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SIGNIFICANCE:
Related Theory:
a.
Stability
The stability of mix is the maximum load carried by a compacted specimen at a
standard temperature of 60 C.
b.
Flow
The flow is measured as a deformation in units of 0.01 between no load and
maximum load carried by the specimen during stability test.
APPARATUS
PROCEDURE:
3.1
Each sample is heated to the anticipated temperature and compacted with a Marshall hammer.
Key parameters of the compactor are:
Sample size = 102 mm (4-inch) diameter cylinder 64 mm (2.5 inch) in height.
Tamper foot = flat and circular with a diameter of 98.4 mm (3.875 inches)
corresponding to an area of 76 cm2 (11.8 in2).
Compaction pressure = specified as a 457.2mm free fall drop distance of a hammer
assembly with 4536 gm (10 lb) sliding weight.
Number of blows = typically 35, 50, 75 on each side depending upon anticipated
traffic loading.
Simulation method = the tamper foot strikes the sample on the top and covers almost
entire area. After a specified number of blows, the sample is turned over and the
procedure is repeated.
4 Calculations:
Three basic purpose of test are
VOID ANALYSIS
Where
Gb = Bulk specific gravity
Gt = Theoretical specific gravity of specimen
Gt = 100/[(W1/G1) + (W2/G2) + (W3/G3) + (W4/G4)]
Where
W1 = %age of coarse aggregate in mix
W2 = %age of fine aggregate in mix
W3 = %age of filler aggregate in mix
W4 = %age of asphalt in mix
VMA = Vv + Vb
Where
Vb = volume of bitumen or asphalt
Vb = (W4/G4)*Gb
VFB = (Vb/VMA)*100
4.2
GRAPH
4.3
% AC Vs Flow
16
14
12
Flow
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
% AC
Flow
Linear (Flow)
% AC Vs Stability
2850
2800
Stability
2750
2700
2650
2600
2550
2500
2450
0
% AC
Stability
Poly. (Stability)
VFA
% AC Va VFA
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
% AC
VFA
Linear (VFA)
% AC Vs Gmb
143.5
143
Gmb
142.5
142
141.5
141
140.5
140
0
% AC
Unit Bulk Density
% Air Voids
% AC Vs Air Voids
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
% AC
% Air Voids
% AC Vs VMA
19.6
19.4
VMA
19.2
19
18.8
18.6
18.4
18.2
18
0
% AC
VMA
Poly. (VMA)
Comments:
The Marshall Stability value increases with increasing asphalt binder content up to a
maximum after which the stability value decreases. Design curve shows that stability
value decreases with increasing asphalt content and do not have a peak value.
The Marshall Flow value increases with increasing asphalt binder content. In other
words, the higher the asphalt binder content, the greater the specimen deforms under
load.
The mixture air voids, Pa, decreases with increasing asphalt content, until it reaches a
minimum air void content.
Asphalt binder acts as lubricant while the mixture is being compacted, thus leading
that mixtures with a higher asphalt binder content have a lower VMA percentage.
What is usually observed is that the VMA generally decreases to a minimum value,
then increases with increasing asphalt binder content.
The percent voids filled with asphalt, VFA, increases with asphalt binder content.
This should be expected since the VMA is being filled with the asphalt binder.
Gmb is also increasing with increase in asphalt binder content. At an extent it increases
but after that it starts decreasing.The reason is that as we add more binder in aggregate
it fills the voids and thatS why increasing the overall Gmb but when voids are filled
with binder and binder starts making film then Gmb starts decreasing.
Method 1
According to specifications design asphalt is that which contains 4% air voids. So against the
4% air voids we select the asphalt content in asphalt content and air voids graph. At this
asphalt binder content we select the remaining Marshall Test properties values and this will
be the optimum asphalt content.
Method 2
Another method to select the optimum asphalt binder content is to select each individual
asphalt binder content from the Marshall Design curves based on the following criteria:
The asphalt binder content at the midpoint of the specification range for the mixture
air voids.
The asphalt binder content at the maximum stability value.
The asphalt binder content at the peak of the specification range for unit weight curve
(Gmb).
Then the three possible asphalt binder content values are then averaged to give the optimum
asphalt binder content.
Method 1
% Air Voids
% AC Vs Air Voids
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
% AC
% Air Voids
% AC Vs Flow
16
14
12
Flow
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
% AC
Flow
Linear (Flow)
% AC Vs Stability
2850
2800
Stability
2750
2700
2650
2600
2550
2500
2450
0
% AC
Stability
Poly. (Stability)
VFA
% AC Va VFA
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
% AC
VFA
Linear (VFA)
% AC Vs Gmb
143.5
143
Gmb
142.5
142
141.5
141
140.5
140
0
% AC
Unit Bulk Density
% AC Vs VMA
19.6
19.4
VMA
19.2
19
18.8
18.6
18.4
18.2
18
0
% AC
VMA
Parameters
Mixture Air Voids, Pa
VMA
VFA
Marshall Flow
Marshall Stability
Mixture Unit Weight, Gmb
Poly. (VMA)
Value
4%
18.59%
78%
14(0.1in)
2750
142.85 pcf
Method 2
% Air Voids
% AC Vs Air Voids
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
% AC
% Air Voids
% AC Vs Stability
2850
2800
Stability
2750
2700
2650
2600
2550
2500
2450
0
% AC
Stability
Poly. (Stability)
% AC Vs Gmb
143.5
143
Gmb
142.5
142
141.5
141
140.5
140
0
% AC
Unit Bulk Density