TRAINING EFFECTIVENESS - 5p/Training

The game of economic competition has new rules. Firms should be fast and responsive. This r
Need for Training
After employees have been selected for various positions in an organization, training them
• Increases knowledge and skills for doing a particular job; it bridges the gap between
• Focuses attention on the current job; it is job specific and addresses particular perfo
• Concentrates on individual employees; changing what employees know, how they work, thei
• Tends to be more narrowly focused and oriented toward short-term performance concerns.
Training is needed to serve the following purposes:
• Newly recruited employees require training so as to perform their tasks effectively.
• Training is necessary to prepare existing employees for higher-level jobs (promotion
• Existing employees require refresher training so as to keep abreast of the latest de
• Training is necessary when a person moves from one job to another (transfer). After
• Training is necessary to make employees mobile and versatile. They can be placed on
• Training is needed to bridge the gap between what the employee has and what the job
Training is needed to make employees more productive and useful in the long-run.
Training is needed for employees to gain acceptance from peers (learning a job quickly and
Importance
Training offers innumerable benefits to both employees and employers. It makes the employee
Benefits to the business:
Trained workers can work more efficiently. They use machines, tools, and materials in a pro
There will be fewer accidents. Training improves the knowledge of employees regarding the u
Trained workers can show superior performance. They can turn out better performance. They c
Training makes employees more loyal to an organization. They will be less inclined to leave
Benefits to the employees:
Training makes an employee more useful to a firm. Hence, he will find employment more easil
Training makes employees more efficient and effective. By combining materials, tools and eq
Training enables employees to secure promotions easily. They can realise their career goals
Training helps an employee to move from one organization to another easily. He can be more
Employees can avoid mistakes, accidents on the job. They can handle jobs with confidence. T
Thus, training can contribute to higher production, fewer mistakes, greater job satisfactio
Learning Principles: The Philosophy of Training
Training is essential for job success. It can lead to higher production, fewer mistakes, gr
Modelling
Modeling is simply copying someone else's behavior. Passive classroom learning does not lea
Motivation
For learning to take place, intention to learn is important. When the employee is motivated
Reinforcement
If a behavior is rewarded, it probably will be repeated. Positive reinforcement consists of
Feedback
People learn best if reinforcement is given as soon as possible after training. Every emplo
Spaced Practice
Learning takes place easily if the practice sessions are spread over a period of time. New
Whole Learning
The concept of whole learning suggests that employees learn better if the job information i
Active Practice
'Practice makes a man perfect': so said Bacon. To be a swimmer, you should plunge into wate
Applicability of Training
Training should be as real as possible so that trainees can successfully transfer the new k
Environment
Finally, environment plays a major role in training. It is natural that workers who are exp
Areas of Training
The Areas of Training in which training is offered may be classified into the following cat
Knowledge
Here the trainee learns about a set of rules and regulations about the job, the staff and t
Technical Skills
The employee is taught a specific skill (e.g., operating a machine, handling computer etc.)
Social Skills
The employee is made to learn about himself and others, and to develop a right mental attit
Techniques
This involves the application of knowledge and skill to various on-the-job situations.
In addition to improving the skills and knowledge of employees, training aims at moulding e
Types of Training
There are many approaches to training. We focus here on the types of training that are comm
Skills training: This type of training is most common in organisations. The process here is
• explain how the training will help the trainees in their jobs.
• relate the training to the trainees' goals.
• respect and consider participant responses and use these as a resource.
• encourage trainees to learn by doing.
• give feedback on progress toward meeting learning objectives.
• Refresher training: Rapid changes in technology may force companies to go in for thi
• It is conducted at regular intervals by taking the help of outside consultants who
• Cross-functional Training: Cross-functional Training involves training employees
• Team Training: Team training generally covers two areas; content tasks and group
• Creativity training: Companies like Mudra Communications, Titan Industries, Wipro e
Postpone judgment: Don't reject any idea

Create alternative frames of reference

Break the boundary of thinking

Examine a different aspect of the problem

'Specify the resources and environment

Make a wish list of solutions

Borrow ideas from other fields

Look for processes to change or eliminate

Think up alternative methods

Adopt another person's perspective

Question all Assumptions.

In creativity training, trainers often focus on three things:
(a) Breaking away: In order to break away from restrictions, the trainee is expected to (i)
(b) Generate new ideas: To generate new ideas, the trainee should open up his mind; look at
(c) Delaying judgement: To promote creative thinking, the trainee should not try to kill of
• Diversity Training: Diversity training considers all of the diverse dimensions
• The programme covers two things: (i) awareness building, which helps employees
• Literacy Training: Inability to write, speak and work well with others could o
Training Methods
Training methods are usually classified by the location of instruction. On the job training
1. Job Instruction Training (JlT)
The JIT method (developed during World War II) is a four-step instructional process involvi
1. The trainee receives an overview of the job, its purpose and its desired outcomes, wi
2. The trainer demonstrates the job in order to give the employee a model to copy. The t
3. Next, the employee is permitted to copy the trainer's way. Demonstrations by the trai
4. Finally, the employee does the job independently without supervision.
Merits:
• Trainee learns fast through practice and observation.
• It is economical as it does not require any special settings. Also, mistakes can be corre
• The trainee gains confidence quickly as he does the work himself in actual setting with h
• It is most suitable for unskilled and semi-skilled jobs where the job operations are simp
Demerits:
• The trainee should be as good as the trainer if the trainer is not good, transference of
• While learning, trainee may damage equipment, waste materials, cause accidents frequently
• Experienced workers cannot use the machinery while it is being used for training.
2. Coaching:
Coaching is a kind of daily training and feedback given to employees by immediate superviso
When to use coaching usefully? Coaching could be put to good use when:
• an employee demonstrates a new competency
• an employee expresses interest in a different job within the organisation
• an employee seeks feedback
• an employee is expressing low morale, violating company policies or practices o
• an employee needs help with a new skill following a formal training programme.
Effective working, obviously, requires patience and communication skills. It involves:
• explaining appropriate ways of doing things
• making clear why actions were taken
• stating observations accurately
• offering possible alternatives / suggestions
• following up
3. Mentoring :
Mentoring is a relationship in which a senior manager in an organisation assumes the respon
The main objective is to he1p an employee attain psychological maturity and effectiveness a
• Career functions: Career functions are those aspects of the relationship that e
1. Sponsorship: Where mentors actively nominate a junior person (called 'mentee
2. Exposure and visibility: Where mentors offer opportunities for mentees to int
3. Coaching: Mentors help mentees to analyse how they are doing their work and
4. Protection: Mentors shield the junior person from harmful situations/senior
5. Challenging assignments: Mentors help mentees develop necessary competencie
• Psychological functions: Psychological functions are those aspects that enhanc
6. Role modeling: Mentors offer mentees a pattern of values and behaviours to
7. Acceptance and confirmation: mentors offer support, guidance and
8. Counseling: Mentors help mentees work out their personal problem
9. Friendship: Mentors offer practical help and support to mentees so that they ca
Mentoring in India is based on the time-honoured guru-shishya relationship where the guru w
4. Job Rotation :
This kind of training involves the movement of trainee from one job to another. This helps
Job rotation may pose several problems, especially when the trainees are rolled on various
5 Apprenticeship Training
Most craft workers such as plumbers and carpenters are trained through formal apprenticeshi
6 Committee Assignments
In this method, trainees are asked to solve an actual organisational problem. The trainees
Off-the-Job Methods
Under this method of training, the trainee is separated from the job situation and his atte
a. Vestibule training: In this
method, actual work conditions are simulated in a classroom. Material, files and equipment
b. Role playing: It is defined as a method of human interaction that involves realistic beh
c. Lecture method: The lecture is a traditional and direct method of instruction. The instr
d. Conference/discussion approach: In this method, the trainer delivers a lecture a
The conference is, thus, a group-centered approach where there is a clarification of ideas,
e. Programmed instruction: This method has become popular in recent years. The sub
Behaviourally Experienced Training
Some training programmes focus on emotional and behavioural learning. Here employees can le
Evaluation of a Training Programme
The specification of values forms a basis for evaluation. The basis of evaluation and the m
The process of training evaluation has been defined as any attempt to obtain information on
1. Reactions: Trainee's reactions to the overall usefulness of the training includin
2. Learning: Training programme, trainer's ability and trainee's ability are evaluat
3. Job behaviour: This evaluation includes the manner and extent to which the traine
4. Organisation: This evaluation measures the use of training, learning and change i
5. Ultimate value: It. is the measurement of ultimate result of the contributions of
Methods of Evaluation
Various methods can be used to collect data on the outcomes of training. Some of these are:
• Questionnaires: Comprehensive questionnaires could be used to obtain opinions, r
• Tests: Standard tests could be used to find out whether trainees have learnt any
• Interviews: Interviews could be conducted to find the usefulness of training off
• Studies: Comprehensive studies could be carried out eliciting the opinions and j
• Human resource factors: Training can also be evaluated on the basis of employee
• Cost benefit analysis: The costs of training (cost of hiring trainers, tools to
Feedback: After the evaluation, the situation should be examined to identify the probable c
Training Programme of Company
Purpose-
To establish and maintain a documented procedure for identifying and providing training to
Scope-
This procedure is applicable to all employees. Company's personnel involved in quality syst

Training Process
Training is provided both “In House” and through “Outside Agencies” Which could be for an i
Training is conducted either through “Planned Training Programme” “Emergent Training Progra
Planned Training-
The planned training programme is drawn on annual basis both for individual and group of pe
The annual Training Prog. at Head office is approved by from Chairman cum Managing Director
Annual training Prog. is prepared on format and circulated to all heads of department and i
Emergent Training –
The Emergent training programme is a supplementary training programme both for individual a
Identification of such training need is done by the concerned HOD at Head Office and HOD/Su
Conduct of Training
HRD Head at HO & HRD (Executive) at factory ensures that identified training in their resp
In case of External training, liaison with the agency is done and dates, venue etc. is fix
For In-House training, date/Venue is fixed up with identified faculty and concerned indivi
External Trainers for the Company are:
Father Son & Company
Skill & Thoughts
Logic Consultant
Topics covered under Training Programme

EFT Act & Scheme Provisions

Rigid and Semi Rigid Packaging
Principles of Contract Labour Act
Self-motivational & Attitudinal Seminar
Organic farming
Training about operations in the company.
Processing of Rice (value addition In Rice)
Knowledge about rice trade
Operational and maintenance of dryer & Cleaning Plant
Silo storage Techniques
Scientific Instrumentation
Plant maintenance & ISO Procedure about it
Operational & Maintenance of Magic Colour Sortex
Finished goods quality control
Trouble shooting
PURPOSE OF PROJECT
To know the effectiveness of the training programme conducted by the company.
To know whether employees are aware about their responsibilities and authorities or not.
To improve Organizational Climate and increase the morale of employees.
To know whether training programme is conducted successfully or not.
To know about the work culture of the organization.
Job satisfaction
Job satisfaction is in regard to one's feeling or state of mind regarding the nature of the
Locke gives a comprehensive definition of job satisfaction as involving cognitive, effectiv
There are three generally accepted dimensions to job satisfaction.
First, job satisfaction is an emotional response to a job situation, as such it cannot be s
Second, job satisfaction is often determined by how well outcomes meet or exceed expectatio
Third, job satisfaction represents several related attitudes.
Factors determining job satisfaction
• Factors affecting jobs are the main factors of job satisfaction, which may be challenging
• The job characteristics are important factors for providing satisfaction. Reward systems,
• Fairness in promotion, unbiased attitude of management, responsibilities and social statu
• Working conditions influence employee's level of satisfaction. Under conducive working co
• The relationships between the employees and the managers have an important bearing
• Job satisfaction is greater in case the higher authority is sympathetic, friendly
• Personal attitude and perceptions are the employees' angles of satisfaction, which
• Feedback from the job itself and autonomy are two of the major job-related motivat
• Supervision is another moderately important of job satisfaction. There seem to be
It commonly is manifested in ways such as checking to see how well the employee is doing, p
• Friendly, cooperative coworkers or team members are a modest source of job satisfa
Outcomes of job satisfaction
To society as a whole as well as from an individual employee's standpoint, job satisfaction
Satisfaction and performance:
Most assume a positive relationship; the research to date indicates that there is no strong
The best conclusion about satisfaction and performance is that there is, definitely a relat
Satisfaction and turnover:
Unlike that between satisfaction and performance, research has uncovered a moderately negat
Another factor is the general economy, typically there will be an increase in turnover beca
Satisfaction and absenteeism:
Research has only demonstrated a weak negative relationship between satisfaction and absent
Significance of Study
Every organization desires that it will grow continuously and make and retain its position
So the top management must concentrate on the training programs and organize them in such a