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Violence against women

Submitted to
Mam Tooba Ahmed
Submitted by
1) Nelofer
2) Sabahat
3) Raffia
4) Laraib
5) Haider
6) Adeel
7) Farhan
8) Faizan

Department
Institute for Business and Information Technology (IBIT)
University of Punjab

By Sabahat Massod

Forms of violence against women

Violence against women in the family setting :
Physical, psychological and sexual violence that occurs in the family
including
Domestic violence

Dowry related violence

Son preference
Early marriages
Female genital mutilation
Violence against women in community :
Physical, psychological and sexual violence that occurs in community
including
Rape
Sexual harassment
Sexual assault within marriage
Pornography
Intimidation at work and educational institutions
Prostitution and trafficking
Mistreatment of women migrant workers
Domestic violence means a person in a relationship hurts another person
physically and emotionally. Domestic violence is also called intimate partner
violence. For women aged 15 to 44 years, violence is a cause of death and
disability. Studies showed that between one quarter or one half of the woman
of all over the world have been abused by their intimate partners. Worldwide,
40 to 70 % woman killed by their intimate partners. In many countries,
women fall victim to traditional practices that violate their human rights.
These violations include female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM), dowry
murder, so-called honor killings, and early marriages. The custom of dowry
is very common in Asia especially in India is the trigger of many forms of
violence against women. Bride burning is a form of violence against women
in which bride is killed by their husband or husbands family members due to
the dissatisfaction over the dowry provided by the family. Early marriages are
another form of violence against women. Early marriage involves the forced
marriage of young girls which is the main cause of sexual violence. Early or
forced marriages affect the womens physically , emotionally and
spiritually .According to the World Health Organization, 85 million to 115
million girls and women in the population have undergone some form of
female genital mutilation and suffer from its adverse health effects. Son
preference is the consistent favoring of male children, affects women in
many countries, particularly in Asia. In China and India, some women choose
to terminate their pregnancies when expecting daughters but carry their
pregnancies to term when expecting sons. Rape can occur anywhere, even in
the family, where it can take the form of marital rape or incest. It occurs in
the community, where a woman can fall prey to any abuser. It also occurs in

situations of armed conflict and in refugee camps. Sexual assault within

marriage is included under this category because it is the community
attitudes prevalent in many areasattitudes held by law enforcement, local
leaders, neighbors, and even church leadershipwhich allow this type of
violence to go unpunished. Sexual harassment in the workplace is a growing
concern for women. Employers abuse their authority to seek sexual favors
from their female co-workers or subordinates, sometimes promising
promotions or other forms of career advancement. Many women are forced
into prostitution either by their parents, husbands or boyfriendsor as a
result of the difficult economic and social conditions in which they find
themselves. The migrant workers themselves fare badly, and sometimes
tragically. Many become virtual slaves, subject to abuse and rape by their
employers. In the Middle East and Persian Gulf region, there are an
estimated 1.2 million women, mainly Asians, who are employed as domestic
servants.

By Farhan Zafar

Those Affected by Violence:

Women of lower socioeconomic status are at a greater risk for physical violence.

Women of higher education and socioeconomic status are at a higher risk for emotional
abuse.

Most cases of violence occur in intimate partner relationships. Ex: Husband, common law
husband, boyfriend, or ex-boyfriend.

Women who have no economic freedom and

risk.

We define domestic violence as a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is

used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner.
Domestic violence can be physical, emotional, economic, or psychological actions or
threats of actions that influence another person. This includes any behaviors that
intimidate, manipulate, humiliate, isolate, frighten, threaten, blame, hurt, injure, or wound
someone.
Domestic violence affects people of all socioeconomic backgrounds and education levels
Domestic violence not only affects those who are abused, but also has a substantial effect
on family members, friends, co-workers, other witnesses, and the community at large.
Domestic violence can happen to anyone regardless of race, age, religion, or gender.
Children, who grow up witnessing domestic violence, are among those seriously affected
by this crime.
Domestic violence is a serious threat for many women. One in 3 women worldwide is a
victim of physical violence resulting in global health epidemic according to a new world
health organization (WHO) report.
Most of these females are attacked or abused by their boyfriends or husbands. This is an
everyday reality for many many women.
Nearly 38 percent of all women murder victims were killed by intimate partners,
according to the report of WHOM.
A recent report showed that 1 in 6 women arriving at orthopedic fracture clinics has been
a victim of physical, emotional violence at the hands of an intimate partner within the
past year.
Women are also affected by following types of violences.
Physical Abuse: Hitting, slapping, shoving, grabbing, pinching, hair pulling, etc are
types of physical abuse. This type of abuse also includes denying a partner medical care.
Emotional Abuse This may include constant criticism, diminishing one's abilities, namecalling, or damaging one's relationship with his or her children.

no social security are at the greatest

Economic Abuse: Is defined as making or attempting to make an individual financially

dependent by maintaining total control over financial resources, withholding one's access
to money.

Psychological Abuse: Elements of psychological abuse include causing fear by threatening

physical harm to self, partner, children, or partner's family or friends; destruction of property;
and forcing isolation from family, friends, or school or work.
You might be experiencing domestic violence if you're in a relationship with someone who:

Calls you names, insults you or puts you down.

Prevents you from going to work or school.

Stops you from seeing family members or friends.

Tries to control how you spend money, where you go, what medicines you take or what
you wear.

Threatens you with violence or a weapon.

Hits, kicks, slap, chokes or otherwise hurts you or your children.

Blames you for his or her violent behavior or tells you that you deserve it.

Getting out of an abusive or violent relationship isnt easy. Maybe youre still hoping that
things will change or youre afraid of what your partner will do if he discovers youre
trying to leave. Whatever your reasons, you probably feel trapped and helpless.

But if you are in an abusive relationship, you know that its not that simple. Ending an important
relationship is never easy. Its even harder when youve been isolated from your family and
friends, psychologically beaten down, financially controlled, and physically threatened.
Women are at least three times more likely to be victims of intimate partner violence than men
Most people understood that mainly men inflict violence upon women in relationships or family
settings

The vast majority of people did not believe that physical force against a woman (current
or former wife, partner or girlfriend) could be justified under any circumstances.

The majority of people believes that domestic violence is a matter of public concern and
disagreed that it should be dealt with privately.

By Laraib khan
Causes:

A vital part of understanding a social problem, and a precursor to

preventing it, is an understanding of what causes it. Research on the
causes of violence against women has consisted of two lines of inquiry:
examination of the characteristics that influence the behavior of
offenders and consideration of whether some women have a
heightened vulnerability to victimization. Sociocultural analysis in
which joint consideration is often given to two complementary
processes: those that influence men to be aggressive and channel
their expressions of violence toward women and those that position
women for receipt of violence and operate to silence them afterwards .

Multiple causes of violence:

There are multiple causes of violence (including dispossession,
poverty, greed, nationalism, racism, the concept of "honor".
Poverty is another cause of violence against women. Mostly people
who are jobless and suffering from poverty become aggressive and
frustrate of daily routine and with this constantly tension they become
aggressive towards family, especially towards women.
Uneducated persons mostly cause violence, because education built up
the personality and mentality of person and they know how to react
humbly towards any action of others, but uneducated persons treat
women as they are their slaves.
When men feel entitled to power and status (especially with respect to
women) they are angered when they cannot achieve these
"entitlements". Reactions to a sense of powerlessness may include
violence against women.
Aggressive and dominating masculinities may be a direct source of
violence. In many cases, however, gender ideologies serve as the
means by which other causes of conflict are converted into violent
conduct.

Violence against women is rooted in unequal power relationship

between men and women in society. In a broader context, structural
relationships of inequalities in politics, religion, media and
discriminatory cultural norms perpetuate violence against girls and
women.
But the common reason for women being abused and battered include
dissatisfaction with the initial dowry resulting in continued exploitation
of women for more, not cooking properly or on time for the men at
home, going out of the house without telling their husbands or in-laws,
suspicion of extra-marital affairs, and infertility or giving birth to girls
rather than boys.
Many times, the women are cursed for their husbands death and are
deprived of proper food and clothing. They are not allowed or
encouraged for remarriage in most of the homes, and this is true even
today in many rural areas.
Another cause is the image created by the society which portrays a
man to be viewed as being strong, educated, creative, and clever while
a woman is the opposite of all these traits. The way parents bring up
their children, which create disparity between boys and girls, also is a
source of gender-based violence in later life. When a boy grows up,
knowing that he is not supposed to wash his own clothes, cook or help
in the house, if he grows up and gets married to a woman who comes
from a home where duties are equally shared between girls and boys,
this can create tension that might lead to violence.
The causes of gender-based violence are many and varied depending
on the types of violence. Traditional attitudes towards women around
the world help perpetuate the violence. Stereotypical roles in which
women are seen as subordinate to men constrain a womans ability to
exercise choices that would enable her end the abuse.

By M.Haider
Facts and Figures by the numbers:
According to a 2013 global review of available data, 35 per cent of women
worldwide have experienced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner
violence or non-partner sexual violence. However, some national violence
studies show that up to 70 per cent of women have experienced physical
and/or sexual violence in their lifetime from an intimate partner [1].
In Australia, Canada, Israel, South Africa and the United States, intimate
partner violence accounts for between 40 and 70 percent of female murder
victims [2].
More than 64 million girls worldwide are child brides, with 46 percent of
women aged 2024 in South Asia and 41 percent in West and Central Africa
reporting that they married before the age of 18. Child marriage resulting in
early and unwanted pregnancies poses life-threatening risks for adolescent
girls; worldwide, pregnancy-related complications are the leading cause of
death for 15-to-19-year-old girls [3].
Approximately 140 million girls and women in the world have suffered female
genital mutilation/cutting [4].

Women and girls represent 55 percent of the estimated 20.9 million victims
of forced labor worldwide, and 98 percent of the estimated 4.5 million forced
into sexual exploitation [5].
Rape has been a rampant tactic in modern wars. Conservative estimates
suggest that 20,000 to 50,000 women were raped during the 19921995 war
in Bosnia and Herzegovina [6], while approximately 250,000 to 500,000
women and girls were targeted in the 1994 Rwandan genocide [7].
Between 40 and 50 percent of women in European Union countries
experience unwanted sexual advances, physical contact or other forms of
sexual harassment at work [8].
In the United States, 83 percent of girls aged 12 to 16 have experienced
some form of sexual harassment in public schools [9].
Women in urban areas are twice as likely as men to experience violence,
particularly in developing countries [10].
In New Delhi, a 2010 study found that 66 percent of women report
experiencing sexual harassment between two and five times during the past
year [11]..
Annual costs of intimate partner violence have been calculated at USD 5.8
billion in the United States in 2003 [12] and GBP 22.9 billion in England and
Wales in 2004 [13].
A 2009 study in Australia estimated the cost of violence against women and
children at AUD 13.6 billion per year [14].
85% of all domestic violence victims are women.
Approximately 1.3 million women are victims of IPV every year.
Only one quarter of all physical assaults are reported to authorities.

Reference:
[1] World Health Organization, Global and Regional Estimates of Violence
against
Women, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85239/1/9789241564625_e
ng.pdf, p2. For individual country information, see full compilation of data
in UN Women, 2012, Violence against Women Prevalence Data: Surveys by
Country.

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[2] E. G. Krug, et al., eds., 2002, World Report on Violence and

Health, Geneva, World Health Organization. Cited in United Nations
Population Fund, 2005, State of World Population 2005, p. 66, New York.
[3] Based on the Worlds Women 1990, UN Department of Economic and
Social Affairs, New York, cited in Black, M. 2001. Early Marriage: Child
Spouses. Innocenti Digest Vol. 7, Florence: 11 and Pinheiro, P. S. and J. Ward.
2008. From Invisible to Indivisible: Promoting and Protecting the Right of the
Girl Child to be Free from Violence: 29. United Nations, New York.
[4] World Health Organization, 2012, Female Genital Mutilation: Fact Sheet
No. 241, Geneva.
[5] Figure derived from data based on a 2002-2011 reference period.
International Labour Organization, 2012, ILO Global Estimate of Forced
Labour: Results and Methodology, p. 14, Geneva.
[6] Based on reports by the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the
European Commission. J. Ward on behalf of the Reproductive Health
Response in Conflict Consortium, 2002, Bosnia and Herzegovina, If Not
Now, When?: Addressing Gender-based Violence in Refugee, Internally
Displaced, and Post-Conflict Settings, p. 81. Cited in UNIFEM, Facts and
Figures on Peace and Security.
[7] United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in
Rwanda, 1996, Report on the situation of human rights in
Rwanda, E/CN.4/1996/68, United Nations, New York.
[8] Directorate-General for Employment, Industrial Relations and Social
Affairs, 1998, Sexual harassment at the workplace in the European Union,
p. iii, Brussels, European Commission. Cited in UN General Assembly, 2006,
In-depth Study on All Forms of Violence against Women: Report of the
Secretary-General, A/61/122/Add.1, p. 42, New York.
[9] Based on a nationally representative study among female and male
students in grades 8 through 11. American Association of University Women,
2001, Hostile Hallways: Bullying, Teasing, and Sexual Harassment in
School, p. 4, Washington, DC. Cited in UN General Assembly, 2006, Indepth Study on All Forms of Violence against Women: Report of the
Secretary-General, A/61/122/Add.1, p. 42, New York.

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[10] F. Vanderschueren, 2000, The Prevention of Urban Crime. Paper

presented at the Africities 2000 Summit, Windhoek, Namibia. Cited in UNHABITAT, 2006, State of the Worlds Cities 2006/2007, p. 144, Nairobi.
[11] JAGORI and UN WOMEN (2010). Report on the Baseline Survey.
Available at: http://jagori.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/BaselineSurvey_layout_for-Print_12_03_2011.pdf.
[12] Figure includes direct health costs and indirect productivity losses from
intimate partner violence based on 1995 annual estimates. National Center
for Injury Prevention and Control, 2003, Costs of Intimate Partner Violence
Against Women in the United States, p. 2, Atlanta, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. Cited in UN General Assembly, 2006, In-depth Study
on All Forms of Violence against Women: Report of the SecretaryGeneral, A/61/122/Add.1, p. 137, New York.
[13] Figure includes direct and indirect individual, employer and state
expenses related to violence. S. Walby, 2004, the Costs of Domestic
Violence, p. 12, Leeds, Women and Equality
Unit and University of Leeds.
[14] Data calculated for both intimate partner and non-partner violence
based on estimated prevalence rates for 20072008, including direct and
indirect individual and public costs related to suffering, health, legal and
employment expenses, among others. The National Council to Reduce
Violence against Women and their Children, 2009, the Cost of Violence
against Women and their Children, p. 4, Canberra, Commonwealth of
Australia.

Other forms of violence:

Rape

17.6% of women in the US are victims of rape

21.6% of all rape victims are under the age of 12

32.4% of rape victims are between the ages of 12-17

Stalking

78% of stalking victims are women

Women are 60% more likely than men to be stalked by an intimate partner

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76% of all female homicide victims were stalked prior to their murder

People who act out violently against women

Are trying to show their dominance in any given situation

Reference:
https://www.google.com.pk/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&ved=0CFMQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F
%2Fteraclausen.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F04%2Fviolence-against-womensociology.pptx&ei=E_hUt3wIMbZ4ASCzIDYCA&usg=AFQjCNHM1NU3cFl6oVHuIfdo0oKBtJ8ePg&sig2=NQ1
qeop135bd79j5wmNurA&bvm=bv.59568121,d.bGe

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By M.Adeel Afzal
OPTION FOR RESOLUTION
We have attempted to highlight the need to recognize the violence against women as an
important issue and to enhance educational and health facilities for the prevention and control of
violence with combined awareness programs including non-governmental organizations through
stake holders. Furthermore, comprehensive laws need to be developed and enforcement against
dowry and alcohol abuse.
The best way to end violence against women and girl is to prevent it from happening in the first
place by addressing its roots and structural causes. Prevention details supporting the
implementation of the agreed conclusion of 57th Session of the Commission on the Status of
Women (CSW) that placed a strong focus on prevention through the promotion of gender equity,
women`s empowerment and their enjoyment of human rights.
Increasing women`s participation and decision-making power in the home, in the public life as
well as in politics.

REFERANCE
1- www.unwomen.org

IMPORTANT STEPS TO PREVENT VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

1- More education need to be implemented to start reconstructing dominate cultural roles.
2- More supervised half way homes for abusers need to be established. If the abusers are
able to keep their job, they will still have the opportunity to provide for their families.
3- Empowering women is the number one way to resolve the problem.
4- Educating the society

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5- Provide victims with a variety of different services to rehabilitate. For example legal
assistance, transitional housing and supervised visitation.
6- Allowing more involvement of communities and authorities. Violence agianst women are
macro sociological issue.
7- Aware women with laws and constitution.
8- Promote gender equality.
9- End forced early marriage and premature pregnancy.
10- Bring greater attention to violence.
11- Revise marriage laws that are institutionally biased against women.

REFERANCE
1- www.teraclausen.file.wordpress.com./violence-against-women-soceilogy

ORGANIZATIONS THAT ADRESSING VIOLENCE AGIANST WOMEN

Following are the organizations which work to prevent violence against women.

GENERAL ORGANIZATION
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Department of Justice`s Office on Violence Against Women

Future Without Violence
National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center
Rural Women Zone

PREVENT DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ORGANIZATIONS

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American Bar Association Commission on Domestic Violence

Asian Task Force Against Domestic Violence
National Latino Alliance for the Elimination of Domestic Violence
National Network to End Domestic Violence

PREVENT SEXUAL ASSAULT ORGANIZATION

1- National Sexual Assault Coalition Resource Project

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REFERANCE
1- www.accessingsafety.org
2- www.one.org

IMPORTANT LINKS
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www.teraclausen.file.wordpress.com./violence-against-women-soceilogy
www.unwomen.org
www.accessingsafety.org
www.one.org