Chapter 1

Review of Tenses
Tenses which have high frequency of use:
1. The Simple Present Tense
a. Pattern: S + Be (am, is, are) + Adjective/Noun/Adverb
S + V-1 /V-1s(es)
b. Use : to express something that happens in the present
to express habitual activities
c. Adverbs : every............, once/ twice/three times a .........,
always, sometimes, usually, generally, seldom, never
d. Verbs which are only used in simple tenses (not normally used in continuous
tenses)
want like
belong know
suppose
remember
need love see
realize
mean
forget
prefer hate hear
believe
understand
seem
Examples:
- My mother is at home now.
- My father works as a lawyer
- He usually goes to the office by car.
2. The Simple Past Tense
a. Pattern : S + Be (was, were) + Adjective/Noun/Adverb
S + V-2
b. Use : to express something that happened in the past
c. Adverbs : this morning, yesterday, just now, last..............., .................ago
Examples:
- The children were frightened to see the horror film last night.
- All students in my school passed the exam last year.
- Mrs. Andi sent the parcel to Jakarta this morning.
3. The Present Continuous Tense
a. Pattern : S + am, is, are + Verb-ing
b. Use : to express something that is still in progress at the present time or at the
time of speaking
c. Adverbs: now, at present, at this time, at this moment, Look!.... Listen! ....
Examples:
- Look! The children are playing music enthusiastically.
- My father is still working in his office now.
4. The Future Tense
a. Pattern : S + Be going to + V-1
S + Will + V-1
b. Use : To express something that will happen in the future
c. Adverbs : tomorrow, tonight, next.............
Examples:
- We are going to finish the assignment this afternoon.
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- They will help us to finish painting the wall tomorrow.

5. The Past Continuous Tense
a. Pattern : S + was,were + V-ing
b. Use : to express something that was in progress when another activity happened
in the past
c. Adverb : when......................,while.......................
Examples:
- When I arrived home this afternoon, my mother was watching TV.
- While I was studying last night, my brother was talking with his friend.
6. The Present Perfect Tense
a. Pattern : has/have + V-3
b. Use : to express the completion or perfection of an action by now
to express an action which began in the past and continues up to the present
time
c. Adverbs : already, yet, just, lately, recently, since..................., for................
Examples:
-. He has just graduated from senior high school.
- My brother has already got a job.
- We have studied English for more than six years.
7. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
a. Pattern: S + has/have + been + V-ing
b. Use : to express an activity which began in the past and, is still going on at the
present time
c. Adverbs: since.......................... and for...............................
Examples:
- She has been living in that house since 1990.
- They have been arguing for more than half an hour.
8. The Past Perfect Tense
a. Pattern : S + had + V-3
b. Use : to express an activity which was completed before another activity in the
past
c. Adverbs : before................., after................., when................, as soon as...........
Examples:
- When I arrived home yesterday, my mother had finished cooking.
- He had done his homework before he went to bed last night.
9. The Future Perfect Tense
a. Pattern : S + will have + V-3
b. Use : to express an activity which will be completed at a specific time in the
future
c. Adverbs : by the end of this week, by next December, by............
Examples:
- We will have finished our study in this school by the end of this year.
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He will have lived in this house for a year by next month.

Exercise 1:
Supply the most suitable tense (Present, Past, or Present Perfect):
1. She (go) away every week-end.
2. He (go) abroad last week.
3. No, he isnt here. He just (go) out.
4. He (go) downstairs when I (meet) him.
5. Where is Mr. Green? He (go) out ten minutes ago.
6. This boy never (see) the sea.
7. You (see) my bag? I (lose) it.
8. I (see) you yesterday. You (sit) outside a caf.
9. He already (write) a lot of letters, but his sister (not write) many.
10. He is busy now; he (write) a letter.
11. I hope he (get) better now, I (hear) he (have) a bad cold all the week.
12. I usually (not take) sugar in my tea.
13. You (see) a good film lately?
14. He (live) in England since 1980.
15. When I last (see) him, he (lie) in London.
16. He (sit) in the garden when the storm (break).
17. You go to the cinema last night? No, I (not be) for three weeks.
18. I (hear) the news last night, but I (not hear) it today.
19. You (read) that book yet? No, I just (begin) it.
20. I (see) that you (buy) a new hat. How much you (pay) for it?
Exercise 2:
Supply a suitable tense of the verbs in brackets.
1. By next June he (write) his second novel.
2. Before his next visit here he (return) from a world tour.
3. Before you go to see them, they (leave) the country.
4. He (finish) this before you leave.
5. By the end of the summer he (teach) us to speak English.
6. By this time next week you (meet) my friend.
7. When you come back he already (buy) the house.
8. The meeting (finish) by the time we get there.
9. By next month he (sell) all his furniture.
10. By next Sunday you (stay) with us for five weeks.
Exercise 3:
Supply a suitable tense to verbs between brackets into either the Simple Past Tense or the Past
Perfect Tense.
1. They (go) home after they (finish) their work.
2. She said that she already (see) the Pyramids.
3. She just (go) out when I called at her house.
4. You ought to have brought her straight home after she (fall) in the river.
5. They told him that they (not meet) him before.
6. He asked why we (come) so early.
7. She (tell) me his name after he (leave).
8. He (do) nothing after he saw me.
9. My friend enjoyed his food as soon as he (taste) it.
10. He (thank) me for what I (do).
11. I (be) sorry that I (hurt) him.
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12. After they (go), I (sit) down and (rest).

13. Did you (post) the letter after you (type) it?
14. After I (hear) the news, I (hurry) to see him.
15. When we (arrive), the dinner already (begin).
Exercise 4:
Choose the correct answer by crossing either A, B, C, D or E.
1. By the end of this week I...........from Malaysia.
a. am back
d. may be back
b. have been back
e. will have been back
c. would be back
2. I know that one of my students.........in your company since he graduated.
a. work
c. to work
e. have worked
b. working
d. has been working
3. He found the door of his house open, although he.......it before.
a. be locked
c. had been locked
e. had to lock
b. had locked
d. had been locking
4. Hadi looks very tired. He......for hours now.
a. drove
c. was driving
e. has been driving
b. had driven
d. had been driving
5. I hope that by the time my father retires, I.......a job.
a. get
c. have got
e. will have got
b. am getting
d. got
6. I have written three letters. The sentence means........
a. She is still writing now.
b. She is not writing anymore
c. She has not finished writing yet.
d. She hopes to finish writing this morning.
e. She has to write now.
7. For the last five months he........of moving out because the area has become highly polluted.
a. thinks
c. though
e. has been thinking
b. is thinking
d. had thought
8. Suryo had already been working in that company for two years when I started working
there. This means........
a. Suryo wasnt working in that company anymore.
b. Suryo would be working for two more years.
c. Suryo stopped working in that company.
d. Suryo worked in that company only for two years.
e. Surya was still working in that company.
9. Tina had just watered the flowers when Ali came. From this sentence we know that.........
a. Ali didnt see Tina watering the flowers.
b. Ali came at the time Tina was watering the flowers.
c. Ali was watching Tina watering the flowers.
d. Ali would come when Tina finished watering the flowers.
e. Ali had come before Tina watered the flowers.
10. Iwan, the national tennis player,.........tennis since he was nine.
a. played
c. plays
e. had played
b. has been playing d. is playing

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Chapter 2
Participle
There are two types of Participle:
1. Present Participle (Verb-ing)
2. Past Participle (Verb-3)
Present Participle and Past Participle can be used as adjectives.
Some pairs of Present Participle and Past Participle which are used as adjectives :
Present Participle
Boring
Interesting
Exciting
Tiring
Surprising
Amazing
Frightening
Confusing
Disappointing
Fascinating
Embarrassing
Horrifying
Terrifying
Depressing
Worrying
Annoying
Exhausting
Satisfying

Meaning
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................

Past Participle
Bored
Interested
Excited
Tired
Surprised
Amazed
Frightened
Confused
Disappointed
Fascinated
Embarrassed
Horrified
Terrified
Depressed
Worried
Annoyed
Exhausted
Satisfied

Meaning
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
.............................
.............................

Read the following examples:

1. John is bored because his job is boring.
2. He is always very tired when he gets home.
3. He has a very tiring job.
4. I was disappointed with the film. I expected it to be much better.
5. The film was disappointing.
Verb-ing and Verb-3 are also used in clauses. The ing-form has an active meaning, while the Verb-3
has a passive meaning. See the following examples:
1. Do you know the girl talking to Tom?
2. The man injured in the accident was taken to the hospital.
3. The policemen investigating the robbery are looking for three men.
4. None of the people invited to the party can come.
Exercise 1:
Complete the following sentences. Use an adjective ending in ing or ed to complete the
sentences.
Example: The film was not as good as we had expected. (disappoint)
a. The film was disappointing.
b. We were disappointed with the film.
1. Its been raining all day. I hate this weather. (depress-)
a. This weather is............................................
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2.
3.
4.
5.

b. This weather makes me.....................................

Astronomy is one of Toms main interests. (interest-)
a. Tom is....................................in astronomy.
b. He finds astronomy very...........................
I turned off the television in the middle of the programme. (bore)
a. The programme was............................................
b. I was...............................................................
Ann is going to America next month. She has never been there before. (excite)
a. She is really.............................................about going.
b. It will be an ........................................experience for her.
Diana teaches young children. Its a hard job. (exhaust)
a. She often finds her job................................
b. At the end of the days work she is often...................................

Exercise 2:
Choose the right adjectives.
1. I was disappointing/ disappointed with the film.
2. We were all horrifying/horrified when we heard about the disaster.
3. Its sometimes embarrassing/embarrassed when you have to ask people for money.
4. Are you interesting/interested in football?
5. I enjoyed the football match. It was quite exciting/excited.
6. It was a really terrifying/terrified experience. Afterwards everybody was very
shocking/shocked.
7. I had never expected to be offered the job. I was really amazing/amazed when I was offered
it.
8. The kitchen hadnt been cleaned for ages. It was really disgusting/disgusted.
9. Do you easily get embarrassing/embarrassed?
Exercise 3:
Complete these sentences with an adjective ending in -ing or ed.
1. Jane finds her job ..................She wants to do something different.
2. I seldom visit art galleries. Im not very .....................in arts.
3. Why do you always look.......................? Is your life really so .....................?
4. I went for a very long walk. It was very ........................................
5. Hes one of the most .........................people Ive ever met. He never stops talking and never
says something..........................
6. I was ............................when I heard they were getting divorced. They had always seemed
so happy together.
7. Im starting a new job next week. Im quite..........................about it.
Exercise 4:
Rewrite the following sentences. Use the information in brackets to make an-ing clause or an ed
clause.
Example: a. That girl is Australian. (she is talking to Tom)
That girl talking to Tom is Australian.
b. The man was taken to the hospital. (he was injured in the accident)
The man injured in the accidents was taken to the hospital.
1. A plane crashed into the sea yesterday. (it was carrying 28 passengers)
2. When I was walking home, there was a man. (he was following me)
3. I was woken up by the baby. (she was crying)
4. At the end of the street there is a path. (the path leads to the river)
5. Some paintings were stolen from the palace. (they belong to the Queen)
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6. The window has now been repaired. (it was broken in last nights storm)
7. Most of the suggestions were not very practical. (they were made at the meeting)
8. The paintings havent been found yet. (they were stolen from the museum)
Exercise 5:
Complete these sentences with the verbs in the box. Use the correct form of the Present Participle
or Past Participle.
blow
read

call
ring

invite
sit

live
study

offer
wait

post
work

1. I was woken up by a bell....................

2. None of the people..............to the party can come.
3. Tom has got a brother ...........................in a bank in London and a sister........... economics at
university in Glasgow.
4. Somebody.........................Jack phoned while you were out.
5. All letters .....................today should arrive tomorrow.
6. When I entered the waiting-room, there was nobody......................except for a young
man......................by the window....................a magazine.
7. A few days after the interview, I received a letter........................me a job.
8. There was a tree .....................down in the storm last night.
9. Sometimes life must be very unpleasant for people..........................near airport.
Exercise 6:
Choose the correct answer by crossing either A, B, C, D or E.
1............by the sudden noise, the baby woke up and cried.
a. Startled
c. It is startling
e. Startling
b. In startling
d. To be startled
2. On my way home, I saw a dog...................by a boy.
a. beating
c. it was beaten
e. beat
b. being beaten
d. be beaten
3. ................the student prepared a report.
a. Finished his survey
d. He had finished his survey
b. He finished his survey
e. He has finished his survey
c. Having finished his survey
4. The first school day is a frightening experience for many children.
The underlined phrase means: an experience ...................many children.
a. that frighten
c. it is frightening
e. which will frighten
b. who frightens
d. it frightens
5. Two of the .................prisoners were caught by the police.
a. escape
c. having escape
e. escaped
b. was escaped
d. is escaped
6. Being an outstanding student in our school, he has been offered a scholarship to
study in Australia.
The underlined words means .............of our school.
a. If he is an outstanding student
d. As he is an outstanding student
b. Although he is an outstanding student e. Before he is an outstanding student
c. When he is an outstanding student
7. .............near a beautiful beach, the town soon became a popular tourist resort.
a. Situated
c. Situating
e. Situated
b. It is situated
d. Situates
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8. The ..........child ran to his mother when he heard the thunder.

a. frightened
c. frightens
e. being frightened
b. frighten
d. frightening
9. Sometimes life must be very pleasant for people ...........near airport.
a. live
c. be living
e. they are living
b. be living
d. they lived
10. What have people recently found in the remote village?
a. They hid a treasure
d. The treasure was hidden
b. Hiding a treasure
e. A hidden treasure
c. A treasure, hiding

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Chapter 3
Sentences with wish
Observe the sentences below:
SITUATION
My mother is sick.
Tom doesnt live in the city.
I go to school on foot.
I was sick last week.
Some students failed the exams.
They didnt attend the meeting.

WISH
I wish my mother were not sick.
I wish he lived in the city.
I wish I didnt go to school on foot.
I wish I had not been sick.
I wish they had not failed the exams.
I wish they had attended the meeting.

Wish in the sentences above is used to express an expectation which was not fulfilled. When the
fact is in the present, the wish is in the past. When the fact is in the past, the wish is in the past
perfect. The sentence with wish is unreal. It is contrary to the fact.
See the following pattern:
FACT
Present Tense:
Am, is are
V-1
Does/do not + V1
Past Tense :
Was, were
V-2
Did not + V1

WISH
Past Tense:
Were
Did not + V1
V-2
Past Perfect Tense :
Had been
Had not + V3
Had + V3

Exercise 1:
Read the following sentences and respond using wish.
Example: The doctor isnt in now.
I wish the doctor were in now.
1. Paul cant drive a car.
2. They dont sell groceries here.
3. John isnt going with us.
4. The students dont understand the lesson.
5. The dentist doesnt work on Sundays.
6. You dont know the director.
7. Joe feels very sad.
8. Mrs. Andi will lend you money.
9. George has to write a lot of letters.
10. The bus leaves at six p.m.
Exercise 2:
Based on the following situation, write sentences with wish like the example.
Example: Youve eaten so much and now you feel sick.
You say : I wish I hadnt eaten so much.
1. Youve just painted the door red. Now you decide that it doesnt look very nice.
2. You were walking in the country. You would like to take some photographs but
you didnt bring your camera.
3. A good friend of yours visited your town but unfortunately you were away when he
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came. So you didnt see him.

4. Youve just come back from the holiday. Everything was fine except for the hotel,
which wasnt very good.
5. You cant give up smoking, but youd like to.
6. You live in London and you hate London.
7. You have to work tomorrow, but youd like to stay in bed.
8. You dont know anything about cars, and your car has just broken down.
Besides using wish, to express unreal condition we may use would rather, if only, as if and
as though.
For example : - I would rather my father worked in a bank.
- He always talks as if he knew everything.
- They acted as though they had won the competition.
Exercise 3:
Give the correct form of the words in brackets.
Example:
They behaved as if they.............(not meet) each other for ages.
They behaved as if they had not met each other for years.
1. She sat down as if she......(be) very tired.
2. The girl was talking as if she.........(know) a lot about the subject.
3. The boys were behaving as if they............(win) the first prize.
4. The man looked at us as though we...............(take) the boxes.
5. It seemed as if he ................(want) to tell us something.
6. It sounded as though something..............(fall).
7. The tyre looks as if it ......................(be) punctured.
8. Her father is shouting as though he .................(be) angry.
9. My sister was smiling as if she...............(find) it amusing.
10. The girl behaved as if she.................(go) mad.
11. The boy looked as though he .............(want) to run away.
12. The child wandered about as if she............(be) lost.
13. My friend was panting as though he............(run) a long way.
14. She looks as though she................(be) sick.
15. He orders people about as if he ................(be) the manager.
Exercise 4:
Choose the correct form by crossing either a, b, c, d, or e.
1. A : Lets go swimming.
B : I wish I ................. We have a test tomorrow and I still have to study.
a. am able
c. could
e. be able to
b. could be
d. will be able to
2. I wish he...................here now to watch our play.
a. is
c. has been
e. be
b. will be
d. were

3. He spoke as if he had liked her.

The sentence means............
a. He really liked her.
b. He appeared to like her
c. He doesnt like her

d. He used to like her

e. He wanted people to think he liked her

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4. She went to the blackboard as if she knew how to solve the problem.
From the sentence we know that .......
a. She actually cant solve the problem.
b. She ought to know how to solve the problem.
c. She definitely knew how to solve the problem.
d. She should know how to solve the problem.
e. She succeeded to solve the problem.
5. Im planning to go to a party tonight, but its raining very hard now.
I wish...........raining now.
a. it stops
c. it will stop
e. it would stop
b. it has stopped
d. it had stopped
6. If only his son had studied harder.
This means..........
a. His son didnt study harder.
d. His son will not study harder.
b. His son had studied harder.
e. His son never studies harder.
c. His son has studied harder.
7. Im sorry I dont know the answer but I really wish I ..........
a. know
c. have known
e. had known
b. knew
d. will know
8. Mother said to the guest, I wish you..........leave now.
a. didnt have to
c. wont have to
e. werent having to
b. havent got to
d. arent having to
9. She is always busy with her work. I wish i...............her more often.
a. visit
c. am visiting
e. could visit
b. would visit
d. have visited
10. I wish you..........to stay at home because Im sure that you would have enjoyed the
concert very much.
a. didnt have to
c. hadnt
e. havent had
b. hadnt had
d. dont have

o000o

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Chapter 4
Conjunctions
Though/although/even though, despite/in spite of
Because/as/since, because of
and others
Observe the following sentences:
1. a. Though it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves.
b. Although it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves.
c. Even though it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves.
d. Despite the rain, they enjoyed themselves.
e. In spite of the rain, they enjoyed themselves.
2. a. Mary wore a raincoat because it was raining.
b. Mary wore a raincoat as it was raining.
c. Mary wore a raincoat since it was raining.
d. Mary wore a raincoat because of the rain.
Notes:
Though, Although, and Even though are followed by .........................................
Despite and In spite of are followed by .................................................................
Because, as and since are followed by.................................................................
Because of is followed by ....................................................................................
Exercise 1:
Complete the following sentences with although or in spite of.
1. ..................all my careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.
2. ...................I had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.
3. I love music...........................I cant play a musical instrument.
4. ............................being very tired, we carried on walking.
5. ............................the heating was full on, this house was till cold.
6. Keith decided to give up his job....................I advised him not to.
Exercise 2:
Read these sentences and then write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use the word(s) in
brackets in your sentences.
1. I couldnt sleep although I was tired. (despite)
...........................................................................................................................
2. Although he has an English name, he is in fact German. (despite)
...........................................................................................................................
3. In spite of her injured foot, she managed to walk to the village. (although)
...........................................................................................................................
4. I decided to accept the job although the salary was low. (in spite of)
...........................................................................................................................
5. We lost the match although we were the better team. (despite)
............................................................................................................................
6. In spite of not having eaten for 24 hours, I didnt feel hungry. (even though)
............................................................................................................................
Exercise 3:
Read the following sentences and change them using in spite of
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1. Betty went although her mother didnt want him to.

2. We didnt wear coats although the weather was cool.
3. We went in Georges car although the engine was in bad condition.
4. We decided to go to Fish Lake although the distance was great.
5. We wanted to go there although the road was not good.
6. We got there in an hour although Georges car was very old.
7. We swam in the lake although the water was cold.
8. We sat on the ground although the grass was wet.
9. We enjoyed our lunch although the coffee was cold.
10. We started home although Betty wanted to stay longer.
Exercise 4:
Rewrite the following sentences using because of.
1. Mary stayed home yesterday because she had a headache.
2. Mr. Miller is going to move to California because he likes the weather there.
3. George couldnt answer the letter immediately because he had a lot of homework to do.
4. Alice is going to Florida because she wants to visit her sister.
5. John cant go to the movie because he has an exam tomorrow.
6. Mr. Jones moved to Arizona because the state has a dry climate.
7. John got home late because the traffic was heavy.
8. The classes were cancelled because it was a holiday.
9. I came here because I wanted to take the English course.
10. I stayed home because it was raining.
Other conjunctions:
1. however, nevertheless, yet, all the same means namun (demikian)
2. accordingly, therefore, hence means oleh karena itu
3. on the other hand, on the contrary means sebaliknya
4. as a result, consequently means akibatnya
5. in order that, so that means agar supaya
6. otherwise means jika tidak
7. unless means jika............tidak (kecuali)
8. till/until means sampai
9. as long as means selama/asalkan
10. as soon as means segera setelah
Exercise 5:
Choose the correct answer by crossing either A, B, C, D or E.
1. A : You look happy with your new job.
B : Thats right. My family and I are happier...........my salary is smaller than
before.
a. in spite of
c. since
e. when
b. although
d. because
2. Our football team didnt win the match ...............we got a new coach.
a. despite
c. however
e. if
b. in spite of
d. even though
3. I got to the library at one oclock, and it started raining immediately.
a. It started raining as soon as I got to the library.
b. It had started raining before I got to the library.
c. It started raining when I was walking to the library.
d. When I got to the library, it was already raining.
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e. the rain started sometime before I went to the library.

4. ............she likes him very much, she pretends to ignore him.
a. Since
c. Whereas
e. However
b. Although
d. Because
5. John failed his exam in the national examination ..........he was very lazy to study.
a. because
c. because of
e. although
b. however
d. when
6. My uncle doesnt earn much, ..................he can send his children to college.
a. however
c. therefore
e. hence
b. and
d. so
7. I could not afford to buy the car until the price went down. The sentence
means........
a. When the price went down, I bought the car.
b. I did not buy the car because the price never went down.
c. I had already bought the car before the price went down.
d. The price of the car went down, however, I could not buy it.
e. After I bough the car, the price went down.
8. The river is highly polluted, nevertheless, many people.........
a. are still washing their clothes there
b. complain about the danger threatening them
c. do not allow the children to play there
d. have become the victim of it
e. are greatly concerned about it
9. ...........the earthquake had made the region unsafe for living, the villagers were
willing to transmigrate.
a. In order that
c. Until
e. Since
b. Whereas
d. So that
10. I have to save money every month, otherwise I wont be able to send my children
to college.
The sentence means..........
a. I certainly be able
d. therefore I will be able
b. if I dont I wont be able
e. but I will not be able
c. besides I will be able

o000o

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Chapter 5
Conditional Sentences
There are three types of Conditional Sentences:
1. Future Conditional Sentence
2. Present Conditional Sentence
3. Past Conditional Sentence
Observe the following:
TYPE MAIN CLAUSE
1

Will/can + Verb-1

Examples:
He will go to the doctor
We will pass the exam
They will fail the exam
2

Would /could+ Verb-1

Examples:
I could fly high
He would go by car
He would be happier
3

Would/could have + Verb-3

Examples:
He would have stayed at
home
They would have won the
match

IF-CLAUSE

USE

Simple Present Tense

a. With be= am, is, are
b. With Verb= V-1/V-1s(es)
c. With Auxiliary Verb=
do/does not + V-1

To express
something that
may or may not
happen in the
future

if he is sick.
if we study hard.
if they do not study hard.
Simple Past Tense
a. With be= were
b. With verb= V-2
c. With Auxiliary Verb= did
not + V-1

To express
something that is
contrary to the
fact of the
present

if I were a bird.
if he had one.
if his wife didnt work outside.
Past Perfect Tense
a. With be= had been
b. With verb= had+V-3
if he had been sick yesterday.

To express
something that is
contrary to the
fact of the past

if they had practised a lot.

The meanings of conditional sentences types 2 and 3:

2. a. I cannot fly because I am not a bird.
b. He does not go by car because he doesnt have one.
c. He is not very happy because his wife works outside.
3. a. He didnt stay at home because he was not sick yesterday.
b. They didnt win the match because they didnt practice a lot.
Exercise 1
Supply a suitable tense of the verbs in brackets.
1. You will be ill if you (eat) so much.
2. I (go) if I had known.
3. If my car (not break) down, I should have caught the train.
4. If she were older, she (have) more sense.
5. If you (read) that book carefully, you would understand it.
6. If the children (be) good, they can stay up late.
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7. I (buy) that hat if it were not so dear.

8. You (kill) yourself if you always work as hard as that.
9. If they had waited, they (find) me.
10. Im sure she will do well if she (go) to the university.
11. If it (be) fine tomorrow, I will play tennis.
12. I would not have thought it possible if I (not see) it myself.
13. The soldiers will fight bravely if they (understand) their orders.
14. If you hit the dog, it (bite) you.
15. We (be) pleased if our school won the match.
Exercise 2
Read the following sentences and change them into the other forms of conditional sentences.
Example: - Hell come if you wait.
Answers: - He would come if you waited.
- He would have come if you had waited.
1. If you ring the bell, somebody will come.
2. Youll catch the train if you take a taxi.
3. If he wrote to me Ill write to him.
4. You would have found the book if you had opened the bag.
5. If he saw he would speak to you.
6. The streets would be wet if it rained.
7. Youll be ill if you drink that water.
8. What will you do if you meet Mr. Robinson?
9. What would happen if the bridge broke?
10. If he had fallen into the river, he would have been drowned.
11. If you buy that big house, you will need several servants.
12. If he had been thirsty, he would have drunk some water.
13. If a beggar asks you for money, will you give him any?
14. I will come and see you if I have time.
15. If you leave the letter on that table, my sister will post if for you.
Exercise 3
Read the following situation and write sentences with if.
Example: We dont visit you very often because you live so far away.
If you didnt live so far away, we would visit you more often.
1. People dont understand him because he doesnt speak clearly.
2. Im not going to buy that book because its too expensive.
3. She doesnt go out very often because she cant walk without help.
4. Hes fat because he doesnt take any exercise.
5. We cant have lunch in the garden because its raining.
6. I cant meet you tomorrow evening because I have to work.
7. The accident happened because the driver stopped so suddenly.
8. I didnt wake George because I didnt know he wanted to get up early.
9. I was able to buy the car because Jim lent me the money.
10. She wasnt injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat-belt.
Exercise 4
Finish the following sentences with your own words.
1. If your message had not come.................
2. If you had worked harder............
3. Why didnt you do it if....................
4. He will not come unless.......................
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5. I would not have lost my money if...................

6. If you dont visit me soon................
7. If I met your friend Mirna in the street,.................
8. You would be very angry with us if...................
9. If I were you.......................
10. If I had known he was here......................
11. If he wants to see me....................
12. I will be very disappointed if...................
13. If I had plenty of money................
14. Flowers will not grow well unless.....................
15. I would have won the prize if....................
Exercise 5:
Choose the correct answer by crossing either a, b, c, d, or e.
1. If there were traffic lights at this intersection, there wouldnt be so many accidents.
We can conclude that..........
a. the only accidents occur at this intersection
b. this is a dangerous intersection
c. the traffic light often doesnt work
d. despite the traffic lights accidents happen
e. drivers were always very careful at this intersection
2. We would not have lost our bag if we........it in the hotel.
a. left
c. would leave
e. would have left
b. have left
d. had left
3. She could have attended the meeting if she had taken the first train.
It means that...................
a. the first train was late
d. the meeting was cancelled
b. she didnt like the meeting
e. she stayed at home that day
c. she was too late for the first train
4. If the car were in a better condition, we would make a long trip now.
It may be concluded that we........
a. have to stay at home
d. prefer staying at home
b. are enjoying the trip
e. stayed at home
c. enjoyed the trip
5. Had they invited fewer people, the party could have been held at their house.
We conclude that.........
a. it was only a small family
b. their house was crowded with people
c. the party was not held at their house
d. the guests enjoyed the party at their house
e. not many of the invited people came
6. Had the company not raised Andys salary, he would have looked for another job.
We may conclude that Andy ...............
a. doesnt like his job
d. found a better-paying job
b. didnt leave his present job
e. couldnt find a good job
c. is still looking for another job
7. They climbed higher, so they got a better view.
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We can also say.........

a. If they had not climbed higher, they would not have got a better view.
b. If they climb higher, they wouldnt get a better view.
c. If they didnt climb higher, they didnt get a better view.
d. If they dont climb higher, they wont get a better view.
e. If they wont climb higher, they dont get a better view.
8. If the companys personnel department had mailed the letter earlier, I would not
have been too late for the interview.
From the sentence we may conclude that.............
a. I didnt want to be interviewed
b. the company didnt send the letter
c. I went through the interview
d. the letter came too early
e. I missed the interview
9. If he had taken the swimming lesson seriously, he could have become a good
swimmer. The sentence means........
a. he liked swimming very much
b. he was afraid of swimming
c. he succeeded to become a good swimmer
d. he was not interested in becoming a good swimmer
e. he didnt have the potential of a good swimmer
10. If I had not quarrelled with John, I could have gone to the party.
It can be concluded that ..............to the party.
a. perhaps Ill go with John
b. John promised to go with me
c. I didnt go with John
d. John would like to go with me.
e. I went with John.
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Chapter 6
Elliptical Constructions
A. Ellipsis with and........too or and so.......
Observe the following sentences:
1. My mother is a housewife. His mother is a housewife.
a. My mother is a housewife, and his mother is too.
b. My mother is a housewife, and so is his mother.
2. My father loves durian. My mother loves durian.
a. My father loves durian, and my mother does, too.
b. My father loves durian, and so does my mother.
3. Andi passed the examination. Fina passed the examination.
a. Andi passed the examination, and Fina did, too.
b. Andi passed the examination, and so did Fina.
Exercise 1:
Join the following pairs of sentences using and........too and and so............
1. The front door is locked. The back door is locked.
2. Well attend the meeting. Theyll attend the meeting.
3. The money was stolen. The jewellery was stolen.
4. Mia has read the book. Her friends have read the book.
5. His parents work hard to support the family. My parents work hard to support the
family.
6. My brother could lift the box. My father could lift the box.
7. They knew the answer quite well. I knew the answer quite well.
8. I tried to persuade her to come. Her friends tried to persuade her to come.
9. The mangoes she bought were spoilt. The apples she bought were spoilt.
10. The umbrella belongs to her. The purse belongs to her.
B. Ellipsis with and........either or and neither.......
Observe the following sentences:
1. My father is not a civil servant. My mother is not a civil servant.
a. My father is not a civil servant, and my mother is not either.
b. My father is not a civil servant, and neither is my mother.
2. My sister cannot sing well. My cousin cannot sing well.
a. My sister cannot sing well, and my cousin cannot either.
b. My sister cannot sing well, and neither can my cousin.
3. I havent finished my homework. She hasnt finished her homework.
a. I havent finished my homework, and she hasnt either.
b. I havent finished my homework, and neither has she.
Exercise 2:
Combine the following sentences using either and neither.
1. I have never met her before. My sister has never met her before.
2. My father is not at home. My mother is not at home.
3. She will not be moving out after all. He will not be moving out after all.
4. I do not trust him anymore. My sister does not trust him anymore.
5. He did not break the vase. I did not break the vase.
6. Cindi has not graduated. Dewi has not graduated.
7. My father does not have enough money to buy a new car. His father does not have
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enough money to buy a new car.

8. My friends were not interested to watch the movie. I was not interested to watch the
movie.
9. I did not enjoy the party. The others did not enjoy the party.
10. You have not paid the rent. Your friend has not paid the rent.
C. Ellipsis with others, such as
Both.....................and.......
Not only........................but also..........
Either.......................or............
Neither.................nor............
..............but.........
Examples:
1. I study English. I study Japanese.
I study both English and Japanese.
2. The maid sweeps the floor. She washes the clothes.
The maid not only sweeps the floor but also washes the clothes.
3. You must help your father or your brother must help your father.
Either you or your brother must help your father.
4. Nina did not pass the exam. Anton did not pass the exam.
Neither Nina nor Anton passed the exam.
5. I didnt have breakfast this morning. My sister had breakfast this morning.
I didnt have breakfast this morning but my sister did.
Exercise 3:
Choose the correct answer by crossing either A, B, C, D or E.
1. My uncle doesnt smoke,............
a. and father doesnt too
d. but father does
b. neither doesnt mother
e. and so does father
c. and mother does too
2. No bookstores are open today.
a. The grocery stores arent either
b. The grocery stores are too
c. Neither do the grocery stores

d. Nor do the grocery stores

e. The grocery stores dont either

3. He doesnt speak Chinese, and ..............

a. neither am I
c. I do either
b . neither do I
d. I do neither

e. either do I

4. Everybody laughed at his jokes, ..........

a. but the teacher not
d. and neither did the teacher
b. and also the teacher
e. but the teacher did not
c. and so the teacher did

5. Because of the rain, the teacher couldnt come on time and .............
a. I neither couldnt
d. also I could not
b. neither did I
e. so did I
c. I couldnt either
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6. Andy agreed that everybody had to pay Rp 500,000,- for the study tour to Bali.
a. neither was I
d. while I didnt
b. but I am not
e. I didnt either
c. so am I
7. A : I dont think your cousin knows anything about computers.
B : But he ............. He took a computer course last year.
a. knows b. does
c. know
d. do
e. is
8. I dont like bright colours. ...................
a. So dont I
c. Neither dont I
b. I dont so
d. I dont either

e. I dont also

9. X : My brother has just bought a new motorcycle.

Y : What a coincidence! .......
a. My brother has too.
d. My brother does too.
b. Also my brother
e. My brother also did
c. So does my brother
10. I think that my mother will be interested in reading this novel, but..............
a. so will my father
c. my father is
b. my father wont
d. so does my father
c. my father will be

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Chapter 7
Degrees of Comparison
Observe the following table:
POSITIVE
One or twoTall
syllable adjectives high
Clever
Three-syllable
Beautiful
adjectives
Interesting
Important
Irregular
Good/well
Bad/badly
Far
Little
Many/much

COMPARATIVE
Taller than
Higher than
Cleverer than
More beautiful than
More interesting than
More important than
Better than
Worse than
Further (than)
Farther than
Less than
More than

SUPERLATIVE
The tallest
The highest
The cleverest
The most beautiful
The most interesting
The most important
The best
The worst
The furthest
The farthest
The least
The most

Exercise 1:
Complete these sentences. Each time use the comparative form of one of the following adjectives or
adverbs.
crowded
early
easily
expensive
interested
near
often
quiet
thin
large
1. This jacket is too small. I need a .....larger..........size.
2. You look............................. Have you lost weight?
3. Hes not so keen on his studies. Hes .............in having a good time.
4. Youll find your way around the town.............if you have a map.
5. Youre making too much noise. Can you be a bit ............................?
6. There were a lot of people on the bus. It was..................than usual.
7. Youre late. I expected you to be here...................
8. You hardly ever write to me. Why dont you write a bit........................?
9. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be much.....................
10. Its a pity you live so far away. I wish you lived..........................
Exercise 2:
Match the clauses in Part A with the suitable clauses in Part B.
PART A
PART B
The earlier we leave
the faster youll learn
The longer we waited
the more you have to pay
The more I got to know him
the sooner well arrive
The more you practice your English
the more profit youll make
The longer the telephone call
the more impatient he became
The more goods you sell
the more I liked him
Answers:
1. The earlier we leave, ..........................................................................................
2.

...........................................................................................................................

3. ............................................................................................................................
4. ............................................................................................................................
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5. ............................................................................................................................
6. ............................................................................................................................
Exercise 3:
Rewrite these sentences so that they have the same meaning. Begin as shown.
Example: Jack is younger than he looks. Jack isnt as old as he looks.
1. It is warmer today than yesterday. It isnt......................
2. The station was nearer than I thought. The station wasnt..................
3. I go out less than I used to. I dont .............................
4. The hotel is cheaper than I expected. The hotel isnt..................
5. There were fewer people at this meeting than at the last one. There werent............
6. The examination was easier than we expected. The examination wasnt....................
Exercise 4:
Read these sentences and then write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use a superlative each
time and begin each sentence as shown.
Example: Ive never seen such a boring film.
Its the most boring film Ive ever seen.
1. Ive never heard such a funny story. Thats the most............................heard.
2. Hes never made such a bad mistake. Thats...................................................
3. I havent tasted such a good coffee for a long time.
Thats ............................................................................................................
4. Ive never slept in such an uncomfortable bed.
This is.............................................................................................................
5. Ive never had such a big meal. It is..............................................................
6. Ive never met such a generous person as Ann.
Ann is..............................................................................................................
7. Ive never had such a good friend as you. You...............................................
8. I havent had to make such a difficult decision for years.
This is ............................................................................................................
Exercise 5:
Think of your own family and compare all of them. How do they differ from each other on their
height, weight, personality or the others. Make more than five sentences.
For example:
In my family Im taller than my brother, Tito, but my father is the tallest of all.

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Chapter 8
Relative Pronouns
Observe the following sentences:
1. The man who is coming here is the principal.
2. The man whom you talked about is my neighbour.
3. The man whose car was damaged in the accident was hospitalized.
4. The umbrella which is in front of the room is mine.
5. The umbrella which you borrow is my sisters.
6. The umbrella whose colour is red is Mrs. Wahyus.
For the sentences above you may also say:
1. The man that is coming here is the principal.
2. The man that you talked about is my neighbour.
The man you talked about is my neighbour.
4. The umbrella that is in front of the room is mine.
5. The umbrella that you borrow is my sisters.
The umbrella you borrow is my sisters.
The use of Defining Relative Pronouns
Subject
Person
.....who......
......that......
Thing

.....which.......
...... that........

Object
......whom.......
...... that.........
........----........
......which......
...... that.........
.......----.........

Possessive
.......whose......
......whose......
....... of which......

Exercise 1:
Add a relative pronoun to the following sentences. Use more than one relative pronoun if possible.
1. His wife is a woman .........loves jokes.
2. Im looking for somebody............I can trust.
3. I want to find a man ................will lend me the money.
4. The man.................you want has just left.
5. The lady..................was here yesterday has gone to London.
6. The magazine.....................you lent me is very interesting.
7. The chair..........................was broken is now mended.
8. The old man ................lives next door has just died.
9. Women .................in hospitals are to be admired.
10. The cigarette ..............you are smoking is Jarum.
11. The girl....................lives opposite my house is very pretty.
12. The fish...............I ate yesterday was not so good.
13. The street ................lead to school is very wide.
14. The flowers..........................I cut this morning is still very fresh.
15. The dress ....................you are wearing is lovely.
16. The person......................is sitting next to me is very good-looking.
17. Theres the lady....................purse has been stolen.
18. Thats the man.....................whose wife was badly wounded in the accident.
19. The girl...........................mother I was talking to has left the room.
20. I will never forget the man................had helped me fight the pickpocket.

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The use of Non-Defining Relative Pronouns:

Subject
Object
Person
......, who........,
........,whom...........,
Thing
......,which......,
........,which...........,

Possessive
......., whose.........,
......., of which.....,
......., whose.........,

Example:
1. Megawati, who was the first woman to be president of our country, is Sukarnos
daughter.
2. English, which is an international language, has been taught to students in
Indonesia since they are in the elementary school.
3. Gajah Mada University, which many students from all over Indonesia attend, is
situated in Yogyakarta.
Exercise 2:
Add the necessary relative pronoun to the following.
1. Flies,....................come mostly in the summer, carry diseases.
2. Love, .................is a wonderful feeling, comes to everyone at some time in his life.
3. Oxford University, ............is one of the oldest in the world, has many different
colleges.
4. Swimming, ..............is a good sport, makes people strong.
5. Julius Caesar,................was a great general, was also a writer.
6. George Washington,.............became the President of the United States, never told a
lie.
7. Shakespeare,............is the worlds greatest dramatist, was born in a little cottage.
8. One should try to stop smoking,.................is a bad habit.
9. Grammar,..............some students dislike, is very good for them.
10.Air,.................we breathe, is made up of many gases.
Exercise 3:
Combine the following pairs of sentences by using a suitable relative pronoun.
1. Julius Caesar came to Britain in 55 BC. He was a powerful Roman General.
2. These cactus plants should not have too much water. They will grow well in pots
indoors.
3. Is that the new station? You pointed out to me last week.
4. This is the man I gave the money to him this morning.
5. An old soldier sits begging on the pavement. His legs were shot away in the war.
6. I left the cigarettes on the table. The table stands by the window.
7. Mozart spent the last ten years of his life in Vienna. His birth place was Salzburg.
8. What is the name of the girl? She came here last night.
9. The matter has been settled. You were arguing about it last night.
10. His step mother was not very kind to him. He was living with her.
Exercise 4:
Choose the best answer by crossing either a, b, c, d or e.
1. This is the book...................yesterday.
a. the teacher was talking about
b. about the teacher was talking
c. the teacher was talking about it
d. that the teacher was talking about it
e. whom the teacher was talking about
2. The businessman............we met at the party yesterday is the General Manager of a
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big company.
a. whom
b. who
c. which
d. with whom
e. whoever
3. The student succeeded in getting a scholarship. The teachers like him.
The above sentence can be joined as follows:
The student................succeeded in getting a scholarship
a. whom the teachers like
b. he is liked by the teachers
c. the teachers like him
d. which the teachers like him
e. is liked by the teachers
4. His supervisor,..............is a very generous person.
a. he borrowed a car from him
b. where he borrowed a car
c. from whom he borrowed a car
d. his car he borrowed
e. the person he borrowed a car
5. Toms father,.........health hasnt been good lately, is in hospital now.
a. who is b. whose
c. his
d. of whom e. of which
6. The book..........................is only available in the library.
a. from which these two chapters are taken
b. these two chapters are taken
c. where these two chapters are taken from
d. it was from them the two chapter are
e. the two chapters are taken
7. This is the place.................the Dutch imprisoned Pangeran Diponegoro.
a. on which
c. where
e. which
b. where
d. that
8. This is Mr. Flash.............
a. which I told you
d. that I told you
b. whom I told you about
e. about which I told you
c. I told you
9. The lady...............this letter is addressed had moved to another city.
a. who
b. to which
c. to whom
d. whom
e. which
10. A : Who called you last night?
B : The student................
a. which I bought the typewriter from
b. from him I bought the typewriter
c. I bought the typewriter from him
d. from whom I bought the typewriter
e. his typewriter I bought

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Chapter 9
Passive Voice
Observe the following :
1. Simple Present Tense
ACTIVE
Verb 1/ Verb 1s(es)
Example:
Someone cleans the house every day.
2. Simple Past Tense
ACTIVE
Verb 2
Example:
Someone cleaned the house yesterday.
3. Present / Past Continuous Tense
ACTIVE
Am, is, are + Verb-ing
Was, were + Verb-ing
Example:
Someone is cleaning the house now.
The servant was washing the plates when
I arrived home.

PASSIVE
Am, is, are + Verb 3
The house is cleaned every day.
PASIVE
Was, were + Verb 3
The house was cleaned yesterday.
PASSIVE
Am, is, are + BEING + Verb 3
Was, were + BEING + Verb 3
The house is being cleaned now.
The plates were being washed when I
arrived home.

4. Present Perfect Tense / Past Perfect Tense

ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Has, have + Verb 3
Has, have + BEEN + Verb 3
Had + Verb 3
Had + BEEN + Verb 3
Example:
He has finished his homework.
His homework has been finished.
She had returned the books to the library The books had been returned to the
before she went home.
library before she went home.
5. Sentences with Modal Auxiliary
ACTIVE
Can, could, will etc. + Verb 1
Example :
I will send the letter tomorrow.
The police must punish the criminals.

PASSIVE
Can, could, will etc. + BE + Verb 3
The letter will be sent tomorrow.
The criminals must be punished.

Exercise 1:
Complete the following passive voice sentences in the tense suggested.
1. This picture (always admire).
Present
2. His leg (hurt) in an accident.
Past
3. This exercise (do) very carefully.
Present Continuous
4. The box (not open) for the last hundred years.
Present Perfect
5. The Tower of London (formerly use) as a prison. Past
6. Two of my dinner plates (break).
Present Perfect
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7. The bridge (build) last year.

Past
8. The answer must (write) on one side of the paper. Auxiliary
9. Milk (use) for making butter and cheese.
Present
10.The stolen car (find) in another town.
Present perfect
Exercise 2:
Change the following sentences into passive.
1. The bill includes service.
2. People dont use this road very often.
3. They cancelled all flights because of fog.
4. Somebody accused of stealing the money.
5. They are building a new ring-road round the city.
6. I didnt realize that someone was recording our conversation.
7. They have changed the date of the meeting.
8. People should send their complaints to the head office.
9. They had to postpone the meeting because of his illness.
10. Somebody had robbed and attacked him in the street.
11. Somebody might have stolen your car if you had left the keys in it.
12. An electric fault could have caused the fire.
13. They are going to hold the congress in San Francisco.
14. They shouldnt have played the football match in such bad weather.
15. Mr. Kelly cant use his room at this moment.
Exercise 3:
Choose the best answer by crossing either a, b, c, d, or e.
1. As he was badly hurt in the accident, he.............to the nearest hospital.
a. being taken
d. be taken
b. took
e. was taking
c. was taken
2. We need to remodel our school building.
We can also say Our school building...............
a. needs to be remodelled
d. needing to be remodelled
b. is needed to remodel
e. is needing remodelled
c. needed to remodel
3. A
:Which painting will be exhibited tomorrow?
B
: I dont know yet; they ..................by a team.
a. are still being selected
d. still selected
b. are still selecting
e. still selecting
c. still be selected
4. X : Last night someone broke into our house.
Y : Oh, Dear ! .........?
a. Did anything take
d. Anything to take
b. Was anything taken
e. Was anything being taken
c. Anything took
5. X : I want the red dress displayed in the window?
Y : Im sorry, madam. It............
a. has been selling
d. has sold
b. has to be sold
e. has been sold
c. has to sell
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6. Anin is looking forward to her birthday because she...........a new watch.

a. promised
d. has been promised
b. has been promising
e. has promised
c. being promised
7. A : What happened to her skirt?
B : It..........when she jumped over a fence.
a. was torn
d. is tearing
b. tore
e. has torn
c. was to tear
8. Im sorry but you cant swim today. The pool..............
a. be cleaned
d. is being cleaned
b. cleans
e. is cleaning
c. cleaned
9. This is a very popular TV program. Every week it............by millions of people.
a. watches
d. is being watched
b. is watched
e. has watched
c. watched
10. X : When did the accident happen?
Y : When the goods..........from the truck.
a. were unloading
d. they were unloading
b. were being unloaded
e. unloaded
c. being unloaded
11. A : How old is the mosque?
B : Well, it.........in 1980.
a. build
b. was build
c. has been building

d. built
e. was built

12. I became quite nervous when I knew that my speech..............

a. was to record
d. to be recording
b. is recording
e. was being recorded
c. being recorded
13. My father was offered between two posts.
We can also say ......... the choice between two posts..
a. My father offered someone
d. They would offer someone
b. My father had offered
e. Somebody was offered my father
c. Someone offered my father

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Chapter 10
Causative Get and Have
Observe the following sentences:
1. My mother always gets the servant to wash the clothes.
2. My mother always has the servant wash the clothes.
3. My mother always gets the clothes washed by the servant.
4. My mother always has the clothes washed by the servant.
Answer the questions:
1. What are the meanings of the verbs get and has in the sentences above?
2. What is the difference between sentences numbers 1 and 2 and sentences numbers
3 and 4?
3. Complete the following patterns:
ACTIVE :
a. S + GET + O + ...................+ O.
b. S + HAVE + O + ..................+ O.
PASSIVE :
a. S + GET + O + ......................
b. S + HAVE + O + ...................
Exercise 1:
Fill in the blanks with causative get or have. Mind the form of the tense.
Example: I cannot go to receive the prize myself, but I will............somebody
represent me at the ceremony and ...........him to take the prize.
Answer: I cannot go to receive the prize myself, but I will HAVE somebody
represent me at the ceremony and GET him to take the prize.
1. She........her brother to repair the toy for her yesterday.
2. They ....some workmen come to paint their house while they were away on holiday.
3. The girl will.......her father to buy her the piano.
4. I will ...............the maid serve you some drinks while I am on the telephone.
5. We must................Fita clean up the mess before she goes out.
6. That girl is too quiet. I must.........her to say something.
7. He was too busy to go out for lunch, so he..........his friends to bring back some food
for him.
8. I bought her a watch, and I ................the goldsmith carve her name on it.
9. The burglars................the frightened woman to tell them where she kept all her
valuables.
10. We lost our way at first; but later we.........................a passer-by give us the correct
direction.
Exercise 2:
Change the following sentences into the other forms of causative active and passive.
Example : He had the man tow away the car.
Answers: a. He had the car towed away by the man.
b. He got the man to tow away the car.
c. He got the car towed away by the man.
1. I will get the children to pick the mangoes.
2. We had the mechanic repair the television set.
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3. She will have the maid iron the suit as soon as possible.
4. The man always gets his wife to wake him up.
5. My father had the fence repaired.
6. Fitria got me to carry her books.
7. My mother will get my brother to help us.
8. That old man had his grandson take him around the town.
9. The boys usually get other people to replace them.
10. The owner had the house renovated.
Exercise 3:
Replace the active causative in these sentences into passive and vice versa.
1. He gets his hair trimmed once a month.
2. We had our car repaired at the garage.
3. She got her fortune told by that man.
4. My mother had all her dresses sewn by a seamstress.
5. The plank was too long, so we had it sawn into two.
6. The police got the man reveal the secret plans of his gang.
7. She will have this dress altered to fit her.
8. We had the plumber fix the leaking tap.
9. The soldier had his wound examined by the doctor.
10.The students have their clothes washed and ironed at the laundry.
Exercise 4:
Choose the best answer by crossing either am, b, c, d, or e.
1. The pipe is leaking. You must have it mended. The sentence means.......
a. You have mended the pipe.
b. A plumber has mended the pipe.
c. Someone has mended the pipe.
d. You have to find someone to mend the pipe.
e. You dont need someone to mend the pipe.
2. Because she is ill, she wants ............into her room.
a. to have her meals brought
d. she has brought her meals
b. to have brought her meals
e. having her meals brought
c. she brings her meals
3. The teacher had the students.......................to the passage twice before they
answered the questions.
a. listen
c. listening
e. have listened
b. listened
d. to listen
4. My mother was not strong enough to clear the old tree trunks from the shed, so
she..........
a. had the gardener do the job
b. had to do the job of the gardener
c. had the gardener doing the job
d. had been doing the gardeners job
e. had done the job by the gardener

5. My father had the oil of his car changed. means................

a. He changed the oil of his car.
b. He had to change the oil of his car.
c. He had changed the oil of his car.
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d. Someone changed the oil of his car.

e. Someone asked my father to change the oil of his car.
6. Sugeng is a very lazy boy. He always wants...............for him.
a. everything has done
d. everything having been done
b. having done everything
e. to have everything done
c. to have done everything
7. X : What a lovely evening gown youre wearing! Did you make it yourself?
Y : No, I ...............
a. have to make it
d. had to make it
b. had it made
e. have made it
c. had made it
8. Now that she has grown up, my niece has her old dresses lengthened.
The sentence means.........
a. My niece has lengthened her old dresses.
b. My niece asked someone to lengthen her old dresses.
c. My niece has to lengthen her old dresses herself.
d. My niece has been told to lengthen her old dresses.
e. My niece has been asked by someone to lengthen her old dresses.
9. The curtains are dirty; we...............at the dry-cleaners.
a. must have washed them
d. are washing them
b. have washed them
e. must have them washed
c. must be washing them
10. I dont know how to arrange the flowers so Id rather..............
a. do it myself
d. it has been done
b. have to do it
e. have done it
c. have it done
o000o

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Chapter 11
Modal Auxiliaries
Notice the forms and meanings of the modal auxiliaries.
Will

future time ................................(be going to)

Can

ability ........................................(be able to)

May

permission ................................(be permitted to,

have permission to,
be allowed to)

Might

possibility .................................(It is possible that....,

perhaps)

Should

obligation, .................................(ought to)

desirability

Must

inference, ..................................(I conclude that.............

conclusion,
probability
It is very probable that...)
necessity ....................................(have to)

Modals with Perfect:

Observe the following:
1. Should have + V3 (seharusnya telah) : digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan yang
seharusnya dilakukan tetapi tidak dilakukan. Should = ought to
- She should have helped her mother (but she didnt)
2. Might have + V3 (mungkin telah) : digunakan untuk menyatakan kemungkinan
yang terjadi pada waktu lampau.
- He came late. He might have missed the bus.
3. Must have + V3 (pasti telah) : digunakan untuk menyatakan kesimpulan dari
peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu lampau.
- Look at the ground! Its wet. It must have rained last night.
4. Could have + V3 (sebenarnya bisa) : digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang
sebenarnya bisa dilakukan pada waktu lampau tetapi karena sesuatu alasan kegiatan
itu tidak dilakukan.
- Mrs. Tono went to a mall last Sunday. She had enough money with her but she
didnt buy anything. She could have bought something at the mall.
Exercise 1:
Form sentences using the modals. Look at the examples.
Examples:
Paul is going to write
PAUL WILL WRITE A LETTER
a letter tomorrow.
TOMORROW.
George is able to speak
GEORGE CAN SPEAK FRENCH
French very well.
VERY WELL.
The students have permission
THE STUDENTS MAY DO THE
to do the exercise in the library.
EXERCISE IN THE LIBRARY
1. Paul and George are going to play tennis tomorrow.
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2. It is possible that George is a very good tennis player.

3. John is able to swim very well.
4. We have to get up at six tomorrow.
5. You have permission to come and see the doctor.
6. My brother is in your class. I conclude that you know him.
7. Mr. Brown has to get a new passport soon.
8. The students have to join an English course.
9. You ought to send messages to your parents regularly.
10.Mary is able to play the violin well.
Exercise 2:
Make sentences with must, might, should or could according to the situation.
Examples:
1. X : Does she live in an apartment now?
Y : I suppose she does. Thats the only reasonable conclusion.
Answer : SHE MUST LIVE IN AN APARTMENT NOW.
2. X : Did she live in the dorm last year?
Y : I conclude that she did.
Answer : SHE MUST HAVE LIVED IN THE DORM LAST YEAR.
1. Did she decide to get a job? I think thats possible.
2. Did she save her money? It was desirable, she didnt.
3. Did she stay with her sister? She had that opportunity but she didnt.
4. Did Mr. Ridwan sell his car? I conclude that he did.
5. Does Mrs. Fitri own a new house? I conclude that she does.
6. Did you aunt shop by phone? She had the opportunity but she didnt.
7. Did she invite her uncle on her birthday? It was desirable but she didnt.
8. Did your brother forget to mail the letter? I think its possible.
9. Is the new student a very good dancer? I conclude she is.
10. Did she ride with us in the car? She had that opportunity but she didnt.
Exercise 3:
Use must have in your response to the sentences.
Example :
Your sister laughed after she talked with Budi.
Answer : He must have told her something funny.
1. He spoke Italian very well when he came back from Europe.
2. He had to write the check with a pencil.
3. He was very sleepy this morning.
4. He came back from the city with lots of money and no car.
5. This morning he left suddenly and went to the dentist office.
6. His music teacher told him that he played the piano like an expert.
7. Tom was coughing and sneezing yesterday.
8. He knew what was going to happen every minute during the whole movie.
9. He had souvenirs and photographs of many different cities all over the world.
10. His glasses were broken and his nose was bleeding.
Execise 4:
Choose the best answer by crossing either a, b, c, d or e.
1. Rini is very thin and pale. She...............ill.
a. shall be
d. ought to be
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b. will be
e. would have been
c. must be
2. The teacher said to Iwan : You can go now.
The sentence means..........
a. Iwan was supposed to go.
d. Iwan was requested to go.
b. Iwan was advised to go.
E. Iwan was allowed to go
c. Iwan was ordered to go.
3. Her house is very dirty. She..........it for a long time.
a. does not clean
d. should not have cleaned it
b. could not be cleaning
e. must not have cleaned it
c. did not clean
4. My brother did not keep his promise to send us a message soon. He might have
been very busy. The sentence means..........
a. My brother will be very busy.
d. My brother would be very busy.
b. My brother was certainly busy.
e. My brother was perhaps very busy.
c. My brother is expected to be very busy.
5. X : Hello! Is your Mom home? This is from her office.
Y : No. She left home an hour ago.
X : Then, she.........................at the office by now.
a. will have arrived
d. could have arrived
b. would have arrived
e. ought to have arrived
c. must have arrived
6. When we got home, we found the front door open. Somebody......entered the house
while we were away.
a. could have
d. ought to have
b. would have
e. must have
c. should have
7. They lost all their possession in the fire; they............a hard time now.
a. may have had
d. used to have
b. must be having
e. are to have
c. ought to have
8. His English is very good. He..............quite a lot.
a. ought to practice
d. must have been practising
b. should practice
e. has to be practising
c. will have practice
9. Last year the couple could save much money, otherwise, they.....to make a tour
around the world this year.
a. cant afford
d. will afford
b. could afford
e. wouldnt afford
c. could not have afforded
10. It is possible that there will be a rise in the price of petrol soon.
We can also say............ There..............a rise in the price of petrol soon.
a. must be
d. may be
b. should be
e. had better be
c. has to be

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Chapter 12
Agreement/Concord
A. Agreement of subject and verb:
When the subject is singular, the verb must be singular; when the subject is plural,
the verb must be plural, too.
Examples:
1. His knowledge about mathematics and natural science has made him successful.
2. My mother, accompanied by my father, is going to visit my grandmother in
Jakarta.
3. Either of these buses goes to the university.
4. Twenty dollars is the price of the watch.
Notes: Along with, with and accompanied by do not cause singular subjects to be
plural.
The following indefinite pronouns are singular:
anyone
neither
anything
no one
each
nothing
either
what
everyone,
whatever
everything
whoever
The following collective subjects agree with singular verbs:
audience
group
2,3,4..................dollars
class
public
2,3,4...................miles
committee
staff
faculty
team
family
B. Agreement of noun and pronoun
Singular male person
: he, him, his
Singular female person
: she, her, hers
Singular thing/animal
: it, its
Plural people/animals/ things : they, their, them
Examples:
1. It is easier to talk about the problem than it is to resolve it.
2. In spite of their small size, these cameras take very good pictures.
3. If one knew about a fact, he will not be so quick to criticize.
Exercise 1:
Fill in the correct form of the bracketed words (plural or singular).
1. The traffic on the road today..............(be) very heavy.
2. The news .....................(be) brought to us yesterday by a friend.
3. The pyjamas he is wearing now..................(belong) to my brother.
4. She had to hire a porter to carry the luggage, which..........(be) very heavy.
5. The cattle.................(have) all been driven to the market this morning for sale.
6. The police.............(have) now finished questioning the suspect.
7. A series of tests.................(have) been made on the animals; we are now awaiting
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for the results.

8. That pair of trousers...........(be) tight for him; why does he not give the trousers
away?
9. My family ............(be) a united one.
10. The machinery....................(work) only when the electric current is on.
Exercise 2 :
Choose the best answer by crossing either a, b, c, d, or e.
1. Economics.........................a difficult subject for many people.
a. is
c. are
e. are being
b. have been
d. were
2. Neither the students nor the professor...................happy about the result of the
experiments.
a. have been
c. were
e. to be
b. are
d. was
3. Although the boys have enough money, neither of them...........going on vacation.
a. were
c. have been
e. are
b. is
d. was
4. The name of a river passing through some big towns .................the title of a very
popular Indonesian song.
a. it has become
d. to have become
b. has become
e. having become
c. have become
5. Producing fine paintings.................skills and creativity.
a. require
d. requires
b. they require
e. is requires
c. is require
6. The school has a lot of classroom; each of them.. ...........equipped with an overhead
projector.
a. are
c. is
e. have
b. they are
d. was
7. Neither of the schools ................for our pilot projects.
a. meets the requirements
d. meeting the requirements
b. it meets the requirements
e. meets the requirements
c. they meet the requirements
8. An increase in the number of students....................expected next year.
a. are
c. were
e. will
b. is
d. was
9. The bridge designed by the young engineers ................now.
a. is repairing
d. are repairing
b. are being repaired
e. is being repaired
c. have been repaired
10. These shoes look good; Ill try ....................on.
a. it
c. its
e. them
b. they
d. their

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Chapter 13
Word Order
A. Adverbs of Frequency
Always
Sometimes
Usually
Often
Generally
Occasionally

rarely
seldom
scarcely
hardly ever
never

Adverbs of frequency usually come after the subject or to be.

Examples: She always studies hard.
He is often late to school.
A negative adverb of frequency is often placed at the beginning of a sentence to
emphasize the negative meaning. An inversion form is used.
Examples: Never has she met us.
Rarely did we eat rice when we were in England.
B. Order of Adverbs of MANNER, PLACE AND TIME
1. When adverbs of Manner, Place and Time come together in one sentence, the
normal order is at the end of a sentence, in the order Manner, Place and Time.
Examples: She danced gracefully at the concert last night.
Manner
Place
Time
He is studying hard
in the room now.
Manner Place
Time
2. With verbs of movement, the adverbial place acts as a kind of object notionally,
comes immediately after the verb.
Example : He went to the station
by taxi.
Place
Manner
She walked to school slowly.
Place
Manner
3. The adverbial of time is often placed at the very beginning of a sentence; this is
particularly useful when there are many adverbials in the sentences and also to
emphasize the time.
Example : Last night my sister performed very beautifully at the concert.
Time
Manner
Place
4. The more particular expressions of time come before the more general.
Example : He was born at seven oclock on Christmas morning in 1993.

C. Order of Adjectives

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DETERMINER
A
R
T
I
C
L
E
A/an First
Two
The Second three
My
Third
Another
Your Only
Several
her
some
A lot of
his
our
this
that

SIZE

AGE

SHAPE COLOR ORIGIN

HEAD
WORD

Interesting
Boring
Beautiful
Pretty
ugly
Handsome
Clever
Etc

Big
Small
Little
Short
Tall
Wide
Narrow
Etc.

Old
Round
Young square
New
etc
Cold
Hot
Warm
modern

Red
Yellow
Green
Blue
Brown
etc

Iron
Stone
Paper
Brick
Wood
Gold etc

Task 1:
Put the adverbials at the correct place.
1. He was born (in the year 1995, at 10 a.m., On June 14th).
2. She drinks coffee (at hone, every morning).
3. Our teacher spoke to us (in class, very rudely, this morning).
4. I saw my friend off (at 7 oclock, at the station, this morning).
5. Mrs. Bani was working (at her office, very hard, all day yesterday).
6. They stayed (quietly, all day, there).
7. He played (at the Town Hall, last night, beautifully, in the concert).
8. I will meet you (outside your office, tomorrow, at 2 oclock).
9. We are going (for a week, to Switzerland, on Saturday)
10. The train arrived (this morning, very late, in Tawang Station).
Task 2:
Put the adverb of frequency in the following sentences into the correct place.
1. She is a good student. (always)
2. We try to work well. (always)
3. We are very busy. (generally)
4. My mother goes for a walk on Sundays. (often)
5. The buses are full in this town. (usually)
6. They have heard of it. (never)
7. Mary can swim now. (nearly)
8. She knows what to say about it. (scarcely)
9. The porter was able to carry my luggage. (hardly)
10.The children quarrel with each other. (often)
11. Her death has upset me. (quite)
12. He gets up before half past nine. (never)
Task 3:
Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct position.
Example: a beautiful table (wooden round)
a beautiful round wooden table
1. an unusual ring (gold)

..................................................
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Car
Book
House
Dress
Ring
Etc

2. an old lady (nice)

3. a good looking man (young)
4. a modern house (attractive)
5. black gloves (leather)
6. an American film (old)
7. a large nose (red)
8. a sunny day (lovely)
9. a hot bath (nice)
10. an ugly dress (orange)
11. a red car (old/little)
12. a metal box (black/small)
13. a long face (thin)
14. a wide avenue (long)

..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................

Task 4:
Choose the correct answer by crossing either a, b, c, d, or e.
1. Choose the correct sentence.
a. In the library Andi clearly told me everything last night.
b. Andi in the library clearly last night told me everything.
c. Everything Andi told me clearly last night in the library.
d. Clearly last night Andi told me everything in the library.
e. Last night Andi told me everything clearly in the library.
2. You shouldnt write such a criticized articles.
a. Seldom they are published.
b. Seldom published the are.
c. They seldom are published.
d. They published are seldom.
e. They are seldom published.
3. Choose the correct sentence!
a. Has ever your brother been injured in a football match?
b. Has your brother ever been injured in a football match?
c. Has your brother been ever injured in a football match?
d. Has your brother been injured ever in a football match?
e. Has your brother been injured in a football match ever?
4. Which one is true?
a. Does he sometimes read English good books?
b. Does he read sometimes good English books?
c. Does sometimes he read good English books?
d. Does sometimes he read English good books?
e. Does he sometimes read good English books?
5. Which of the following statements is true?
a. I think he is not enough strong to lift that box alone.
b. I think he is not strong enough to lift that box alone.
c. I think he is not strong enough alone to lift that box.
d. I think he is alone not strong enough to lift that box.
e. I think he alone is not strong enough to lift that box.

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6. Which of the following sentences is true?

a. Early the farmers left home in the morning.
b. The farmer left home in the morning early.
c. The farmer left home early in the morning.
d. The farmer in the morning left home early.
e. In the morning the farmer left early home.
7. Tifa came home late last night.
Where did her boy friend take her to?
a. She took him to the movies last night.
b. He took her last night to the movies.
c. Last night she took him to the movies.
d. He took her to the movies last night.
e. To the movies he took her last night.
8. What is so special about Rinis house?
It is a..........
a. wooden Japanese style house
b. Japanese style wooden house
c. wooden house Japanese style
d. Japanese wooden house style
e. wooden style Japanese house
9. Which of the statements is right?
a. To send me a birthday card, Tia never forgets.
b. Tia forgets never to send me a birthday card.
c. Never forgets Tia to send me birthday card.
d. To send me a birthday card Tia forgets never.
e. Tia never forgets to send me a birthday card.
10. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Ati usually writes me on my birthday a long letters.
b. Usually Ati on my birthday writes me a long letter.
c. Ati usually writes me a long letter on my birthday.
d. A long letter usually Ati writes me on my birthday.
e. Usually a long letter Ati writes me on my birthday.
o000o

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Chapter 14
Direct and Indirect Speech
A. Commands or Imperative
See the following examples:
1. Pay attention, the teacher said.
The teacher told us to pay attention.
2. Wash your face, please, she told the sleepy student.
She told the sleepy student to wash his face.
3. Dont sit on this chair, I told her.
I told her not to sit on that chair.
4. Dont be afraid, I asked her.
I asked her not to be afraid.
Changes that happen from direct command to indirect command :
V1
to V1
Dont V1
not to V1
B. Statements
In reported statements there are two types of introducing verbs:
1. in the present such as: tell, will tell, has told, says, has said etc
2. in the past such as : told, had told, said etc.
When the reporting verb is in the present, there is no change of tenses from direct into indirect
sentence. However, when the reporting verb is in the past, there is always a change of tense from
direct into indirect sentence, except for eternal truth and natural laws.
Examples:
a. Im a good dancer, she often says.
She often says that she is a good dancer.
b. Im a good dancer, she said.
She said that she was a good dancer.
c. The teacher explains, The sun rises in the east.
The teacher explains that the sun rises in the east.
d. The teacher explained. The sun rises in the east.
The teacher explained that the sun rises in the est.
Changes that happen from direct into indirect speech when the reporting verb is in the past.
1. Changes of Tenses
a. Simple Present Tense
Simple Past Tense
V1
V2
Do/does + V1
did + V1
b. Simple Past
Past perfect Tense
V2
had + V3
Did + V1
had + V3
c. Present Continuous Tense
Past Continuous Tense
am, is, are + V-ing
was, were + V-ing
d. Past Continuous Tense
Past perfect Continuous Tense
was, were + V-ing
Had been +V-ing
e. Present Perfect tense
Past Perfect Tense
has/have + V3
had + V3

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2. Changes of Adverbs of Time

a. today
b. now
c. tomorrow
d. yesterday
e. next...............
f. last................
................ago

that day
then
the following day
the next day
the day after
the previous day
the day before
the following.........
the ...................after
the previous.................
the ...............before

3. Changes of Modals
a. will
b. can
c. may
c. must
4. Other changes
a. here
b. this
c. these

would
could
might
had to
there
that
those

C. Yes/No Questions
Observe the following:
1. Is your mother a housewife?, I asked her.
I asked her if/whether her mother was a housewife.
2. Will you attend the party?, She asked me.
She asked me if/whether I would attend the party.
3. Do you go to school on foot?, they wanted to know.
They wanted to know if/whether I went to school on foot.
The changes from direct to indirect in YES/NO questions:
Direct Yes/No Question
TO BE/AUX + S+ V/N/ADJ

Indirect Yes/No Questions

IF/WHETHER S + TO BE/AUX+V/N/ADJ

D. WH-Questions
Observe the following sentences:
1. The boy asked me, Where is your brother?
The boy asked me where my brother was.
2. The policeman said, How did the accident happen?
The policeman wanted to know how the accident had happened.
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3. The teacher asked Intan, Why were you absent yesterday?

The teacher asked Intan why she had been absent the day before.
The changes from direct to indirect speech in WH-QUESTIONS:
Direct WH-Question
WH + TO BE/AUX + S + V/N/ADJ

Indirect WH-Question
WH + S + TO BE/AUX + V/N/ADJ

Task 1:
Rewrite the following sentences into indirect commands.
1. Clean it yourself, mother told my brother.
2. Wrap it in a piece of paper, I told the shop assistant.
3. Father told the gardener, Cut the grass in the garden.
4. The pilot told the passengers, Fasten your safety belt.
5. Dont sit on my bed, my sister asked me.
6. Wait there till I come, he asked her
7. Dont speak until you are asked, she asked me.
8. I told my brother, Leave it on the piano.
9. Dont try to be funny, the teacher told the naughty students.
10. Dont spill the ink on the carpet, they said to me.
Task 2:
Change the following sentences into reported statements.
1. I am going to town with my sister, Fahmi said.
2. We have finished our work, they said.
3. I want to speak to you, I told the teacher.
4. He is ready to come with us, Intan said.
5. They do not know you, I said to her.
6. She has done her homework well, the teacher said.
7. You can do it if you try, I advised him.
8. You may see the photograph if you like, I said to her.
9. They went away yesterday, he said.
10. I lost my temper yesterday morning, he confessed.
Task 3:
Put the following sentences into the reported speech.
1. Did you meet the minister when you were in Jakarta? she asked me.
2. Does she always wear Moslem clothes? I asked him.
3. Have you ever seen my new bag? she asked me.
4. Must the door be kept shut? the shop assistant asked me.
5. May I use your telephone? my friend asked me.
6. Was the train very full last Sunday? the man asked the officer.
7. Have the children put away their toys? mother wanted to know.
8. Do you sleep in the afternoon? I asked her.
9. Did the greengrocer have any fresh vegetables? mother asked me.
10. Will the taxi be here at eight oclock? father asked the waiter.
Task 4:
Change the following sentences into the reported questions.
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1. My brother asked, Where will we spend our holiday next week?

2. My grandmother asked me, How do you usually go to the office?
3. The teacher asked Sinta, When were you born?
4. I asked Ida, How often do your family visit your grandmother?
5. Andi asked me, Which book is yours?
6. I asked Andika, How long have you been waiting here?
7. We asked the boy, How could you be so unkind to that poor man?
8. Ira asked Dino, Why didnt she come to your party?
9. My friend asked me, How is the condition of your car now?
10. I asked the lazy students, What will you do if you do not pass the exam?
Task 5:
Choose the best answer by crossing either a, b, c, d, or e.
1. Mother said, Dont waste your money on cigarettes.
a. My mother advised me not to waste my money on cigarettes.
b. My mother told me that she didnt waste my money on cigarettes.
c. My mother asked me if I had wasted my money on cigarettes.
d. My mother allowed me to waste my money on cigarettes.
e. My mother said that she didnt waste my money on cigarettes.
2. Farhan said to me, Why do they go abroad so often?
Farhan asked me..........
a. if they went abroad so often
d. why do they go abroad so often
b. why they went abroad so often
e. did they go abroad so often
c. why did they go abroad so often
3. Ive been writing letters, Sita answered.
a. Sita answered that she had been writing letters.
b. Sita answered that she has been writing letters.
c. Sita answered that she wrote letters.
d. Sita answered that she was writing letters.
e. Sita answered that Ive been writing letters.
4. Did she leave a message for me?
Yes, she said.......................tonight.
a. she called you
b. she would call her
c. you called her

d. she would call you

e. I would call you

5. The captain told the sailors not to leave the ship.

The direst sentence is
a. The captain said, Not leave the ship.
b. The captain said, Dont leave the ship.
c. The captain said, You do not leave the ship
d. The captain said, You didnt leave the ship.
e. The captain said, Didnt leave the ship.
6. A : What did she ask you just now?
B : .................
a. whether I was absent yesterday
b. whether my mother was at home yesterday
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c. whether all the students passed the exam last year

d. if the principal had announced the result of the exam
e. if all students are present today
7. Is John coming to the party tonight?
Yes, he asked me...........
a. if he could go with us
b. if he is coming tonight
c. if he went with us

d. whether he goes with us

e. whether he is going with us

8. I saw someone smoking at the petrol station, so I said,..........

a. You need not smoke here.
c. You cannot smoke here.
b. You may not smoke here.
d. You will not smoke here.
c. You must not smoke here.
9. Mother warned us .....................the new painted wall.
a. not to touch
d. not touching
b. not touch
e. not to touched
c. not to touching
10. He asked me..........
a. whether I grew my own vegetables
b. you grow your own vegetables
c. did I grow my own b\vegetables

d. I grew my own vegetables

e. if I did grow my own vegetables

o000o

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Chapter 15
Question-Tags
Observe the following sentences:
1. You have been living here for years, havent you?
2. The children could do the test, couldnt they?
3. The show will end soon, wont it?
4. Girls should not go out at night alone, should they?
5. The students havent done their homework, have they?
Rules of Question Tag:
1. When the statement is positive, the tag is negative. When the statement is negative,
the tag is positive.
2. To be (am, is, are, was, were) or auxiliary verb (will, can, have, has etc.) in the
statement is repeated in the tag.
3. When there is no be or auxiliary verb, the tag must be added with the auxiliary
verb do, does or did.
V1
do
V1 s/es does
V2
did
4. The subject in the tag is always the same as the subject in the statement but in the
form of personal pronoun (I, we, you, they, she, he, it)
5. Negative tag is always in the contracted form ( isnt, doesnt, wont etc.)
6. When there are two auxiliary verbs used in the sentence, the tag uses the fist
auxiliary verb.
For example : The students should have studied, shouldnt they?
7. In commands, the tag is either will you ? (rising intonation)
Or wont you? (falling intonation)
Example : Study hard for your test, will you?
Study hard for your test, wont you?
8. Have, has and had are auxiliaries when followed by V3. When they are not, they
are considered as verbs, so we have to add the auxiliaries of do, does and did.
Example : You have finished your work, havent you?
You have to finish your work, dont you?
You have a happy family, dont you?
9. Special Question-Tags:
No.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

Statement
I am
Lets
Hed better
Hed rather
Hed go
Hed gone
Hes taking
Hes taken
He ought to....

Tag
aren,t I?
shall we?
hadnt he?
wouldnt he?
wouldnt he
hadnt he
isnt he
hasnt he
shouldnt

Exercise 1:
Add suitable question-tags to the following statements.
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1. You broke the window.

2. They didnt see you
3. They arrived yesterday.
4. You have heard about that.
5. Youd rather I didnt say anything.
6. He didnt have to speak to me.
7. I have to buy some matches.
8. Your sister wont fall down.
9. Your grandmother wouldnt like the window open.
10. He used to go with his wife.
11. I am very late.
12. I am not a good worker.
13. He has an English-English dictionary.
14. He always has breakfast at nine.
15. He has lived in his present home for years.
16. Come and see me tomorrow.
17. Let me read the letter for you.
18. Lets have something to eat in the restaurant.
19. You shouldnt have been such a fool.
20. The roof was leaking.
21. He wont fall down.
22. People think that he wont fall down.
23. Anton has your book.
24. Lets pretend were not here.
25. Our teachers speak English better than yours.
26. You never come to class on time.
27. This winter hasnt been cold.
28. You ought to go there yourself.
29. You will have finished your study by the end of this school year.
30. Those children should not have gone without the teachers.

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