Ultimo 20 Supch13 PDF

CHAPTER 13 - MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
List of topics for this chapter :

Mutual Inductance
Energy in a Coupled Circuit
Linear Transformers
Ideal Transformers
Three-Phase Transformers
PSpice Analysis of Magnetically Coupled Circuits
Applications
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
Given the circuit in Figure 13.1 and k = 1 , find I1 and I 2 .
Problem 13.1
j
M
10
10
0 V
I1
j10
10
j10
I2
10
0 V
Figure 13.1
Carefully DEFINE the problem.
Each component is labeled completely. The problem is clear.
PRESENT everything you know about the problem.
We know all values of the independent sources. We also know the values of all the elements.
In order to find the equivalent circuit containing the induced voltages, we need to know the
mutual inductance, M.
We know that the coupling coefficient is
k=
M
L1 L 2
=1
Then,
M = k L1 L 2 = L1 L 2
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Problem Solving Workbook Contents
Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the
greatest likelihood of success.
The three solution techniques that can be used are nodal analysis, mesh analysis, and basic
circuit analysis. The goal of the problem is to find two currents. Hence, mesh analysis will
be used.
ATTEMPT a problem solution.
From the circuit in Figure 13.1, we can see that jL1 = jL 2 = j10 .
Thus,
L1 = L 2 = 10 and L1 = L 2 = L .
Hence,
M = L1 L 2 = L and jM = jL = j10 .
So, the equivalent circuit is
10
10
0 V
10
j10
j10
I1
I2
j10I2
10
0 V
j10I1
Now, using mesh analysis,

- 10 + 10 I1 + j10 I1 j10 I 2 = 0
Loop 1 :
(10 + j10) I1 j10 I 2 = 10

(1 + j) I1 j I 2 = 1
Loop 2 :
- j10 I1 + j10 I 2 + 10 I 2 + 10 = 0
- j10 I1 + (10 + j10) I 2 = -10
- j I1 + (1 + j) I 2 = -1
In matrix form,
1 + j - j I1
- j 1 + j I
1
= -1

or
j
1+ j
I1 j 1 + j 1
I =
-1
where = (1 + j) 2 (-j) 2 = (1 + j2 + j2 ) j 2 = 1 + j2 .
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Now,
I1
I
2
Therefore,
1+ j
1 + j2
= j

1 + j2
j
1 + j2
1+ j
1 + j2
1

- 1
1+ j j
1
10
=
=
= 0.4472 - 63.43 A
1 + j2 1 + j2
563.43
j (1 + j)
-1
1180
I2 =
=
=
= 0.4472 116.57 A
1 + j2
1 + j2
563.43
I1 =
EVALUATE the solution and check for accuracy.

Use KVL to check the solution.
The equation produced by KVL of the left loop is
- 10 + 10 I1 + j10 I1 j10 I 2 = 0
The equation produced by KVL of the right loop is
10 j10 I1 + j10 I 2 + 10 I 2 = 0
Inserting the values for I1 and I 2 results in valid equations. Thus, our check for accuracy
was successful.
Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If so, present the solution; if not,
then return to ALTERNATIVE solutions and continue through the process again.
This problem has been solved satisfactorily.
I1 = 0.4472 - 63.43 A
Problem 13.2
inductance.
[13.1]
I 2 = 0.4472 116.57 A
For the three coupled coils in Figure 13.1, calculate the total
2H
4H
6H
5H
8H
10 H
Figure 13.1
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For coil 1,
For coil 2,
For coil 3,
L1 M 12 + M 13 = 6 4 + 2 = 4
L 2 M 21 M 23 = 8 4 5 = -1
L 3 + M 31 M 32 = 10 + 2 5 = 7
L T = 4 1 + 7 = 10 H
L T = L1 + L 2 + L 3 2 M 12 2 M 23 + 2 M 12
L T = 6 + 8 + 10 (2)(4) (2)(5) + (2)(2)
L T = 6 + 8 + 10 8 10 + 4 = 10 H
or
For the frequency domain circuit shown in Figure 13.1, determine the value
Problem 13.3
of v out ( t ) for v in ( t ) = 10 cos(377 t ) and a coupling coefficient k = 0.8 .
+
j20
j
M
Vin
I1
I2
Vout
j5
Figure 13.1
Before an equivalent circuit can be drawn, we must determine the value of M . Using k = 0.8 ,
k=
M
.
L1 L 2
Because the circuit is in the frequency domain rather than the time domain, we know the value of
L rather than the value of L . So, transform the equation for k to include . Then,
k=
(L1 )(L 2 )
Hence,
M = k (L1 )(L 2 ) = (0.8) (5)(20) = 8
We also need to transform the voltage source from the time domain to the frequency domain.
Let's assume a reference of
A cos(377 t + ) .
Then,
Vin = 100 .
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The circuit can be redrawn as
+
j20
j8
10
0 V
I1
I2
Vout
j5
Using the dot convention, we can draw an equivalent circuit to incorporate the induced voltages
from the coupling effects.
j8 (I1 I2)
j20
+
10
0 V
j5
I1
I2
Vout
j5I1
With this circuit, we can use mesh analysis to find the answer in the frequency domain.
- 10 + 5 I1 + j5 (I1 I 2 ) j8 I 2 = 0
Loop #1 :
Loop #2 :
j8 I 2 + j5 (I 2 I1 ) j8 (I1 I 2 ) + j20 I 2 + Vout = 0
This is a system of two equations and three unknowns. We need a constraint equation. Due to
the open circuit, it is obvious that I 2 = 0 .
Combining like terms and introducing the constraint, the equations become
(5 + j5) I1 = 10
and
Vout = j13 I1
Clearly,
I1 =
10
100
=
= 2 - 45
5 + j5 5 245
and
Vout = j13 I1 = (1390)( 2 - 45) = 13 2 45

Using the reference assumed above, the voltage converts to the time domain as
v out ( t ) = 13 2 cos( 377t + 45) V
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Given the circuit in Figure 13.1, find the coupling coefficient, k, and the
Problem 13.4
voltage across the 1- resistor.
j100
100
+
10
0 V
j100
j100
V1
Figure 13.1
V1 = 0.10 V
k=1
ENERGY IN A COUPLED CIRCUIT
Given the circuit in Figure 13.1, V1 = V2 = 10 volts, R 1 = R 2 = 10 ohms,
Problem 13.5
L1 = L 2 = 10 , and M = 5 , find the coupling coefficient, k, the currents in the primary and
secondary circuits, I1 and I 2 , and the power absorbed.
M
R1
V1
I1
L1
R2
I2
L2
V2
Figure 13.1
The coupling coefficient is k =
M
.
L1 L 2
Given values for M , L1 , and L 2 , we need to modify the equation for k to be
k=
k=
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(L1 )(L 2 )
5
5
=
= 0.5
(10)(10) 10
To find the currents, begin by finding an equivalent circuit that takes into account the coupling
effects, i.e., the induced voltages.
10
10 V
10
j10
j10
I1
I2
j5I2
10 V
j5I1
Use mesh analysis to find I1 and I 2 .
10 = (10 + j10) I1 j5 I 2
- 10 = - j5 I1 + (10 + j10) I 2
Loop 1 :
Loop 2 :
In matrix form,
- j5
10 + j10
- j5
10 + j10
I1 10
I = - 10
where = (10 + j10)(10 + j10) (- j5)(- j5) = j200 + 25 = (25)(1 + j8) .
j5
10 + j10
10 + j10 10
I1 j5
=
I
- 10
(25)(1 + j8)
2
10 + j10
I1 (25)(1 + j8)
I =
j5
2
(25)(1 + j8)
j5
100 + j100 - j50
(25)(1 + j8) 10 (25)(1 + j8)

=
10 + j10 - 10 j50 - 100 - j100

(25)(1 + j8)
(25)(1 + j8)
I1
I =
2
Thus,
(50)(2 + j)
(25)(1 + j8)
(50)(-2 - j)
(25)(1 + j8)
4 + j2
1 + j8
- 4 - j2
1 + j8
4 + j2 4.472126.57
=
= 0.5547 - 56.31 A
1 + j8 8.062382.88
- 4 - j2 4.4721 - 153.43
I2 =
=
= 0.5547 123.69 A
1 + j8
8.062382.88
I1 =
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Now, find the power absorbed in the circuit. Look at the power absorbed by each element.
Starting with the primary circuit,
p V1 = -V I cos = - (10)(0.5547) cos(0 (-56.31)) = -3.0769 W

p R1 = I1 2 R 1 = (0.5547) 2 (10) = 3.0769 W
p1 = - (2.7735)(0.5547) cos(213.69 (-56.31)) = 1.5385 cos(270) = 0 W
where p1 is the power absorbed by the induced voltage of L1 .
Ending with the secondary circuit,
p V 2 = V I cos = (10)(0.5547) cos(0 123.69) = -3.0769 W

p R 2 = I 2 2 R 2 = (0.5547) 2 (10) = 3.0769 W
p 2 = - (2.7735)(0.5547) cos(33.69 123.69) = 1.5385 cos(90) = 0 W
where p 2 is the power absorbed by the induced voltage of L 2 .
The voltage sources absorb 3.0769 watts, or deliver +3.0769 watts, the resistances absorb
3.0769 watts, and the induced voltages absorb 0 watts. The inductors do not absorb power.
[13.13]
Problem 13.6
Determine the currents I1 , I 2 , and I 3 in the circuit of Figure
13.1. Find the energy stored in the coupled coils at t = 2 ms. Take = 1000 rad/s.
k = 0.5
8
I1
j10
3
90 A
I2
j10
I3
j5
20
0 V
20
0 V
Figure 13.1
Transform the current source to a voltage source as shown below.
k = 0.5
4
8
j10
12
90 A
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I1
I3
j10
j5
I2
k=
M=
or
L1 L 2
k
L1 L 2
M = k (L1 )(L 2 ) = (0.5)(10) = 5

Using mesh analysis,
j12 = (4 + j10 j5) I1 + j5 I 2 + j5 I 2 = (4 + j5) I1 + j10 I 2
Mesh 1,
0 = 20 + (8 + j10 j5) I 2 + j5 I1 + j5 I1
- 20 = j10 I1 + (8 + j5) I 2
Mesh 2,
(1)
(2)
From (1) and (2),
j12 4 + j5 j10 I1
- 20 = j10 8 + j5 I

2
= 107 + j60 ,
1 = - 60 j296 ,
I1 =
I2 =
2 = 40 j100
1
= 2.462 72.18 A
2
= 0.878 - 97.48 A
I 3 = I1 I 2 = 3.329 74.89 A
i1 ( t ) = 2.462 cos(1000 t + 72.18) A
i 2 ( t ) = 0.878 cos(1000 t 97.48) A
At t = 2 ms ,
1000t = 2 rad = 114.6

i1 (2 ms) = 2.462 cos(114.6 + 72.18) = -2.445
i 2 (2 ms) = 0.878 cos(114.6 97.48) = 0.8391
The total energy stored in the coupled coils is
w = 0.5 L1 i1 2 + 0.5 L 2 i 2 2 + M i1 i 2
Since L1 = 10 and = 1000 ,
L1 = L 2 = 10 mH ,
M = 0.5 L1 = 5 mH
w = (0.5)(10)(-2.445) 2 + (0.5)(10)(0.8391) 2 + (5)(-2.445)(0.8391)

w = 23.15 mJ
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Problem 13.7
M
R1
V1
I1
R2
L1
I2
L2
V2
Figure 13.1
As seen in Problem 13.5,
k=
(L1 )(L 2 )
5
(10)(10)
5
= 0.5
10
To find the currents, begin by finding an equivalent circuit which takes into account the coupling
effects, i.e., the induced voltages.
10
10 V
10
j10
j10
I1
I2
j5I2
10 V
j5I1
Use mesh analysis to find I1 and I 2 .

Loop 1 :
10 = (10 + j10) I1 + j5 I 2
Loop 2 :
- 10 = j5 I1 + (10 + j10) I 2
In matrix form,
10 + j10
j5 I1 10
=
j5
10 + j10 I 2 - 10
where = (10 + j10)(10 + j10) ( j5)( j5) = j200 + 25 = (25)(1 + j8) .
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- j5
10 + j10
I1 - j5
10 + j10 10
=
I
- 10
(25)(1 + j8)
2
10 + j10
I1 (25)(1 + j8)
I =
- j5
2
(25)(1 + j8)
- j5
(25)(1 + j8)
10 + j10
(25)(1 + j8)
I1
I =
2
Thus,
100 + j100 + j50

10 (25)(1 + j8)
= - j50 - 100 - j100

10
(25)(1 + j8)
(50)(2 + j3)
(25)(1 + j8)
(50)(-2 - j3)
(25)(1 + j8)
4 + j6
1 + j8
- 4 - j6
1 + j8
4 + j6 7.211156.31
=
= 0.8944 - 26.57 A
1 + j8 8.062382.88
- 4 - j6 7.2111 - 123.69
I2 =
=
= 0.8944 153.43 A
1 + j8
8.062382.88
I1 =
Now, find the power absorbed in the circuit. Look at the power absorbed by each element.
Starting with the primary circuit,
p V1 = -V I cos = - (10)(0.8944) cos(0 (-26.57)) = -7.9994 W

p R1 = I1 2 R 1 = (0.8944) 2 (10) = 7.9995 W
p1 = (4.4720)(0.8944) cos(243.43 (-26.57)) = 3.9998 cos(270) = 0 W
where p1 is the power absorbed by the induced voltage of L1 .
Ending with the secondary circuit,
p V 2 = V I cos = (10)(0.8944) cos(0 153.43) = -7.9994 W

p R 2 = I 2 2 R 2 = (0.8944) 2 (10) = 7.9995 W
p 2 = (4.4720)(0.8944) cos(63.43 153.43) = 3.9998 cos(-90) = 0 W
where p 2 is the power absorbed by the induced voltage of L 2 .
Problem 13.8
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R1
V1
I1
L1
R2
I2
L2
V2
Figure 13.1
k = 0.5
I1 = 0.5547 - 56.31 A
I 2 = 0.5547 123.69 A
Problem 13.9
M
R1
V1
I1
L1
R2
I2
L2
V2
Figure 13.1
k = 0.5
I1 = 0.8944 - 26.57 A
I 2 = 0.8944 153.43 A
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LINEAR TRANSFORMERS
[13.23]
For the circuit in Figure 13.1, find :
Problem 13.10
(a)
the T-equivalent circuit,
(b)
the -equivalent circuit.
5H
15 H
20 H
Figure 13.1
(a)
L a = L1 M = 10 H
L b = L 2 M = 15 H
Lc = M = 5 H
(b)
L1 L 2 M 2 = 300 25 = 275
LA =
L1 L 2 M 2 275
=
= 18.33 H
L2 M
15
LB =
L1 L 2 M 2
= 27.5 H
L1 M
LC =
L1 L 2 M 2 275
=
= 55 H
M
5
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IDEAL TRANSFORMERS
Problem 13.11
Given the ideal transformer circuit in Figure 13.1, find V10 .
0.9
1 : 10
+
10
0 V
10
V10
Figure 13.1
Carefully DEFINE the problem.
Each component is labeled completely. The problem is clear.
PRESENT everything you know about the problem.
We know the values of the independent source. We also know the values of all the elements.
Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the
greatest likelihood of success.
The three solution techniques that can be used are nodal analysis, mesh analysis, and basic
circuit analysis. Using either nodal or mesh analysis will produce two equations with four
unknowns. In either case, we need to find two constraint equations. So, let's use mesh
analysis for the initial attempt to find a solution. Then, nodal analysis will be used to check
the solution.
ATTEMPT a problem solution.
We need to make some assumptions. First, assume that a positive voltage for the inductor in
the primary circuit yields a positive voltage for the inductor in the secondary circuit. Second,
assume that a positive (or clockwise) current in the primary circuit yields a positive (or
clockwise) current in the secondary circuit. The assumptions are shown in the following
circuit.
0.9
1 : 10
+
10
0 V
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I1
V1
+
V2
+
I2
V10
10
Mesh analysis yields,

10 = 0.9I1 + V1
Loop 1 :
Loop 2 :
V2 = 10I 2
This is a set of two equations and four unknowns. Two constraint equations are needed.
From the ideal transformer, as shown, we know that V2 = nV1 and I1 = nI 2 .
1:n
+
VS
I1
V1
I2
V2
ZL
This implies that
V2 = 10V1
I1 = 10I 2
and
which are the two constraint equations.

There are many ways to find the values of V1 , V2 , I1 , and I 2 . Let's find I1 . To do this,
find V1 in terms of I1 and substitute into the equation for loop 1.
V1 = 0.1 V2 = (0.1)(10 I 2 ) = I 2 = 0.1 I1

and the equation for loop 1 becomes
10 = 0.9 I1 + 0.1 I1
10 = I1
Hence,
I1 = 10 A
I2 = 1 A
V1 = 1 V
V2 = 10 V
Therefore,
V10 = V2 = 10 V
EVALUATE the solution and check for accuracy.

Using nodal analysis,
At node 1,
V1 10
+ I1 = 0
0.9
or
V1 10 + 0.9 I1 = 0
(1)
At node 2,
V2 0
+ ( -I 2 ) = 0
10
or
V2 10 I 2 = 0
(2)
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Again, this is a set of two equations and four unknowns. Two constraint equations are
needed. From the ideal transformer, we have
V2 = 10V1
(3)
I1 = 10I 2
(4)
From (2) and (4),
V2 = 10 I 2 = (10)(1 10) I1 = I1
(5)
From (1), (3), and (5),
V1 10 + 0.9 V2 = V1 10 + (0.9)(10) V1 = (1 + 9) V1 10 = 0
10 V1 = 10
V1 = 1 V
V2 = 10 V1 = 10 V
Then,
I1 = V2 = 10 A
and
I 2 = (1 10) I1 = 1 A
Our check for accuracy was successful.

Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If so, present the solution; if not,
then return to ALTERNATIVE solutions and continue through the process again.
This problem has been solved satisfactorily.
V10 = 10 V
Problem 13.12
For the circuit in Figure 13.1, find Vo . Switch the dot on the
[13.33]
secondary side and find Vo again.
20 mF
10
3:1
+
10 cos(5t) V
Vo
Figure 13.1
C = 0.02 F becomes
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1
1
=
= - j10
jC j (5)(0.02)
We apply mesh analysis to the circuit shown below.
j10
I3
10
3:1
+
10
0 V
I1
V1
+
I2
V2
Vo
Using mesh analysis,

For mesh 1,
For mesh 2,
For mesh 3,
10 = 10 I1 10 I 3 + V1
V2 = 2 I 2 = Vo
0 = (10 j10) I 3 10 I1 + V2 V1
(1)
V2 = n V1 = V1 3
I1 = n I 2 = I 2 3
(4)
V1 = 6 I 2
(6)
At the terminals,
(2)
(3)
(5)
From (2) and (4),
Substituting this into (1),
10 = 10 I1 10 I 3
(7)
Substituting (4) and (6) into (3) yields
0 = -10 I1 4 I 2 + (10)(1 j) I 3
(8)
From (5), (7), and (8),
1 - 0.333
I1
0
10
6
10
I 2
- 10
-4
10 j10 I 3
I2 =
0

= 10
0
2
100 j100
=
= 1.482 32.9 A
- 20 j 93.33
Vo = 2 I 2 = 2.963 32.9 V
Switching the dot on the secondary side affects only equations (4) and (5).
V2 = - V1 3
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(9)
I1 = - I 2 3
(10)
From (2) and (9),
V1 = -6 I 2
Substituting this into (1),
10 = 10 I1 10 I 3 6 I 2 = (23 j5) I1
(11)
Substituting (9) and (10) into (3),
0 = -10 I1 + 4 I 2 + (10)(1 j) I 3
(12)
From (10) to (12), we get
1 0.333
I1
0
-6
- 10 I 2
10
4
10 j10 I 3
- 10
I2 =
0

= 10
0
2
100 j100
=
= 1.482 - 147.1 A
- 20 + j 93.33
Vo = 2 I 2 = 2.963 - 147.1 V
THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS
[13.53]
In order to meet an emergency, three single-phase transformers
Problem 13.13
with 12,470 7200 V rms are connected in Y to form a three-phase transformer which is
fed by a 12,470-V transmission line. If the transformer supplies 60 MVA to a load, find :
(a)
(b)
(c)
the turns ratio for each transformer,

the currents in the primary and secondary windings of the transformer,
the incoming and outgoing transmission line currents.
(a)
Consider just one phase at a time.
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1:n
A
a
B
b
20MVA
Load
C
c
n=
(b)
3VLp
7200
12470 3
1
3
The load carried by each transformer is 60 3 = 20 MVA

Hence,
(c)
VL
I Lp =
20 MVA
= 1,604 A
12.47 kV
I Ls =
20 MVA
= 2,778 A
7.2kV
The current in each incoming line a, b, c is
3 I Lp = 3 1603.85 = 2,778 A
The current in each outgoing line A, B, C is
2778
n 3
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= 4,812 A
PSPICE ANALYSIS OF MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
Use PSpice to find V1 , V2 , and I o in the circuit in Figure 13.1.
[13.63]
Problem 13.14
16
j8
Io
j4
+
40
60 V
j12
1:2
V1
20
+
V2
30
0 V
Figure 13.1
The schematic is shown below.
In the AC Sweep box, we type Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592.
After simulation, we obtain the output file which includes
FREQ
1.592 E01
IM(V_PRINT1)
1.955 E+01
IP(V_PRINT1)
8.332 E+01
FREQ
1.592 E01
IM(V_PRINT2)
6.847 E+01
IP(V_PRINT2)
4.640 E+01
FREQ
1.592 E01
IM(V_PRINT3)
4.434 E01
IP(V_PRINT3)
9.260 E+01
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Thus,
V1 = 19.55 83.32 V
V2 = 68.47 46.4 V
I o = 443.4 - 92.6 mA
APPLICATIONS
[13.73]
A 4800-V rms transmission line feeds a distribution transformer
Problem 13.15
with 1200 turns on the primary and 28 turns on the secondary. When a 10- load is connected
across the secondary, find :
(a)
(b)
(c)
the secondary voltage,

the primary and secondary currents,
the power supplied to the load.
(a)
V2 N 2
=
=n
V1 N1
V2 =
(b)
I2 =
N2
28
(4800) = 112 V
V1 =
1200
N1
V2 112
=
= 11.2 A
R
10
I1 = n I 2 ,
where n = 28 1200
28
(11.2) = 261.3 mA
I1 =
1200
(c)
p = I 2 R = (11.2) 2 (10) = 1254 W
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CHAPTER 13 - MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS

List of topics for this chapter :

Given the circuit in Figure 13.1 and k = 1 , find I1 and I 2 .

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| Textbook Table of Contents |

Problem Solving Workbook Contents

Now, using mesh analysis,

(10 + j10) I1 j10 I 2 = 10

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EVALUATE the solution and check for accuracy.

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M = k (L1 )(L 2 ) = (0.8) (5)(20) = 8

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The circuit can be redrawn as

j8 I 2 + j5 (I 2 I1 ) j8 (I1 I 2 ) + j20 I 2 + Vout = 0

Vout = j13 I1 = (1390)( 2 - 45) = 13 2 45

v out ( t ) = 13 2 cos( 377t + 45) V

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ENERGY IN A COUPLED CIRCUIT

Given the circuit in Figure 13.1, V1 = V2 = 10 volts, R 1 = R 2 = 10 ohms,

Given values for M , L1 , and L 2 , we need to modify the equation for k to be

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Use mesh analysis to find I1 and I 2 .

where = (10 + j10)(10 + j10) (- j5)(- j5) = j200 + 25 = (25)(1 + j8) .

100 + j100 - j50

(25)(1 + j8) 10 (25)(1 + j8)

10 + j10 - 10 j50 - 100 - j100

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p V1 = -V I cos = - (10)(0.5547) cos(0 (-56.31)) = -3.0769 W

p V 2 = V I cos = (10)(0.5547) cos(0 123.69) = -3.0769 W

Determine the currents I1 , I 2 , and I 3 in the circuit of Figure

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M = k (L1 )(L 2 ) = (0.5)(10) = 5

From (1) and (2),

1000t = 2 rad = 114.6

The total energy stored in the coupled coils is

w = (0.5)(10)(-2.445) 2 + (0.5)(10)(0.8391) 2 + (5)(-2.445)(0.8391)

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Given the circuit in Figure 13.1, V1 = V2 = 10 volts, R 1 = R 2 = 10 ohms,

Use mesh analysis to find I1 and I 2 .

where = (10 + j10)(10 + j10) ( j5)( j5) = j200 + 25 = (25)(1 + j8) .

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100 + j100 + j50

= - j50 - 100 - j100