Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
Body fluids................................................................................. 2
Clinical Chemistry.................................................................... 4
INSTRUMENTATION....................................................................................................................4
BLOOD GASES, PH AND ELECTROLYTES...............................................................................5
GLUCOSE, HEMOGLOBIN, IRON AND BILIRUBIN................................................................7
CALCULATIONS, QC AND STATISTICS...................................................................................9
CREATININE, UA, BUN AND AMMONIA...............................................................................10
PROTEINS, ELECTROPHORESIS AND LIPIDS.......................................................................11
CLINICAL ENZYMOLOGY........................................................................................................13
CLINICAL ENCOCRINOLOGY..................................................................................................14
General.....................................................................................17
Hematology..............................................................................19
BASIC HEMATOLOGY CONCEPTS / LABORATORY PROCEDURES................................19
NORMOCYTIC NORMOCHROMIC ANEMIAS........................................................................20
HYPOCHROMIC MICROCYTIC ANEMIAS.............................................................................24
MACROCYTIC NORMOCHROMIC ANEMIA..........................................................................25
QUALITATIVE / QUANTITATIVE WBC DISOREDERS.........................................................26
LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE / MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.................................29
COAGULATION AND PLATELETS..........................................................................................35
Immunohematology................................................................40
Immunology.............................................................................41
Microbiology............................................................................43
ANTIBIOTICS, ANTIMICROBIALS, STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION.....................43
BASIC TECHNIQUES..................................................................................................................44
BASIC BACTERIOLOGY............................................................................................................46
GRAM POSITIVE COCCI............................................................................................................47
GRAM NEGATIVE COCCI..........................................................................................................49
GRAM POSITIVE BACILLI.........................................................................................................49
ENTEROBACTERECIAE & PSEUDOMONAS..........................................................................50
RICHETTSIAE, CHLAMYDIA AND MYCOPLASMA.............................................................52
SPIROCHETES..............................................................................................................................53
BORDETELLA & BORRELIA.....................................................................................................53
ANEROBIC BACTERIA...............................................................................................................54
BRUCELLA...................................................................................................................................55
MYCOBACTERIA........................................................................................................................55
MISCELLANEOUS.......................................................................................................................56
MYCOLOGY.................................................................................................................................57
VIROLOGY...................................................................................................................................60
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BODY FLUIDS
Body fluids
1.
1.
2.
3.
*****Regarding Albustix:
a. Useless if infected urine.
b. Gives red color.
c. Not useful if acid is added to urine.
d. Depends on acid precipitation of urinary proteins
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
7.
7.
8.
8.
2.
mohammad_emam@hotmail.com
BODY FLUIDS
9.
9.
10.
10.
See 7.
Urine becomes black on standing in cases of
alkaptonurea (homogentesic acid) and
methemoglobinurea.
11.
11.
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CHEMISTRY
Clinical Chemistry
INSTRUMENTATION
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
7.
7.
8.
8.
mohammad_emam@hotmail.com
CHEMISTRY
9.
11.
11.
12.
12.
13.
13.
14.
****pH means:
14.
15.
15.
16.
17.
17.
18.
pH of the blood.
18.
19
19
16.
mohammad_emam@hotmail.com
CHEMISTRY
19.
20,
21,
22,
24,
25,
26.
20,
21,
22,
24,
25,
26.
23.
23.
27.
27.
28.
28.
28.
28.
19.
New
New
1
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New
New
1
Hypocalcaemia.
Causes of renal damage include; hypovolemia
(hemorrhage or dehydration), myoglobulinurea,
hypercalciurea, uricosuria, and drugs e.g.
aminoglycosides and ACE inhibitors.
See 23.
CHEMISTRY
28.
New
2
28.
New
3
28.
28.
New
2
New
3
10.
29.
29.
- 25-30 g/dl
In newborn babies, glucose tends to be lower than
in adults. Critical low level in newborn is 30mg/dL
30.
30.
31.
31.
32.
32.
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CHEMISTRY
33.
33.
34.
34.
35.
35.
36.
36.
37.
37.
38.
38.
39.
39.
40.
40.
41.
41.
42.
42.
mohammad_emam@hotmail.com
CHEMISTRY
43.
44.
44.
45.
45.
46.
46.
47.
47.
48.
48.
49.
49.
mohammad_emam@hotmail.com
CHEMISTRY
50.
50.
51.
51.
52.
52.
53.
54.
54.
55.
Diagnosis of RF
55.
56.
56.
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10
CHEMISTRY
57.
57.
58.
58.
59.
60.
60.
61.
61.
62.
62.
62.
62.
64.
64.
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11
CHEMISTRY
65.
65.
. LDL
66.
66.
(b)
67.
67.
Albumin.
68.
68.
On electrophoresis;
Chylomicrons and its remnants stay at the
origin.
VLDL at pre (=2 globulin region)
IDL at broad
LDL at (= globulin region)
HDL at (= 1 globulin region)/
69.
69.
70.
70.
71.
71.
72.
72.
74.
74.
75.
Chylomicrons:
a. Can cause thrombosis.
b. Cannot cause thrombosis.
75.
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12
CHEMISTRY
76.
Nature of apoproteins.
76.
77.
77.
e.g.
Presence
Suffix
Significance
Chemistry
78.
79.
80.
82.
No double
bonds
Unsaturated
Linoleic a
Linolenic a
(both are
Essential)
Arachidonic a.
Vegitable oils.
Enoic
Arachidonic
acid is precursor
of Pgs. Although
not essential, it
depends on
essential FA
Double bonds
78.
79.
80.
82.
CLINICAL ENZYMOLOGY
83.
83.
(b) Lipase elevation is of a greater magnitude (210 xN) and duration than amylase in acute
pancreatitis. When lipase method is optimized,
the test is more sensitive and specific than
amylase for detection of acute pancreatitis.
84.
84.
85.
(d)
85.
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CK
CK-MB
AST
LDH
Onset (h)
Peak (h)
6-12
3-10
6-12
6-12
20-30
12-24
20-30
24-72
13
Duration
(d)
2-6
1.5-3
2-6
7-14
CHEMISTRY
86.
**Isoenzymes:
a. Are physical types of one enzyme.
b. Have different electrophoretic mobility.
c. All of the above
86.
87.
87.
(a) CK-MB is specific for cardiac muscle, CKBB for brain and CK-MM for skeletal muscle.
88.
88.
89.
89.
*****ADH is?
a. Produced by posterior pituitary
b. Produced in the hypothalamus.
**The method used to estimating insulin is?
a. Electrophoresis
b. Kinetic estimation.
c. Spectrophotometer.
d. Radioimmuno assay.
90.
91.
92.
92.
93.
93.
CLINICAL ENCOCRINOLOGY
90.
91.
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14
CHEMISTRY
94.
94.
(b) Water intake is restricted the patient loses 35% of body weight or until 3 consecutive hourly
determination of urine osmolarity are within
10% of each other. Measure urine osmolality,
plasma vasopressin and increased urine
osmolality with exogenous vasopressin.
Normal
DI
Nephrogeni
c DI
Urine
osmol
>800
<300
<300
Pl. VP
After VP
>2
Undetectab
le
>5
No change
95.
95.
96.
96.
97.
97.
All.
In diabetes, 2 types of coma may occur, DKA
and nonDKA. Glucose levels in nonDKA are
typically <800 mg/dL. Once hyperglycemia is
established, ketonurea & pH should be looked
for to differentiate.
98.
98.
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15
CHEMISTRY
98.
New
98.
New
5HIAA.
Carcinoid tumors originate from the
enterocromaffin cells (APUD cells) of the
intestine and most commonly occurs in the
appendix, terminal ilium and rectum.
Presentation may be asymptomatic until
metastasis (most cases), appendicitis (10%) or
carcinoid syndrome (in5% when there is liver
metastasis) as spontaneous flushing on the face
and neck, abdominal pain and water diarrhea,
cardiac abnormalities and hepatomegally. The
tumor secretes a wide variety of amines an
peptides including serotonin (5hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) with its major
metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA)), bradykinin, histamine and tachykinins
and prostaglandins.
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16
General
General
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
7.
****Hemolysis causes?
a. Increased serum K
b. Increased serum Na
c. Increased HCO3d. Decreased K
7.
a.
8.
After hemolysis:
a. Sodium leaks out of RBCs.
b. K leaks into cells.
c. Bicarbonate gets into RBCs.
8.
9.
Effects of fasting
9.
10.
10.
4.
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17
General
11.
11.
Fluoride
12.
13.
14.
14.
Best place to put a needle for blood collection is puncture proof container.
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18
Hematology
Hematology
BASIC HEMATOLOGY CONCEPTS / LABORATORY PROCEDURES
1
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19
Hematology
a. 18 gauge.
10
**RDW is increased in
10
11
11
12
13
13
14
**Perl's stain
14
BM iron stores
14.
14.
12
New
New
15
16
16
17
17
Salmonella.
In sickle syndrome, infarctions in the spleen
leads to autosplenectomy causing more
predisposition to pneumococcal infections.
Infarctions in the intestine leads to passage of
salmonella which infect the bones causing
osteomyelitis.
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20
Hematology
18
18
19
Fanconi's anemia
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
a. Aspirin.
23
23
24
24
d. Thrombocytosis
25
HUS
25
26
26
Normal haptoglobin.
In intravascular hemolysis serum haptoglobin is
decreased or absent due to consumption.
27
27
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Fanconi syndrome.
Fanconi syndrome consists of:
- Congenital aplastic anemia.
- Skeletal and urinary tract anomalies.
- Microcephaly.
- Altered skin pigmentation.
21
Hematology
28
28
G6PD.
In favism, hemolytic anemia develops whtn the
RBCs are exposed to oxidant stress e.g. drugs,
infection and favism.
29
29
30
30
Splenectomy
31
31
32
32
(c).
33
33
34
34
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22
Hematology
35
35
36
36
37
37
pancytopenia.
38
RAEB
38
Peripheral blood
<1%blasts
BM
<5%blasts
<1%blasts
<5%blasts
>5%
20-30%
monocytes
promonocytes
39
**Manifestations of HbSS
a. Ischemia to femoral artery.
b. Infarction of phalanges.
39
41
****Major adult Hb is
41
HbA (97%)
HbA2 (2.5%) and HbF (0.5%)
41.
New
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Hematology
42
43
43
44
44
45
**Normal Hb pattern?
45
HBA ( 2, 2)
Other Hb patterns: HbA2 (2, 2), HbF (2,2)
46
46
47
****Regarding iron
47
48
48
49
49
Thrombocytopenia.
Actually there is raised platelet count in IDA
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hypochromic, microcytic
d.
B-thalassemia major
24
Hematology
50
50
51
***Hb H disease.
51
51.
New
52
2-4 months.
Fr vitamin B12, stores are enough for 2-4 years.
53
53
Defective Hb synthesis.
Megaloblastic anemia is associated with delated
nuclear development due to defective DNA
synthesis not defective Hb synthesis.
54
**Folate is affected by
54
Cooking
Steaming and frying causes loss of 90%, boiling
for 8minutes causes loss of 80% of folate.
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25
Hematology
55
55
IF deficiency.
Total or partial gastrectomy causes vitamin B12
defeciency.
56
56
Megaloblastic.a
Hypersegmentation = shift to the right. Other
causes include;
- liver disease.
- Uremia.
- Infection and toxemia.
Hyposegmentation = shift to the left occurs in;
- Leucocytosis.
- Thyroid disease.
- Pelger Huet
57
57
58
58
59
59
Vit B12 defeciency
Folate deficiency
Occurs with;
Salazopyrin
e.
Cholestyra
mine.
Triamterene
.
Anticonvuls
ants.
Anti TB
Cytotoxic.
Metformin.
Colchicin.
Anticonvulsants.
Paraaminosalicylic
acid.
Neomycin.
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60
e. a and c
Cold agglutinins are IgM, work at 4c. It is anti I
in IMN and in idiopathic type, or both anti I and
anti i in lymphocellular disorders.
26
Hematology
61
61
e. Paracortical area of LN
62
63
63
B cells (x)
Impaired granulocytes staph. abscesses.
Impaired antibody formation pneumonia by
pyogenic organisms.
Impaired cellular immunity mycobacteria,
nocardia, fungi e.g. pneumocystis carinii &
candida, viruses, parasites.
64
64
65
65
Neutrophilia.
In IMN there is;
- TLC 12-18
- Atypical lymphocytes.
- Neutrophilia (early) followed by
neuropenia).
- Thromobytopenia.
66
66
Lymphokines
67
Neutrophil deficiency =
67
68
68
Paracortex
(T-cell)
62
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27
Hematology
69
69
70
Which is wrong :
***. Regarding the function of T-cell, which is correct?
a. IL-1 is produced early in the immune response.
b. T cells donot respond to IL-2 early in the immune
response.
70
71
71
NK cells
These are not B nor T-cells, though are CD8+.
They characteristically have prominent granules
and are often large granular lymphocytes.
72
72
73
IL1 & 2.
73
74
74
75
75
76
**SAEP cause
76
Giant neutrophils
77
77
GM-CFU
Also G-CFU
78
78
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28
Hematology
**Prognosis of M4 is
79
Poor (x)
Prognostic Factors in AML
Favorable
young age
Unfavorable
older age: Age >60 is usually
considered a poor prognostic
factor because older patients
generally don't tolerate
therapy & higher likelihood
of having unfavorable
prognostic factors e.g. special
cytogenetic abnormalities.
FAB type M7
29bnormalities of
chromosome 11 at band q23
80
b. bad prognosis
81
81
82
82
c. Pagets disease
Indications for BMT are:
- ALL.
- AML
- Chronic or accelerated phases of CML.
- Severe aplastic anemia.
- Selected cases of:
MDS, Lymphoma, MM, CLL
Thalassemia major, sickle cell disease.
Severe inherited metabolic disease e.g.
adenosine deaminase deficiency and
Hurler's syndrome.
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29
Hematology
83
83
None
Bad prognostic factors in ALL are;
a. TLC > 50x109/L
b. CNS involvement
c. Age <1 or >50 year old
d. Boys.
e. t(1;19)
f. T immunophenotype in children and
myeloid antigen in adults.
g. Blasts in peripheral blood on day 7
h. >5% blasts in bone marrow on day 14
i. No complete response on day 28
84
84
85
85
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30
Hematology
86
86
Promyelocytic leukemia
FAB
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
HISTOCHEMISTRY
Occasional peroxidate+ granules, PASStrongly peroxidase+, PASStrongly peroxidase+, PASStrongly peroxidase+, some cells may be
PAS+
Many be peroxidase+ and PAS+,
nonspecific esterase stains are strongly +
and inhibited by NAF
Red cell precursors are PAS+, ringed
sideroblasts are seen with iron stains
Variable, platelet peroxidase can be
demonstrated by electron microscopy
87
87
88
88
CML
NAP occurs in mature neutrophils.
High score (35-100) occurs in normal subjects
and in liver diseases, Down's syndrome, PCV,
aplastic anemia, HD, ALL)
Intermediate score in M5, M4 and CLL.
Low score occur in AML, lymphosarcoma and
PNH
89
89
90
90
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b.
31
Hematology
91
91
92
92
t(15:17)
93
93
b. t(9:22)
94
**HTLV except
94
95
95
CD antigen
96
96
97
****Paraprotiens are?
97
98
98
99
***In CLL:
a. RAI classification III is either I or II with hemolytic
anemia.
b. 5% terminate by Richter's syndrome.
c. 30% of lymphocytes agglutinate RBCs
99
?
According to RAI classification, III is 0 or I or II
but Hb is < 11g/dl due to marrow failure not
hemolysis.
100
100
101
101
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b.
32
Hematology
102
102
b.
103
103
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b.
33
Hematology
106
106
107
Haploid transplantation.
107
108
108
109
109
110
110
111
111
112
**Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia:
a. Proliferation of cells that resemble lymphocytes rather
than plasma cells.
b. They produce IgM molecules and often excess of light
chains.
c. All of the above
112
113
113
c. Myelosclerosis is characterized by
splenomegally, extramedullary hemopoiesis,
leucoerythrocytic blood picture + replacement of
BM by collagen fibrosis. Hepatomegally is
requent. BM shows cellularity (not
hypocellularity).
114
114
Same
115
115
116
Mycosis fungoides:
116
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Burkitt's lymphoma.
NHL is more common in children than HL.
Burkitt's is a NHL.
34
Hematology
117
117
Both
Sezary syndrome is a T-lymphoid leukemia, a
skin lymphoma with leukemic phase. Seizary
cells are small with highly convoluted nucleus.
Epidermis is involved.
118
118
118
118
New
1
118
New
2
118
New
3
New
1
118
118
New
2
New
3
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119
Hypofibrinogenemia.
In DIC there is the triad of hypofibrinogenemia,
thrombocytopenia and FDPs.
35
Hematology
120
120
thromboxan.
Thromboxane is a platelet aggregator.
Inhibitors of coagulation include;
Serpentines:
ATIII
Heparin co factor II
1 antitrypsin
C1 estrase inhibitor
2 antiplasmin
2 macroblobulin
Protein C system
Protein C
Protein S
Thrombomodulin
C4b binding protein.
121
121
d. Fanconis syndrome.
Fanconi syndrome is congenital aplastic anemia
with pancytopenia and absent megakaryocytes.
122
**ITP affects
122
Females> males
123
123
Leucopenia
In TTP, there is absence of platelet protease that
cleaves vW macro vW thrombosis in
microcirculation + cell fragmentation (HA) +
fever + liver dysfunction. It occurs in adults +
AI or pregnancy. May be fatal.
124
ITP in child
124
Sudden remission.
ITP follow infection. It is characterized by
immune complexes absorbed on platelets
aggregations which are removed by spleen.
There is defective megakaryocytic budding. It is
self limited.
125
125
126
126
SLE.
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36
Hematology
127
127
Aspirin
Platelet dysfunction are;
adhesion:
- vW
- Pseudo vW
- Bernard Soulier syndrome.
release:
- SPD:
SPD
Wiscott Aldrich syndrome
Hermanskey syndrome
Chediak Hegashi syndrome
TAR syndrome
- granules: Grey platelet syndrome.
- TXA2
aggregation:
- Glanzmans syndrome
- Afibrinogenemia.
Aquired:
- myeloproliferative
- renal
- FDPs
- Drugs: Aspirin
- Chronic hypoglycemia.
128
128
Increased
129
129
**In purpura:
a. Hemorrhage in deep muscles.
b. Hemorrhage in mucus membrane.
c. Hemarthrosis.
131
131
132
132
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37
Hematology
133
133
a. APTT is prolonged.
134
*****Treatment of vW disease:
a. Factor VIII
b. Cryoprecipitate.
c. FFP
134
135
135
136
136
137
137
138
138
139
139
140
140
NB: Questions from 85 to 104 were found in papers named Anne/Hematology Quiz and may not be encountered in previous
exams unless labeled by star (*)
A blood smear shows 80 nucleated red cells per 100 leukocytes.
c. 10.0 x 109 /L
9
The total leukocytic count is 18 x 10 /l. The true WBC
expressed in SI units is:
a. 17.2 x 109 /L
b. 9.0 x 109 /L
c. 10.0 x 109 /L
d. 13.4 x 109 /L
Which of the following tests is used to monitor red cell
d. Reticulocytic count.
production?
a. PCV
b. TIBC
c. Schilling test.
d. Reticulocytic count.
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38
Hematology
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39
Immunohematology
Immunohematology
1.
1.
2.
2.
ABO incompatibility.
3.
3.
4.
Unsuitable donor.
4.
All (see no 5)
Cord Hb (x see 5)
10
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10
e. previous pregnancies
Possibly transmissible infections not routinely
tested are:
- B. burgdorferi.
- Y. enterocolitica
- P. falciparum.
40
Immunology
Immunology
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
7.
**All tube for serial dilution for CRP test contain 0.5ml
of saline & 0.5ml of serum is added to Tube 1 & 0.5ml is
transferred through the row of tubes & agglutination is
demonstrate in tube 7, If sensitivity of the test is 6mg/l
the concentration of CRP in serum is?
a. 36mg
b. 42mg
c. 6mg
d. 48mg
e. 384mg..
7.
8.
8.
9.
9.
Anti (I)
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41
Immunology
10.
10.
11.
11.
.31
12.
12.
13.
13.
IV hypersensitivity
14.
14.
Candida
Defective CMI candidiasis.
15.
15.
Tuberculin
16.
16.
Tuberculin
17.
17.
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31.
42
Microbiology
Microbiology
ANTIBIOTICS, ANTIMICROBIALS, STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION
.1
1.
.3
3.
Nfcillin or dicloxacillin.
.4
4.
.5
***What is lab safety level you will employ for the culture
of brucella?
a. Routine precaution
b. bio safety level 1,
c. bio safety level 2
d. bio safety level 3
e. no specific measure
5.
.2
2.
.
a.-penicillin
b-erythrocin
c. penicillin
d-ceftriaxone
e- vancomycin
Aminoglycoside
Aminoglycosides act on 30s ribosomal
subunit.as tetracyclines.
Risk
group
1
2
3
Description
Organisms are low risk to lab
workers and community
(common organisms)
Moderate risk to lab workers
limited risk to community e.g.
staph, strept., vibrio
High risk to labo workers,
low risk to community (dont
spread rapidly) e.g. brucella,
TB, Salmonella
Viruses, high risk to lab and
community
Biosafety
level
1
2
3
.6
6.
Cloxacillin.
.7
7.
.8
8.
mohammad_emam@hotmail.com
43
Microbiology
.9
9.
b. Erythromycin.
10
10
.11
11.
b. Ceftriaxone.
.12
12.
.13
13.
.14
14.
Glutaraldehyde.
Or phenolic
.15
15.
.16
Bronchoscope
16.
Glutaraldehyde
.17
17.
BASIC TECHNIQUES
.18
18.
.19
19.
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a. L.J medium
b. Chocolate agar or Thayer martin media
c. Lefflers media
d. Blood agar
44
Microbiology
.20
**If you forget iodine step in gram stain staph aureus will
be seen?
20.
Red
.21
21.
100,000. (105)
104-105 = Equivocal
<104 and mixed = probable contamination
.22
22.
Na-phosphonaphthol sulpfonate
Also known by abbreviation SPS
.23
23.
None
On CLED;
Salmonella gives flat blue colonies.
Klebsiella gives mucoid yellow colonies.
Enterococci give yellow translucent colonies.
.24
24.
.25
25.
c. trace of free O2
.26
26.
b. 0.5%
For solid medium 1.5-2% concentration is
used.
27.
b. 10 seconds
.28
28.
.29
29.
c. Methyl alcohol
.27
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45
Microbiology
.30
30.
31.
31.
.32
32.
.33
33.
BASIC BACTERIOLOGY
.34
34.
.35
35.
.36
36.
.37
37.
c. 70s
Bacteria has 70s ribosomes with 30s &50s
subunits.
Mammalian ribosome has sedimentation
coefficient of 80s with 60&40s subunits.
.38
38.
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46
Microbiology
.39
39.
c.
40
40
.41
**Sepsis cause
41.
Toxic granulomas.
41.
New
b. Psuedomonas exotoxin A.
41.
New
42.
Teichoic acid
Gram posititve cell wall is composed of
peptidoglycan and teichoic acid (no lipid A or
polysaccharide as in gram negative cell wall)
.43
43.
Enterotoxin
This acts by stimulating relase of IL1 and IL2.
.44
44.
stable
.45
45.
.46
46.
A & B hemolyticus.
.47
47.
.48
48.
sore throat
Strept pyogenes cause three types of diseases;
- Pyogenic (pharyngitis and cellulites)
- Toxigenic (TSS and scarlet fever)
- Immunogenic (Rheumatic fever and AGN)
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47
Microbiology
.49
49.
.50
50.
.51
51.
.52
52.
Capsular polysaccharides.
The capsular polysaccharides is antigenic.
Other protective mechanisms of pneumococci
include enzyme IgA protease, toxin and SSS.
.53
53.
.54
54.
.55
55.
Novobiocin.
Novobiocin is used to differentiate staph
epidermidis (sensitive) from staph
saprophyticus (resistant). To differentiate
staph pyogenes
a. Phage typing.
.56
56.
.57
57.
Streptococcus.
Strept fecalis grows on 6% NaCl while strept
bovis dont.
.58
Staph.
58.
Catalase test
Staph is catalase positive.
.59
59.
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48
Microbiology
.60
60.
Strept. pyogenes.
61.
.62
62.
.63
Meningococcemia causes:
63.
.64
64.
Maltose
Glucose
Sucrose
N. Gono
+
-
N.Menin
+
+
-
65.
Diptheria bacilli,
.66
**Pseudomembrane cause by a
66.
diphtheria
.67
67.
.68
68.
a. Diphtheria.
.69
69.
Listeria.
Something missed in this question; Listeria is
motile at 25c not at 37c. It grows on a wide
range of temperature (3-43c)
.70
70.
L. monocytogens.
.71
Listeria monocytogens.
71.
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49
Microbiology
.72
72.
.73
73.
Actinomyces israelii
& arachnia propionica
.74
74.
75.
.76
**Proteus is
76.
.77
77.
a.
.78
78.
.79
79.
.80
80.
P. mirabilis
While M. morganii, P. vulgaris, and
50seudomonas50 are all positive.
.81
81.
mucoid colonies
.82
82.
.[++--]
.83
83.
.84
84.
proteus.
Also, Klebsieall and pseudomonas.
c. Not only sh. Sonni, but also Shigella A,B
and C.
.85
85.
.86
86.
Commensals of GIT
.87
E.coli is indole?
87.
Positive
Also proteus is indole positive.
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50
Microbiology
.88
88.
.89
**Psuedomonas is?
89.
.90
90.
.91
91.
pseudomonas.
.92
92.
c.
.93
93.
.94
94.
.95
95.
a. Typhoid fever
.96
96.
Salenite broth
.97
97.
.98
98.
.99
99.
.100
100.
NLF
.101
101.
Motility
.102
102.
O-9,12, H-1,2
.103
103.
blood culture
.104
104.
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51
Microbiology
.105
105.
.106
106.
G-ve coccobacilli.
.107
107.
a. Pasteurella multucida
.108
108.
a. V. cholera
.109
109.
.110
110.
.111
111.
.112
Vibrio vulnificus.
112.
113.
mites.
Causative organism is R. akari.
.114
114.
Giemsa stain
Giemsa gives rickettsia blue to purple color,
Gimenes stain it red, Machiavillo stain it red
inside blue cells and IF gives better sensitivity
and specificity.
.115
115.
Richetssia (x)
Chlamydia pneumoniae (see Kumar 686).
.116
116.
Chlamydia
Sero D-K 52hlamydia trachomatis
.117
117.
antimicrobial.
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52
Microbiology
SPIROCHETES
.118
118.
.119
**Treponema pallidum is a?
119.
.120
120.
.121
121.
.122
122.
.123
**Yaws disease
123.
HEMOPHILUS
.124
124.
Chocolate media.
.125
125.
.126
126.
.127
127.
soft chancre
Soft chancre is also called chancroid. H.
Ducreii dont require V factor
.128
128.
H. Influnzae
.129
129.
H. Influenza
.130
130.
children.
1/2 to 4 years old.
.131
131.
H.influenza
132.
Strictly aerobes.
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53
Microbiology
.133
Bordetella exotoxin =
133.
.134
134.
135.
Clostridium welchii,
Also called perfrengins.
ANEROBIC BACTERIA
.135
.136
C. perfringens
C. tetani
C. deficile &
botulinum
Lecithinase ve
Saccharolytic
NLF
Lecithinase +ve
Saccharolytic
LF
Lecithinase ve
asaccharolytic
NLF
.137
.138
**Clostridia are
**Bacteroid is resistant to?
a. Penicillin
b. metronidazole
c. aminoglycoside
d. chloramphenicol.
137.
138.
.139
139.
.140
140.
a. Vincent bacillus
.141
141.
a. B. fragilis.and streptococcus.
.142
142.
Blood
(selective or non selective), others include;
- Cooked meat broth (CMB)
- Thyoglycolate.
- BHI
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54
Microbiology
.143
143.
.144
144.
Clostridia.
BRUCELLA
.145
145.
Brucella species
Also called undulant fever.
.146
146.
.147
147.
MYCOBACTERIA
.148
**Mycobacterium Leprae
148.
.149
149.
T.B,
.150
150.
.151
151.
.152
152.
d. 3-6 weeks.
.153
153.
Lepromatous
.154
154.
.155
155.
very low.
Almost nil
.156
156.
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55
Microbiology
.157
157.
TB
.158
158.
.159
159.
MISCELLANEOUS
.160
160.
Bacillus anthracis
.161
**Plague is by
161.
rat flea.
.162
162.
.163
163.
.164
164.
b. blood culture
.165
165.
.166
166.
.167
Zoonotic disease
167.
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56
Microbiology
MYCOLOGY
.168
******Candida is identified by
168.
.169
169.
C neoformans
.170
170.
M.Furfur
.171
171.
.172
172.
a. White cells.
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57
Microbiology
PARASITOLOGY
.173
173.
P.vivax.
In P. vivax, infected cells are enlarged with
schuffner's dots. In P. ovale infected RBCS
are enlarged without Schuffner's dots.
P. malariae cause normal or even reduced
sized RBCs. In P. falciparum cells are normal
with Maurer's clefts.
.174
**Leishmania id transmitted by
174.
Sand fly.
.175
175.
H.Nana
.176
176.
Schistosoma hematobium.
.177
177.
.178
178.
E.Histolytica.
.179
179.
anal swab
.180
180.
.181
181.
P. Falciparum (X).
Vivax and ovale due to preerythrocytic
schizogony cause multiple infection.
.182
182.
E. Histolytica
.183
183.
a. B//M biopsy
.184
184.
a. Skin biopsy
.185
185.
b. cysticercosis
.186
186.
.187
187.
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58
Microbiology
.188
Cryptosporidium
188.
.189
A warm that infects man and pass eggs around the anus is
189.
Oxyurius vermicularis.
.190
190.
Cysts or trophozoit
.191
191.
Schistosoma hematobium.
Also ankylostoma duodenal, strongyloides and
N. americanus.
.192
192.
IFAT
Also, CFT, IHA & ELISA.
.193
193.
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59
Microbiology
VIROLOGY
.194
194.
.195
195.
feaces.
Also from throuat and spinal fluid.
.196
196.
reproduction.
.197
197.
.198
198.
.199
199.
.200
200.
.201
201.
c. CMV
.202
202.
.203
203.
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60
Microbiology
.204
204.
.205
205.
c. Negri bodies.
.206
206.
.207
Herpes zoster
207.
Localised
.208
208.
None
Rota virus is a dsRNA virus, it is diagnosed in
feces by ELISA. It causes a significant
proportion of infant diarrohea.
.209
209.
.210
210.
Feco-oral
.211
211.
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61
Microbiology
62
Microbiology
mohammad_emam@hotmail.com
63
3.
See Q 12 Chemistry
4.
See Q 15 Chemistry
5.
6.
See Q 23 Chemistry
8.
9.
See Q 36 chemistry
10.
See Q 37 chemistry
11.
See Q 38 chemistry
2.
7.
mohammad_emam@hotmail.com
See Q 11 Chemistry.
See Q 17 Chemistry
64
12.
See Q 39 chemistry
13.
See Q 53 chemistry
14.
See Q 54 chemistry
15.
See Q 64 chemistry
16.
See Q 72 chemistry
17.
***In MI, which is the last enzyme to be raised and lasts long?
a. CK
b. CK-MB.
c. AST.
d. LDH
See Q 85 chemistry
18.
**Isoenzymes:
a. Are physical types of one enzyme.
b. Have different electrophoretic mobility.
c. All of the above
See Q 86 chemistry
19.
*****ADH is?
a. Produced by posterior pituitary
b. Produced in the hypothalamus.
****Error in the result is expected in which case?
a. Glucose on fluoride.
b. Glucose on EDTA
c. Calcium on oxalate
See Q 90 chemistry
See Q 15 hematology
20.
21.
22.
mohammad_emam@hotmail.com
See Q 4 general
See Q 16 hematology
65
23.
**In favism,
a. The defect is in
b. which is affected
***Free plasma Hb is bound to:
25.
See Q 29 hematology
26.
**Normal Hb pattern?
See Q 45 hematology
27.
See Q 68 hematology
28.
29.
****Paraprotiens are?
***In CLL, all are true except::
a. RAI classification III is either I or II with hemolytic anemia.
b. 5% terminate by Richter's syndrome.
c. 30% of lymphocytes agglutinate RBCs
See Q 97 hematology
See Q 99 hematology
30.
See Q hematology
31.
See Q 5 immunehematology
32.
See Q 13 immunology
33.
34.
35.
See Q 14 immunology
See Q 6 Microbiology
See Q 35 Microbiology
36.
See Q 85 Microbiology
24.
mohammad_emam@hotmail.com
See Q 27 hematology
66
37.
38.
40.
******Candida is identified by
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
39.
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67
48.
54.
55.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
56.
57.
58.
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68