AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY

PART 13
EXPANSION VALVE HUNTING
Hunting describes a situation where a cyclic action of the expansion valve
causes the evaporator to be overfed and underfed with liquid refrigerant. This
results in a cyclic swing of refrigerant pressure and saturation temperature
within the evaporator which in turn causes the average refrigerating capacity
of the system to be severely reduced due to a generally lower suction
pressure at the inlet to the compressor. Under extreme conditions, excess
liquid refrigerant supply to the evaporator may lead to liquid flooding of the
compressor with subsequent compressor failure.
Hunting is caused by a number of possibilities:
1

High refrigerant velocity within the evaporator due to undersized tubes

for the application cause the liquid refrigerant to pass through the coil
in slugs which can pass through the evaporator into the suction line.
The expansion valve bulb experience a sudden drop in temperature as
this liquid evaporates at a temperature well below the normal
superheat value and causes the valve to quickly err toward the closed
position.
The reduced refrigerant flow that then occur causes
superheat to rise considerably, which then forces the valve to open
widely with a sudden increase in refrigerant flow.

A time lag occurs between the change of valve position and the effect
at the evaporator outlet (suction line) since the revised refrigerant flow
rate will take some time to travel through the tubes of the evaporator
coil before reaching the outlet where the bulb of the expansion valve
can sense the new condition. There will also be a time lag between a
change in temperature of the outer surface of the suction line and the
change in the expansion valve overall bulb temperature leading to the
increase/decrease in pressure within the bulb and the action upon the
diaphragm within the valve.

The time lag brought about by the combination of the above will lead to
undershooting and overshooting of the desired condition with similar results
on system efficiency as described in 1 above. A solution to this problem is to
increase the mass, and thus the thermal response, of the sensor bulb, which
will damp the rate of temperature change and the valves ability to respond.
This will either reduce or eliminate hunting altogether.
thermal damping can be applied to air conditioning and refrigeration electronic
control systems where outdoor fan speed
must be varied to maintain a
specified liquid line temperature at the outlet of condenser coils for Low
Ambient Control, particularly as the response rate of the electronic control
system is virtually instantaneous, yet the effects of fan speed changes are

considerably time lagged through the condenser coil and at the liquid line.
The control software can also be written in a way that overcomes this
problem.
3

Over-sizing of the expansion valve will also cause hunting since an

excess amount of liquid refrigerant passing through the valve will
cause sudden chilling of the bulb at the evaporator outlet, thus leading
to sudden temperature drop at the bulb causing a rapid closing action
at the valve. The much reduced refrigerant liquid supply, after time lag,
causes excessive superheat, which eventually causes the valve
to open, thereby supplying to much refrigerant due to excess oversizing. Ensure that the valve is selected for the actual capacity rating
rather than a nominal capacity value.

Incorrect sensor bulb positioning can also lead to expansion valve

hunting. If the bulb is located on a vertical outlet header connecting
two or more evaporator coils, liquid may overflow a coil from above
thereby chilling the bulb. The bulb should always be located on the
horizontal outlet pipe from the coil to ensure this situation cannot arise
as illustrated in Figure 1. Locate the bulb as close to the evaporator
outlet as possible. The bulb must not be located on the underside of
the suction line. The manufacturers recommendations must be
followed and these may specify the 3 or 9 oclock position or 45
degrees between the side and underside of the suction line. Insulate
the
bulb/suction line with high quality insulation that is impervious to
water vapour, particularly on low temperature systems where the
presence of moisture will lead to freezing and incorrect bulb response.

FIGURE 1
A cross-charged sensor bulb will also reduce the effects of hunting (see last
months article for details of cross-charged expansion valves).

Charge Migration
The refrigerant liquid passing through the expansion valve experiences a
dramatic drop in pressure and flash gas is produced as part of the liquid
evaporates. This causes the body of the valve to be continually chilled. Heat
is conducted from the diaphragm assembly above the valve body leading to a
drop in temperature of the refrigerant charge within the diaphragm housing.
Under certain circumstances, this housing can fall to a temperature that is
lower that the temperature at the sensor bulb. If this situation arises with a
gas charged valve, the majority of the charge will condense within the
diaphragm and control of the valve will then be transferred to this point rather
than at the bulb. These conditions will give rise to severe restriction of
refrigerant flow to the evaporator coil and may also lead to complete shutting
of the valve since the very low and almost equal temperature / pressure on
both sides of the diaphragm will allow the spring to close the valve.

Gas charged valves should therefore only be used where there is a

reasonable pressure drop between the valve outlet and the suction line
leaving the coil. The presence of a distributor will ensure this is the case as
will a coil of high pressure drop. Under these conditions, the valve body will
be at a higher temperature than the bulb because the higher pressure at the
valve will bring about a higher saturation temperature than that at the coil
outlet by the bulb. Any migration will be toward the bulb, which will thereby
retain control over the valve.

DISTRIBUTORS
The purpose of a refrigerant distributor is to provide an equal supply of liquid /
saturated vapour refrigerant to a number outlets which in turn feed a multicircuit evaporator coil. The preferred mounting position is vertical with
refrigerant flowing downward to ensure gravity does not influence distribution
thereby causing uneven flow although it is accepted that this effect will be
minimal.
There are various type of distributor including venturi, centrifugal, pressure
drop and manifold arrangements. All perform the same function.
It is advisable to use an externally equalised thermostatic expansion valve
when a distributor is employed to compensate for the overall pressure drop
through the distributor and evaporator coil.

FLOODED EVAPORATORS
A flooded evaporator is continually full of liquid refrigerant which leads to
greater performance and efficiency as opposed to dry evaporator types where
a mixture of saturated liquid, considerable saturated vapour and partial
superheated vapour exist. The high liquid content leads to greater heat
transfer to the body of liquid refrigerant from the air passing over the coil.
Flooded evaporators are normally restricted to larger air conditioning and
refrigeration systems.
Some form of control is required to maintain the evaporator full of liquid
refrigerant and a reservoir (accumulator) adjacent to the evaporator is also
required to provide a store of liquid refrigerant. The control normally takes the
form of a float valve and this can be positioned at the inlet to the reservoir
(high side) or in the evaporator or within the accumulator itself (low side). A
liquid pump is employed to continually recirculate the liquid refrigerant from
the accumulator to the evaporator. Excess liquid refrigerant is returned to the
accumulator.
LOW PRESSURE FLOAT CONTROL

A simple float control consisting of a spherical or cylindrical chamber on a

pivoting lever mechanism controls the flow of refrigerant. Some float controls
modulate the flow of refrigerant to maintain the required liquid level whereas
others consist of high an low level settings and open or close fully as required.
As the thermal load increases, more liquid refrigerant is vaporised and the
float acts to restore the liquid level to the original setting. It is
important to note that this type of control does not respond to any changes in
evaporating pressure / saturation temperature within the evaporator.
A separate chamber can be positioned adjacent to the evaporator to house
the float valve. One float valve can be used to maintain the desired
refrigerant liquid level in two or more evaporators.
By-pass valves should be installed to allow refrigerant to flow around the float
valve in the event this jams in the closed position to at least allow refrigeration
to continue until the problem is rectified. A hand-operated expansion valve
can be installed to allow control of the refrigerant liquid flow in the event of
recirculating pump failure.
A schematic arrangement of a Low Pressure Float Control system is
illustrated in Figure 2.

FIGURE 2

HIGH PRESSURE FLOAT CONTROL

Whilst the concept is similar to that of the Low Pressure Float Control, there
are fundamental differences to this method. Refrigerant liquid from the
condenser flows to the float chamber under high pressure. The float valve
located in this chamber opens as the liquid level rises thereby allow
refrigerant to flow to the evaporator via a pressure reducing valve. As the
thermal load increases, more refrigerant vapour is produces and flows via the
compressor to the condenser. The increased flow from the condenser causes
more refrigerant to enter the float chamber. Clearly, the flow of refrigerant into
the evaporator is directly related to the flow of refrigerant leaving the
condenser and is not governed by variations in evaporator pressure /
saturation temperature.
A schematic arrangement of a High Pressure Float Control system is
illustrated in Figure 3.

FIGURE 3
The float valve will always ensure that a limited and fixed amount of
refrigerant remains in the high side condenser and the most of the liquid is
retained in the evaporator as desired. However, if the refrigerant charge is
too high, excess liquid refrigerant will flow uncontrollably to the compressor

resulting in minor damage or serious failure. Undercharging of such a system

will cause inadequate liquid supply to the evaporator and hunting of the float
control. Excessive running hours will occur as the system attempts to
maintain the required design temperature.
When the compressor is stopped, the liquid level in the float chamber falls
causing the float valve to close thus ceasing supply to the evaporator. When
the compressor starts, this liquid level rises in the float chamber, the float
valve opens and refrigerant flow through the evaporator recommences.

NEXT MONTH: Part 14 - Evaporators