Grossmont College Chemistry 142 Exam 4 Spring 2014

Name: ___________________________________Date: ________

Instructor: Diana Vance

Exam 4
Part 1: Multiple Choice (2 points each)
Directions: Please circle the best answer for each of the following questions.

1. Radiation is dangerous to organisms because

a. it ionizes molecules in the cells.
b. all radionuclides are poisonous.
c. it causes electrolysis of water in the cells.
d. it causes nuclear reactions in the cells.
e. none of the above
2. What type of shielding can be used to protect against gamma rays?
a. Cloth
b. Wood
c. Lead
d. Sun
e. No shielding is effective against gamma rays.
3. Which statement about nuclear reactions is true?
a. New elements are never produced in a nuclear reaction.
b. Nuclear reactions involve valence electrons.
c. The rate of a nuclear reaction is affected by catalysts.
d. Tremendous amounts of energy are involved in nuclear reactions.
e. all of the above
4. Which process decreases the neutron/proton ratio?
a. Alpha emission
b. Beta emission
c. Electron capture
d. Positron emission
e. Gamma emission
5. What is the hybridization of the stared carbon in (CH3)2C*=CHCN?
a. sp
b. sp2
c. sp3
d. dsp3
e. d2sp3
6. The half-life of molybdenum-99 is 67.0 hours. How much of a 1.000 mg sample of
molybdenum-99 is left after 134.0 hours?
a. 1.000 mg
b. 0.500 mg
c. 0.250 mg
Page 1 of 9

Grossmont College Chemistry 142 Exam 4 Spring 2014

Name: ___________________________________Date: ________
Instructor: Diana Vance
d. 0.125 mg
e. 0.0625 mg
7. Which of the following statements is false regarding functional groups?
a. The chemical properties of the functional groups dictate the chemistry of the larger
molecule.
b. Each functional group has characteristic chemical behavior.
c. A functional group consists of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
d. A functional group consists of an atom or a group of atoms that is part of a larger
molecule.
e. none of the above
8. Another term for alkanes is
a. alkenes.
b. alkynes.
c. aromatics.
d. saturated hydrocarbon.
e. unsaturated hydrocarbon.
9. Name the product of hydrogenation of trans-2-pentene.
a. pentane
b. cis-2-pentene
c. trans-2-pentene
d. carbon dioxide and water
e. none of the above
10. What risk cannot be managed and minimized?
a.
Fires
b.
Explosions
c.
Spills
d.
Radiation leaks
e.
The risk that is not identified.

Page 2 of 9

Grossmont College Chemistry 142 Exam 4 Spring 2014

Name: ___________________________________Date: ________
Instructor: Diana Vance
Fall 2011

Page 3 of 9

Grossmont College Chemistry 142 Exam 4 Spring 2014

Name: ___________________________________Date: ________
Instructor: Diana Vance
Fall 2011
Part 2: Short Answer
Directions: Answer each of the following questions. Be sure to use complete sentences where appropriate. For
full credit be sure to show all of your work.

1. In the years immediately following the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the
concentration of strontium-90 in cows milk in southern Europe was slightly elevated. Some
samples contained as much as 1.25 Bq/L of strontium-90 radioactivity. The half-life of
strontium-90 is 28.8 years (12 points).
a. Write a balanced nuclear equation describing the decay of strontium-90 by beta decay.
90
38

90

Sr 1e + 39 Y

b. How many atoms of strontium-90 are in a 200 mL glass of milk with 1.25 Bq/L of
strontium-90 activity?
200 mL

k=

1L
1.25 Bq 1 decay event /s 3600 s 24 hr 365 days

=7.884 106 decay events atom/ yea

1000 mL
1L
1 Bq
1hr
1 day
1 year

ln ( 2 )
ln ( 2)
decay events
=
=0.02406761
t 1/ 2 28.8 years
yr

Rate=kN

[ 90Sr ]= rate = 7.884 10

decay events atom/ year

=3.28 108 atoms
0.02406761 decay events/ year

c. Why would strontium-90 be more concentrated in milk than in other foods, such as
grains, fruits, or vegetables?
Strontium-90 is found in milk and not other foods because it is chemically similar to
calcium and milk is rich in calcium.
2. Compare and contrast positron emission and electron capture processes (3 points).
Both of these processes result in an increase in the neutron-to-proton ratio converting a
proton into a neutron. Positron emission accomplishes this by ejecting a positron from the
nucleus (

1
1

p 10n + +10e ) and electron capture accomplishes this by combining a nuclear

proton with a nearby orbiting electron in the atom (

Page 4 of 9

1
1

p + 10e 01n ).

Grossmont College Chemistry 142 Exam 4 Spring 2014

Name: ___________________________________Date: ________
Instructor: Diana Vance
Fall 2011
3. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for calcium-40. Masses needed for this calculation
are (in g/mol) H-1 = 1.007825, neutron = 1.008665, and calcium-40 = 39.96259, c =
2.99792458 108 m/s (12 points).
a. What is the mass defect of calcium-40?
m=m

40
20

Ca

20 m H 20 mn
1
1

[(

mass defect =39.96259

g
g
g
1.007825
( 20 ) + 1.008665
( 20 )
mol
mol
mol

mass defect =39.96259

g
g
g
g
20.15650
+20.17330
=0.36721
mol
mol
mol
mol

) (

b. What is the binding energy per nucleon in kJ/nucleon?

E
m c2
=
nucleon nucleon
E
=
nucleon

0.36712

g
mol

)(

1 kg
m 2
1 kJ
1 mol
2.99792458 10 8

1000 g
s
1000 J 6.022 1023 nucleus
=1.370 1015
40 nucleons
nu

)(

c. What is the binding energy per nucleon in MeV/nucleon?

15

1.370 10

kJ
1000 J
1 MeV
MeV

=8.552
13
nucleon
1 kJ
nucleon
1.602 10 J

4. What is the difference between a level of radioactivity and a dose of radioactivity (4 points)?
The level of radioactivity is the amount of radioactive particles present in a given instant of
time. The dose is the accumulation of exposure over a length of time.

Page 5 of 9

Grossmont College Chemistry 142 Exam 4 Spring 2014

Name: ___________________________________Date: ________
Instructor: Diana Vance
Fall 2011
5. During a supernova, a polonium-212 nucleus absorbs four neutrons and then undergoes alpha
decay. What nuclide is produce by these events (5 points)?
212
1
216
84 Po + 4 0n 84 Po
216
84

212

Po 2 He + 82Pb

6. Draw cis-1,3-diethylcyclohexane and trans-1,3-diethylcyclohexane (6 points).

7. Which structure can exhibit optical isomerism? Explain your answer (5 points).
To exhibit optical isomerism a carbon atom needs to have four different groups attached to it.

a.

b.

c.

Cl

Cl

Br

Br

Cl

The second carbon has four different groups

attached and is therefore the chiral carbon.

Page 6 of 9

Grossmont College Chemistry 142 Exam 4 Spring 2014

Name: ___________________________________Date: ________
Instructor: Diana Vance
Fall 2011

d.

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

8. Maleic acid is prepared by the catalytic oxidation of benzene. It is a dicarboyxlic acid, that is,
it has two carboxylic acid groups (20 points).
a. Combustion of 0.125 g of the acid gives 0.190 g of CO2 and 0.0388 g of H2O. Calculate
the empirical formula of the acid.
1mol C O 2
1 mol C
12.011 g C
0.190 g C O2

=0.004317299 mol C
=0.051855075 gC
44.009 g C O2 1 mol C O 2
1 mol C
0.0388 g H 2 O

1mol H 2 O
2mol H
1.008 g H

=0.004307522mol H
=0.04341982 g H
18.015 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O
1 mol H

mO=0.125 g0.051855075 g0.04341982 g=0.068802943 gO

0.004317299 mol C
=1.003917262 1
0.004300453mol O
0.004307522mol H
=1.001643842 1
0.004300453 mol O
0.068802943 g O

1 mol O
0.004300453 mol O
=
=1
15.999 g O 0.004300453 mol O

The empirical formula is CHO

b. A 0.261 g sample of the acid requires 34.60 mL of 0.130 M NaOH for complete titration
(so that the H ions from both carboxylic acid groups are used). What is the molecular
formula of the acid?
H2X (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) Na2X (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
1 mol H 2 X
1L
0.130 mol NaOH
34.60 mL NaOH

=0.002249 mol H 2 X
1000 mL
1 L NaOH
2 mol NaOH
0.261 g H 2 X
g
=116.0515785
0.002249mol H 2 X
mol

Page 7 of 9

Grossmont College Chemistry 142 Exam 4 Spring 2014

Name: ___________________________________Date: ________
Instructor: Diana Vance
Fall 2011
g
g
116.0515785
116.0515785
molar mass
mol
mol
ratio=
=
=
=3.999296247 4
empirical mass
g
g
g
g
29.018
12.011
+1.008
+ 15.999
mol
mol
mol
mol

Molecular formula is C4H4O4

c. Draw a Lewis structure for the acid.
O
H

C
O

O
C
H

C
H

H
O

d. Describe the hybridization used by the C atoms. All four carbon atoms are sp2 hybridized.
e. What are the bond angles around each C atom? About 120 around each carbon atom.
9. Answer the following questions (10 points).
a. Name each of the following compounds and its functional groups.
i. CH3CH2OH
ethanol; alcohol
ii. CH3CHO
ethanal; aldehyde
iii. CH3CH2NH2
ethylamine; amine
b. What is the name and structure of the product from the oxidation of i?
The oxidation of a primary alcohol first gives propanal, CH3CH2CHO, and further oxidation
yields propanoic acid, CH3CH2CO2H.
c. What is the result of adding an acid (say HCl) to compound iii?
Ethylammonium chloride, [CH3CH2NH3]Cl
10. Draw all the structural isomers of trimethylbenzene (3 points).

Page 8 of 9

Grossmont College Chemistry 142 Exam 4 Spring 2014

Name: ___________________________________Date: ________
Instructor: Diana Vance
Fall 2011
11. Can combustion analysis distinguish between an alkene and a cycloalkane containing the
same number of carbon atoms (4 points)?
12.
13. Both cycloalkanes and alkenes have the formula CnH2n. Since there is no difference
between the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms you cannot distinguish between them by
combustion analysis.
14.

Page 9 of 9