Well testing

Pan system

Student
Mr seyed Hassan zabihi shahri (3030656)
MSc petroleum Engineering

Lecturer:
Professor shiyi

Introduction:
Well testing is disturbing the reservoir by producing from a well at a controlled flow
rate (q) for a period of time (tp) and measuring the pressure response at the well bore
(Pwf ) as a function of time and shut-in the same stabilized well for a certain amount
of time(t) and measure the bottom hole pressure (Pws) as a function of time.
These tests are called Pressure Drawdown testing and Pressure Build Up testing
,respectively ,and by applying them we can determine reservoir properties such as

average permeability (k),formation damage factor (skin), initial reservoir pressure (Pi)
, Drainage area (A) and so on.

-Description

Pan system is a powerful software that helps us to calculate the mentioned reservoir
properties. At the beginning by defining a simple model for reservoir and then make
that more complicated we get different reservoir properties which is described later in
detail
We should notice that the simplest reservoir model is the best and easiest option for
the start, so by assuming a radial flow in a homogeneous, isotropic reservoir and
single phase fluid we start to build the model. For making our calculation easier we
add two more assumption, first in outer boundary, reservoir is considered as infinite
acting and secondly constant flow rate at the well bore(inner boundary)
- Pressure Drawdown testing:
-Semi log plot:
In this report we define pressure drawdown testing and how we can get different
reservoir properties in each step. The bottom hole pressure at a constant rate in an
infinite acting reservoir is given by equation 1.1

pwf =pi

162.6 QoBo
k
logt +log
3.23+0.87 s
kh
c t r 2w

1.1

The above equation shows a plot of Pwf versus log t (semi log plot) should be a
straight line with slope m and intercept p at t=1 hr , when logt=0
pwf =mlogt+ p1 hr

s=1.151

m=

162.6QoBoo
kh

pi p 1hr
k
log
+3.23
m
c t r 2w

1.2

According to the above equation we can get permeability-thickness (kh) from slope
(m) and from intercept we can get P1hr , which by substituting in equation 1.2 we
have skin factor(s)

-Log-log plot:
By defining Log-log plot in pan system we are able to work on reservoir properties
more deeply and precisely. In other word, in Log-log curve we can see effects of
inner boundary (skin and wellbore storage) In ETR (early time region), radial flow in
MTR (middle time region) and outer boundary (e.g. faults) in LTR (late time region)

Note: radial flow is a straight line with the value 0.5

-Wellbore storage:
When the well is first open to flow after a shut in period, the flow rate is not all from
the reservoir, because of pressure depletion in well bore we have fluid expansion .by
the time the amount of saved fluid in wellbore is decreasing and flow rate will
become from formation .the time for well bore storage is important and by calculating
that we can guess when radial flow roughly starts. In a log-log plot, a transition time
of1 log cycle from wellbore storage time is usually the beginning of radial flow
-Type curve matching:
Is a graphical representation of the theoretical solutions to flow equations, by
matching the practical value from the field with graphs in Log-log plot we get
reservoir properties.in the matching process both the pressure and the pressure
derivatives are plotted on a log-log graph which has dimensionless axis .By moving
the derivative plateau of actual data on the dimensionless plateau of 0.5 we get the
best matching and best value for permeability from MTR, wellbore coefficient (Cs)
from ETR
According to what mentioned so far we start to work with Pan System
-step1.Radial flow

By drawing a straight line (0.5) in MTR we get permeability and skin factor. This
straight line in Log-log plot is the straight line in semi log. Thats why we get k (from
semi log slope) and s (from semi log intercept)
Note: consider to set Flow model as radial homogeneous and Boundary model as
infinite acting reservoir
-step2.Well bore storage coefficient (Cs)

Drawing a unit slope line at the beginning of log-log curve gives us Cs (well bore
storage coefficient) equal to 0.002 bbl/psi .calculating time for well bore storage is
important and the theoretical formula for that is given in equation 1.3
c ws

QBt
= 24 p

t WS =

200000 V WS C WS
kh

1.3

Note: Flow model is still radial homogeneous and Boundary model is infinite acting
reservoir

-step3.Boundary effects:

After MTR(radial flow region) , pressure transient reaches no flow boundaries ,it
means outer boundary conditions(e.g. sealing faults or constant pressure upper or
lower boundaries due to a gas cap or aquifer) appear and reservoir is not infinite
acting anymore and we have pseudo steady state regime. As we know in sss flow
p
=cte
t

.by drawing a unit slope line in LTR we get the Drainage area () value

Note1: The aim of late transient (LTR) analysis is to determine the most suitable fault
model (e.g. single fault parallel orthogonal and so on) and get the wellbore distance
from fault (L) and also Drainage area ().
Note2: consider to change the Boundary model as closed system in software
Note3: because of unit slope line in LTR we know that there is full boundary around
reservoir but the shape of that (Ca) is not still clear and we get that from Cartesian
plot.

-step4.Radial flow plot(semi log plot)

As we considered before ,from semi log plot we get permeability (k)from sople of
m=

straight line(

162.6QoBoo
kh

) and skin factor(s) from intercept(equation

1.2),in addition, by determining these two major reservior characteristic we can get
radius of investigation(rinv),Flow efficieny(FE) and Ps(pressure drop due to skin).I
just mention here some relative equations :
r inv =0.0325

kt
c t

Flow efficiency=

p pwf p s
productivity index (real)
productivity index(ideal) =
p pwf

Note: oil flow rate(q) is constant

 ps =

qB
s
2 kh

Note:Viscosity(o) , compressibility(ct) and oil formation volume factor (BO)are

calculated from PVT analysys

-Step 5.Cartesian plot

By choosing two points on the Cartesian plot and drawing a straight line we can get
reserves (pore volume) from slope and Dietz shape factor (Ca) from intercept
Calculation:
dp
0.23396 QoBo
=m=
`
dt
c t ( pore volume)

, pore volume(v)=h

For calculating Ca (Dietz shape factor) we have:


p1 hr p

2.303

m
c a=5.456 ( )exp
m`

1.4

m: is the slope of straight line of semi log plot

Pint: intercept of straight line in Cartesian plot
P1hr : intercept of straight line in semi log plot (Drawdown pressure after 1 hour from
semi log plot)
mm: slope of the straight line of Cartesian plot
By calculating Ca we can predict how the shape of our reservoir(drainage
boundary)will be, some different shape of boundary layers are shown in Fig 1 and
we see different slopes for straight lines in LTR according to the effects of
boundaries(e.g faults)

Fig1.different type of boundary

For the mentioned example in tutorial we got C a= 31.82 which is close to 32 so we
can say the well is located in the centre of a symmetrical shape
-step 6: Type curve matching (auto matching)

In this step by choosing points(e.g.12) on the log-log graph we start to do type curve
matching .we should add different L values(wellbore distance from boundaries)
because we assume the reservoir is square and by inputting 1000 ft. for each L with
a minimum to maximum(100ft-1000ft) ,software by doing around 19 iterations(try and
error) will give us calculated values for L (in my example is L1=635.16ft, L2=636.12ft
, L3=635.24ft, L4=635.11ft)
Note: by doing this type curve matching we get more precise values for Cs (storage
coefficient) and skin factor

Step 7.History match

In this step by doing a quick match we make sure ourselves that our interpretation fit
the field (practical) data in drawdown test so our type curve matching gave us
precise results

Discussion:
-When there is no MTR data (no radial flow in log-log plot) due to pre fracture tests in
low permeability reservoir, Type curve matching is the only method to predict
permeability with any degree of certainty
-we should notice that in this model we assume that Cs(wellbore storage coefficient)
is constant, in other word there is one single phase fluid but in majority of oil wells
the tubing head pressure is below bubble point and the moment of shut in we have
two phase fluid which cause non ideal storage

Conclusion:

The aim of using this exercise is to get familiar with different type of plots in well
testing (semi log, log-log, type curve matching and Cartesian plot) and understand
how to interpret them
Pa system helps us to do the calculation much easier and get the results
-in the moments of matching the results of practical data with pressure derivatives
plot(type curve matching)with should do that precisely to get the correct values for k
and Cs ,because the dimensionless plots are close together

References:
1-Well testing analysis by, Tarek Ahmed, Paul D.Mckinney
2-Modern well test analysis by,Ronald.N.Horne
3- OIL well testing handbook by ,Amanat U.chaudhry
4-EPS well testing