, including the
generation of the governing system of equations and the solution of the generated
systems using sub structuring and modal reduction. This study was presented a
detailed experimental investigation for the effect of maximum displacement with
frequency (0-2000Hz) and sound pressure level between (100-147 dB) [25].
21
Simon J. Estve, [2004] has demonstrated that a lightweight and compact noise
reduction treatment can significantly increase low frequency transmission loss of a
composite cylinder representative of a payload fairing. This is possible because in
such structures the lower part of the internal acoustic spectrum is composed of sharp
structural and acoustic resonances, which cannot be effectively damped by
traditional acoustic blankets. Therefore, damped vibration absorbers and Helmholtz
resonators represent an efficient way to add damping to these resonances without
adding a significant amount of weight or volume [26].
Aidan Bettridge, [2004] deals with the investigation into the design and analysis of
developing the structural subsystem of a picosatellite capable of carrying a scientific
payload into orbit. The design of the satellite is constrained by the specifications
defined by the CubeSat Standards. Provide a detailed design and analysis of the
CASsat structural subsystem only (without experimental) because data of this thesis
came from CASsat company, by using finite element analysis computer programs
Strand7 .when Strand7 is respective programs in Sydney university networks. There
was analyzed acoustic vibration and random vibration of one side of plate and all
sides with them (box) [17].
William O. Hughes [2005] This paper compares the results obtained from the
Normal Tolerance Limit method with those obtained from the Bootstrap method.
The Bootstrap is a statistical subsampling method which utilizes sample data to
generate replicates which are utilized for parameter and confidence interval
estimation. The Bootstrap makes no assumption on the underlying distribution of the
data, whereas the Normal Tolerance Limit assumes normality. It was using
MATLAB computer programs to analyzing with Bootstrap method [27].
K. Renji, M. Mahalakshmi, [2006] Vibration energy transfer in a system of three
plates separated by a small distance and connected at a few discrete points, like solar
panels in a spacecraft, is investigated. Coupling loss factors are obtained
experimentally using the power injection technique. The system is then subjected to
the acoustic excitation in a reverberant chamber. The measured responses of the
22
inner plate are significant. But the measured responses of the inner plates are higher
than the responses estimated based on the coupling loss factors obtained. When the
system is subjected to mechanical excitation the measured responses of the inner
plate closely match with the estimated responses. Investigation the effect frequency
in acceleration by using accelerometers in each plate of three plates was used in this
study [28].
Mir Md. Maruf, [2008] establishes theoretical and numerical models for the
prediction of external sound pressure loading on composite structures representing
launch vehicles, such as a large composite cylinder referred to as a Boeing cylinder
and a Representative Small Launch Vehicle Fairing (RSLVF). To predict the
external sound pressure loading, various incident wave conditions were investigated.
For the theoretical model, both the incident and scattered sound pressure fields due
to incident plane waves; perpendicular to an idealized long cylinder were
investigated. The results show that the scattered sound pressure field plays a major
role in determining the total circumferential sound pressure field at the surface of the
cylinder and cannot be ignored for the launch case.
The theoretical model was developed further for a point source, line source and
oblique incident waves, and modified to determine the incident, scattered and total
sound pressure fields away from the cylinder. The approach developed overcomes
some limitations of previous analytical derivations.
An experiment was undertaken to determine the sound pressure patterns at the
surface of a cylinder at various frequencies due to a point source positioned at a
finite distance from the cylinder surface. The experimental work confirmed the
accuracy of the theoretical model for a point source at a finite distance from the
cylinder [4].
23
1-14 The aim of this study

The aim of this study is investigate the effect of acoustic vibration on the
satellite structure in all frequency (0 10000 Hz) especially, at low frequencies
(lower from 1000 Hz).
The research should have completed a full fractional experimental design and
finite element that allowed considering a two level interactions between the sound
parameters (frequency, Sound pressure level) with measuring variables (stress and
vibration).
An important part of the present work is the prediction of the acoustic loading on
the external fairing surface as a result of rocket motor noise during launch.
24
Chapter
THEORITICAL AND
FINITE ELEMENT OF
ACOUSTIC VIBRATION
Chapter two: THEORITICAL AND FINITE ELEMENT OF ACOUSTIC VIBRATION
CHAPTER TWO
THEORITICAL AND FINITE ELEMENT OF

ACOUSTIC VIBRATION
2-1 Introduction
This chapter presented the theoretical and finite element analysis of vibration
signal and pressure sound pressure level in satellite structure and relationship
between frequency and pressure sound level.
2-2 Decibels
The decibel is one-tenth of the original unit, the bel (B). This was found
inconvenient for practical use, and was divided into 10 decibels. The decibel scale
alone, without reference to a standard level, is simply a way of expressing the factor
by which an oscillatory quantity, such as voltage, force, pressure, etc., changes. It is
defined in terms of power (mean square) values. So, for example, if an RMS
voltage, v1 , changes to v 2 , the change expressed in dB is SPL, say, where:
v2
SPL(dB) = 10 log10 22
v1
or
v 22
= 10 SPL / 10 .........................(2.1)
2
v1
Equation (2.1) can be written as:

v
SPL(dB) = 20 log10 2
v1
or
v2
= 10 SPL / 20
v1
.........................(2.2)
The changes in dB corresponding to some simple multiples of RMS and mean

square levels, to sufficient accuracy for most purposes.
When used to express sound pressure levels, the decibel is used in a completely
different way. The RMS sound pressure is defined as being SPL in (dB) above a
reference level, Pref , which is fixed at the assumed threshold of human hearing,
25
taken as an RMS value of 20
Pa, i.e. [ 20 10
-6
N/m 2 ] (or
2.90 10 -9 lbf/in 2 ).
The sound pressure level (SPL) is then given by:
p2
p
SPL ( dB ) = 10 log10 2 = 20 log10

p
p ........................ (2.3)
ref
ref
where P is the RMS value of the pressure concerned, and Pref is the RMS reference
level defined above.
Equation (2.3) can be written as: [29, 30]
p2
= 10
2
p ref
SPL ( dB )
10
p = p ref 10
2
................................................................................... (2.4)
SPL ( dB )
10
....................................................................................... (2.5)
2-3 Octaves
Acoustic spectra are given as dB in bands, with band centers usually spaced at a
given fraction of an octave, although dB levels in 1 Hz bands are also used. An
octave, as in music, is an interval over which the frequency doubles. Very often, the
center frequencies of the bands are spaced at (1/3) octave intervals, but other
fractions, or even whole octaves, can be used. Taking the (1/3) -octave system as an
example, and starting at 10 Hz, the band centers, f c , are as shown in table (2-1).
These are awkward numbers, but the rounded, standard, values shown are usually
close enough for practical purposes.
For a constant relative bandwidth, the ratio between two consecutive frequencies is
defined as:
fx
= 2 x ........................................................................................................ (2.6)
f ref
26
x: octave band
f x : Frequency in any octave band

f ref : Frequency in reference level
Table (2-1) some example on band centers

Center frequency
Center frequency (Exact) f c (Hz)
(standard value )(Hz)
10 2 0 = 10.000
10
10 21 3 = 12.599
12.5
10 2 2 3 = 15.874
16
10 21 = 20.000
20
10 2 4 3 = 25.198
25
10 2 5 3 = 31.758
32
etc.
etc.
In which case it yields for x:
x = 1 one speaks of an octave band
x=
fx
= 21 and when
f ref
1
1
one speaks of an octave band f x = 2 3 = 1.260
3
f ref
If the center frequencies are spaced at (1/3)-octave intervals, the bandwidth

associated with each may be regarded as extending (1/6) of an octave below to (1/6)
of an octave above, f c . Thus: [29]
1
16
Bandwidth = 2 f c 2 6 f c = 0.2315 f c .................................................. (2.7)
27
The centre frequencies in an octave- and one-third octave band are given in
Table (2-3) .The centre frequency f cent is the geometric mean of the minimum
frequency f min and the maximum frequency f max in the relative frequency band,
and is of course dependent on the octave band used. The centre frequency is:
f cent =
f min f max .............................................................................................. (2.8)
Relative bandwidth
The bandwidth f is the difference between the maximum frequency f max and
the minimum frequency f min and is given by:
f = f max f min ............................................................................................ (2.9)

The ratio between the extreme frequencies in the band is
f max
= 2 x . It is then easy
f min
to derive the expression for the bandwidth in terms of the centre frequency
x
2x
2
f = 2 2
f cent
..................................................................................... (2.10)
Any proportional frequency band is defined by its centre frequency and by x.

An octave band (x=1) with a centre frequency 1000 Hz, the extreme frequencies of
the frequency band are f min = 707 Hz and f max = 1414 Hz respectively and the
relative bandwidth is f = 707 Hz [1].
The relative bandwidth for the one-octave and one-third octave bands are
given in Table (2-2)
Table (2-2) Relative bandwidth [1]
xst-Octave band
Bandwidth (Hz)
x =1
f = 0.7071 f cent
1
3
f = 0.23161 f cent
x=
28
Table (2-3) Centre frequencies octave and one-octave frequency bands [1]
Octave frequency
band (Hz)
One-third octave
frequency band
(Hz)
25
31.5
63
125
250
31.5
Octave frequency
band (Hz)
1000
One-third octave
frequency band
(Hz)
800
1000
40
1250
50
1600
63
2000
2000
80
2500
100
3200
125
4000
4000
160
5000
200
6300
250
8000
315
8000
10000
400
500
500
630
2-4 Pressure spectral density

To obtain the component response due to acoustic excitation, the first value to be
calculated is the sound pressure spectral density ( Ps ) at the natural frequency ( f n )
of the component, as follows.
Ps is defined as:
P2
Ps =
f
........................................... (2.11)
and is calculated from:
29
Substitute equation (2.5) and Equation (2.7) in equation (2.11), it obtain
(2 10 5 ) 2 10 dB 10
Ps =
............................................................................. (2.12)
0.231 f n
Equation (2.5) and (2.7) was used to determine pressure spectral density ( Ps ) [13].
2-5 Analysis of vibration data

The data that obtained from the experiments are the amplitude and the velocity
of a point on the plate. The motion is repeated in equal intervals of time , that it is
periodic motion .The is the period of the oscillation, and its reciprocal. Frequency
( f = 1 ), then the time function is x(t)=x(t+ ).
The simplest form of periodic motion is harmonic motion .It can be
demonstrated by a mass suspended by a light spring, as shown in Figure (2-1). If the
mass is displaced from its rest position and released, it will oscillate up and down.
Figure (2-1) Harmonic motion [31]

The motion can be expressed by the equation:
x = A sin 2
.......................................................................................... (2.13)
Where A is the amplitude of oscillation, measured from the equilibrium position

of the mass, and is the period. The motion is repeated when t = .
30
[t = x / x& ( sec)] Then using Microsoft Excel Computer Program the diagram of
frequency for any experiment as indicate in figure (2-2).
Figure (2-2) Harmonic motion as projection of a point moving on a circle [31]

Harmonic motion is often represented as the projection on a straight line of a
point that is moving on a circle at constant speed, as shown in Figure (2-3). With the
angular speed of the line op designated by , the displacement x can be written as:
x = A sin t ............................................... (2.14)
Figure (2-3) In harmonic motion the velocity and acceleration lead the
displacement by
/ 2 and [31]
31
The quantity is generally measured in radians per second, and is referred to as the
circular frequency. Since the motion repeats itself in 2 radians, the relationship is:
= 2f .......................................... (2.15)
Where and f are the period and frequency of the harmonic motion, usually
measured in seconds and cycles per second respectively.
The velocity and acceleration of harmonic motion can he simply determined
by differentiation of Eq. (2.14). Using the dot notation for the derivative, it can
obtain:
x& = A cos t = A sin t + .................................. (2.16)

2
&x& = 2 A sin t = 2 A sin (t + ) ................................. (2.17)

The velocity and acceleration are also harmonic with the same frequency of
oscillation, but lead the displacement by / 2 and radians respectively. Figure
(2-3) shows both time variation and the vector phase relationship between the
displacement, velocity and acceleration in harmonic motion.
Examination of equation (2.14) and (2.17) reveals that:
&x& = 2 x .............. (2.18)

So that in harmonic motion the acceleration is proportional to the displacement and
is direct towards the origin. Since Newton's second law of motion states that the
acceleration is proportional to the force, harmonic motion can be expected for the
system with linear springs with force varying kx [31].
32
2-6 Finite Element Analysis

The finite element method is a powerful mathematical tool used for the
numerical solution of a wide range of engineering problems. In this case finite
element analysis was used to estimate the deformations and stresses of one side of
satellite body will experience under an acoustic load [17].
The basis of FEA relies on the decomposition of the domain into a finite number
of subdomains (elements) for which the systematic approximate solution is
constructed by applying the variation or weighted residual methods. In effect, FEA
reduces the problem to that of a finite number of unknowns by dividing the domain
into elements and by expressing the unknown field variable in terms of the assumed
approximating functions within each element [32].
Various phenomena treated in science and engineering are often described in
terms of differential equations formulated by using their continuum mechanics
models. Solving differential equations under various conditions such as boundary or
initial conditions leads to the understanding of the phenomena and can predict the
future of the phenomena (determinism). Exact solutions for differential equations,
however, are generally difficult to obtain. Numerical methods are adopted to obtain
approximate solutions for differential equations. Among these numerical methods,
those which approximate continua with infinite degree of freedom by a discrete
body with finite degree of freedom are called discrete analysis [33].
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) uses a complex system of points called nodes
which make a grid called a mesh. This mesh represents the geometry of the structure
and can be programmed to contain the material and structural properties which
define how the structure will react to certain loading conditions. The nature of FEA
implies its application in computational packages.
There exist a number of structural finite element analysis software packages,
such as MatLAB, Strand7, ANSYS, etc. This program was used for the finite
element analysis of this structure [17].
33
ANSYS is a general-purpose finite-element modeling package for numerically

solving a wide variety of mechanical problems. These problems include static/
dynamic, structural analysis (both linear and nonlinear), heat transfer, and fluid
problems, as well as acoustic and electromagnetic problems [33].
Perhaps the simplest of the solution methods used here, the modal analysis is
used to determine the natural frequencies of interest. Determination of the
fundamental response modes is necessary for several reasons.
Most practical problems require using the finite element method to define a
model. The finite element method can be formulated with specific damping
elements in addition to structural elements for highly damped systems, but its most
common use is to model lightly damped structures [34].
The suspension frequency response plot and mode shape plots complement each
other and help to develop a visual.
2-7 Procedure of software programming

To obtain modeshape, deformation and stress of plate that used in this research
by computer programs will be using ANSYS workbench is finite element analyzer
computer programs.
After insulation and using ANSYS workbench computer analysis programs the
principle step of work is:
Create modal of the plate. Dimension of plate is (0.25 x 0.25 m) and
thickness (0.001m).
Addition material properties.
Meshing plates to (1984 nodes) and (254 elements) as shown in figure (2-4).
Fixed support at four circle point (fixed point were bolt point).
Fixed base modal run to calculate resultant structural shapes and frequency
modes. Modal run from new analysis menu and solving the modal to obtain
first 10 modes between 0 and 10000 Hz for the range.
34
After identify some fundamental frequencies of interest such as (31.5, 63, 125,
250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz) for the Harmonic analysis and
samples of pressure ,finally run the Harmonic analysis to obtain deformation
and stress in all different stages [35,36 ,37 ].
Figure (2-4) indicate mesh of the model
35
Modeshape
When solving programs at step Modal will obtain the modeshape as shown in
table (2-4) and the shapes as shown in figure (2-5)
Table (2-4) indicate valve of natural frequency
Mode Frequency [Hz]

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
59.692
107.78
108.54
122.
209.07
248.05
264.8
265.92
353.72
385.07
Displacement (deformation)
Finally solving programs at step Harmonic analysis will obtain the deformation
shape at different frequency and pressure as shown in figure (2-6).
STRESS
After solving programs at step Harmonic analysis and Equivalent (von-Mises)
stress type will obtain the stress shape at different frequency and pressure as shown
in figure (2-7).
36
First mode
First mode other side
First mode other side
Second mode
Third mode
Forth mode
37
Fifth mode
Sixth mode
Seventh mode
Eighth mode
Ninth mode
Tenth mode
Figure (2-5) Indicated ten modeshape of plate by using ANSYS Workbench
38
(Adeformation at frequency 31.5 Hz)
(Bdeformation at frequency 63 Hz)
(Cdeformation at frequency 125 Hz)
(Ddeformation at frequency 250 Hz)
(Edeformation at frequency 500 Hz)
(Fdeformation at frequency 1000 Hz)

39
(Gdeformation at frequency 2000 Hz)
(Hdeformation at frequency 4000 Hz)
(Ideformation at frequency 8000 Hz)
Figure (2-6) indicated deformation of plate at different frequency and

pressures by using ANSYS Workbench programs
40
(Astress at frequency 31.5 Hz)
(Bstress at frequency 63 Hz)
(Cstress at frequency 125 Hz)
(Dstress at frequency 250 Hz)
(Estress at frequency 500 Hz)
(Fstress at frequency 1000 Hz)

41
(Gstress at frequency 2000 Hz)
(Hstress at frequency 4000 Hz)
(Istress at frequency 8000 Hz)
Figure (2-7) indicated stress of plate at different frequency and pressures by

using ANSYS Workbench programs
42
Chapter
EXPE
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Chapter three: EXPERIMENTAL WORK
CHAPTER THREE
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
3-1 Introduction
The experimental work for this study was carried out in the workshop
measurement laboratory of the mechanical engineering department. This chapter
deals with the experimental work and procedure that were followed to prepare plate
and equipment for testing. The purpose of this chapter is to explain the necessary
steps measuring the vibration and strain on the one side in the satellite structure.
The work was planned and carried out in such a way to provide detailed
information on effect of acoustic vibration on the satellite structure, the details of
equipment, instrumentation. In order to investigate the possibility of measurement of
acoustic vibration relationships between sound frequency and plate vibration, an
experimental apparatus to measure plate vibrations was installed in plates as shown
in figure (3-1).
Figure (3-1) Vibroacoustic testing system
43
3-2 Materials and equipment apparatus

The materials and equipment were used in the experimental procedure of this
investigation are listed below:
3-2-1 The plates material

The Plate types usually used in the space is Aluminum in series (2024, 7075,
and 6061). In this experimental was used type of plate Aluminum (2024). to
checking the type of plate, it was used two methods
Mechanical method
At first putting piece of scrape plate in the electric furnace, second during
(30min) it was heated to (500 oC), third step is put piece of plate into water quickly
(quenching method), fourth step it put 10 hours in another electric furnace at
temperature (190 oC), finally it measuring Vickers hardness number is (129)
compare with Aluminum series Vickers hardness properties the result is
(Al 2024-T3).
Chemical method
From this test it measured carbon percent from piece of plate .finally, carbon
percent is (3.83%C1, C=carbon).After compare this result with Aluminum series
properties .finally plate type is (2024 T3)
Plate Properties
Aluminum (2024) plate was used for testing have dimension (25cm X 25cm)
and
the
thickness
is
(1mm),
and
mechanical
properties
are
yield = 360 Mpa , Ultimate = 475 Mpa 2 , Vickers hardness number is (129), and
3.83%C1, C=carbon)
The chemical composition test carried out in chemical department .College of Science .university of
Salahaddin
2
The test was carried out in the Mechanical Engineering .Department.(tensile test machine)
44
3-2-2 Vibrometer
A Hottinger SM60 (10) type measurement device vibration as shown in figure
(3-2). The tip of the vibrometer was transducer the motion on plate to signal in the
device, signals such as amplitude (x) or velocity ( x& ) of a point on the plate. In this
work we had taken five points in the plate to measure the displacement and velocity,
the points in left side, right side, center, bottom and top as shown in figure (3-3).
An apparatus have two direction for using horizontal and vertical and this direction
depending in vibration direction horizontally or vertically, in this thesis process was
horizontally .The measurement range displacement reading is (0.1-600m), velocity
range reading is (0.01-60mm/sec) with 9V DC power.
Corks
Wood
Vibrometer
Figure (3-2) Vibrometer device
45
D
Figure (3-3) indicate place of reading of vibration in the plate
3-2-3 Strain measuring device setup

In order to determine the value of strain in plate at any sound pressure level, we
must measuring strain value in any direction of plate (horizontal and vertical) as
shown in figure (3-4)
Figure (3-4) Insulation of strain measurement instrument on the plate

(A: horizontal, B: vertical)
46
The foil of strain gages with a gage factor of (2.030) and gage resistance of
(120 ) are connected by wires with the strain indicator and switch balance unit to
convert the value of strain from the resistance of the foil to the devices and then
shows the value from digital gage as shown in figure (3-5) .
Figure (3-5) Digital strain indicator and switch balance unit strain measuring
device
3-2-4 Determination of the modulus of elasticity of plate by using the

tensile test method
The tension test is the most common test for determining such mechanical
properties of materials as the modulus of elasticity. Finally data from this test is
yield = 360 Mpa

Ultimate = 475 Mpa
E=72 GPa
47
3-2-5 Oscillator
An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a repetitive
electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave. The harmonic or 'linear'
oscillator produces a sinusoidal output. The basic form of a harmonic oscillator is an
electronic amplifier with the output attached to an electronic filter, and the output of
the filter attached to the input of the amplifier, in a feedback loop. When the power
supply to the amplifier is first switched on, the amplifier's output consists only of the
noise. The noise travels around the loop, being filtered and re-amplified until it
increasingly resembles the desired signal.
Oscillator connected by wires with loudspeaker to obtain the sound under
oscillator frequency in side and with oscilloscope to obtain shape of frequency in
another side, frequency range between (0.1 ~ 100000 Hz), as shown in figure (3-6).
Figure (3-6) Electronic Oscillator
3-2-6 Oscilloscope
Oscilloscopes are widely used when it is desired to observe the exact wave shape
of an electrical signal. In addition to the amplitude of the signal, an oscilloscope can
measure the frequency, show distortion, show the time between two events, and
show the relative timing of two related signals .A typical oscilloscope has a display
screen, numerous input connectors, and control knobs and buttons on the front panel.
48
To obtain very accuracy data it must calibrated the display, after choosing
required frequency, the signal from oscillator to one of the input of oscilloscope.
The oscilloscope displays voltage on its vertical axis and time on horizontal axis .as
shown in figure (3-7).
Figure (3-7) Tektronix type Oscilloscope
3-2-7 Sound level meter

A sound level meter consists of a microphone, an amplifier and means to
process the waveform of the sound-pressure signal from the microphone according
to the equations above. There may be an analog or a digital readout or other device
to indicate the measured sound levels. Extensive analog, or digital, or a combination
of analog and digital signal processing may be utilized. Storage devices may include
digital memory, computers, and printers [38].
BK Precision's (model 732A) Sound Level Meters was used in the experimental
as shown in Figure (3-8) It was used to measure sound pressure level it came from
loudspeakers by oscillator source. The model 732A Sound Level Meter provides
(30~130 dB) capability in three convenient measurement ranges Low, Medium and
High. The sound level meter meets includes fast and slow time weighting.
49
Figure (3-8) BK Precision's (model 732A) Sound Level Meter
3-2-8 Loudspeaker
The job of a loudspeaker is to set up vibrations in the air which are acoustic
representations of the waveforms of the electrical signals that are being supplied to
the input terminals. A loudspeaker is therefore an electro-mechanico-acoustic
transducer. Loudspeakers transform the electrical drive signals into mechanical
movements which, normally via a vibrating diaphragm, couple those vibrations to
the air and thus propagate acoustic waves. Once these acoustic waves are perceived
by the ear, we experience a sensation of sound [39].
50
To adequately reproduce a wide range of frequencies, most loudspeaker

systems require more than one driver, particularly for high sound pressure level or
high accuracy. Individual drivers are used to reproduce different frequency ranges.
The drivers are named subwoofers (very low frequencies), woofers (low
frequencies), mid-range speakers (middle frequencies), tweeters (high frequencies)
and sometimes super tweeters optimized for the highest audible frequencies.
When multiple drivers are used in a system, a "filter network", called a
crossover, separates the incoming signal into different frequency ranges, and routes
them to the appropriate driver. A loudspeaker system with n separate frequency
bands is described as "n-way speakers": a 2-way system will have woofer and
tweeter speakers; a 3-way system is either a combination of woofer, mid-range and
tweeter or subwoofer, woofer and tweeter.
The most common type of driver uses a lightweight diaphragm or cone
connected to a rigid basket, or frame, via flexible suspension that constrains a coil of
fine wire to move axially through a cylindrical magnetic gap. When an electrical
signal is applied to the voice coil, a magnetic field is created by the electric current
in the voice coil which thus becomes an electromagnet field. The coil and the
driver's magnetic system interact, generating a mechanical force which causes the
coil, and so the attached cone, to move back and so reproduce sound under the
control of the applied electrical signal coming from the amplifier, as shown in figure
(3-9) [8].
51
Figure (3-9) structure of loudspeaker [8]

ECHO JASCO was used in the experiments ,as shown in figure (3-10) It has high
sounds when came from oscillator by required frequency, have inner amplifire and
its a type AS200.
Figure (3-10) ECHO JASCO amplifiers and loudspeakers

52
3-3 Experimental work

The following steps are shown the experimental procedure:
Step 1:Ossilator was joined computer by wires to record sound will get from
ossilator in frequency (31.5 ,63 ,125 ,250 ,500 ,1000 ,2000 ,4000 ,8000 Hz)
Step 2: By computers software is Ulead video studio V11 to produced one audio file
having nine sequence of different frequencies ,each frequency sound file during 5
second as shown in figure (3-11).
Step 3:After checking (Aluminum 2024) type of plate by chemical and mechanical
method. The plate was fexed in the wood structure by screw as shown in figure
(3-1). When dimension of plate is (25mm X 25mm) and thickness is (1 mm).
Step 4: Join the computer with Loudspeaker and play the general audio file to
amplified this sound .control starting sound pressure level for example in 80 dB .
Step 5:Sound level meter used to measuring sound pressure level.
Step 6: After attach this sound wave come from Loadspeaketr on the plate ,at that
time difformation will be occur.
Step 7:Vibrometer used to measuring displacement and velosity of this deformation
on point (A) on the figure (3-3).
Step 8: Strain measuring device setup used to measing strain on the plate in
horizontal direction as shown in figure (3-4)
Step 9: devices indicator was very rapidly changed ,must to record the data by video
camera .By Ulead video studio program we was reading data when we was record
by video camera, the maximum value from any frequency were choosed , figure
(3-12) shown one sample of this videos.
Step 10: Repeat step 4 and chaning starting sound pressure level to (90,100, and 108
dB), repeat step 6 and changing place of displacement and velocity measurment to
B,C,D,and E as shown in figure (3-3) ,and repeat step 8 and changing stain direction
to vertical as shown in figure (3-4).
Finally number of tests from this research will become (252) tests.
This procedure is sketched and explained in detail, as in the figure (3-13)
53
Figure (3-11) screen of Ulead video studio program
Figure (3-12) the reading the record data

54
x, x&
Input Frequency
Figure (3-13) Experimental Procedure describes input variables and output investigation
55
3-4 Experimental results

There are seven groups of experimental tests and results; each group contains
thirty six, as they will be explained in details in this chapter.
Table (3-1) shows the acting position conditions which were chosen and tests
were curried out according to these acting position conditions ,each condition
repeated with starting sound level (80 or 90 or 100 or 108 dB) and for frequency
(31.5 ,65 ,125 ,250 ,500 ,1000 ,2000 ,4000 , and 8000 Hz)
Table (3-1) Conditions of test and experimental results

Condition
Acting position
Starting Sound
pressure level (dB)
left
80,90,100,108
right
80,90,100,108
center
80,90,100,108
bottom
80,90,100,108
top
80,90,100,108
horizontal
80,90,100,108
vertical
80,90,100,108
Frequency (Hz)
31.5,65,125,250,500,
1000,2000,4000,8000
31.5,65,125,250,500,
1000,2000,4000,8000
31.5,65,125,250,500,
1000,2000,4000,8000
31.5,65,125,250,500,
1000,2000,4000,8000
31.5,65,125,250,500,
1000,2000,4000,8000
31.5,65,125,250,500,
1000,2000,4000,8000
31.5,65,125,250,500,
1000,2000,4000,8000
3-4-1 Condition (A)

It consists of thirty six test numbers; they are carried out at the following playing
sound; acting vibration reading data in left side of the plate (position A) as shown in
figure (3-3) , and starting sound pressure level at (80 ,90 ,100 ,108 dB) with
frequency (31.5 ,65 ,125 ,250 ,500 , 1000 ,2000 ,4000 , and 8000 Hz).
56
The range of variation parameters which obtained from these experiments such as
frequency, amplitude, velocity and sound pressure level, the experimental results are
shown in tables [(3-2a), (3-2b), (3-2c), (3-2d)]
Table (3-2a) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
on the left side in the plate
Test
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Frequency Sound pressure

(Hz)
level (dB)
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
80
81
82
83
83.5
84
83.5
81
80.5
x&
Displacement Velocity
(m)
(mm/sec)
0.7
0.6
1
0.4
0.3
0.34
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.26
0.18
0.22
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
Table (3-2b) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
Sound pressure Displacement

level (dB)
(m)
90
91.5
93
93.5
94
93
92
91
90
57
1.2
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.1
Velocity
(mm/sec)
0.62
0.32
0.88
0.24
0.18
0.12
0.08
0.06
0.04
Table (3-2c) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)

level (dB)
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
19
31.5
100
2.8
1.3
20
63
102
2.2
1
21
125
103
4.9
1.8
22
250
103
1.2
0.52
23
500
103.5
1
0.28
24
1000
103.5
0.6
0.12
25
2000
102
0.6
0.1
26
4000
101.5
0.5
0.06
27
8000
99.5
0.6
0.04
Table (3-2d) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
108
108.5
109
110
109.5
109
108.5
107
106.5
20.2
11.8
35.4
5.5
3.4
2
1.2
0.9
0.7
7.1
6.6
13.5
4.8
1.1
0.4
0.15
0.1
0.06
58
3-4-2 Condition (B)

This condition was reading data in right side of the plate (position B) as
shown in figure (3-3)
on the right side in the plate
Test No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
80
81
82.5
83.5
83.5
83.5
83.5
81.5
80.5
0.90
0.70
1.60
0.64
0.39
0.27
0.39
0.16
0.16
0.29
0.16
0.24
0.11
0.09
0.07
0.05
0.02
0.02
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000

level (dB)
(m)
90
91
93.5
93.5
93.5
93
91.5
91
90
59
1.52
0.90
1.86
0.82
0.64
0.62
0.58
0.36
0.16
Velocity
(mm/sec)
0.78
0.60
1.10
0.43
0.30
0.12
0.08
0.07
0.04
Test
No
Frequency Sound pressure Displacement

(Hz)
level (dB)
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
55
31.5
100
3.20
1.71
56
63
101.5
2.40
1.30
57
125
103
5.30
2.10
58
250
103
2.10
0.83
59
500
103.5
1.30
0.33
60
1000
104
0.84
0.20
61
2000
102
0.62
0.10
62
4000
101.5
0.61
0.07
63
8000
100
0.40
0.04
Test
No
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72

(Hz)
level (dB)
(m)
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
108
108.5
109
109.5
109.5
109
108.5
106.5
106
22.35
12.40
37.61
5.86
4.20
2.10
1.40
1.10
0.80
60
Velocity
(mm/sec)
7.42
6.90
14.84
5.08
1.80
0.64
0.22
0.14
0.10
3-4-3 Condition (C)

This condition was reading data in center of the plate (position C) as shown
in figure (3-3)
on the center side in the plate
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
80
80
82
83.5
84
84
84
81
80.5
1.2
0.9
2.3
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.36
0.38
0.7
0.34
0.2
0.12
0.08
0.06
0.04
Test
No
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

(Hz)
level (dB)
(m)
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
90
91
93
93.5
93.5
93
91.5
91
90
1.9
2.3
3.2
1.4
1
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
61
Velocity
(mm/sec)
1.2
1.14
4.8
0.92
0.42
0.18
0.1
0.08
0.05
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
91
31.5
100
6.8
4.9
92
63
102
5.4
5.3
93
125
103
24.2
13.8
94
250
103
4.8
4.6
95
500
103.5
3.3
1.1
96
1000
103
2.1
0.64
97
2000
102
0.9
0.22
98
4000
101
0.5
0.1
99
8000
100
0.3
0.08
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
108
108
109
110
110
109
108
107
107
48
28.8
98.6
16
8.2
4.1
2.2
1.5
1.2
12
13.2
27
9.6
2.6
1.1
0.52
0.3
0.1
62
3-4-4 Condition (D)

This condition was reading data in bottom of the plate (position D) as shown
in figure (3-3)
on the bottom side in the plate
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
80
80
82.5
83
84
83.5
84
81
80.5
0.86
0.64
1.2
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.22
0.2
0.22
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
90
91.5
93.5
93
94
93
91.5
90.5
90
1
0.8
1.4
0.9
0.7
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
1.38
1.3
2
0.72
0.28
0.17
0.09
0.05
0.03
63
Test
No

(Hz)
level (dB)
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
127
31.5
100
2.8
2.4
128
63
101
2
1.3
129
125
102.5
4.8
3.1
130
250
103.5
1.4
1.32
131
500
103.5
1.1
0.4
132
1000
104
0.8
0.2
133
2000
102
0.4
0.1
134
4000
101
0.3
0.04
135
8000
99.5
0.1
0.02
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
108
108.5
108.5
109.5
109.5
109
108
106.5
107
24
12.8
40.4
8.6
6.3
2.2
1.5
1.1
1
7.4
7
14.2
5.1
2.4
1.9
0.9
0.2
0.1
64
3-4-5 Condition (E)

This condition was reading data in top of the plate (position E) as shown in
figure (3-3)
on the top side in the plate
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
80
80.5
82
83
83.5
84
84
81.5
81
0.8
0.6
1.3
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.28
0.14
0.36
0.13
0.11
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.02
Test
No
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162

(Hz)
level (dB)
(m)
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
90
91
93.5
93.5
93.5
93.5
92
91
89.5
1.2
1
2.5
1.1
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
65
Velocity
(mm/sec)
0.82
0.38
1.6
0.28
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.03
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
163
31.5
100
3.3
2
164
63
101.5
3.2
1.9
165
125
103
5.3
2.6
166
250
103.5
3.1
1.1
167
500
104
1.8
0.52
168
1000
103.5
1.4
0.14
169
2000
102.5
1
0.08
170
4000
102
0.65
0.06
171
8000
100
0.3
0.05
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
108
108
109
109.5
110
109.5
108
106.5
106
28
13.5
47
9.6
6.2
3.1
1.8
1.3
1.2
7.3
5.4
15.3
5.3
3.1
1.9
1.3
0.3
0.1
3-4-6 Condition (F)

It consists of thirty six test numbers; they are carried out at the following playing
sound; strain, direction of strain such as vertical shown in figure (3-14a) and starting
sound pressure level at (80, 90 , 100, 108 dB) with frequency (31.5, 63, 125, 250,
500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz).
66
The range of variation parameters which obtained from these experiments such as
frequency, strain and sound pressure level ,the experimental results are shown in
tables [(3-7a), (3-7b), (3-7c), (3-7d)]
1
15 mm
55 mm
55 mm
1
55 mm
4
55 mm
5
15 mm
(A)
(B)
Figure (3-14) indicates the direction of foil strain gage on the plate
(A: Vertical, B: Horizontal)
Table (3-7a) values of strain and sound pressure level with different frequency
in vertical direction in plate
Test Frequency
No
(Hz)
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
Sound
pressure
level (dB)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
80
81
82
83
83.5
83.5
83
81
80
0
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
-1
-2
-3
-1
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
67
Table (3-7b) values of strain and sound pressure level with different frequency
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
Sound
1
pressure
level (dB) (m/m)
90
91
93
93
93.5
93.5
91.5
90.5
90
0
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
0
-1
0
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
0
-1
-2
-2
-1
-1
0
0
0
-4
-4
-6
-3
-2
-2
-1
-1
-1
0
-1
-2
-2
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
Table (3-7c) values of strain and sound pressure level with different frequency
Test Frequency
No
(Hz)
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
Sound
pressure
level (dB)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
100
101.5
102.5
103
103
103
102
101.5
99.5
-3
-3
-9
-6
-6
-4
-3
-2
-1
-2
-6
-13
-6
-3
-3
-2
-1
-1
-36
-21
-48
-22
-18
-12
-9
-6
-6
-2
-5
-12
-5
-4
-4
-2
-2
-1
-3
-4
-8
-4
-4
-3
-3
-3
-2
68
Table (3-7d) values of strain and sound pressure level with different frequency
Test Frequency
No
(Hz)
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
Sound
pressure
level (dB)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
108
108
108.5
109.5
109.5
109
108
106.5
106.5
-4
-15
-37
-14
-8
-7
-3
-2
-2
-34
-72
-150
-67
-55
-32
-23
-9
-3
-249
-274
-469
-216
-213
-123
-104
-77
-71
-31
-83
-167
-78
-64
-41
-38
-12
-5
-5
-13
-32
-11
-9
-6
-4
-3
-2
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
3-4-7 Condition (G)

In this condition strain direction was horizontal as shown in figure (3-14b)
Table (3-8a) values of strain and sound pressure level with different frequency
in horizontal direction in plate
Test Frequency
No.
(Hz)
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
Sound
pressure
level (dB)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
80
80.5
82
83.5
84
84
84
81.5
80.5
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-2
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
69
Table (3-8b) values of strain and sound pressure level with different frequency
Test Frequency
No
(Hz)
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
Sound
pressure
level (dB)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
90
91.5
93.5
93
94
93.5
92
91.5
90
-1
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
-3
-3
-5
-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
-2
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
Table (3-8c) values of strain and sound pressure level with different frequency
Test Frequency
No
(Hz)
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
Sound
pressure
level (dB)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
100
102
102.5
103.5
104
104
102
101.5
100
-2
-4
-8
-6
-5
-4
-3
-3
-1
-4
-6
-12
-8
-4
-4
-3
-2
-1
-40
-38
-53
-38
-29
-28
-19
-15
-15
-3
-5
-11
-7
-5
-4
-3
-3
-2
-3
-3
-9
-5
-5
-4
-3
-3
-1
70
Table (3-8d) values of strain and sound pressure level with different frequency
Test Frequency
No
(Hz)
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
Sound
pressure
level (dB)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
108
108
109
110
110
109
108.5
107
107
-5
-18
-39
-14
-10
-9
-4
-4
-3
-58
-96
-182
-75
-65
-55
-34
-12
-5
-281
-293
-505
-229
-224
-133
-115
-84
-68
-43
-88
-203
-98
-55
-45
-22
-11
-3
-6
-82
-166
-68
-53
-41
-23
-9
-3
71
Chapter
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
Chapter four: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4-1 Introduction
This chapter deals with the results which are obtained after performing test
and relationships between sound pressure level and frequency variables, the results
in this investigation can be classified into three categories:
1- Vibration parameters data, displacement and velocity.
2- Sound pressure level data, at each frequency for different (dB).
3- Strain measurement.
4-2 Data groups

From the experimental data there are two groups; first group is containing all plate
border data and second group for center plate data.
4-2-1 Average of border data
Average border data is average of the data form (left, right, top and bottom) side
of data as recorded in tables [(3-2), (3-3), (3-5), and (3-6)] is calculated the average
of five points and listed in table (4-1). And by using relationship between
displacement and velocity can be obtain acceleration, the data is listed also in table
(4-1).
Sample of calculation
From the table (4-1a) the following data was obtained:
Vibration parameter data for horizontal direction ;( velocity x& = 0.26 mm/sec),
(displacement x =0.82 m),
time, and Calculation:
x
0.82
= 1000 = 1000 = 0.00315384 sec .................................................... (4.1)
x&
0.26
72
Where; : The oscillation repetition time
x : Displacement (m)
x& : Velocity (mm/sec)
1
f
=
The reciprocal
........................................................................................... (4.2)
Where, f : frequency (Hz)
f =
1
0.00315384
= 317 . 73 Hz
The motion of the needle of vibrometer can be expressed by the equation:
x = A sin 2
Where;
t = A sin t ............................................... (4.3)

= 2 f ......................................................... (4.4)
: Circular frequency the quantity is generally measured in (rad/sec)

= 2 ( 317 . 73 ) = 1995 . 34 rad/sec
The velocity and acceleration of harmonic motion can be simply determined by rhe
following equations:
x& = A cos t ................................................................... (4.5)
&x& = 2 A sin t ................................................................. (4.6)

For maximum point of motion;
x& = A ................................................................................. (4.7)

A: amplitude of the motion (mm)
A=
x&
, (const.) can be calculated, A =
x&
0 . 26
= 0 . 00013 mm
1995 . 34
Then for maximum acceleration;
&x& = 2 A ............................................................................. (4.8)

By applying equation (4.8) the acceleration can be found;
73
&x& = 2 A = -(1995.34)
( 0 . 00013 ) /(1000 ) = 0.1648 m/sec
Then the previous calculation can be repeated for all experimental tests the
results will be obtain was recording the table (4-1)
Table (4-1a) average values in x , x& , &x& and sound pressure level with different
frequency in each side of border of the plate
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Average
Sound
pressure
level (dB)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
80
80.6
82.3
83.1
83.6
83.8
83.8
81.3
80.6
x&
Average
Average
Displacement Velocity
(m)
(mm/sec)
0.82
0.64
1.28
0.59
0.37
0.3
0.26
0.12
0.12
74
0.26
0.17
0.26
0.1
0.09
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
&x&
Average
Acceleration
(m/sec2)
0.16
0.09
0.11
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
Table(4-1b) average values in x , x& , &x& and sound pressure level with different
Average
Frequency Sound
No
(Hz)
pressure
level (dB)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
90
91.3
93.4
93.4
93.8
93.1
91.8
90.9
89.9
Average
Displacement
(m)
Average
Velocity
(mm/sec)
Average
Acceleration
(m/sec2)
1.23
0.88
1.79
0.88
0.61
0.46
0.37
0.22
0.12
0.9
0.65
1.4
0.42
0.22
0.13
0.08
0.06
0.04
1.32
0.96
2.19
0.40
0.16
0.07
0.03
0.03
0.03
Table (4-1c) average values in x , x& , &x& and sound pressure level with different
Average
Frequency Sound
No
(Hz)
pressure
level (dB)
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
100
101.5
102.875
103.25
103.625
103.75
102.125
101.5
99.75
Average
Displacement
(m)
Average
Velocity
(mm/sec)
Average
Acceleration
(m/sec2)
3.03
2.45
5.08
1.95
1.3
0.91
0.66
0.52
0.35
1.85
1.38
2.4
0.94
0.38
0.17
0.1
0.06
0.04
2.26
1.55
2.27
0.91
0.22
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.01
75
Table(4-1d) average values in x , x& , &x& and sound pressure level with different
Average
Frequency Sound
No
(Hz)
pressure
level (dB)
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
108
108.375
108.875
109.625
109.625
109.125
108.25
106.625
106.375
Average
Displacement
(m)
Average
Velocity
(mm/sec)
Average
Acceleration
(m/sec2)
23.64
12.63
40.1
7.39
5.03
2.35
1.48
1.1
0.93
7.31
6.48
14.46
5.07
2.1
1.21
0.64
0.19
0.09
4.52
6.65
10.43
6.96
1.75
1.25
0.55
0.07
0.02
76
4-2-2 data of center

After recording displacement and velocity at center of the plate as listed in
tables [(3-4a), (3-4b), (3-4c), and (3-4d)], also the acceleration can be calculate by
using the displacement and velocity data in tables [(3-4a), (3-4b), (3-4c), and (34d)] .and the acceleration result as shown in table (4-2).
Table (4-2) values in center of plate acceleration
Test
No
Acceleration( &x& )
(m/sec2)
Test
No
Acceleration ( &x& )
(m/sec2)
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
0.216
0.321
0.426
0.257
0.133
0.096
0.043
0.036
0.032
1.516
1.130
14.400
1.209
0.353
0.081
0.033
0.026
0.013
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
7.062
10.404
15.739
8.817
0.733
0.390
0.108
0.040
0.043
6.000
12.100
14.787
11.520
1.649
0.590
0.246
0.120
0.017
4-3 Relationship between frequency and sound pressure level

Frequency and sound pressure level at condition (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) from
chapter three and putting average of sound pressure level for all condition at any
frequency. Relationship between frequency and average sound pressure level in
condition (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) were plotted in figure (4-1), as well as the figure
contains the different starting sound pressure level (80, 90, 100, and 108 dB).
77
Maximum range
Sound Pressure level (dB)
113.0
108.0
103.0
98.0
80 dB
90 dB
93.0
100 dB
108 dB
88.0
83.0
78.0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure (4-1) variation of level sound values with frequency for average
condition
Figure (4-1) shows that effect of frequency on the sound pressure level, as well
as the effect of starting sound pressure level point. The result was showed that
increasing in frequency due to increase in sound pressure level in all curves (80 dB),
(90 dB), (100 dB) and (108 dB). Therefore it can be resulted that increasing in
frequency with higher sound pressure level caused in maximum pressure from
equation (2.5). In figure (4-1) each starting sound pressure level have maximum
value of sound pressure level, in a curve when starting sound pressure level is (80
dB) the maximum value of sound pressure level at frequency (1000 Hz), in a curve
when starting sound pressure level is (90, and 100 dB) the maximum value of sound
pressure level at frequency (500 Hz), and in a curve when starting sound pressure
level is (108 dB) the maximum value of sound pressure level at frequency (250 Hz).
The maximum point of all curves approximately at 125 Hz because has sufficient
frequency in specified time (to complete one sine shape required time (0.76 sec)).
78
This subject has been explained by William O. Hughes , Anne M. McNelis, [2000]
it was using
high starting sound pressure level (133 ,126 ,and 124 dB) with
frequency between (31.5 - 8000 Hz) finally will obtain the figure (4-2) [40].
Figure (4-2) variation of high level sound values with frequency [40]
4-4 Relationship between frequency and displacement

There are two groups of relationship between frequency and displacement in
experimental data's (border and center):
A: In borders
The Relationship between frequency and average displacement in table (4-1a),
(4-1b), (4-1c), (4-1d)] were plotted in figures [(4-3a), (4-3b), (4-3c), and (4-3d)]
respectively, as well as the figures contain the different starting sound pressure level
(80, 90, 100, and 108 dB).
79

1.4
1.28m
Maximum point
displacement (m)
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
80 dB
0.4
0.2
0
10
100
125
Hz
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure (4-3a) Displacement versus frequency in border of the plate with

starting sound pressure level at (80 dB)
2
displacement (m)
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
90 dB
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure (4-3b) Displacement versus frequency in border of the plate with

80
displacement (m)
5
4
3
100 dB
2
1
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure (4-3c) Displacement versus frequency in border of the plate with

44
40
36
displacement (m)
32
28
24
20
108 dB
16
12
8
4
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure (4-3d) Displacement versus frequency in border of the plate with

81
B: In center
The Relationship between frequency and displacement in tables [(3-4a), (3-4b),
(3-4c), and (3-4d)] were plotted in figures [(4-4a), (4-4b), (4-4c), and (4-4d)]
(80, 90, 100, and 108 dB).
2.5
displacement (m)
2.3 m
Maximum point
1.5
80 dB
0.5
0
10
125
100
Hz
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure (4-4a) Displacement versus frequency in center of the plate with

82

3.5
displacement (m)
3
2.5
2
1.5
90 dB
1
0.5
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure (4-4b) Displacement versus frequency in center of the plate with

30
displacement (m)
25
20
15
100 dB
10
5
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure (4-4c) Displacement versus frequency in center of the plate with

83

120
displacement (m)
100
80
60
108 dB
40
20
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure (4-4d) Displacement versus frequency in center of the plate with

Figures [(4-3a), (4-3b), (4-3c), (4-3d), (4-4a), (4-4b), (4-4c), and ((4-4d)] have
been constructed to illustrate the main effect of frequency on displacement.
It is clear that at the starting point of vibration the displacement is very high after
this by increasing the range of frequency the displacement will be decreasing and
become here stability because when playing sound the frequency combine audio (45
sec) at first the plate will transfer from static stage to wave stage will become mini
shock after there proceed to real trajectory of curves. The maximum point of the
displacement in all figures [(4-3a), (4-3b), (4-3c), (4-3d), (4-4a), (4-4b), (4-4c), and
(4-4d)] at frequency (125 Hz) because the frequency 125 Hz is approximately is
resonance point of plates and this is one of the common point between the curves .
The minimum point of the displacement in all figures [(4-3a), (4-3b), (4-3c), (4-3d),
(4-4a), (4-4b), (4-4c), and ((4-4d)] it was event at frequency (8000 Hz) and this is
another common point between the curves because one signal of sinusoidal in
frequency (8000 Hz) have a very small time (0.012 sec) to complete one signal sine .
84
In Figures [(4-3a), (4-3b), (4-3c), (4-3d), (4-4a), (4-4b), (4-4c), and ((4-4d)]
show that the curves starting sound pressure level (80 dB) and (90 dB) was near to
each other but starting sound pressure level (100 dB) is higher than the curves
starting sound pressure level (80 & 90 dB) , and starting sound pressure level at (108
dB) curves was very higher than the curves starting sound pressure level (80,90,and
100 dB) because the rate of increasing was bigger with increasing sound pressure
level.
In Figures [(4-3a), (4-3b), (4-3c), (4-3d), (4-4a), (4-4b), (4-4c), and ((4-4d)] show
that the value of average displacement of (left, right, bottom, and top position) is
smaller than the value of the displacement in center position because the all borders
position were near the fixed points.
4-5 Relationship between frequency and velocity

There are two groups of relationship between frequency and velocity in
experimental data's (in border and in center):
A: In borders
The Relationship between frequency and average velocity in tables [(4-1a),
(4-1b), (4-1c), (4-1d)] were plotted in figures [(4-5a), (4-5b), (4-5c), and (4-5d)]
(80, 90, 100, and 108 dB).
85

0.3
Velocity (mm/sec)
0.25
0.2
0.15
80 dB
0.1
0.05
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure (4-5a) Velocity versus frequency in border of the plate with starting
sound pressure level at (80 dB)
1.6
Velocity(mm/sec)
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
90 dB
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-5b) Velocity versus frequency in border of the plate with starting
86

3
Velocity(mm/sec)
2.5
2
1.5
100 dB
0.5
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-5c) Velocity versus frequency in border of the plate with starting
16
12
Velocity(mm/sec)
14
10
8
108 dB
6
4
2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-5d) Velocity versus frequency in border of the plate with starting
87
B: In center
The Relationship between frequency and velocity in tables [(3-4a), (3-4b), (3-4c),
and (3-4d)] were plotted in figures [(4-6a), (4-6b), (4-6c), and (4-6d)] respectively,
as well as the figures contain the different starting sound pressure level (80, 90, 100,
and 108 dB).
0.8
Velocity(mm/sec)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
80 dB
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-6a) Velocity versus frequency in center of the plate with starting
88

6
Velocity(mm/sec)
5
4
90 dB
1
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-6b) Velocity versus frequency in center of the plate with starting
16
Velocity(mm/sec)
14
12
10
8
100 dB
6
4
2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-6c) Velocity versus frequency in center of the plate with starting
89
30
Velocity(mm/sec)
25
20
15
108 dB
10
5
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-6d) Velocity versus frequency in center of the plate with starting
From Figures [(4-5a), (4-5b), (4-5c), (4-5d), (4-6a), (4-6b), (4-6c), and ((4-6d)]
that is explain relation between velocity with frequency.
At the starting point of vibration the velocity at higher value, after that
decreases rapidly and also increases that is mean rapid fluctuation until it is reach to
125 Hz, because when playing the frequency combine audio (45 sec) at first the
plate will transfer from static stage to wave stage will become mini shock after there
proceed to real path of the curves. The higher point of the velocity in all figures [(45a), (4-5b), (4-5c), (4-5d), (4-6a), (4-6b), (4-6c), and ((4-6d)] at frequency (125 Hz)
because the frequency (125 Hz) is approximately is resonance point of the plates and
this is common point between all curves. The Lower point of the velocity in figures
[ (4-5a), (4-5b), (4-5c), (4-5d), (4-6a), (4-6b), (4-6c), and (4-6d) ] that is reported at
frequency (8000 Hz) and this is second common point between all curves, because
90
one signal of sinusoidal in frequency (8000 Hz) have a very small time (0.012 sec)
and frequency approximately will be constant .
The Figures [(4-5a), (4-5b), (4-5c), (4-5d), (4-6a), (4-6b), (4-6c), and ((4-6d)]
explain sound pressure levels, which is starting at (80 dB) to (108 dB).
the curves (80 dB) and (90 dB) was very closed to each other but starting sound
pressure level (100 dB) is higher than the curves which is starting sound pressure
level (80 & 90 dB), and starting sound pressure level at (108 dB) curves was higher
than the curves starting sound pressure level (80, 90, and 100 dB) because the rate of
increasing was larger with increasing sound pressure level.
shown the average value of velocity in (left, right, bottom, and top) position was
lower than the velocity value in center position, because all borders position were
considers the fixed points.
4-6 Relationship between frequency and acceleration

There are two groups of relationship between frequency and acceleration in
experimental data's (in border and in center):
A: In borders
The Relationship between frequency and average acceleration in tables [(4-1a),
(4-1b), (4-1c), and (4-1d)] were plotted in figures [(4-7a), (4-7b), (4-7c), and (4-7d)]
(80, 90, 100, and 108 dB).
91

0.18
Acceleration (m/sec )
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
80 dB
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure (4-7a) Acceleration versus frequency in border of the plate with starting
2.5
Acceleration(m/sec )
1.5
90 dB
0.5
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-7b) Acceleration versus frequency in border of the plate with starting
92
2.5
1.5
100 dB
0.5
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-7c) Acceleration versus frequency in border of the plate with starting
sound pressure level at (100 dB))
12
10
8
6
108 dB
4
2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-7d) Acceleration versus frequency in border of the plate with starting
93
B: In center
The Relationship between frequency and acceleration in table (4-2) were plotted
in figures [(4-8a), (4-8b), (4-8c), and (4-8d)] respectively, as well as the figures
contain the different starting sound pressure level (80, 90, 100, and 108 dB).
0.45
0.4
Maximum point
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
80 dB
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
10
125
100
Hz
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-8a) Acceleration versus frequency in center of the plate with starting
94
12
14
16
10
8
90 dB
6
4
2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-8b) Acceleration versus frequency in center of the plate with starting
16
14
12
10
8
100 dB
6
4
2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-8c) Acceleration versus frequency in center of the plate with starting
95

16
14
12
10
8
108 dB
6
4
2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-8d) Acceleration versus frequency in center of the plate with starting
Figures [(4-7a), (4-7b), (4-7c), (4-7d), (4-8a), (4-8b), (4-8c), and ((4-8d)]
illustrated the main effect of frequency on acceleration.
at the starting point of vibration the acceleration was at maximum value, after
that due to increasing the range of frequency the acceleration rapidly decreases and
stay near stabile at this range because when playing the frequency combine audio
(45 sec) at first, the plate will transfer from static stage to wave stage will become
small shock after there proceed to real trajectory of curves. The higher point of the
acceleration in all figures [(4-7a), (4-7b), (4-7c), (4-7d), (4-8a), (4-8b), (4-8c), and
((4-8d)] at frequency (125 Hz), because the frequency (125 Hz) is approximately
resonance point of plates and this is unique point between the curves. The lower
point of the acceleration in all figures [(4-7a), (4-7b), (4-7c), (4-7d), (4-8a), (4-8b),
(4-8c), and ((4-8d)] it was occur at frequency (8000 Hz) and this is another unique
point between the curves because one signal of sinusoidal in frequency (8000 Hz)
was a very small time (0.012 sec) and frequency approximately will be constant .
96
illustrated the curves of starting sound pressure level (80 dB) and (90 dB) was
closed to each other but starting sound pressure level (100 dB) is higher than the
starting sound pressure level (80 & 90 dB) , and starting sound pressure level at
(108 dB) curves was highest value than the starting sound pressure level (80, 90,
and 100 dB) , because the rate of increasing was larger with increasing sound
pressure level.
shown the value of average acceleration in (left, right, bottom, and top) position was
smaller than the value of the acceleration in center position, because the all borders
position considers as a fixed points
4-7 Determination of stress

After recording strain data were listed in tables [(3-7) (3-8)], the stress must be
calculate by using the relationship between stress strain (Hook's law)
From test number (181) the following data can be obtained:
The strains data at foil third strain is = 1 m / m ,
To determine the values of stress in uniaxial direction, it must apply the following
equations:
= E ....................................................................................................... (4.9)
= 72 103 (1 106 ) = 0.072MPa
(Compression)
Table (4-3) shown the stress value at horizontal direction and table (4-4) shown the
stress value at vertical direction. .
97
Table (4-3) indicate value of stress at horizontal direction (x-direction) position of plate
Test
No
stress 1
(Mpa)
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
0
0
-0.072
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.072
-0.072
-0.144
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
stress
2
(Mpa)
0
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
0
stress
3
(Mpa)
-0.072
-0.072
-0.144
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
0
-0.216
-0.216
-0.36
-0.144
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
stress
4
(Mpa)
0
0
-0.072
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
stress
5
(Mpa)
0
0
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.072
-0.144
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
0
Test
No
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
98
stress
1
(Mpa)
-0.144
-0.288
-0.576
-0.432
-0.36
-0.288
-0.216
-0.216
-0.072
-0.36
-1.296
-2.808
-1.008
-0.72
-0.648
-0.288
-0.288
-0.216
stress
2
(Mpa)
-0.288
-0.432
-0.864
-0.576
-0.288
-0.288
-0.216
-0.144
-0.072
-4.176
-6.912
-13.1
-5.4
-4.68
-3.96
-2.448
-0.864
-0.36
stress
3
(Mpa)
-2.88
-2.736
-3.816
-2.736
-2.088
-2.016
-1.368
-1.08
-1.08
-20.23
-21.1
-36.36
-16.49
-16.13
-9.576
-8.28
-6.048
-4.896
stress
4
(Mpa)
-0.216
-0.36
-0.792
-0.504
-0.36
-0.288
-0.216
-0.216
-0.144
-3.096
-6.336
-14.62
-7.056
-3.96
-3.24
-1.584
-0.792
-0.216
stress
5
(Mpa)
-0.216
-0.216
-0.648
-0.36
-0.36
-0.288
-0.216
-0.216
-0.072
-0.432
-5.904
-11.95
-4.896
-3.816
-2.952
-1.656
-0.648
-0.216
Table (4-4) indicate value of stress at vertical direction (y-direction) position of plate
Test
No
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
stress
1
(Mpa)
0
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.072
-0.144
-0.072
-0.072
0.072
0
0.072
0
stress
2
(Mpa)
0
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
0
-0.072
0
0
0
0
-0.072
-0.144
-0.144
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
stress
3
(Mpa)
-0.072
-0.144
-0.216
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
-0.288
-0.288
-0.432
-0.216
-0.144
-0.144
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
stress
4
(Mpa)
0
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.072
-0.144
-0.144
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
stress
5
(Mpa)
0
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
0
Test
No
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
99
stress
1
(Mpa)
-0.216
-0.216
-0.648
-0.432
-0.432
-0.288
-0.216
-0.144
-0.072
-0.288
-1.08
-2.664
-1.008
-0.576
-0.504
-0.216
-0.144
-0.144
stress
2
(Mpa)
-0.144
-0.432
-0.936
-0.432
-0.216
-0.216
-0.144
-0.072
-0.072
-2.448
-5.184
-10.8
-4.824
-3.96
-2.304
-1.656
-0.648
-0.216
stress
3
(Mpa)
-2.592
-1.512
-3.456
-1.584
-1.296
-0.864
-0.648
-0.432
-0.432
-17.93
-19.73
-33.77
-15.55
-15.34
-8.856
-7.488
-5.544
-5.112
stress
4
(Mpa)
-0.144
-0.36
-0.864
-0.36
-0.288
-0.288
-0.144
-0.144
-0.072
-2.232
-5.976
-12.02
-5.616
-4.608
-2.952
-2.736
-0.864
-0.36
stress
5
(Mpa)
-0.216
-0.288
-0.576
-0.288
-0.288
-0.216
-0.216
-0.216
-0.144
-0.36
-0.936
-2.304
-0.792
-0.648
-0.432
-0.288
-0.216
-0.144
4-8 Relationship between frequency and stress

The Relationship between frequency and stress at x-direction in tables (4-3)
and (4-4) were plotted in figures [(4-9a), (4-9b), (4-9c), (4-9d), (4-9e), (4-9f), (4-9g),
and (4-9h)] respectively, as well as the figures contain the different starting sound
pressure level (80, 90, 100, and 108 dB) and different testing at horizontal (xdirection) and vertical (y-direction) of stress.
Maximum point
8000 15
Figure (4-9a) Stress versus frequency at horizontal direction in the plate at

starting sound pressure level (80 dB)
100
Starting sound level at 90dB
-0.4
-0.35
-0.2
-0.15
31.5
-0.1
Stress (MPa)
-0.3
-0.25
63
-0.05
125
250
Freq
ue
0
235
500
ncy (
Hz)
1000
180
2000
e (m
anc
dist
125
4000
70
m)
8000 15 15
8000
Figure (4-9b) Stress versus frequency at horizontal direction in the plate at

-4
-3.5
-2
-1.5
31.5
-1
Stress (MPa)
-3
-2.5
63
-0.5
125
250
Freq
uenc
0
235
500
y (Hz
)
1000
180
2000
125
4000
70
e (m
anc
dist
m)
80008000
1515
Figure (4-9c) Stress versus frequency at horizontal direction in the plate at

101
-40
-35
-20
-15
31.5
-10
Stress (MPa)
-30
-25
63
-5
125
250
Freq
500
uen
cy (H
z)
0
235
1000
180
2000
m)
e (m
anc
t
s
i
d
125
4000
70
8000 1515
8000
Figure (4-9d) Stress versus frequency at horizontal direction in the plate at

-0.25
-0.15
-0.1
31.5
-0.05
63
125
250
Freq
uenc
y (H
0
235
500
z)
1000
180
2000
)
mm
ce (
n
a
t
dis
125
4000
70
80008000
1515
Figure (4-9e) Stress versus frequency at vertical direction in the plate at

102
Stress (MPa)
-0.2
-0.45
-0.4
-0.35
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
31.5
-0.1
63
125
-0.05
250
Freq
uenc
0
235
500
y (Hz
)
1000
180
2000
125
4000
(m
ance
dist
70
m)
8000 15
15
8000
Figure (4-9f) Stress versus frequency at vertical direction in the plate at

-3.5
-3
-2
-1.5
-1
31.5
Stress (MPa)
-2.5
63
-0.5
125
Freq
u
250
ency
(
0
235
500
Hz)
1000
180
2000
e (m
anc
dist
125
4000
70
m)
8000 1515
8000
Figure (4-9g) Stress versus frequency at vertical direction in the plate at

103
Stress (MPa)
-0.3
-35
-30
-20
-15
-10
31.5
Stress (MPa)
-25
63
-5
125
250
Freq
uenc
y (H
0
235
500
z)
1000
180
2000
125
4000
70
ance
dist
)
(mm
8000
15 15
8000
Figure (4-9h) Stress versus frequency at vertical direction in the plate at

The results which indicated in the relationship between frequency and x-direction
distance on the stress in the plate for different starting sound pressure level were
plotted in figures [(4-9a), (4-9b), (4-9c), (4-9d), (4-9e), (4-9f), (4-9g), and (4-9h)].
When starting sound pressure level at (80 dB) at both directions horizontal and
vertical, the stress in each frequency is lower than other starting sound pressure
levels. When starting sound pressure level at (90 dB) at both horizontal and vertical
directions, the stress will become higher than the starting sound pressure level (80
dB) in each frequency, in starting sound pressure level (100 dB) this increasing was
continues, and in starting sound pressure level (108 dB) the stress is higher state
than starting sound pressure level (80, 90, and 100 dB).
The maximum point of the stress in each parameters (horizontal and vertical
directions), and in every starting sound pressure level (80, 90, 100, and 108 dB) it
104
event at frequency (125 Hz) as shown in figures [(4-9a), (4-9b), (4-9c), (4-9d), (49e), (4-9f), (4-9g), and (4-9h)] because in frequency (125 dB) a maximum
displacement and the frequency (125 Hz) approximately a resonance of the plate. In
all figures after frequency (125 Hz) the stress will become decreasing with increase
frequency until to frequency (8000 Hz) the stress was lower points.
The value of stress in borders of both directions horizontal and vertical at
(15mm) and (235mm) as shown in figures [(3-14a) and (3-14b)] indicated by point
"1" and "5" was near each other and it's smaller than other points. The value of
stress at (70 mm) and (180 mm) distance as shown in figures [(3-14a) and (3-14b)]
indicated by point "2" and "4" was near each other and it's higher than other points
("1" and "5"). The value of stress at (125 mm) distance as shown in figures [(3-14a)
and (3-14b)] indicated by point "3" in horizontal and vertical directions was near
each other and it's higher than all points (1, 2, 4, 5) because it's far from fixed
supports, and it is the center.
4-9 Pressure spectral density

To obtain the component response due to acoustic excitation, the first value to be
calculated is the sound pressure spectral density ( Ps ) at the natural frequency ( f n )
of the component, as follows.
From the test number one the following data was obtained:
Frequency is 31.5 Hz
Average Sound pressure level is 80 dB
Ps is defined as:
P2
Ps =
........................................................................................................ (4.10)
f
105
Where;
P: Sound pressure (Pa)
f : Difference of frequency (Hz)
f = 0.231 f n
P 2 = (2 10 5 ) 2 10 dB 10 ............................................................................. (4.11)
P 2 = (2 10 5 ) 2 1080 10 = 0.04 Pa
and is calculated from:
(2 10 5 ) 2 10 dB 10
Ps =
......................................................................... (4.12)
0.231 f n
(2 10 5 ) 2 1080 10
Ps =
= 0.005497148
0.231 31.5
106
( N / m 2 ) 2 Hz
Table (4-5) show the result of the pressure , and pressure spectral density
Avg. Sound
Pressure spectral
Frequency
Level Pressure
density(
( N / m 2 ) 2 Hz )
(Hz)
(dB)
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
80
80.6
82.1
83.2
83.7
83.8
83.7
81.2
80.5
90
91.2
93.3
93.3
93.7
93.2
91.7
90.9
89.9
100
101.6
102.8
103.2
103.6
103.6
102.1
101.4
99.8
108
108.2
108.9
109.7
109.7
109.1
108.2
106.7
106.6
0.005497148
0.003135092
0.002268944
0.0014519
0.000814529
0.000414018
0.000203632
5.72554E-05
2.42861E-05
0.054971484
0.036352647
0.029519529
0.014759765
0.008145291
0.003629749
0.001284833
0.000536099
0.000212919
0.549714835
0.401229795
0.263093081
0.145189956
0.078817175
0.039408587
0.013949572
0.006015132
0.002060295
3.468466128
1.821948234
1.064761365
0.648539712
0.324269856
0.139826945
0.057391369
0.020314989
0.009828809
107
Pressure of
sound (Pa)
0.2
0.213600087
0.255960443
0.289563809
0.306721544
0.309254274
0.306721544
0.23000871
0.211850745
0.632455532
0.727351404
0.923242333
0.923242333
0.969938686
0.915681166
0.770449684
0.703815079
0.627275849
2
2.416422399
2.756231615
2.895638094
3.017181417
3.017181417
2.538641786
2.35753727
1.951262553
5.023772863
5.149253601
5.544815993
6.119899374
6.119899374
5.683311029
5.149253601
4.332556963
4.261882031
4-10 Relationship between frequency and pressure spectral

density
The Relationship between frequency and pressure spectral density in table (4-5)
was plotted in figure (4-10) respectively, as well as the figures contain the different
starting sound pressure level (80, 90, 100, and 108 dB).
Pressure spectral density ((N/m 2)2/Hz)
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
80 dB
90 dB
0.02
0.01
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure (4-10a) variation of pressure spectral density with frequency
108
Pressure spectral density(N/m 2)2?Hz)
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
100 dB
108 dB
1.5
1
0.5
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure (4-10b) variation of pressure spectral density with frequency
It is clear that at the curves starting at maximum point at frequency (31.5 Hz) after
this point the pressure spectral density was decreasing with increasing the frequency
until minimum point at frequency (8000 Hz) and near to zero point, the maximum
and minimum point is common point at all curves in figure (4-10a, 4-10b)
In Figures [(4-10a), and (4-10b)] show that the range of the curves starting sound
pressure level (80 dB) and (90 dB) was near to each other, but starting sound
pressure level (100 dB) is higher than the curves starting sound pressure level (80 &
90 dB), and starting sound pressure level at (108 dB) curves was very higher than
the curves starting sound pressure level (80, 90, and 100 dB)
4-11 Relationship between frequency and pressure

The Relationship between frequency and pressure in table (4-5) was plotted in
figure (4-11) respectively, as well as the figures contain the different starting sound
pressure level (80, 90, 100, and 108 dB).
109

1.2
pressure (Pa)
0.8
0.6
80 dB
90 dB
0.4
0.2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure (4-11a) variation of pressure of sound with frequency

7
pressure (Pa)
4
100 dB
108 dB
2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure (4-11b) variation of pressure of sound with frequency
110
Figures [(4-11a) and (4-11b)] shows that effect frequency on the pressure, as
well as effect of starting sound pressure level point. The result was showed that
increasing in frequency due to increase in pressure in all curves [(80 dB), (90 dB),
(100 dB) and (108 dB)].
Therefore it can be resulted that increasing in frequency with higher pressure, in
the curve when starting sound pressure level is (80, and 100 dB) the maximum value
of pressure at frequency (1000 Hz), in a curve when starting sound pressure level is
(90 dB) the maximum value of pressure at frequency (250 Hz), and in a curve when
starting sound pressure level is (108 dB) the maximum value of pressure at
frequency (500 Hz).
4-12 Finite element analysis

The effect of acoustic pressure on the plate by using ANSYS software were
using in this technique to obtain mode shapes as shown in Figures (2-5). First mode
occur in frequency (59.692 Hz) and have maximum deformation in center of
plate
,second
mode
occur
in
frequency
(107.78
Hz)
the
maximum
deformation appearance in two border of plate , third mode occur in frequency

(108.54 Hz) the maximum deformation appearance in another two border of plate,
fourth mode occur in frequency (122 Hz) the maximum deformation appearance in
four border of plate, fifth mode occur in frequency (209.07 Hz) the maximum
deformation appearance in four border of plate but the value of deformation is
lower than fourth mode, sixth mode occur in frequency (248.05 Hz) the maximum
deformation appearance in four heart place in the plate , seventh mode occur in
frequency (264.8 Hz) the maximum deformation appearance in four border side
near two corner of the plate, eighth mode occur in frequency (265.92 Hz) the
maximum deformation appearance in four border side near another two corner of the
plate,
ninth
mode
occur
in
frequency
(353.72
Hz)
the
maximum
deformation appearance in eight point in border of the plate, and tenth mode occur
111
in frequency (385.07 Hz) the maximum deformation appearance in four point in

border and near center of the plate.
Figure (2-6) have been constructed to illustrate the main effect of frequency
on deformation. When the pressure load on harmonic state at frequency (31.5, and
63 Hz) was acting the surface area of plate the maximum deformation occur on
center of plate, at frequency (125 Hz) maximum deformation occur on diagonal of
plate ,at frequency (250 Hz) maximum deformation occur on four points on plate
near corner ,at frequency (500 Hz) maximum deformation occur on five points on
plate near corner and at center ,at frequency (1000 Hz) maximum deformation occur
on border side of plate, but at frequency (2000, 4000 ,8000 Hz) the deformation will
become a fewer and deformation was distribute on the plate.
Figures (2-7) have been constructed to illustrate the main effect of frequency
on stress. When the pressure load on harmonic state was acting on the surface area
of plate the maximum stress in all frequency occur on the fixed points .at frequency
(31.5, and 63 Hz) the maximum stress accept fixed points was occur on center of
plate, at frequency (125 Hz) the maximum stress accept fixed points was occur on
diagonal of plate ,at frequency (250 Hz) the maximum stress accept fixed points was
occur on chess lines on plate ,at frequency (500 ,1000,2000,4000 Hz) the maximum
stress accept fixed points will become a fewer and stress was distribute on the plate.,
but at frequency (8000 Hz) the stress have only at fixed points.
The use of this type of technique gives information on the location of resonance
and vibration what we get from the mode shapes.
So the result of experimental work shows the maximum deformation occurs in
the frequencies approximate the resonance value.
112
Chapter
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR FUTURE WORKS
Chapter five: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORKS
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

FOR FUTURE WORKS
5-1 Conclusions
This thesis has a detailed experimental investigation is presented for effect of
frequency on acceleration and stress of spacecraft structures. The results have
indicated that the effect of acceleration and stress is remarkably significant. The
conclusion of the results in this investigation can be summarized in the following:1. The displacement, velocity, and acceleration at low frequency are higher than
the displacement, velocity, and acceleration at high frequency.
2. The rate of the starting sound pressure level at each level such as starting
sound pressure level at (80, 90, 100, and 108 dB) were not constant and will
become variable with increasing frequency.
3. The displacement, velocity, and acceleration in center of plate is higher than
the displacement, velocity, and acceleration in border (edge side) of plate for
this direction.
4. The stress in middle of the plate is maximum, but in (x-direction) and (ydirections), the value of the stress was decreasing until at edge will become
minimum stress.
5. This work has demonstrated that a lightweight and compact noise reduction
treatment can significantly increase low frequency transmission loss of the
plate representative of a payload fairing.
6. Generally at increasing the starting sound pressure level the displacement,
velocity, acceleration and stress was increased.
7. The stress at low frequency is higher than the stress in high frequency.
113
Chapter five: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORKS
5-2 Recommendations for Future Work

The experimental design described herein was used to develop the effect of
frequency and sound pressure level on spacecraft structure. The suggestion of future
work can be summarized as follows;
1. Using the composite material to replace Aluminum.
2. Using multiple computer software such as MATLAB or NASTRAN and
Compared with them.
3. The effect of different shape of spacecraft structure on acoustic vibration.
4. The effect of random vibration on spacecraft structure.
114
REFERENCES
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[25] Peter Davidsson , "Structure-Acoustic Analysis finite element modeling and
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[26] Simon J. Estve, "Control of sound transmission into payload fairings using
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[27] William O. Hughes," A Comparison of the Normal Tolerance Limit and
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[31] [R 900 ] William T. Thomason, Marie D. Dahleh, "Theory of Vibration With
Applications", Prentice-Hall, 5th edition, pp.5-9 ,1998.
[32] Erdogan Madenci , Ibrahim Guven, "The Finite Element Method And
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[34] Michael R. Hatch, "Vibration simulation using MATLAB and ANSYS " ,
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[35] National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "Flight Loads Analysis As a
spacecraft Design Tool", GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, PRACTICE
NO. PD-AP-1317, APRIL 1996.
[36] ANSYS program ,"Release 11.0 Documentation for ansys workbench"
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engineering in University of Texas, 2005.
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Reproduction", Elsevier, First edition, pp 1, 2007.
[40] William O. Hughes and Anne M. McNelis," Investigation of Acoustic Fields for
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NASA/TM-209387, 2000.
118
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Effect of Acoustic Vibration On The Satellite Structure at Launch Stage

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Effect of Acoustic Vibration On The Satellite Structure at Launch Stage

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Kurdistan Regional Government Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Researches

EFFECT OF ACOUSTIC VIBRATION ON

AbdulRahman Bahaddin Shakir

Kurdistan Regional Government Iraq

EFFECT OF ACOUSTIC VIBRATION ON

AbdulRahman Bahaddin Shakir

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Modulus of Elasticity (GPa)

"Exemplum gratia" (Latin) = for example

Expendable launch vehicles

The electrical model

Electrical Ground Support Equipment

Et cetera (Latin) = and so on

Finite element analysis

The Flight model

Frequency in any octave band

Frequency in reference level

"id est" (Latin) = that's it/in other words

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Sound pressure (Pa)

Reference pressure (Pa)

Pressure spectral density

The root-mean-square pressure

The qualification model

Reusable Launch Vehicles

Root main square

Representative Small Launch Vehicle Fairing

The Structural model

The sound pressure level (dB)

Solution Heat Treatment ,cold worked and Natural

Solution Heat Treatment ,artificially aged

Solution Heat Treatment ,stabilized

Voltage root main square

Center frequency (Hz)

Maximum frequency (Hz)

Minimum frequency (Hz)

Yield stress (MPa)

Ultimate stress (MPa)

List of Abbreviations ...

List of Tables ...

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW

1-2 Payload ....

1-3 Design satellite .

1-5 Vibration Frequency..

1-6 Acoustic Noise .

1-7 Acoustic Vibration ...

1-8 Random Vibration

1-9 Sound Pressure Level ..

1-10 Launch Vehicle Systems .

1-11 Vehicle Launch Loads .

1-12 Vibration modes ..

1-13 Literature review of acoustic vibration ...

1-14 The aim of this study ...

CHAPTER TWO: THEORITICAL AND FINITE ELEMENT OF

2-2 Decibels ....

2-4 Pressure spectral density ...

2-5 Analysis of vibration data .

2-6 Finite Element Analysis ...

2-7 Procedure of software programming ....

CHAPTER THREE: EXPERIMENTAL WORK

3-2 Materials and equipment apparatus ...

3-2-1 The plates material