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Polymers
Composites
Elastomers
Ceramics
Glasses
Resilience, R (units J / m3 )
The maximum energy stored elastically without any
damage to the material, and which is released again
on unloading, i.e., the area under the elastic portion
of the stress-strain curve.
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Here are some charts from Ashby and the Cambridge Engineering
Selector v3.1 software (CES).
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Material
Geometric
p f
,
,
M
Requirements,
F
Parameters,
G
Properties,
f ( F , G, M )
The quantity p describes some aspect of the performance of the
component: its mass, or volume, or cost, or life, etc. Optimum
design is the selection of the material and geometry that maximize
or minimize p according to its desirability or otherwise.
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Axial rod
Minimize the mass
(a) Length (L) specified
(b) Support tensile load F without material failure
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Notice that the first term contains the specified load F while the
second term contains the specified length L. The last term
contains the material properties. Hence, the lightest bar which will
carry F safely is that made of the material with smallest value of
/ f . [Note: we should be including the safety factor SF here
so that becomes F / A f / SF . However, if the same safety
factor is used for each material in a problem, its value does not
enter into the material selection.]
It might be easier, or more natural, to ask what must be maximized
in order to maximize performance. We therefore invert the
material properties in and define the material index M as
M
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The lightest bar that will safely carry the load F without failing
is that with the largest value of the material index M . This index
is sometimes called the specific strength.
How do we determine the candidate materials with the best
f
f
(largest)
ratio? We use the
chart in Fig. 4.4 from Ashby,
E
We now use the
chart in Fig. 4.3 from Ashby (or CES).
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Beam
Minimize the mass
(a) Length (L) specified
(b) Support bending load
F without deflecting too
much
F
L/2
L/2
What does the term stiffness mean? Recall that for a cantilever
FL3
beam with a load F at its end, the deflection is given by
3EI
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3EI
F
3EI
which can be written as 3 S . The term S 3 is called
L
L
the stiffness and is similar to a stiffness coefficient in a finite
F
element analysis. Hence, for the cantilevered beam: S .
For the problem at hand (simply supported beam with point load at
the center), beam theory gives the maximum deflection (at the
center of the beam) as:
where S
48EI
3
FL3
F
48EI S
="stiffness" of the simply supported beam (for a
L
point load at the center). The constraint equation than requires that
F 48 EI
S 3
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Note that the length ( L) is specified and the stiffness S is specified
by equation . The area A is free to be determined.
The mass of the beam (objective function) is given by:
m AL
The mass can be reduced by reducing the area, but only so far that
the stiffness constraint [equation ] is still met.
Substituting I from equation into gives
F 4 EA2
S 3
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S
3
m
L 1/ 2
4 L
E
f1 ( F ) f 2 (G ) f3 ( M )
Note that we have separated the design problem into the three
parameters: function (F), geometry (G) and material (M). The
best materials for a light, stiff beam are those which maximize the
material index M:
E1/ 2
M
It will turn out that the above result is valid for beams with any
support condition and with any type of bending load location or
E
E1/ 2
distribution. We now use the
guideline in the chart in Fig.
4.3 from Ashby (or CES) to determine the best candidate materials.
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Beam
L/2
L/2
Minimize the mass
(a) Length (L) specified
(b) Support bending load F without failing by
yield or fracture
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in equation gives the mass of the beam that will support the load
Ff :
6F f
C L2
2
2/3
2f / 3
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1/ 2
4 F
n L2
1/ 2
Cm
L 1/ 2
E
3
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Step
Action
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Performance characteristic f1 ( F ) f 2 (G ) f3 ( M )
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Index
E
E1/ 2
2y / 3
E1/ 2
Cm
2y / 3
Cm
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E1/ 2
Cm
2y
E
1
Cm
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or
log C
When plotted as log E vs. log (or E vs. on log-log scale), this
equation represents a family of straight parallel lines with a slope
of 2 and an intercept on the log E -axis of 2log C ; and each line
corresponds to a value of the constant C. These lines are referred
to as selection guide lines in CES. Any material falling on a given
straight line will have equal values of E1/ 2 / , i.e., be of equal
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