Nine fundamentals at the heart of Hinduism

The faith is nothing but principles of nature recorded in human language.

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LIFE | COMMONSENSE KARMA | 5-minute read | 05-06-2015

Hari Ravikumar HARI RAVIKUMAR @hari_ravikumar

If you ask a Hindu what it means to be one, or what Hinduism is, you will get many answers. Some
will say it is a way of life and not a religion. Some will say that it is a conglomeration of various belief
systems. Some will say it is a religion. Some will say there is no such thing as Hinduism but it is
Sanatana Dharma. And some will have no clue.

There is no straightforward answer. It is at once utterly simple and extremely complicated. That's
the paradox of defining something so fundamental, so natural.

There is no specific god or prophet or holy book or theology or ritual in Hinduism. And yet there is a
common thread binding what it means to be Hindu. Here is a list of nine fundamentals of Hinduism.
These could well be the fundamentals of Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Taoism, and other eastern
systems with only the slightest variation. After all, at its core, Hinduism is nothing but the principles
of nature recorded in human language.

1. Brahman, the supreme spirit of the universe

Hinduism has several gods but only one supreme spirit - brahman. It is without beginning and
beyond destruction. The contention is that if we know brahman, we become brahman (Mundaka
Upanishad 3.2.9). Thus, a Hindu has the flexibility to worship the brahman in the form of a god (like
Krishna, Sarasvati, Hanuman), in form of nature (the sun, the moon, the wind), or as a formless spirit
pervading the universe. Thus, a Hindu could be a theist, a ritualist, a non-formalist, or even an
agnostic.

2. Samanvaya, the interconnectedness of everything

When discussing how the universe came into being, the Vedas often say that the whole of creation
came from a single source (Rigveda Samhita 10.129, 10.90, etc.) We are all children of the same
ancestor. This instils a deep sense of harmony and unity with not just fellow humans but all aspects
of nature - animals, plants, rivers, forests, mountains, et al. When we observe nature closely we find
that diversity of form and expression is in the very DNA of the universe. Without multiple
perspectives, there would be no existence. Hinduism is therefore pluralistic and tolerant towards
different viewpoints. Everyone is free to practice it and in whatever form they deem appropriate
3. Dharma, the sustenance principle

Dharma is the principle that sustains everything. It is the harmony in the universe that maintains
natural goodness. It includes principles like courage, forbearance, self-control, integrity, and
cleanliness (Manusmriti 7.92). Not adhering to dharma is like chopping the branches of a tree under
which one is taking shade.

4. Rna, the ultimate debt

When we realize the grandeur of the universe and understand the interconnectedness of everything,
we naturally become humbled. We cease to cause harm to anyone because that would mean
causing harm to ourselves. To partake of a single meal or learn a single lesson takes the effort of the
whole of creation. The gratitude that comes out of this awareness is the feeling of rna or
indebtedness. The way in which we repay this ultimate debt is by adhering to dharma at all times.

5. Dhairya, the internal fortitude

While the universe toils for our sustenance, the onus is always on us to improve our quality of life.
We should neither degrade ourselves nor be pretentious. We should elevate ourselves by our own
efforts (Bhagavad-Gita 6.5) and only then can we enable the dreams of others. In the last tale of the
Simhasana Dvatrimsika (the 32 tales of the throne of King Vikramaditya), Vikrama loses everything in
the end, but he does not let go of his courage. As long as his heart beats, courage is firmly lodged
there - without that internal strength, he says that there is no meaning to living.

6. Karma, the tireless striving

Even the gods love those who work hard and detest the lazy ones (Rigveda Samhita 8.2.18).
Everyone has to work for achieving their goals and a failure to do that is a wasted life. The word
tapas is often used in connection with work. It involves concentration, single-minded focus, and
finally, dedicating our work to the supreme spirit. This helps us detach from the results of the action.
One may, at best, have pure intentions, but consequences can't be predicted.

7. Adhyatma, the inner world

Ultimately, the universe is what we perceive it to be. The inner world is far more fundamental than
the external one. Hinduism encourages introspection and prefers an intuitive approach to learning.
It values personal experience much more than theoretical knowledge. It strongly recommends that
each of us stay true to ourselves and follow our inner voice. After all, true happiness lies within and
not in the outer world.

8. Ananda, the transcendental happiness

If the greatest experience of art is rasa or aesthetic joy, the greatest experience of life is ananda or
supreme bliss. Hinduism celebrates life as joy and hails all of creation as children of immortal bliss
(Rigveda Samhita 10.13.1). The highest goal of earthly life is ananda and it is everyone's duty to seek
personal happiness. But this happiness should not be at the cost of another's sorrow; rather it
should be the happiness of everyone.

9. Moksha, the final frontier

Hinduism believes that we all go through an eternal cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Getting out of
this cycle is called moksha or release. By dissolving dualities and becoming one with brahman, we
attain moksha. One can attain this final frontier in many ways - by selfless work, by wisdom, by
devotion, by meditation, or by letting go. Moksha is basically a state of permanent ananda.

Like with the other questions, you will find many responses for what people think are the
fundamentals of Hinduism. Indeed, it is for everyone to draw up their own conclusions and world
views from what they understand of Hinduism in the light of their own experiences. This is just my
list.

#Vedas, #Hinduism

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