FJ Hydraulic Applications

FRANCEJOINT
sealing
GENERALITIES
SEALING SYSTEMS
OUR HYDRAULIC APPLICATIONS
syste m s
Technical Manual:
Hydraulics seals
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS
MANUFACTURING SYNOPSIS
ASSEMBLY RECOMMANDATIONS
Your
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Your sealing partner
Since 1981, FRANCE JOINT

SEALING SYSTEMS has been
designing,
manufacturing
and distributing seals and

technical rubber parts for its
customers for whom quality
is a determining factor.
Faced with tough competition among the big decision-makers

of the industrial world, FRANCE JOINT has responded with
innovation, research and development, experience in low cost
manufacturing, and a consistently high level of quality, thanks
to certificates ISO 9001, ISO/TS 16949, and EN 9100.
Today, FRANCE JOINT is working in close collaboration with its
clients, meeting challenges head on with success. Automotive,
Aeronautics, Mobile hydraulics, Food, and Hydraulic-Pneumatic
industries... Every solution emerges from a uniquely individual
partnership, constantly fostered and renewed. Our prime
objective, based on unrivalled quality, is to find the most
suitable solutions for ensuring that you will stand out in what
has become an extremely competitive domain.
Our position of excellence has led us since the birth of our
company to acquire the tools necessary to anticipate and
prevent risks and maximize our service; the ultimate objective
being of course to help you keep ahead of developments in
this more and more technological market.
The pressures, speeds, temperatures, are given as information only. For all applications, do not hesitate to consult us. The acceptable pressures, speeds, temperatures can evolve according to materials used.
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Quality in our core concerns
Several certificates obtained, ISO

9001, ISO/TS16949, and EN9100,
testify to the quality departments
commitment to constant progress
at every level of the company, at all
stages of the realization, particularly where continual improvement is
what has made FRANCE JOINT the
name it is today.
Ambitious with customer satisfaction a priority, FRANCE JOINT has

thus obtained the most powerful methods (PPAP, AMDEC, value
analyses, Audits, MRP, 8D analyses, PDCA, SPC, R&R ...) in order to
optimize simultaneously the capacity of machines and processes,
operational manpower performances, organizational methods,
and finally, product and financial results.
FRANCE JOINT guarantees the best technology and pursues its
daily objectives of a Zero defects production, through physico
chemical controls (rheometer, spectrometer, durometer...), through
dimensional and final aspects (unit controlling equipment, 3D
camera ...). This is because the search for competitiveness is as
important as the search for continuous improvement.
Therefore, quality for FRANCE JOINT means meeting an automotive customers request, using the best means available and making
sure that this concern for improved quality does not translate
into a generalized increase in costs. This is our aim and yours: The
quality of our products and service at a competitive cost, so that
tomorrow, FRANCE JOINT remains now and for always.... your N1
reference.
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The best technology for your competitiveness
Innovation, reliability, safety, minimization of risk: your expectations

are our daily concern. To get from
the idea to the finished product
demands firm managerial control
over a wide range of projects in
addition to expertise in manufacturing.
FRANCE JOINTs contributors, who are as much inventors as technicians, get the best of fully automated, state-of-the-art technology that takes them from drawing-board to prototype and finally
to assembly line. From writing specifications to putting on a major
technical event through testing for validation and compliance,
FRANCE JOINT engineering works hand in hand with you to find
the best solutions guaranteeing the level of expected performance.
More than 1000 compounds integrating elastomers, PTFE
materials, Polyurethane, or even thermoplastics, as many solutions
vis-a-vis the new most complex requirements which will put you
in pole position today so that we can all be winners tomorrow.
FRANCE JOINT puts in place qualifications in order to examine the
behavior of its seals according to various parameters intervening
on frictions, pressures, temperatures, speeds, stokes, leakages
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1 - Generalities
General Description
Hydraulic mechanisms, such as hydraulic jacks, are machines that are used in many domains (public engines,
agricultural machinery, automobile industry, building etc... Even hydraulic tools using the latest technology cannot
work properly unless they have integrated a system of adapted sealing.
The table below illustrates the whole family of hydraulic seals currently used by France Joint.
1 (Organigram) - Family of hydraulic seals

Hydraulic seals
Static Application
Dynamic Application
(Jack)
O-ring
Rod Part
Piston Part
X-ring
Lip seal
Lip seal
Flat seal
Composite seal
Composite seal
Square sectioned seal
Compact seal
Compact seal
Back up seals
Compo compact seals
Compo compact seals
Technical moulded parts
Guiding seals
Guiding seals
BS seal
Wiper seal
Wiper seal
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2 - Sealing Systems
General Description
In some activities where the standards are very high, one seal alone cannot respond to the particular needs; that is
why France Joint proposes a complete system of seals. All of the seals designed by France Joint for heavy applications
on rods, respect the following configuration: a buffer, a secondary seal, a guide seal and a wiper seal.
The buffer is a seal, which sustains limited high pressure of the highest intensity. It must present excellent characteristics
such as wear resistance and tear resistance and have the coefficient of limited friction. Moreover, the secondary seal
must support pressures of a far lower intensity and must also have good wear resistance and tear resistance. As for
the guide seal, it must resist to losing its shape under weight and must have a good friction coefficient.
Finally, the wiper seal must fulfil its main function, which is, to stop the intrusion of impurities and keep the lubricating
film on the rod in contact.
For heavy piston applications, we will find a single or double effect seal, as well as guide seals.
Handling and Lifting

2 (Scheme) - Handling and Lifting / Sealing System in rod and piston parts
MONTAGE 2 TIGE PISTON MANUTENTION LEVAGE
BECA 006S
BECA 005/007
BECA 005/007
BECA 512/513
BECA 316
BECA 239
BECA 472
BECA 006S
MONTAGE 1 TIGE PISTON MANUTENTION LEVAGE

BECA 005/007
BECA 005/007
BECA 509 /650
BECA 231
BECA 470
BECA 005/007
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Agriculture
MONTAGE 1 TIGE PISTON VERIN AGRICOLE
3 (Scheme) - Agricultural / Sealing system in rod and piston parts
BECA 231
BECA 336
BECA 470
BECA 005/007

BECA 005/007
BECA 336
BECA 005/007
BECA 231
BECA 470
BECA 336
BECA 005/007
BECA 231
BECA 470
BECA 570/571
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Construction Machinery
MONTAGE 1 TP TIGE
4 (Sealing) - Construction Machinery / Sealing system / Rod part
BECA 470/471
BECA 005/006/007
BECA 325
BECA 005/006/007
BECA 325
BECA 316
BECA 005/006/007
MONTAGE 2 TP TIGE
BECA 475
BECA 315
BECA 005/006/007
MONTAGE 3 TP TIGE
BECA 473
BECA 005/006/007
BECA 239
BECA 316
BECA 005/006/007
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5 (Diagram) - Construction Machinery / Sealing System / Piston part

BECA 006S
BECA 005/007
BECA 512/513
BECA 005/007
BECA 006S
MONTAGE 2 TP PISTON
ONTAGE 1 TP PISTON
BECA 006S
BECA 005/007
BECA 579
BECA 005/007
BECA 006S
MONTAGE 3 TP PISTON
BECA 005/007
BECA 650
BECA 005/007
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Food Industry
6 (Scheme) - Food Industry / Measuring pump sealing system
MEASURING
PUMP
POMPE
DOSEUSE
BECA 889
ALIMENTARY
ALIMENTAIRE
EXEMPLE
ETANCHEITE ALIMENTAIRE
7 (Scheme) - Food Industry / Specific PTFE sealing system
BECA 006 PTFE
BECA 509 PTFE

+ VITON OU SLICONE ALIMENTAIRE
EPDM
BECA 006 PTFE
BECA 159 PTFE

++FKM,
VMQ, EPDM
VITONALIMENTARY
OU SLICONE ALIMENTAIRE
+ FKM, ALIMENTARY VMQ, EPDM
EPDM
BECA 482 PTFE

VITONALIMENTARY
OU SLICONE ALIMENTAIRE
++FKM,
VMQ, EPDM
+ FKM, ALIMENTARY
EPDM VMQ, EPDM
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General Mechanics
8 (Scheme) - General Mechanics / Sealing System
VERIN DE STABILISATION
22SE
COMPOSITE
SEALS SE
JOINTS
COMPOSITES
DOUBLE
EFFECT COMPOSITE
SEAL
JOINT COMPOSITE
DOUBLE EFFET
RACLEUR 2 LEVRES
PTFE WIPER
SEAL
PTFE
4 GUIDING
ELEMENTS
INPHENOLIQUE
PHENOLICS
4
PORTEURS
EN RESINE
DOUBLE EFFECT COMPOSITE SEAL
JOINT COMPOSITE DOUBLE EFFET
22SE
COMPOSITE
SEALS SE
JOINTS
COMPOSITES
AVEC GUIDING
BAGUES DE
GUIDAGE
WITH
ELEMENTS
INEN
L L
RACLEUR 2 LEVRES
PTFE WIPER
SEAL
PTFE
VERIN DE LAMINOIR
22GUIDING
ELEMENTS
IN PHENOLIQUE
PHENOLICS
PORTEURS
EN RESINE
DOUBLE
COMPOSITE
SEAL
JOINTEFFECT
COMPOSITE
DOUBLE EFFET
GUIDING
ELEMENTS
PTFE LOADED
PORTEURS
PTFE IN
CHARGES
COMPOSITE
SE
SEJOINT
COMPOSITE
SEAL
RACLEUR 2 LEVRES
CHARGE
PTFEPTFE
WIPER
SEAL
GUIDING
ELEMENTS
PTFE LOADED
PORTEURS
PTFE IN
CHARGES
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9 (Scheme) - General Mechanics / Sealing System
VERIN DE PRESSE
MATRICER
GUIDING
PORTEUR ELEMENTS
PTFE CHARGE IN PTFE LOADED
DOUBLE
EFFECT DOUBLE
COMPOSITE
EFFET SEAL
JOINT COMPOSITE
GUIDING
PORTEUR ELEMENTS
ADJUSTING
CALES DE REGLAGE
WEDGE
GUIDING
PORTEUR ELEMENTS
PORTEUR ELEMENTS
GUIDING
SIMPLE
EFFECT COMPOSITE
JOINT COMPOSITE
SIMPLE EFFET SEAL
JOINT COMPOSITE
SIMPLE EFFET SEAL
SIMPLE
EFFECT COMPOSITE
2 LIPS
WIPER
SEAL
IN PU
RACLEUR
DOUBLE
LEVRES
PU
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3 - Our Hydraulic Applications
Our Rod Seals

MATERIALS
MAXI PRESSURE
(BAR)
TEMPERATURE
(C)
SPEED
(m/sec)
BECA 002
NBR - PTFE
500
- 40C +250C
BECA 021
NBR - ACETAL
FKM - PTFE
400
- 30C + 120C
- 30C + 225C
BECA 022
NBR - ACETAL
FKM - PTFE
400
- 30C + 120C
- 30C +225C
BECA 150
BECA 152
BECA 154
PTFE - NBR
PTFE - FKM
500
- 30C + 120C
- 30C + 225C
BECA 151
BECA 153
BECA 155
PTFE - NBR
PTFE - FKM
500
- 30C + 120C
- 30C + 225C
BECA 157
BECA 158
PTFE - NBR
PTFE - FKM
500
- 30C + 120C
- 30C + 225C
BECA 170
BECA 179
PTFE - NBR
PTFE - FKM
500
- 30C + 120C
- 30C + 225C
BECA 190
NBR - ACETAL
500
- 30C + 120C
0.5
REFERENCE
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Our Rod Seals

MATERIALS
MAXI PRESSURE
(BAR)
TEMPERATURE
(C)
SPEED
(m/sec)
BECA 200
BECA 201
NBR - ACETAL
700
- 30C + 120C
0.5
BECA 230
NBR
FKM
250
- 30C + 120C
- 30C + 225C
0.5
BECA 231
POLYURETHANE
400
- 30C + 90C
0.5
BECA 235
NBR
FKM
250
- 30C - 120C
- 30C - 225C
0.5
BECA 239
NBR
FKM
350
- 30C - 120C
- 30C - 225C
0.5
BECA 300
NBR - ACETAL
FKM - PTFE
275
- 30C + 120C
0.5
BECA 301
NBR - ACETAL
FKM
350
- 30C + 120C
0.5
BECA 301 - Back

up ring
NBR - ACETAL
FKM
350
- 30C + 120C
0.5
BECA 310
POLYURETHANE
400
- 30C + 90C
0.5
REFERENCE
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1 4
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Our Rod Seals

MATERIALS
MAXI PRESSURE
(BAR)
TEMPERATURE
(C)
SPEED
(m/sec)
BECA 312
POLYURETHANE
ACETAL
500
- 30C + 90C
0.5
BECA 315
POLYURETHANE
ACETAL
500
- 30C + 90C
0.5
BECA 316
POLYURETHANE
ACETAL
500
- 30C + 90C
0.5
BECA 320
POLYURETHANE
NBR
400
- 30C + 90C
0.5
BECA 322
POLYURETHANE
NBR - ACETAL
500
- 30C + 90C
0.5
BECA 325
POLYURETHANE
ACETAL
500
- 30C + 90C
0.5
BECA 335
POLYURETHANE
400
- 30C + 90C
0.5
BECA 340
PTFE - Stainless
steel spring
300
- 150C + 225C
BECA 349
PTFE - Stainless
steel spring
Silicon over
moulding
300
- 150C + 225C
REFERENCE
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Our Rod Seals

MATERIALS
MAXI PRESSURE
(BAR)
TEMPERATURE
(C)
SPEED
(m/sec)
BECA 340
Complementary
PTFE - Stainless
steel spring
300
- 150C + 225C
BECA 349
Complementary
PTFE - Stainless
steel spring
Silicon over
moulding
300
- 150C + 225C
BECA 385
NBR
FKM
80
- 30C + 120C
0.5
BECA 640
Profil A
PA 6.6 - NBR
500
- 30C + 120C
BECA 640
Profil B
PA 6.6 - NBR
500
- 30C + 120C
MATERIALS
MAXI PRESSURE
(BAR)
TEMPERATURE
(C)
SPEED
(m/sec)
BECA 417
NBR
FKM
WITHOUT
- 30C + 120C
- 30C + 225C
BECA 460
NBR
FKM
WITHOUT
- 30C + 120C
- 30C + 225C
BECA 461
POLYURETHANE
WITHOUT
- 30C + 90C
REFERENCE
PROFILS
Our Wiper Seals

REFERENCE
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1 6
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Our Wiper Seals

MATERIALS
MAXI PRESSURE
(BAR)
TEMPERATURE
(C)
SPEED
(m/sec)
BECA 464
POLYURETHANE
WITHOUT
- 30C + 90C
BECA 465
BECA 466
POLYURETHANE
FKM
WITHOUT
- 30C + 90C
- 30C + 225C
BECA 467
POLYURETHANE
WITHOUT
- 30C + 90C
BECA 468
POLYURETHANE
WITHOUT
- 30C + 90C
BECA 470
BECA 471
NBR - STEEL
FKM - STEEL
WITHOUT
- 30C + 120C
- 30C - 225C
BECA 472
NBR - STEEL
WITHOUT
- 30C + 120C
BECA 473
POLYURETHANE
WITHOUT
- 30C + 90C
BECA 475
POLYURETHANE
ACIER
WITHOUT
- 30C + 90C
BECA 480
PTFE + NBR
PTFE + FKM
WITHOUT
- 30C + 120C
- 30C + 225C
REFERENCE
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Our Wiper Seals

MATERIALS
MAXI PRESSURE
(BAR)
TEMPERATURE
(C)
SPEED
(m/sec)
BECA 481
PTFE + NBR
PTFE + FKM
WITHOUT
- 30C + 120C
- 30C + 225C
BECA 482
BECA 485
PTFE + NBR
PTFE + FKM
WITHOUT
- 30C + 120C
- 30C + 225C
MATERIALS
MAXI PRESSURE
(BAR)
TEMPERATURE
(C)
SPEED
(m/sec)
BECA 020
NBR - ACETAL
FKM - PTFE
400
- 30C + 120C
- 30C + 225C
BECA 024
NBR - ACETAL
FKM - PTFE
400
- 30C + 120C
- 30C + 225C
BECA 235
NBR
FKM
250
- 30C + 120C
- 30C + 225C
BECA 335
POLYURETHANE
400
- 30C + 90C
0.5
BECA 336
POLYURETHANE
400
- 30C + 90C
0.5
BECA 337
PTFE + Stainless
steel spring
300
- 150C + 225C
REFERENCE
PROFILS
Our Piston Seals

REFERENCE
PROFILS
1 8
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Our Piston Seals

MATERIALS
MAXI PRESSURE
(BAR)
TEMPERATURE
(C)
SPEED
(m/sec)
BECA 337
Complementary
PTFE + Stainless
steel spring
300
- 150C + 225C
BECA 337
Complementary
PTFE + Stainless
steel spring
Silicon over
moulding
300
- 150C + 225C
BECA 338
PTFE + Stainless
steel spring
300
- 150C + 225C
BECA 339
Food
PTFE + Stainless
steel spring
Silicon over
moulding
300
- 150C + 225C
BECA 500
BECA 502
BECA 504
PTFE + NBR
PTFE + FKM
500
- 30C + 120C
- 30C + 225C
BECA 501
BECA 503
BECA 505
PTFE + NBR
PTFE + FKM
500
- 30C + 120C
- 30C + 225C
BECA 507
BECA 508
PTFE + NBR
PTFE + FKM
500
- 30C + 120C
- 30C + 225C
BECA 510
POLYURETHANE
NBR - ACETAL
500
- 30C + 90C
0.5
BECA 512
BECA 513
POLYURETHANE
NBR - ACETAL
500
- 30C + 90C
0.5
REFERENCE
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Our Piston Seals

MATERIALS
MAXI PRESSURE
(BAR)
TEMPERATURE
(C)
SPEED
(m/sec)
BECA 520
BECA 525
POLYURETHANE
POLYESTER
NBR
350
- 40C + 100C
BECA 530
BECA 535
POLYESTER
NBR
350
- 40C + 100C
BECA 540
PTFE + Stainless
steel spring
300
- 150C + 225C
BECA 540
Food
PTFE + Stainless
spring
Silicon over
moulding
300
- 150C + 225C
BECA 540
Complementary
PTFE + Stainless
steel spring
300
- 150C + 225C
BECA 549
Complementary
Food
PTFE + Stainless
steel spring
Silicon over
moulding
300
- 150C + 225C
BECA 550
BECA559
PTFE + NBR
PTFE + FKM
500
- 30C + 120C
- 30C + 225C
BECA 560
NBR - ACETAL
750
- 30C + 100C
0.5
BECA 570
NBR - ACETAL
500
- 30C + 120C
0.5
REFERENCE
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Our Piston Seals

MATERIALS
MAXI PRESSURE
(BAR)
TEMPERATURE
(C)
SPEED
(m/sec)
BECA 571
NBR - ACETAL
FKM - ACETAL
400
- 30C + 120C
0.5
BECA 572
Profil A
POLYURETHANE
NBR - ACETAL
400
- 30C + 90C
0.5
BECA 579
POLYURETHANE
NBR - ACETAL
400
- 30C + 90C
0.5
BECA 580
BECA 581
NBR
FKM
80
- 30C + 120C
0.75
BECA 650
PA 6.6 - NBR
500
- 30C + 120C
BECA 655
PA 6.6 - NBR
500
- 30C + 120C
REFERENCE
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Our Guiding Elements

10 (scheme) - Guiding Element in its Groove
BECA 005
Guiding element machined or stripped according to our standards or your housing dimensions (Material: cotton
weave + phenol resin.
Guiding element machined according to your housing dimensions: PTFE loaded or unloaded (Carbon/Graphite,
Bronze, Glass, Ekonol, etc.)
BECA 006
Guiding element delivered in strip, or machined, according to your dimensions (PTFE 55%BRONZE 5%MOS2).
BECA 007
Guiding element loaded or unloaded in acetyl resin (injected or machined).
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4 - Physical Characteristics
Friction ratio / Lubricating film

When a hydraulic set is in motion, we can notice different phases of friction while the lubricating film is forming. The
thickness of the film, situated between the seal and the sliding side in contact, influences enormously the nature of
the friction. Several phases of friction appear as the hydraulic system gains speed.
A first friction having a very strong force, called the adhesive friction (dry friction between the seal and the mechanical
part in contact) takes shape at the beginning of the system. When the system accelerates, a lubricating film gradually
forms between the seal and the mechanical part in contact, which reduces the friction effect considerably. It is
the mixed friction (friction between the seal and the mechanical lubricated part). Finally, the speed continues to
accelerate and the friction increases to become viscous (friction between two bodies with hydrodynamic lubrication).
The different phases, mentioned previously remain similar for all functions, but to varying degrees for each material
used. The diagram below indicates that for a low pressure and speed, it is advisable to opt for PTFE as this reaches the
viscous stage more quickly (PE heavy weight molecular is also popular).
Coefficient of friction
Coefficient
de frottement
11 (Scheme)
- Friction
/ Stribeck
Frottement
: Diagramme
de Stribeck
Mtal
Mtal
Mtal
Elastomer
Elastomre
or PTFE
PTFE
ou
Elastomer
Elastomre
or PTFE
ou
PTFE
Elastomer
Elastomre
or PTFE
ou
PTFE
A= Elastomre
A=Elastomer
B=PTFE
B= PTFE
A
B
Speed (mm/sec)
Vitesse
en mm/s
Frottement
Static friction
d' adhrence
Frottement
Mixed friction
mixte
Frottement
Viscous
friction
visqueux
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This table indicates in a general manner, the various coefficients of friction for each of these materials.
12 (Scheme) - Friction coefficients per material

Material
NBR
AU / EU
FKM
PTFE
At the start (dry)

0.9
0.4
0.5
0.12
Amid operation (lubricated)

0.4
0.2
0.25
0.05
Pressure
Hydraulic pressure depends on the effort required for the system to work properly. Pressure varies from one sector
of activity to another one (special machines: between 8 and 16 MPa, handling and lifting machines: 16 to 25 MPa,
hydraulic presses: 16 to 28 MPa, Heavy machinery: 28 to 40 MPa).
Pressure is an important factor, in so far as it permits us to choose the hardness of the seal as well as its shape so that
it does the job efficiently. In some sectors of activity, such as the automobile industry, episodic variations in high
pressure (more than nominal pressure), can appear (mechanical impact, blow to the ram ) France Joint integrates
all these external elements, in order to propose an effective sealing system.
Moreover, when there is very little give in terms of the guiding seal in a hydraulic jack, for example, hydrodynamic
pressure, still called towing pressure, can be caused. With reduced give between the guiding seal and the rod seal,
and at constant speed, extra pressure (sometimes reaching tens of MPa) can happen at the front of the seal causing
it to deteriorate.
13 (Scheme) - Friction / Stribeck
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This pressure increasing can be expressed with the following formula :

P = (6 x N x S x L) / (Hs)

P is for pressure
N is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid
S is for speed
L is for the length of the guiding seal
Hs is for the give or leverage
14 (Scheme) - Hydrodynamic towing pressure

L
N
PH
Hs
P1
Zone de PD
V
PH= P1-P=
6.N.V.L
F/2
P
PD
P1
PRESSION DE REMORQUE HYDRODYNAMIQUE
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It is possible to avoid the formation of such towing pressure. Helicoid grooves with a section bigger than the seal, so
as to prevent premature deterioration of the seal and some mechanical parts. When using France Joint guide seals,
(BECA 005, BECA 006, BECA 007),an opening is already made, thus avoiding any other hydraulic loosening grooves.
15 (Scheme) - Metal guiding seal with helicoid grooves
Guidage mtallique avec rainures hlicoidales
16 (Scheme) - Synthesised resin guiding seals + throttle with clearance
Guidage en rsine de synthse+coupe sifflet

avec jeu
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Temperature
The choice of the material as well as the hardness of France Joint seals is determined by the temperature of all of the
applications (temperature of hydraulic fluid, and the temperature of its environment). For a good performance, the
ideal temperature is around +30C +60C.
The sealing lip on the friction seals with the mechanical parts can withstand a higher temperature. The usual temperature when using hydraulic fluid reaches + 80C with a peak of +100C.
The material of the seal tends to harden when the application required, necessitates very low or even negative temperatures, which results in a loss of elasticity and resilience. However, the viscosity of the fluid will increase but will
not effect its overall functioning. On the other hand when the temperature is high the material of the seal gains in
elasticity as well as the viscosity of the fluid. For temperatures above + 100C, France Joint uses specific materials,
such as FKM, or PTFE, or others.
Speed
In order for the lubricating film to form, speed plays an important role. It varies between 0,5 m/s and 5 m/s for an
ideal functioning.
For particularly weak intensity uses, speed can be limited up to 0,05 m/s increasing the friction considerably and limiting at the same time the formation of the lubricating film. Such a low speed can cause a phenomenon of juddering
or jerky movements, due to a succession of alternate slipping and sticking phases. Its whats known as the Stick Slip
effect. France Joint proposes some innovating solutions to limit or indeed avoid the Stick Slip effect, such as PTFE or
even more recently, heavy molecular weight, depending on the geometry of very particular seal.
For intense uses, requiring a high and ill adapted speed, leaks can appear if the design does not take these elements
into consideration.
Fluid

Introduction to oils
Fluid holds a very important place in hydraulics.

It favours:
-
the transmission of power to different organs of work (transmission of energy in the form of pressure )
-
the lubrication of mechanical parts to limit wear and tear of parts in motion
-
the protection of the entire hydraulic circuit
-
the evacuation of heat
The fluid most regularly used is mineral oil. Water would be the ideal hydraulic fluid (low compressibility, not inflammable, low cost price) if it didnt pose serious drawbacks (corrosion, lack of lubrication.) for the machines.
There are many fluids used that respond to precise requirements.
We can find :
- Mineral oils
-
Synthetic oils
-
Oils which do, not burn easily (aqueous solutions, synthetic solutions, non aqueous, oil emulsions in water)
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In the automobile industry, added mineral oils will be more often used than certain oils of synthesis, (break fluid,
automatic gear box fluid, suspension fluid, steering systems, and hydraulic transmissions. In the industrial sector, we
can find pure or added fluids in multiple systems (hydrostatic levers, hydrostatic transmissions, machine controls,
gate controls..)
Classification of oils
The standard ISO 6743 4 was introduced to facilitate referencing mineral oils, those difficult to burn, and biodegradable oils.
Mineral oils
Label
HH
HL
HM
HLPD
HR
HV
HS
Property
Application
Mineral oil without additives

Oil + additives, with anti rust and anti corrosive
properties, for anti aging.
Oil + additives with anti wear and tear properties to cope with wear and heavy loads.
The same characteristics as HM with detergent
additives on top.
Better viscosity and temperature behaviour than
HL.
Better viscosity and temperature behaviour than
HM.
Synthetic oil with no particular fire proof property.
HG
Additives for improving HM anti stick properties
HD
Additives for anti rust, anti wear and tear, detergent
This oil does not transmit energy and is rarely

used today.
This oil is used for low intensity uses and behaves well with water.
This oil is used for high pressure.
This oil is used for high pressure and water
admissions.
This oil is used in the case of frequent variations
in temperature.
This oil is used in the case of frequent variations
in temperature and low temperature.
Special properties.
This oil is used for machines with a lubrication
circuit common to hydraulic parts, sliding devices, and articulations
This oil is used in mobile hydraulic systems and
engines.
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Oils that do not burn easily

Label
Temperature
HFAE
+ 5C + 60C
HFAS
HFB
HFC
- 30 +60C
Property
Aqueous Fluids
Oil emulsion in water with
more than 80% water (95-98%
in general)
Aqueous chemical solution
with more than 80% water (9598% in general)
Water emulsion in oil (~40%
water and 60% oil)
Aqueous polymeric solution
(polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol )with less
than 80% water (~35 to 55%
most widely used
Application
These oils are used in hydraulic

presses and in circuits, where
leaks are frequent.
Today, apart from the UK, this oil
is rarely used.
This oil is used in industry with a
maximum temperature of 60%
and average intensity used.
Anhydrous Fluids
HFDR
HFDU
-30C + 150C
HFDS
HFDT
Synthetic fluid with phosphoric esters, and no water.

Synthetic fluid with specific
composition.
Synthetic fluid with chlorine
hydrocarbon, and no water.
Mixture of HFDR and HFDS
This oil is used for high intensity

uses and high temperatures
Biodegradable oils
Label
Property
Application
HETG
HEPG
Vegetable oil
Polyglycol
This oil is used in agriculture and forests

This oil is used in water protection
HEEG
Synthetic ester
This oil is mainly used in building machinery.
Behaviors of oils with elastomer
Mineral oils:
In a hydraulic system, the choice of a mineral oil is fundamental; in so far, as it must be compatible with the elastomer
it is in contact. The aniline point, permitting to measure the approximate compatibility, is the temperature at which
a solution composed of aniline and oil goes cloudy when cool. If the aniline point of fluids is low, the elastomer will
tend to swell, whereas, on contact, they will harden, contract in the case of a high aniline point.
Tests for analysing the behaviour of oils and elastomer are standardized, and are carried out with 3 referenced oils
(ASTM oil N1, ASTM oil N2, and ASTM oil N3) which have aniline points at 124C, 93C, et 69C respectively. It is,
however, advised to analyse their compatibility with the fluid, really used, which can be done in a testing laboratory.
When the variation of an elastomer does not exceed +/-5% during a 70 hour test at 100C, we can consider that the
fluid and the contact material are compatible.
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Compatible
Non compatible
AU
NBR
FKM
FVMQ
PTFE
CSM (except for mineral oils not containing additives
at 20)
CR (except for oils not containing additives at 20)
EPDM
NR
SBR
VMQ (except for ASTM N1 oils)
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Oils which do not burn easily:
Oils
Compatible
HFC
Non compatible
AU
HFDR
FFKM
FKM
PTFE
HFDU
NBR
PTFE
Biodegradable oils:
Oils
HETG
HEPG
HEEG
HEPS
Temperature < 80C

AU
NBR
HNBR
AU
NBR
HNBR (also with no esters)
FKM (peroxyde)
AU
NBR
HNBR
FKM (peroxyde)
AU
NBR
HNBR
FKM (peroxyde)
Temperature < 100C

Un-usable fluid
HNBR (also with no esters)

FKM (peroxyde)
AU
HNBR
FKM (peroxyde)
AU
HNBR
FKM (peroxyde)
Impurities and air in oil : cause deterioration
In order to improve the longevity of France Joint seals, and optimize the hydraulic circuit, the cleanliness of the
fluid is an important parameter. A limited hydraulic filtration will disrupt the mechanism because of the presence of
impurities. They can appear in the form of metal and other abrasive, chippings, silica, outdoor dust, rust.. France
Joint seals will deteriorate with such impurities. It is therefore indispensable to carry out regular checks and clean the
filtration systems.
Moreover, air in the oil can damage the seal through a micro explosion phenomenon: its the diesel effect
Indeed, hydraulic fluid contains air particles, dissolved in oil (in the absence of purge or introduction during the
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working or the maintenance of the machines) which will compress or connect, as pressure increases, and will tend to
escape when the pressure drops. These particles always sit between the seal and the neck space and closest to any
cranks formed.
For high intensity uses, such as for heavy machinery, air and oil will reach very high temperatures. The simultaneous
compressions and loosening of air contained in the oil will heat at their epicentre, thereby suddenly increasing the
temperature, which in turn, provokes ignition; this is the diesel effect. If such a phenomenon is repeated regularly, it
will destroy the heel of the seal as well as mechanical and guiding parts by a blow out and burning.
It is indispensable to purge the hydraulic systems in order to limit these micro explosions.
Viscosity
Viscosity is the capacity of hydraulic fluid to flow. It is actually the resistance that fluid molecules encounter in order
to move by sliding by each other. Today, the term commonly used is fluidity.
The factors, which will influence viscosity, are mainly temperature and pressure. The standard ISO 3448 classes all
industrial oils depending on their viscosity, expressed in mm2/s at a temperature reference of +40C. When the temperature increases, viscosity tends to diminish. On the contrary, viscosity increases as the temperature drops.
Also, increasingly high pressure will cause viscosity to increase at a constant level. Viscosity follows a slightly exponential curve depending on the pressure. We can express this with the formula below :

V=0.003P x VO
P is for pressure in MPa (1MPa=10 Bars)

VO is for viscosity at atmospheric pressure

The viscose index (VI) measures the variation of viscosity with temperature. Oils that have an index of high viscosity
will depend less on temperature.
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5 - Mechanical Requirements
Surface Roughness
The surface roughness in contact with the sliding of the seal is an important parameter in so far as it influences the
longevity and the precision of the system. In order for the seal to do its job on the long term, the surface roughness
must be low and the guiding elements must be in good condition.
The values used to express the condition of the surface in um are Rt and Ra. The roughness Rmax is the most commonly used for the smooth working of a seal, compared to an average value of roughness Ra. If we respect the Rmax
value, the seal will not deteriorate prematurely. The Ra value is an arithmetical value of roughness measured on a
length lm.
Rugosit Ra
17 (Scheme) - Roughness Ra
Ra
x
0
Lm
Ra =
Lm
j
0
Lm
dx
Rugosit Rt et R max
18 (Background) - Roughness Rt and Rmax

Ligne
de saillies
Line
of Projection
Rt
Rmax
x
Line
of Hollows
Ligne
des creux
Average
Line
Ligne moyenne
Basic Lane
Longueur
de base
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The Ra or Rt values are not enough to define the condition of the surface with accuracy. In deed, they only permit us
to measure the typology of the surface. The percentage of aerofoil is a determining factor when measuring a surface.
The rate of aerofoil Rmr is the relationship between the total length of the contact surface and the total length of
the ruggedness at a determinate depth. This variable is expressed in % according to the standard ISO EN 4287 and
it must be between 50 and 80%.
19 (Background)
- Rate of aerofoil
Taux de portance
: Rmr Rmr
L2
L1
L3
L4
L5
c
Lm
Rmr =
L1+L2 +L3 +L4 +L5

Lm
(mm) x100%
Definition:
percentage
Dfinition
: pourcentage
deofmatire
matter
to a given depth
(C) (C)
une profondeur
donne
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The table below represents all the general technical and mechanical parameters intended for hydraulic sealing applications. As these vary, we recommend you contact us for all your applications, in order to adapt the parameter to
the application and retained profile. We also advise you to consult our catalogue (Volume l: Hydraulic seals).
20 (Table) - Rod
Materials
Tolerance
Roughness
Machining
CK 45 indeed if better
f8
Rmax 2,5 m ; Ra 0,05 0,3 ; Rmr 50 90%
Rolling, Rectification,
Anti corrosion protection (hard chromium plating 30 50
m)
Heavy loads support (quenching 55 60 HRC, hard chromium plating)
Finish(polishing, rectification) after obtaining a surface in
good condition.
21 (Table) - Cylinder
Materials
Tolerance
Roughness
Machining
St 52 indeed if better
H8 H11,it depends on the sealing in application
Rmax 2 m ; Ra 0,05 0,3 ; Rmr 50 90%
Rolling, Running in,
22 (Table) - Groove
Materials
Tolerance
Roughness
Machining
Steel, Cast iron

Diametre of the neck bottom
Rod seal
H10
Piston seal
h10
Piston seal with separate tightening element
h9
Guiding rod
H8
Guidage de piston
h8
Rmax 6,3 m
Recommendations ISO Ra 1,6 m and Rt 6,3 m
A rougher neck bottom : Rmax 10 m
Turning, Rectification
In order to obtain good corrosion resistance, as well as increasing wear and tear resistances from impact, the rod
must under go chromium plating or quenching (60 HRC) and then chromium plating. After the chromium plating, it
is necessary to proceed to the finishing step.
The process indicated like running in and rolling cylinders, as well as rectification and inserting piston rod nuts will
be appreciated by users and are compatible with current seals.
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Housing
The housing is determined according to the type of seal (standard or specific), the type of housing (normalized,
standard or specific) and pressure of the operation.
A seal with a thick profile will withstand high pressures better than a seal with an inferior radial thickness. Indeed, a
seal with a small radial section undergoing pre clamping will be less effective than a seal with a large radial section.
France Joint has the standard dimensions regularly in stock for this type of profile, currently used in the hydraulic
mobile sector, to name one.
There are 2 types of housing (closed and open) Today; a large number of seals are flexible, either manually or with
the help of a tool, to make insertion in closed housings easier. It is advisable to use open housings when the diameter of the seal is inferior to 6 times its section or when the diameter inside the seal is inferior to 25 mm.
23 (Background) - Type of housings

Closed neck for compact piston seal
Closed neck for rod and wiper seals
Gorge ferme pour compact de piston
Gorges fermes pour joint de tige et racleur
Closed neck for piston

and guiding elements
Semi open neck for seals and

closed neck for guiding elements
Gorges
fermes
pourpour
jointjoint
de tige
racleur
Gorges
fermes
de et
tige
et racleur
Gorge
ferme
pourpour
compact
de piston
Gorge
ferme
compact
de piston
emi- ouvertes pour joints et gorge pour porteur central
Gorges pour joint et porteur

Gorges pour porteurs et joint
Gorges
pourpour
porteurs
et joint
Gorges
porteurs
et joint
Gorges
semi-semiouvertes
pourpour
jointsjoints
et gorge
pourpour
porteur
central
Gorges
ouvertes
et gorge
porteur
central
Neck that can be dismantled

to facilitate mounting seals
Closed necks for guiding elements
ur compact de piston
Gorges semi- o
t tre ventuellement rglables pour le montage de garnitures empilage (chevrons)
Gorges semiouvertes pour jo
Logements ouverts dits "dmontables " qui peuvent tre
Logements
ouverts
dits "dmontables
" qui"peuvent
tre ventuellement
rglables
pourpour
le montage
de garnitures
empilage
(chevrons)
Logements
ouverts
dits "dmontables
qui peuvent
tre ventuellement
rglables
le montage
de garnitures
empilage
(chevrons)
Logements ouverts dits "dmontables " qui peuvent tre ventuellement
pour joints sur piston dmontable
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23 (Background) - Type of housings

Housing for compact piston seals
ogements
ouverts
dits
"dmontables
"for
qui "peuvent
tre ventuellement
rglables
pourpour
le
montage
de garnitures
empilage
(chevrons)
Logements
ouverts
dits "dmontables
qui
peuvent
tre
ventuellement
rglables
le dismantled
montage
de garnitures
empilage
(chevrons)
Housing
piston
seals
that
can
be
that can be dismantled
Gorges semiouvertes pour joints et gorge pour porteur central
Gorge ferme pour compact de piston
Logements
pourpour
jointsjoints
sur piston
dmontable
Logements
sur piston
dmontable
Open neck for wiper seal
orteurs et joint
Logement
pourpour
joint joint
compact
sur piston
dmontable
Logement
compact
sur piston
dmontable
Necks that can be dismantled to

facilitate the mounting of seals
Logements ouverts dits "dmontables " qui peuvent tre ventuellement rglables pour le montage de garnitures empilage (chev
Gorges semiouvertes pour joints et gorge pour porteur central
Logements
pourpour
jointsjoints
sur piston
dmontable
Logements
sur piston
dmontable
Logements pour joints sur piston dmontable

Logements ouverts dits "dmontables " qui peuvent tre ventuellement rglables pour le montage de garnitures empilage (chevrons)

Logement pour joint compact sur piston dmontable
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Extrusion Clearance
Elements permitting to determine the maximum clearance values are pressure, seal type, and above all the material.
In order to know what
the authorised
clearance is for
seal, please referDU
to theMATRIAU
description of seals in our France
JEUX
D'EXTRUSION
ENeach
FONCTION
Joint catalogues.
ET DE LA PRESSION DE FONCTIONNEMENT
The calculation of authorised extrusion clearance takes the elasticity of materials under pressure into account (elastic
deformation). Sufficient clearances in the guiding seal, so as not, to be beyond tolerance level. If the extrusion clearance is too high, we can see a rapid destruction by extrusion on the seal heel. It is therefore advisable; beyond 250
bars, and beyond 70C, to use back up seals (BECA 008, 011, 012 or other, in our volume lV: Diverse seals).
24 (Scheme) - Extrusion clearance depending on the pressure of the application

PRESSURE OF OPERATION
PRESSION DE FONCTIONNEMENT
(MPa)
(MPa)
50
JOINT AVEC BAGUE AE

SEAL WITH PA GUIDE
EN POLYAMIDE
POLYURTHANE
92 Sh A 94 Sh A
40
30
20
NBR 90 Sh A
NBR 80 Sh A
10
NBR 70 Sh A
0
0
1.0
0.5
1.5
CLEARANCE IN MM
JEU EN MM
WITH A RAY
AU RAYON
OFC20
20
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Stroke
The stroke is the length of an organ on which a sealing system moves in a straight and alternative manner. On an
ordinary hydraulic jack, the stroke can range from 0.1m to 1m.
When a stroke is too long, we can observe a premature deterioration of the seal due to over heating of the hydraulic
system. Moreover, for such strokes, the rod on which the seal is in contact, can meet variations in shape, linked to
problems to do with the condition of the surface, burning or other deformation causing a possible destruction of the
seal.
For extremely short strokes, rubber based seals can also deteriorate prematurely because of the fact that the lubricating film cannot form; in which case, France Joint can propose original and adapted solutions.
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6 - Manufacturing Synopsis
Moulding of elastomer by compression

25 (Synopsis) - Moulding of elastomer by compression
Reception of raw materials
Check raw materials
Prepare blend
Check blend
Calendering
Cutting by water cutter or extrusion sawing
Assemble tools on framework
Fill closing matter / Compression plates
/ Vulcanization / Opening plates
Visual dimensional control (SPC)
Reception of semi finished products
Equipment programming
Finishing tasks (trimming, cutting, etc.)
Manual process on digital towers
Automated process for large series, Cryogenic
process for small series
Control by three-dimensional camera (SPC)

Visual dimensional control
Curing post
SPC control
Packaging
Visual and documentary control
Shipping
Reception
Control
Manufacturing
Preparation
Packaging
Shipping
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Moulding of thermoplastics by injection

26 (Synopsis) - Moulding of thermoplastics by injection
Check raw materials
Material and colour dosage
Injected press programming
Injection of first parts

Control of first parts
Validation of program
Injection of series
Equipment programming
Finishing tasks (trimming, cutting, etc.)
Automated process for large series, Cryogenic
process for small series
Control by three-dimensional
camera (SPC)
Packaging

Shipping
Reception
Control
Manufacturing
Preparation
Packaging
Shipping
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Machining of noble materials

27 (Synopsis) - Machining of noble materials
Control raw materials
Program digital control
Mounting of bars on bar holders

Machining of first parts
Control of first parts
Validation of program
Machining of series
Pull out parts with hook

Equipment programing
Finished operations (trimming, cutting, etc)
Automated process large series
Cryogenic process small parts
Control by camera (SPC)

Packaging
Shipping
Reception
Control
Manufacturing
Preparation
Packaging
Shipping
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7 - Assembly Recommandations
Generalities
We must make sure that the seals and mechanical parts are clean, with no trace of dust, chippings or anything else,
which could present a risk compromising the effectiveness and longevity of the seal. The degree of finish of mechanical parts is very important and conditions the longevity of the seal. Consequently, it is imperative to guarantee
a perfect execution. The assembly of the seals on their necks must be done carefully, so as to avoid passing sharp stop
mechanisms, filtered parts etc.
We also recommend you lubricate or grease the seals, rods and cylinder, in order to facilitate this operation. Before
assembly, the seal must be soaked in heated oil between 80C and 100C to increase its elasticity.
Assembly principles
28 (Diagram) - Assembly of a polyurethane rod seal with the help of an obturator and a rod
MONTAGE D'UN JOINT DE TIGE POLYURETHANE
29 (Diagram) - Assembly of a flexible rod seal
PRINCIPE DE DEFORMATION D'UN JOINT DE TIGE POUR MONTAGE DANS GORGE

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30 (Scheme) - Mechanical assembly unit of a composite rod seal (cone and pusher)
ENSEMBLE MECANIQUE DE MONTAGE D'UN JOINT COMPOSITE DE TIGE - CONE ET POUSSOIR

31 (Background) - Mechanical unit for the assembly of composite piston seal (cone and pusher)
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ENSEMBLE MECANIQUE DE MONTAGE D'UN JOINT COMPOSITE DE PISTON - CONE ET POUSSOIR
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32 (Scheme) - Drill bit of composite seals after positioning in its neck

5 10
15
ENSEMBLE MECANIQUE DE MONTAGE D'UN JOINT COMPOSITE DE PISTON - CONE ET POUSSOIR
MANDRINAGE DU JOINT COMPOSITE APRES POSITIONNEMENT DANS SA GORGE
33 (Background) - Mechanical unit for the assembly of a type U piston seal

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ENSEMBLE MECANIQUE DE MONTAGE D'UN JOINT DE PISTON TYPE U - CONE ET POUSSOIR
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FRANCEJOINT
FRANCEJOINT
supplies The most
demanding customers
in the most
high-performing
fields
www.francejoint.com
HEAD OFFICE AND FACTORY
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FJ Hydraulic Applications

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FJ Hydraulic Applications

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FRANCEJOINT

CREATING LISTENING SUPPORTING INNOVATING SECURING

Your sealing partner

Since 1981, FRANCE JOINT

and distributing seals and

Faced with tough competition among the big decision-makers

Quality in our core concerns

Several certificates obtained, ISO

Ambitious with customer satisfaction a priority, FRANCE JOINT has

The best technology for your competitiveness

Innovation, reliability, safety, minimization of risk: your expectations

1 (Organigram) - Family of hydraulic seals

Square sectioned seal

Compo compact seals

Compo compact seals

Technical moulded parts

Handling and Lifting

MONTAGE 1 TIGE PISTON MANUTENTION LEVAGE

BECA 509 /650

MONTAGE 2 TIGE PISTON VERIN AGRICOLE

MONTAGE 3 TIGE PISTON VERIN AGRICOLE

4 (Sealing) - Construction Machinery / Sealing system / Rod part

5 (Diagram) - Construction Machinery / Sealing System / Piston part

BECA 509 PTFE

BECA 006 PTFE

BECA 159 PTFE

BECA 482 PTFE

VERIN DE PRESSE A DECOUPE RAPIDE

9 (Scheme) - General Mechanics / Sealing System

3 - Our Hydraulic Applications

Our Rod Seals

Our Rod Seals

BECA 301 - Back

Our Rod Seals

Our Rod Seals

Our Wiper Seals

Our Wiper Seals

Our Wiper Seals

Our Piston Seals

Our Piston Seals

Our Piston Seals

Our Piston Seals

Our Guiding Elements

Friction ratio / Lubricating film

12 (Scheme) - Friction coefficients per material

At the start (dry)

Amid operation (lubricated)

13 (Scheme) - Friction / Stribeck

This pressure increasing can be expressed with the following formula :

14 (Scheme) - Hydrodynamic towing pressure

PRESSION DE REMORQUE HYDRODYNAMIQUE

15 (Scheme) - Metal guiding seal with helicoid grooves

Guidage mtallique avec rainures hlicoidales

16 (Scheme) - Synthesised resin guiding seals + throttle with clearance

Guidage en rsine de synthse+coupe sifflet

Fluid holds a very important place in hydraulics.

Mineral oil without additives

Additives for improving HM anti stick properties

Additives for anti rust, anti wear and tear, detergent

This oil does not transmit energy and is rarely

Oils that do not burn easily

These oils are used in hydraulic

Synthetic fluid with phosphoric esters, and no water.

This oil is used for high intensity