Professional Documents
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1.1 Discuss the effect on the magnitude of the force on a current carrying conductor of variations in:
- The strength of the magnetic field in which it is located
- The magnitude of the current in the conductor
- The length of the conductor in the external magnetic field
- The angle between the direction of the external magnetic field and the direction of the length of the conductor
1.2 Describe qualitatively and quantitatively the force between long parallel current-carrying conductors:
F is proportional to the current in each of the conductors, and the length of the conductor and inversely
proportional to the distance between the conductors
Where k = 2.0 x 10-7 NA-2
Two current carrying conductors when current in the same direction, force is towards each other
When current is in opposite directions, force is away from each other
1.3 Define torque as the turning moment of a force using:
1.4 Identify that the motor effect is due to the force acting on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field
A current carrying conductor in a magnetic field will experience a force
The direction of the force is determined by the right hand push rule
1.5 Describe the forces experienced by a current-carrying loop in a magnetic field and describe the net result of the
forces
One side of the loop will go in one direction as the current travels along. The other side will move in the opposite
direction. At the top of rotation, there is 0 torque as the forces cancel. Inertia keeps the coil moving. To continue
moving through the other side, the current must be reversed by a commutator.
1.6 Describe the main features of a DC electric motor and the role of each feature
Commutator: changes the current direction in the rotor/armature every half cycle so as to continue the motion of
the motor
Brushes: transfer current from power supply to the commutator - made of a soft material or spring loaded so as
not to provide too much friction and slow down the motor
Armature/rotor: moving part of the motor, that has a current flowing through it which produces a magnetic field
which interacts with the field magnets
Field magnets (stator): produce a constant magnetic field which interacts with the magnetic field of the rotor
1.7 Identify that the required magnetic fields in DC motors can be produced either by current-carrying coils or
permanent magnets
Stator can be either an electromagnet OR a permanent magnet. An electromagnet will generally produce a more
powerful, directed magnetic field
1.9 Perform a first-hand investigation to demonstrate the motor effect
Circuit set up so a piece of copper wire is free to move and placed on a permanent magnet
When the power supply is turned on, the wire moves
When the magnet is reversed, the wire moves in the opposite direction
Conclusion: a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiences a force
1.12 Identify data sources, gather and process information to qualitatively describe the application of the motor
effect in:
- The galvanometer
- The loudspeaker
Galvanometer: Magnetic field from coil interacts with permanent magnetic field and motor effect force pushes the
movable coil and the needle. A spring is also attached that provides a reverse torque. When the reverse torque matches
the forwards torque produced by the motor effect, the needle stops.
Loudspeaker:
Circuit constructed so AC is at same frequency as sound wave. Current passes through a coil which is free to move. AC
current produces a movement in the coil because of motor effect interaction. Coil attached to a speaker cone which
produces compressions and rarefactions in the air, which is a sound wave.
2.1 Outline Michael Faraday's discovery of the generation of an electric current by a moving
magnet
Wrapped two coils around a block of wood. One attached to a galvanometer, the other to a
battery. When battery was turned off or on, a small current was measured in the
galvanometer (i.e. a changing magnetic field produced a current)
Moving a permanent magnet near a coil also generated a current in the coil
2.2 Define magnetic field strength B as magnetic flux density
Magnetic field strength is magnetic flux density, best visualised as the amount of field lines
present in a particular area
2.3 Describe the concept of magnetic flux in terms of magnetic flux density and surface area
Magnetic flux () measured in Waber's (Wb) is magnetic flux density (measured in Tesla (T))
multiplied by area (m2). That is:
=BA
2.4 Describe generated potential difference as the rate of change of magnetic flux through a circuit
Size of emf is the rate of change of flux over time:
Anything that effects the rate at which field lines are moving through the conductor effects
the size of the emf
2.5 Account for Lenz's Law in terms of conservation of energy and relate it to the production of
back emf in motors
Lenz's Law states: "An induced current is always in such a direction as to oppose the motion or
change causing it"
That is, the direction of an induced current is such that the force produced is in the opposite
direction to the direction of movement of the conductor.
This is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy in that if the force produced
added to the force supplied, the conductor would continue to speed up without stopping, thus
violating thermodynamics.
2.6 Explain that, in electric motors, back emf opposes the supply emf
As a motors speed increases, the potential difference across it decreases. This is because the
rotation of the coil in the magnetic field induces a current in the coil which opposes the
direction of movement of the motor (Lenz's Law). This is known as back emf, and always
opposes the supply emf, decreasing the measured potential difference
2.7 Explain the production of eddy currents in terms of Lenz's Law
When a changing magnetic flux is generated in a chunk of a conductor (e.g. a sheet of metal),
small circular currents are induced which oppose this change. These are known as eddy
currents, and are produced in accordance with Lenz's Law
2.8 Perform and investigation to model the generation of an electric current by moving a magnet
in a coil or a coil near a magnet
When the magnet is placed in the coil a current is induced. Once the movement of the magnet
ceases, so too does the current. When the magnet is removed, a current is induced in the
opposite direction to the initial current.
2.9 Plan, choose equipment or resources for, and perform a first-hand investigation to predict and
9.3 Motors and Generators Page 14
2.9 Plan, choose equipment or resources for, and perform a first-hand investigation to predict and
verify the effect on a generated electric current when:
- The distance between the coil and magnet is varied
- The strength of the magnet is varied
- The relative motion between the coil and the magnet is varied
As distance between coil and magnet increases, generated electric current size decreased
As strength of the magnet is increased, generated electric current increases
As relative motion between coil and magnet increases, generated electric current increases
2.10 gather, analyse and present information to explain how induction is used in cooktops in
electric ranges
Eddy currents cause an increase in the temperature of the metal due to the collisions between
moving charges and the atoms of the metal, as well as agitation of atoms by the changing
magnetic field at high density. Thus when they are produced in the saucepan, the saucepan
heats up.
2.11 gather secondary information to identify how eddy currents have been utilised in
electromagnetic breaking
A moving metal disk in a magnetic field will have eddy currents induced in it. These will oppose
the direction of the rotation, thus slowing the disk down. This is known as electromagnetic
breaking.
Disadvantages
3.6 Plan, choose equipment or resources for, and perform a first-hand investigation to
demonstrate the production of an alternating current
9.3 Motors and Generators Page 16
Disadvantages of DC
Brushes wear down
Commutator bars wear down
Shorts between bars of
commutator
Larger the current, heavier the
rotor coils
Electric arcs and radio "noise"
Limited usefulness in high
current applications
Disadvantages of AC
Output not suitable for use with equipment that
needs a steady voltage
Advantages of DC
Output can be made smoother
Better for use in equipment
that needs a steady voltage
3.8 Analyse secondary information on the competition between Westinghouse and Edison to
supply electricity to cities
Westinghouse - AC - Westinghouse Electric
Westinghouse purchased patents off Nikola Tesla
Edison - DC - General Electric Company
Edison adopted a smear campaign to prove AC was dangerous
First electric chair (recommended by Edison) used AC
Didnt work as planned, Edison lost prestige over it
Westinghouse got contract for first electric fair, the Chicago World's Fair
AC eventually won out because it was more cost-efficient, could harness large natural
resources (e.g. Niagara falls) due to its ability to be placed a large distance from the city
Both companies morally and financially drained from long battle, Westinghouse begged Tesla
to rip up contract giving him large royalties, Tesla agreed
3.9 gather and analyse information to identify how transmission lines are:
- Insulated from supporting structures
- Protected from lightning strikes
Insulated from supporting structures:
Formulas
Sunday, 13 March 2011
10:20 AM
Torque: